BITS Pilani

Pilani Campus

The Database Environment

and the Development Process
Deepak Saxena
Department of Management
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus deepak.saxena@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
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Data, Information, and Metadata

• Data: Stored representations of objects and events that

have meaning and importance in the users’ environment.
– Objects: Customer, Items
– Events: Booking, Payment, Delivery
• Information: Data that have been processed (e.g.
averages, trends etc.) in such as way as to increase the
knowledge of the person who uses the data.
• Metadata: Data that describes the properties of the end-
user data and the context of that data.
• Database: an organized collection of logically-related
data

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Information Systems for DIKW Model

Wisdom Artificial Intelligence

Business Intelligence
Knowledge Systems

Management
Information Information
Systems

Database Management
Data System

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Information Systems for DIKW Model

Predictive
Artificial Intelligence analytics,
Prescriptive
S analytics
T “Machine
A learning is Business Intelligence
T statistics Systems
I Descriptive
gone wild.”
S Analytics, Some
Management predictive
T Information
I analytics
Systems
C
S Reporting and
Database Management presentation
System capabilities

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Traditional File Processing Systems

• Program-file dependence
• Duplication of data
• Limited data sharing
• Lengthy development times
• Excessive program maintenance

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The database approach: Data models

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The database approach: Relational
database

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Advantages of database approach

• Program-data independence
• Planned data redundancy
• Improved data consistency
• Improved data sharing
• Increased productivity of application development
• Enforcement of standards
• Improved data quality
• Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
• Reduced program maintenance
• Improved decision support

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Costs and risks of database approach

• New, specialized personnel

• Installation and management costs/complexity
• Conversion costs
• Need for explicit backup and recovery
• Organizational conflict

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Components of the database environment

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Database Systems Development Lifecycle

Planning

Maintenance Analysis

Implementation Design

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Database Systems Development Lifecycle

Planning
• Enterprise modeling
– Analyze current data
processing
– Analyze general business
Maintenance Analysis functions and their database
needs
– Justify need for new data and
databases in support of
business

Implementation
Purpose: To develop a preliminary
understanding of a business solution
and how information systems might
help solve a problem.
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Design
• Conceptual data modeling
– Identify scope
– Analyze overall data
requirements for business
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Example: Pine Valley Furniture Company
(PVFC)

Preliminary data model for Home Office product

line marketing support system

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Database Systems Development Lifecycle

Planning
• Conceptual data modeling
– Develop preliminary
conceptual data model
– Compere preliminary
Maintenance Analysis
conceptual model with the
enterprise data model
– Develop detailed conceptual
model with all entities,
relationships, attributes, and
Implementation Design business rules.
– Make consistent with
applications
Purpose: To analyze the business situation
thoroughly to determine requirements, to – Populate repository
structure those requirements, and to select
among competitive system features.

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Database Systems Development Lifecycle

• Logical database design

Planning
– Analyze in detail the
transactions, forms, displays,
and inquiries (database views)
needed for business
Maintenance Analysis
– Integrate database views into
conceptual data model
• Physical database design
– Define database to DBMS
(often generated from
repository)
Implementation Design
– Decide on physical
organization of data
Purpose: To elicit and structure all – Design database processing
programs
information requirements; to develop all
technology and organizational specifications.

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 Example: Pine Valley Furniture Company
(PVFC)

Logical data model for Home Office product

line marketing support system
Information & Knowledge Management
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Systems
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 Example: Pine Valley Furniture Company
(PVFC)

From logical model to physical model

Information & Knowledge Management

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Systems
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Three-schema architecture

• External Schema
– Database views offered to
managers and employees
• Conceptual Schema
– Combines different
external views into a
single, coherent, and
comprehensive definition
of enterprise data
• Internal Schema
– Representation and
storage

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Database Systems Development Lifecycle

Planning
• Database implementation
– Code and test databases
processing programs
– Complete database
Maintenance Analysis documentation and training
materials
– Install database and convert
data from prior systems

Implementation Design

Purpose: To write programs, build databases,

test and install the new system, train users,
and finalize documentation

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 Multitier client/server database architecture

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Database Systems Development Lifecycle

Planning
• Database maintenance
– Analyze databases and
database applications to
ensure that evolving
Maintenance Analysis information requirements are
met.
– Tune database for improved
performance
– Fix errors in database and
data applications
Implementation Design
– Recover database when it is
contaminated
Purpose: To monitor the operation and
usefulness of the system, and to repair
and enhance the system

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To get an idea of their relative size

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To get an idea of their relative size

Data Lakes

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