Chuong II

Chương 2: Mạng Ethernet
2.1. Giới thiệu về mạng Ethernet.

2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ Ethernet.
2.3. Chia sẻ trong môi trường Mạng cục
bộ.
2.4. Quá trình phân phối gói tin từ host to
host thông qua switch
1
What Is a Network?
Common Physical
Components of a Network
Interpreting a Network
Diagram
Resource-Sharing Functions
and Benefits
 Data and
applications
 Resources
 Network
Network User Applications
 E-mail (Outlook, POP3, Yahoo, and so on)
 Web browser (IE, Firefox, and so on)
 Instant messaging (Yahoo IM, Microsoft
Messenger, and so on)
 Collaboration (Whiteboard, Netmeeting,
WebEx, and so on)
 Databases (file servers)
Impact of User Applications
on the Network
 Batch applications
 FTP, TFTP, inventory updates
 No direct human interaction
 Bandwidth important, but not
critical
 Interactive applications
 Inventory inquiries, database
updates.
 Human-to-machine interaction.
 Because a human is waiting for a
response, response time is
important but not critical, unless the
wait becomes excessive.
 Real-time applications
 VoIP, video
 Human-to-human interaction
 End-to-end latency critical
Characteristics of a Network
 Speed
 Cost
 Security
 Availability
 Scalability
 Reliability
 Topology
Physical Topology Categories
Logical Topologies
Bus Topology
 All devices receive the signal.

Star Topology
 Transmission through a central point.

 Single point of failure.
Extended-Star Topology
 More resilient than star

topology.
Ring Topology
 Signals travel around ring.

 Single point of failure.
Dual-Ring Topology
 Signalstravel in opposite directions.

 More resilient than single ring.
Full-Mesh Topology
 Highly fault-tolerant
 Expensive to implement
Partial-Mesh Topology
 Trade-off between fault tolerance and

cost
Connection to the Internet
Local Area Network
LAN Components
 Computers
 PCs
 Servers
 Interconnections
 NICs
 Media
 Network devices
 Hubs
 Switches
 Routers
 Protocols
 Ethernet
 IP
 ARP
 DHCP
Functions of a LAN
 Data and applications
 Share resources
 Provide communication path to other
networks
LAN Sizes
2.1. Giới thiệu về mạng
Ethernet.
a) IEEE STANDARDS:
 In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE
started a project, called Project 802, to set
standards to enable intercommunication
among equipment from a variety of
manufacturers. Project 802 does not seek to
replace any part of the OSI or the Internet
model. Instead, it is a way of specifying
functions of the physical layer and the data
link layer of major LAN protocols. 23
Ethernet.
 The IEEE has subdivided the data link layer
into two sublayers: logical link control
(LLC) and media access control (MAC).
IEEE has also created several physical layer
standards for different LAN protocols.
24
Ethernet.
 The relationship of the 802 Standard to the
traditional OSI model
25
2.1. Giới thiệu về mạng Ethernet.
LAN Standards
Ethernet.
 Data Link Layer:
1)Logical Link Control (LLC) :
 In IEEE Project 802, flow control, error control, and part of
the framing duties are collected into one sublayer called the
logical link control .
 The LLC provides one single data link control protocol for all
IEEE LANs.
 A single LLC protocol can provide interconncctivity between
different LANs because it makes the MAC sublayer
transparent.
 The purpose of the LLC is to provide flow and error control
for the upper layer protocols that actually demand these 27
services
Ethernet.
2)Media Access Control (MAC):
802.3 MAC frame

28
Ethernet.
 IEEE Project 802 has created a sublayer called
media access control that defines the specific access
method for each LAN.
 For example, it defines CSMA/CD as the media
access method for Ethernet LANs and the token
passing method for Token Ring and Token Bus
LANs.
 In contrast to the LLC sublayer, the MAC sublayer
contains a number of distinct modules; each defines
the access method and the framing format specific to
the corresponding LAN protocol. 29
MAC Address Components
Ethernet.
MAC addresses:
31
Ethernet.
 Physical Layer: The physical layer is dependent
on the implementation and type of physical
media used. IEEE defines detailed
specifications for each LAN implementation.
32
Ethernet.
b) Ethernet:
The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at
Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC).
Since then, it has gone through four generations:
Standard Ethemet (10 Mbps), Fast Ethemet (100
Mbps), Gigabit Ethemet (1 Gbps), and Ten
Gigabit Ethemet (10 Gbps).
33
Ethernet.
Ethernet Evolution
CSMA/CD
Ethernet Frame Structure
Communicating Within the
LAN
Ethernet.
Ethernet evolution through four generations
38
Ethernet.
1) Standard Ethernet :
39
Ethernet.
 MAC Sublayer :
-Frame Format :
40
Ethernet.
 MAC Sublayer :
-Frame Length :
41
Ethernet.
 MAC Sublayer :
-Addressing : Each station on an Ethernet network (such as a
PC, workstation, or printer) has its own network interface card
(NIC). The NIC fits inside the station and provides the station
with a 6-byte physical address.
Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation:
42
Ethernet.
Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses: A
source address is always a unicast address-the
frame comes from only one station. The
destination address, however, can be unicast,
multicast, or broadcast.
Unicast and multicast addresses 43

Ethernet.
- Access Method: CSMA/CD
44
Ethernet.
 Physical Layer :
45
Ethernet.
 Encoding in a Standard Ethernet implementation:
46
Ethernet.
2) FAST ETHERNET
The goals of Fast Ethemet can be summarized:
 Upgrade the data rate to 100 Mbps.
 Make it compatible with Standard Ethernet.
 Keep the same 48-bit address.
 Keep the same frame format.
 Keep the same minimum and maximum frame lengths.
47
Ethernet.
 MAC Sublayer
-Autonegotiation: is a new feature added to Fast
Ethemet. Autonegotiation allows two devices to
negotiate the mode or data rate of operation
- Autonegotiation was designed particularly for the
following purposes:
48
Ethernet.
 To allow incompatible devices to connect to
one another.
 To allow one device to have multiple
capabilities.
 To allow a station to check a hub's capabilities.
49
Ethernet.
 Physical Layer.
- Topology :
50
Ethernet.
-Implementation
51
Ethernet.
-Encoding
52
Ethernet.
3) GIGABIT ETHERNET
The goals of the Gigabit Ethernet design can be
summarized as follows:
 Upgrade the data rate to 1 Gbps.
 Make it comoatible with Standard or Fast Ethernet.
 Use the same 48-bit address.
 Use the same frame format.
 Keep the same minimum and maximum frame lengths.
 To support autonegotiation as defined in Fast Ethernet 53
Ethernet.
 MAC Sublayer
-Full-Duplex Mode :
 There is a central switch connected to all computers
or other switches.
 Each switch has buffers for each input port in which
data are stored until they are transmitted
There is no collision (no CSMA/CD)
 The maximum length of the cable is determined by
the signal attenuation in the cable
Ethernet.
-Half-Duplex Mode:
 Gigabit Ethernet can also be used in half-duplex mode,
although it is rare.
 A switch can be replaced by a hub, which acts as the common
cable in which a collision might occur.
 The half-duplex approach uses CSMA/CD.
 The maximum length of the network in this approach is totally
dependent on the minimum frame size. Three methods have
been defined: traditional, carrier extension, and frame
bursting 55
Ethernet.
 Physical Layer
-Topology
56
Ethernet.
-Implementation
57
Ethernet.
-Encoding
58
2.2. Kết nối mạng cục bộ
Ethernet.
 Connecting devices
Five categories of connecting devices
59
Ethernet.
 Passive Hubs:
-Passive hub is just a connector.
-Passive hub connects the wires coming from different
branches.
- In a star-topology Ethemet LAN, a passive hub is just a
point where the signals coming from different stations
collide; the hub is the collision point. This type of a hub is
part of the media; its location in the Internet model is below
the physical layer.
60
Ethernet.
 Repeaters
61
Ethernet.
-A repeater is a device that operates only in the physical

layer.
-Signals that carry information within a network can travel a
fixed distance before attenuation endangers the integrity of
the data.
-A repeater connects segments of a LAN
-A repeater forwards every frame; it has no filtering
capability
-A repeater is a regenerator, not an amplifier. 62
Ethernet.
Function of a repeater 63
Ethernet.
 Active Hubs: An active hub is actually a multiport
repeater. It is normally used to create connections
between stations in a physical star topology. Hubs can
also be used to create multiple levels of hierarchy
64
Ethernet.
 Bridges
-A bridge operates in both the physical and the data
link layer.
-A bridge has a table used in filtering decisions
-A bridge does not change the physical (MAC)
addresses in a frame
65
Ethernet.
 h
A bridge connecting two LANs

66
Ethernet.
 Routers
A router is a three-layer device that routes packets
based on their logical addresses (host-to-host
addressing). A router normally connects LANs and
WANs in the Internet and has a routing table that is
used for making decisions about the route. The
routing tables are normally dynamic and are updated
using routing protocols
67
Ethernet.
Routers connecting independent LANs and WANs
68
Ethernet.
 Gateway
A gateway is normally a computer that operates in all five
layers of the Internet or seven layers of OSI model. A
gateway takes an application message, reads it, and
interprets it. This means that it can be used as a connecting
device between two internetworks that use different models.
For example, a network designed to use the OSI model can
be connected to another network using the Internet model.
The gateway connecting the two systems can take a frame as
it arrives from the first system, move it up to the OSI
application layer, and remove the message
69
Ethernet.
 Switches:
Network Congestion
 High-performance PCs
 More networked data 70
 Bandwidth-intensive applications
Ethernet.
 Operate at Layer 2 of the OSI model

 Forward, filter, or flood frames
 Have few ports
 Are slow 71
Ethernet.
LAN Switch
 High port density

 Large frame buffers
 Mixture of port speeds
 Fast internal switching
 Switching modes:
– Cut-through
– Store-and-forward
– Fragment-free
72
Ethernet.
Transmitting Frames through a Switch
73
Ethernet.
Three Switch Functions:
 Address learning
 Forward/filter decision
 Loop avoidance 74
Ethernet.
How Switches Learn Host Locations
75
Ethernet.
•Station A sends a frame to Station C

•Switch caches station A MAC address to port E0 by learning
the source address of data frames
•The frame from station A to station C is flooded out to all ports
except port E0 (unknown unicasts are flooded) 76
Ethernet.
•Station D sends a frame to station C

•Switch caches station D MAC address to port E3 by learning
the source Address of data frames
•The frame from station D to station C is flooded out to all
ports except port E3 (unknown unicasts are flooded)
77
Ethernet.
How Switches Filter Frames
• Station A sends a frame to station C

• Destination is known, frame is not flooded
78
Ethernet.
Broadcast and Multicast Frames
•Station D sends a broadcast or multicast frame

•Broadcast and multicast frames are flooded to all ports
other than the originating port
79
Ethernet.
Loops
80
Ethernet.
Spanning tree protocol
81
2.4. Quá trình phân phối gói tin
từ host to host thông qua switch
82
Layer 2 Devices
 Layer 2 devices provide an interface with the

physical media.
 Examples:
 NIC
 Bridge
 Switch
Layer 2 Addressing
 Uses MAC address

 Assigned to end devices
Layer 3 Devices and Their
Function
 The network layer provides connectivity and

path selection between two host systems.
 In the host, this is the path between the data link
layer and the upper layers of the NOS.
 In the router, it is the actual path across the
network.
Layer 3 Addressing
 Each NOS has its own Layer 3 address format.

 OSI uses NSAP.
 TCP/IP uses IP.
Host-to-Host Packet Delivery
(1 of 10) -UDP
(2 of 10)
(3 of 10)
(4 of 10)
(5 of 10)
(6 of 10)
(7 of 10)
(8 of 10)
(9 of 10)
(10 of 10)
(1 of 22)-TCP
(2 of 22)
(3 of 22)
(4 of 22)
(5 of 22)
(6 of 22)
(7 of 22)
(8 of 22)
(9 of 22)
(10 of 22)
(11 of 22)
(12 of 22)
(13 of 22)
(14 of 22)
(15 of 22)
(16 of 22)
(17 of 22)
(18 of 22)
(19 of 22)
(20 of 22)
(21 of 22)
(22 of 22)
Default Gateway

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Chương 2: Mạng Ethernet

2.1. Giới thiệu về mạng Ethernet.

 All devices receive the signal.

 Transmission through a central point.

 More resilient than star

 Signals travel around ring.

 Signalstravel in opposite directions.

 Trade-off between fault tolerance and

802.3 MAC frame

Ethernet evolution through four generations

Unicast and multicast addresses 43

Five categories of connecting devices

-A repeater is a device that operates only in the physical

A bridge connecting two LANs

Routers connecting independent LANs and WANs

 Operate at Layer 2 of the OSI model

 High port density

•Station A sends a frame to Station C

•Station D sends a frame to station C

• Station A sends a frame to station C

•Station D sends a broadcast or multicast frame

 Layer 2 devices provide an interface with the

 Uses MAC address

 The network layer provides connectivity and

 Each NOS has its own Layer 3 address format.

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