1.

alpha rhythm
a. A pattern of regular pulses, between 8 and 12 per second, visible in the EEG
of a person who is relaxed but awake and typically has her eyes closed.
2. beta rhythm
a. The rhythmic pattern in the brain's electrical activity often observed when a
person is actively thinking about some specific topic.
3. delta rhythm
a. The rhythmic pattern in the brain's electrical activity often observed when a
person is in slow-wave sleep. 1-4 Hz
4. theta rhythm
a. An EEG rhythm consisting of 4-8 Hz activity
5. NREM
a. refers to sleep during which there is no rapid eye movement
6. REM
a. Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid
dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the
muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are
active.
7. N1
a. Theta waves interspersed with beta; light sleep; hypnic jerk; hypnagogic
images
8. N2
a. stage of sleep consisting of sleep spindles and K complexes
9. N3
a. Sleep stage characterized by deep sleep, dominated by the delta rhythm
10. EEG arousal
a. transformation of EEG pattern from alpha to beta rhythm during increased
levels of attention
11. gamma rhythm
a. EEG activity from 36-44 Hz that changes when subjects learn to perceive
meaningful patterns, like a Dalmatian concealed by a black and white
background.
12. hypocretin, orexin
a. Neuropeptide that promotes wakefulness and REM sleep
13. Reticular Activating System, RAS
a. a dense network of neurons found in the core of the brain stem; incudes all
parts of the brain that are involved in consciousness
14. sleep spindle
a. Short bursts high frequency of brain activity that characterize N2
15. K complex
a. Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes N2
16. orienting response
a. an individual views a strong or unfamiliar stimulus, and changes in heart rate
and brain-wave activity occur
17. mesocortical pathway
a. Group of dopaminergic axons that originates in the VTA (ventral tegmental
area/midbrain) and travels to the cerebral cortex, including the prefrontal,
 cingulated, and entorhinal cortices. It may also be called the mesocortical
tract.
18. mesolimbic pathway
a. subcortical part of the brain involved in the processing of salience and reward
19. Aprosodia
a. The inability to infuse language with its normal emotional content. Inability to
communicate language that don't include the aspect of speaking
20. Aphasia
a. impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to
Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing
understanding).
21. Broca's area
a. Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left
hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
22. Wernicke's area
a. controls language reception - a brain area involved in language
comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe