Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Yu - What Are The Metaphors We Live by
Yu - What Are The Metaphors We Live by
Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 1467-1472, August 2013
© 2013 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland.
doi:10.4304/tpls.3.8.1467-1472
Abstract —This paper aims to have a brief study on the conceptual metaphor theory. By discussing the
philosophical basis, the nature and the working mechanism of conceptual metaphor, people can know that
metaphors are the ways for people to conceptualize understand the world better.
I. INTRODUCTION
With the rising of the second trend of the cognitive science in the early 1970s, the study of metaphor has extended its
territory to cognitive linguistics. Different from the traditional perspective, the cognitive approach regards metaphor as
a way of structuring abstract thinking and a means of constructing people’s experiences (e.g., Gibbs, 1994; Lakoff and
Johnson, 1980; Lakoff and Turner, 1989; Steen, 1994; Sweetser, 1990; Turner, 1987) (Xiu Yu, 2012). Along with the
development of cognitive linguistics, the publication of Lakoff and Johnson’s Metaphors We Live By (1980) brought a
turning point in the study of metaphor. Their main point, which was later described as “conceptual metaphor theory”,
stated that metaphor was not a deviation of language, instead, it was a cognitive tool for people to conceptualize the
objective world. “Metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action” (Lakoff and
Johnson, 1980, p.3). People’s ordinary conceptual system in terms of which they think and act, is fundamentally
metaphorical in nature (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980).
Based on the above-mentioned revolutionary statements, the paper aims to make a brief analysis of conceptual
metaphor theory in three sections. The first is the introduction. The second section chiefly elaborates on the
philosophical basis of the theory (i.e. embodied realism) in comparison with objectivism and subjectivism. The last one,
which is further divided into three parts, mainly deals with the important aspects of conceptual metaphor.
grounding of meaning that makes sense of the broadest range of converging empirical evidence that is available from
the cognitive sciences” (Johnson and Lakoff, 2002, p.249).
Through this metaphor, people understand that life is a long-term, purposeful activity. One’s goals in life are one’s
destinations in the journey. Difficulties in life are impediments to one’s motion. In other words, the concept of LIFE is
TABLE 2:
AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORKING MECHANISM OF METAPHORS
Source Domain Target Domain
Highway Transmission pathways
Space Cyberspace
Vehicles Computers, telephones, etc
Goods transported Information
Fuel Electricity
Drivers Users
Destinations Information supply sites
Journey Downloading or uploading information
Marketplace Commercial information supplies
Impediments to motion (roadblocks, etc) Technological difficulties
In the above metaphor INTERNET IS A HIGHWAY, people can see that there is a cross-domain mapping that goes
from the concrete source domain HIGHWAY, to the relatively abstract target domain INTERNET. Evidently, the
mapping is not one to one, but a whole system is mapped onto another system. By the metaphor, people can understand
and reason about INTERNET through their knowledge and experience about the HIGHWAY. Thanks to this
metaphorical mapping, people’s understanding about INTERNET is more profound and thorough.
So far, the paper offers a brief review of the conceptual metaphor theory. By discussing the nature and cognitive
structure of the metaphors, people can have a better understanding about the language we use and encounter everyday.
That is what we called: metaphors we live by.
REFERENCES
[1] Cameron, L. and Low, G. (eds.) (1999). Researching and Applying Metaphor, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[2] Fuyin Li. (2004). Applied Cognitive Linguistics, Beijing: China Literature and History Press.
[3] Gibbs, R. W. (1994). The Poetics of Mind, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[4] Hawkes, T. (1980). Metaphor, New York: Mathuen & Co.Ltd.
[5] Johnson, M. (1987). The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason, Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
[6] Johnson, M. and Lakoff, G. (2002). “Why cognitive linguistics requires embodied realism”, Cognitive Linguistics, 13 (3):
245-263.
[7] Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind, Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
[8] Lakoff, G. (1993). “The contempory theory of metaphor”, in Ortony, A. (2nd ed.) (1993) Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
[9] Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
[10] Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1999). Philophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought, New
York: Basic Books.
[11] Lakoff, G. and Turner, M. (1989). More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor, Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
[12] Rohrer, T. (1997). “Conceptual blending on the information highway: How metaphorical inferences work”, in Liebert, W.-A.,
Redeker, G., Waugh, L. (eds.) (1997) Discourse and Perspective in Cognitive Linguistics, Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John
Benjamins Publishing Company.
[13] Steen, G. (1994). Understanding Metaphor in Literature, New York: Longman Group Limited.
[14] Sweetser, E. (1990). From Etymology to Pragmatics: The Mind-as-Body Metaphor in Semantics Structure and Semantic
Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[15] Taylor, J. R. (1995). Linguistic Categorization: Prototypes in Linguistics Theory (2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[16] Turner, E. (1987). Death Is the Mother of Beauty: Mind, Metaphor, Criticism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[17] Xiu Yu. (2011). “A Psycholinguistic Study of Metaphor Processing”, Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 1(11),
1614-1617.
[18] Xiu Yu. (2012). “On the Study of Synesthesia and Synesthetic Metaphor”, Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 3 (6):
1284-1289.
[19] Zonglin Chang. (2005). Cognitive Linguistics and Culture, Qingdao: Ocean University of China Press.
Xiu Yu was born in Qingdao, China in 1980. She received her M.A. degree in linguistics from Ocean University of China, China
in 2007.
She is currently a teacher in the School of Foreign Languages, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, China. Her
research interests include psycholinguistics and cognitive linguistics.
Miss Yu is a member of the linguistic research center in the School of Foreign Languages, Qingdao University of Science &
Technology.