Production Logging

Maunish Shah
School of Petroleum Technology
Pandit Deendayal Energy University
Production Log
• Production logging provides downhole measurements of fluid parameters on a zone-by-
zone basis to yield information on the type of fluid movement within and near the
wellbore.
• Estimate the production flow rate for each layer of the formation
• Production logs are run only when the completion is done and production is started. It is
also used for injection well.
• The production logging tools are small in diameter and are run through tubing for
evaluation of the well as it is producing.
• Production logs were first used in 1930's for measuring the temperature of wells but over
the decades other measurements such as pressure, fluid density and hold up were
developed consequently.

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Production Logging Tools
Sensors
• Thermometer
• fluid density (gradiomanometer, nuclear)
• hold-up meter
• flowmeter spinners (continuous, full-bore, diverter)
• Manometer (strain gauge, quartz gauge)
• Calliper
• noise (single frequency, multiple frequency)
• radioactive tracer
• gravel pack logging

3
Production Log
Major Applications are
• evaluating completion efficiency
• detecting mechanical problems, breakthrough, and coning
• Leakage identification between production tube and production
casing
• Check integrity of production casing
• providing guidance for workovers, enhanced recovery projects
• evaluating treatment effectiveness
• monitoring and profiling of production and injection
• detecting thief zones, lost circulation zones, channelled cement
• single layer and multiple layer well test evaluation
• determining reservoir characteristics
• identifying reservoir boundaries for field development
• evaluates gravel pack quality,
• hold-up behaviours like water/oil/gas hold up for several depths
are determined
4
Flow Regimes
Single Phase Flow
• When only oil, gas or water is
produced (very uncommon)
Two and Three Phase Flow
• Mixtures of two or three fluid types
• Lighter phase travels at a higher
velocity than denser phases
• The velocity difference between two
fluids is known as “Slip Velocity”
• The flow becomes complicated to
analyze in the deviated wells

5
Flow Regimes
As fluids migrate upward in the well, the flow regime usually
changes.
• Oil with dissolved gas can enter the wellbore as a single phase.
• The hydrostatic pressure decreases as the oil rises, and gas
bubbles begin to form in the oil. The flow regime is then bubble
flow.
• Pressure is further reduced as the mixture moves uphole; more
bubbles form and smaller bubbles aggregate to create larger
bubbles. Large bubbles, or gas slugs, travel faster than both
small bubbles and liquids. Gas slugs may initiate slug flow.
• Slugs tend to unite and move to the center of the pipe, forcing
most of the oil to flow along the pipe walls. This flow regime is
called froth flow (churn flow). It is a highly disturbed flow.
Increasing velocity of a slug flow causes that the structure of the
flow becomes unstable. The churn flow is characterized by the Basic Gas Liquid Flow Regimes
presence of a very thick and unstable liquid film, with the liquid
often oscillating up and down. Due to its nearly chaotic
properties, it is one of the least understood of gas-liquid flow 6
regimes.
Flow Regimes
• Annular Flow is characterized by the presence of a
liquid film flowing on the pipe wall and with the gas
flowing in the gas core.
• Eventually, a mist flow regime may be reached, in
which the gas is carrying liquid droplets

Basic Gas Liquid Flow Regimes

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Horizontal Two Phase Flow

8
Downhole Environments
ρ𝑣 2
• Inertial forces
𝑑
µ𝑣
• Viscous Forces
𝑑2
• Reynolds Number (NRe)
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ρ𝑑𝑣
= =
𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 µ
Example: 5½-in pipe with an ID of 4.9 in, the diameter in SI units is
0.12 m. Water at surface pressure and temperature has a density of
1,000 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 0.001 Pa.s. Assuming an arbitrary
flow rate of 500 bbl/d gives a velocity of 0.076 m/s. Calculate NRe
1.48𝑞ρ
NRe= (Oil Field Units)
𝑑µ
Where, q = flow rate, bbl/d NRe <2100 NRe > 4000
ρ = fluid density, lbm/ft3
d = pipe inside diameter, in
μ = dynamic viscosity, cP. 9
Pressure Drop Measurements
The frictional pressure
gradient is

f = Moody friction factor

For laminar flow the Moody

friction factor f is given by
64/Nre
The Moody friction factor is
a function of the Reynolds
number and the relative
roughness of the pipe (e/d,
where e is the pipe
roughness measured in the
same units as the pipe
diameter) 10
Oil-Water Flow Regimes
• Mixture density, mixture viscosity, and mixture velocity
are used to calculate the Reynolds number and velocity
profile.
• The average velocity of the oil bubbles is called the oil-
phase velocity (vo).
• The average velocity of the continuous water phase is
called the water-phase velocity (vw).
• If the motion is frozen at some arbitrary point in time,
the volume fraction of the pipe occupied by water is
called the water holdup (Yw).
• Similarly, the volume fraction of the pipe occupied by oil
is called the oil holdup (Yo).
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Oil-Water Flow Regimes
In the case of two-phase oil and water flow,
• Yw + Yo = 1
The flow rates of water and oil are
• qw = vwYw A
• qo = voYo A
Average volumetric mixture velocity
( )(
vm = vwYw + voYo )
• Mixture density for the Reynolds number calculation

( )(
rm = Ywrw + Yorw )
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Oil-Water Flow Regimes
The continuous-phase viscosity normally dominates,
except in the case of emulsions
• The point at which the transition from a water-
continuous to an oil-continuous phase occurs is poorly
defined, lying somewhere between a water holdup of
0.4 to 0.6. The degree of mixing is still more poorly
defined.
• Several crude oils have low downhole viscosities of a
similar magnitude to water and In these cases a linear
combination of the water and oil viscosities is as good
as any other method:
m m = (Ywm w )+(Yomo ),
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Oil-Water Flow Regimes
• For oil-water flow the slip velocity (vs) is strongly influenced by the
density difference between the oil and water and less strongly by the
relative proportions of oil and water.

Choquette (1975) model for slip. 14

Oil-Water Flow Regimes
• Maximum slip velocity occurs with a single droplet of oil rising through a continuous phase of
water.
• Adding more oil helps to lift the water and thus reduce the slip velocity. Increasing the
density difference also increases the slip velocity

• Below water holdups of about 0.3, the droplets of water are carried by a continuous oil
phase; the droplet rise models no longer work

15
Oil-Water Flow Regimes-Deviated well
• The fast-moving oil drags some water along with it, more water than is actually
flowing up the pipe, so a down-flow of water on the low side of the pipe is
required to balance the net flux.

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Oil-Water Flow Regimes-Deviated well
• At low mixture velocities, where vs >> vm, the velocity profile looks like Fig. a with
complicated counter currents and challenges for velocity measurements.
• At higher mixture velocities, where vm > vs, the scenario is much closer to the
vertical pipe and monophasic velocity profile, with a more subtle velocity variation
from top to bottom (Fig. b).
Empirical correction for calculation of
slip velocity
vs_deviated = vs (1 + 0.04d),

vs_deviated = Deviated-pipe slip velocity

δ = Pipe deviation in degrees
from the vertical

17
a b
Oil-Water Flow Regimes
• Ding et al. (1993) suggested to reduce the slip
velocity above 50° to correct for the reducing
buoyancy vector acting up the pipe axis as
horizontal conditions are approached.
• Increasing the pipe deviation to the near
horizontal results in the oil and water
separating into two layers with an interface that
can be flat, wavy, or bubbly.

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Oil-Water Flow Regimes-
• water cut is 50%.
• At the lower flow rates gravity and the
buoyancy difference between the oil
and water dominate the partition of the
holdup.
• As the flow rate is increased the wall
friction pressure drop becomes more
significant and at 6,000 bbl/d [about 1
m/s] the wall friction is more important
than a change in deviation of a few
degrees

19
Production Logging Measurements
Fluid Velocity
• Spinner velocity tool is used for formation fluid velocity
determination.
• A spinner flow meter consist a rotating blade. This blade turns when
the fluid passes it. The rotational speed of the blade is measured in
RPS (Revolution per Second).
• This rotational speed depends on mainly three factors.
• Fluid velocity (More the velocity of the fluid, more the rotational speed is)
• Fluid viscosity (If the fluid viscosity is low, its velocity is high)
• Friction factor of the spinner bearings (Less the friction of the bearings, more
the rotational speed of the blade is)

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Spinner Flow Meters

• The large cross-sectional area of the

spinner tends to correct for fluid velocity
profiles and multiphase flow effects.

Full bore Spinners 21

Spinner Flow Meters
• The metal cage is opened and
closed on command from the
surface and, when open, helps to
centralize the tool and deploy the
diverter.
• The inflatable diverter tool has
good fluid sampling characteristics
since all of the fluids moving
through the casing must pass
through the spinner section.
• It is particularly appropriate for
multiphase flow since the fullbore
spinner measurement can be
adversely affected by the down
Inflatable Diverter Tool flow of the heavier phase.
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 23
Inflatable diverter tool flow loop response
Bulk Flow Measurements

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Bulk Flow Measurements
Continues or Tubing Spinner
• The continuous, or tubing, spinner has a progressive
pitch spinner, which is more effective at extracting
energy from the well fluids
• 1 11/16” common size

25
Bulk Flow Measurements - Spinner Cross Plot

The ideal response of the spinner The effect of viscosity is to Mechanical effects are seen at
with fluid velocity change the spinner response very low flowrates. It is effectively
away from the ideal line the flow needed to start the
spinner

26
Bulk Flow Measurements - Spinner Cross Plot

This is the final plot with tool Flowing fluids add their velocity
velocity substituted for fluid to that of the tool changing the
velocity (Represents Zero flow) flow away from the zero
calibration line
Fluid velocity can be read off the x-axis as
the difference between the threshold and
Note: The down passes in producing wells are positive revolutions the reading (Threshold =0 in this figure)
per second (rps). The up passes are negative, if logged faster than
fluid flow, and positive, if logged slower than fluid flow. 27
Bulk Flow Measurements

Velocity correction factor,

𝑣
𝐶𝑣 =
𝑣𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

Commonly 0.83 is used

q = Cv ∗ Vf ∗ A

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Flow Velocity Evaluation from up down spinner surveys
Bulk Flow Measurements

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2-Pass Technique
• Calculate % contribution of each zone in
varying viscosity conditions, whether from
multiphase flow or single-phase flow with
multiple viscosities.
• This technique consists of running several
passes against and with the flow direction
• The cable speed must be faster than the fluid
velocity on the passes with the fluid flow
direction. Two passes, one with and one
against the flow, are selected.
• The amount of separation measured in log
divisions between the two passes is linearly
proportional to fluid velocity.
• A distinct advantage of this technique is that it
cancels the effect of viscosity changes.

30
2-Pass Technique
• These changes are essentially shifts in rps
readings in the same amount and direction on
both passes.
• Thus, the separation remains independent of
viscosity effects.

• Bu = slope of the up calibration line in rps per

foot per minute
Bd = slope of the down calibration line in rps
per foot per minute
• If the centerline is defined as a line halfway
between the two curves, a centerline shift to
the right is a viscosity decrease; a centerline
shift to the left is a viscosity increase
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Radioactive Tracer Tool- Flow Rate (Q)
• The tracer material (radioactive) moves at the same velocity as the
wellbore fluid.
• The ejector consists of a chamber that will hold a small amount of
radioactive material and a pump that will eject a controlled amount
upon command.
• When logging a producing well configuration will be one detector
below and two detectors spaced above the ejector.
• The single detector is used to detect unexpected flow reversals
caused by thief zones and for identifying channels behind casing
where flow is opposite of the wellbore fluids.
• The two adjacent gamma ray detectors are used for flow profiling by
measuring the flow time between the two detectors

32
Radioactive Tracer Tool- Velocity Shot
Interpretation
h = distance between gamma ray detectors
A = cross-sectional area
t = time.

6.995 = numerical constant

D = casing inside diameter in inches
d = tool outside diameter in inches
X = detector spacing in inches
t = time, in seconds, to move X-inches
As a general rule, the flowmeter gives more accurate
results in high flow rates and the radioactive tracer
technique provides better results in flow rates less than
about 100 B/D 33
Controlled Time Survey
• The controlled time method qualitatively detects the
flow of fluids up or down the hole, either in the casing
or in the annulus. (radioactive material was ejected at
the bottom of the tubing and successive runs were
made with the gamma ray tool.
• The radioactive slug (points a, c, e, and h) may be seen
to move down the casing.
• After entering the perforations opposite sand 3, a part
of the radioactive slug (points f, j, n, and v) channels up
the casing annulus to sand 4.
• After entering at sand2, part of the radioactive slug
(points l and p) channels down the casing annulus to
sand 1.
• Fluid appears to be entering sand3 because of the
stationary readings at points i, m, and q.
• Some radioactive material is trapped in a turbulence
pattern just below the tubing as shown by points b, d, g,
and k. 34
Radio Active Tracer Log-Proppant Tracer Log
Or Spectral Gamma Ray Log

Use of proppant tracer to identify near wellbore coverage and isolation

effectiveness; blue for antimony tracer, yellow for scandium tracer and red for 35
iridium tracer
Fluid Tracers

36
Fluid Identification- Gradiomanometer Tool
• It uses the pressure differential
between two bellows to infer the
density of the fluid between the
sensors.

37
Bellow Based Gradiomanometer tool
Fluid Identification- Gradiomanometer Tool
• It uses the pressure differential between two
bellows to infer the density of the fluid between the
sensors.

Differential pressure Gradiomanometer schematic

38
Fluid Identification- Gradiomanometer Tool

39
Fluid Identification- Nuclear Fluid Density
• A gamma ray source is positioned with respect to a
gamma ray detector so that the wellbore fluid acts
as an absorber.
• A high count rate indicates a low fluid density and
a low count rate indicates a high fluid density
• Measured value is the average density of the
flowing mixture
• Advantage of the nuclear fluid density tool over
the gradiomanometer is that its measurement is
not affected by wellbore deviation or by friction
effects

40
Temperature Tool
Applications are:
• Detection of gas production via the cooling effect of expanding gas (in or
behind casing)
• Qualitative evaluation of fluid flow as indicated by departures from the
geothermal gradient
• Temperature (T) information for PVT equations and charts.
• Temperature information is critical to the determination of gas
expansion/compression, GOR, and oil shrinkage from downhole to surface
conditions and vice versa;
• Evaluation of fracture treatments
• Evaluation of the mechanical integrity of a completion

41
Temperature Tool

42
Temperature Tool

43
Temperature Log – Fracturing Treatment
(Microseismic Mapping (MSM), Distributed Temperature Sensing-DTS)

44
Temperature Log – Fracturing Treatment
(Distributed Acoustic Sensing-DAS, Distributed Temperature Sensing-DTS)

45
DAS, DTS Log – Explanation of Previous Figure
• In DAS, cooler colours represent lower or no acoustic activity and warmer colours indicate higher
acoustic energies describing fluid and proppant distribution during the treatment.
• In DTS, warmer colours represent high temperatures and cooler colours indicate relatively lower
temperature which is associated with the injection of treatment fluid.
• Third display indicates changes in pressure (surface and downhole), rates (total and clean),
concentrations (surface and downhole) and a cumulative proppant tonnage.
• PC 4.6 experienced early screen-out.
• At the end of proppant stage, most of PCs started to warm back due to geothermal temperature and
absence of slurry.
• At the beginning of diversion stage, cool down was observed in all PCs.
• When diverter reached PC, the strong pressure response was noted.
• Subsequently, warmed back and decreased acoustic energy was observed in PCs (PC 4.1 to PC 4.4)
which dominantly received fluid in previous proppant stage.
• It clearly indicated the effective diversion by plugging PC 4.1 to PC 4.4 as indicated by both DAS and
DTS. The DAS and DTS clearly indicated that after diversion most of the fluid was utilized in
stimulating PC 4.6 and partially PC 4.5. 46
DEFT
• DEFT- Digital Entry Fluid Imager Tool
• DEFT- Discriminate water and hydrocarbon
• The electrical sensors are integrated on the spinner cage arms
(four). It has Resistivity probe for water holdup measurements
• The DEFT sensor measures the direct current resistivity of the
fluid surrounding its tip
• Water is the electrically conductive medium in oil or gas
producing wells, the probes only discriminate between water
and hydrocarbons
• The probe signals allow computation of a local holdup
measurement and the number of hydrocarbon bubbles
arriving at each probe (bubble count). It is the ratio of the time
spent by the probe in water to the total scanning period.
• Or, oil or gas holdup is the ratio of the accumulated time while
the probe detects hydrocarbon to the total scanning period
47
GHOST
• GHOST- Gas Holdup Optical Sensor Tool
• The electrical sensors are integrated on the spinner cage arms (four)
• Identify Gas in multi-phase flow
• If the probe is in gas, the refracted light has high intensity, while if it is in oil or
water the intensity of refracted light is low
• Local gas holdup is determined by the ratio of the time during which the sensor
detects gas respect to the total time

48
Fluid Identification- Capacitance or Dielectric
Tool (Or Dielectric Holdup)
• Measure bulk capacitance
• Distinguishing water from hydrocarbons (oil and gas)
• Poor discriminator of oil and gas

49
Fluid Identification- Capacitance or Dielectric
Tool (Or Dielectric Holdup)
• The tool frequency reading is traced up to a
response line that joins the 100% oil and 100%
water points and then followed across to
indicate the water holdup.
• Works well for an oil-continuous phase
• As water becomes the continuous phase the
response changes owing to the conductivity of
the water. A much weaker response to oil
bubbles within water is exhibited

50
Effect of Well Deviation-
Water Flow rate measurement-Spinner & Pulse
Neutron tool
• Run Pulse Neutron tool (source and
detector)
• Measure oxygen activated water
flow (up-flow)
• Neutron interacts with oxygen
(present in water) and converts in
to unstable nitrogen isotope
• Water becomes radioactive
• N-Near detector
• F-Far detector

51
Multi Capacitance Flow Meter (MCFM)-
Horizontal Well

Determines phase as well as measure velocity

Polaris system
52
Multi Capacitance Flow Meter (MCFM)

53
Flow Scan Imager Tool

54
Inclination Effect

56
Inclination Effect
• At 90˚ the velocities and holdups of oil and water are
nearly equal (Because oil is more viscous than water, it
has a slightly lower velocity)
• Oil holdup is slightly higher than the water holdup as
soon as the borehole deviates slightly from 90˚ and the oil
and water flow at different velocities
• At high flow rates the dependence on borehole deviation
is smaller because the increasing shear frictional forces
against the wall and interface dominate.
• At deviation lower than 90˚ (uphill), water, the heavier
phase, slows down, and oil velocity increases. The water
holdup increases while the oil holdup decreases. Any gas
present would start to slug.
• At well deviation above 90˚ (downhill), flow is still
predominantly stratified. The water flows much faster
than the oil because of its higher fluid density. The water
holdup now decreases while the oil holdup increases.
57
Noise Tools
• By varying the pressure differential, flow rate, or both, various types
of noise can be generated.
• The noises can be characterized and categorized into different groups
by examining the frequency spectrum of the total signal.
• Information from the spectrum can be useful for determining
channels behind casing, tubing or casing leaks, and producing
perforations

58
Noise Tools
• Figure shows a noise log that
depicts a gas entry through a set
of perforations from 8320 to 8350
ft.
• Above the perforations the
discontinuous phase in the
wellbore is gas and the sound
attenuates quite rapidly.
• The sound attenuates much
slower in the standing water
below the perforations

59
Noise Tools
• Figure illustrates the effectiveness of
the noise log at identifying fluid
movement behind casing.
• The log indicates that there is flow
behind casing from a group of sands
below 9900 ft into a zone at 8700 ft.

60
Gravel Pack Logging
• The gravel pack logging tool uses a gamma ray
source and a single gamma ray detector.
• The source emits gamma rays radially into the
borehole and the surrounding area and is focused
upward toward the detector.
• The number of gamma rays returning to the
detector is an indication of the density of the
material through which they have travelled.
• High density materials cause more gamma rays to
be slowed down and absorbed, and low density
materials allow more gamma rays to be detected
• Volume that is not filled with gravel is filled with
some type of fluid with known density. Since the
density of the gravel is different from the density
of the fluid, it is possible to correlate gamma ray
count rates to percentage of pack.

61
Gravel Pack Logging

62
Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP)

• In geophysics, vertical seismic

profile (VSP) is a technique of
seismic measurements used for
correlation with surface seismic
data.
• In the most common type of VSP,
geophones in the borehole
record reflected seismic energy
originating from a seismic source Downhole Seismic
(air gun or vibrator truck) at the Array Tool
surface.
• The Downhole Seismic Array
(DSA) tool uses eight sensor
which are positioned at the
intervals of up to 50 ft.
Air Gun
63
Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP)
• Vertical seismic profiling is a
technique of simultaneously recording
the upgoing and downgoing
wavetrains
• The major advantage over the
conventional surface reflection
seismic technique which records only
the upgoing waves
• Upgoing and downgoing wave fields
can be separated by computer
processing
• VSP is a high resolution measurement.
• Provides a link between the surface
seismic results and well logs
• Improved seismic resolution of
stratigraphic features around the well,
such as faults, pinchout, or salt domes 64
Zero-Offset Vertical Seismic Profile (ZVSP)
Offset Vertical Seismic Profile (OVSP)
• A normal VSP (ZVSP) survey in a vertical borehole with
horizontal bedding gives very limited lateral information.
• Zero-offset VSPs have sources close to the wellbore
directly above receivers
• Offset VSPs have sources some distance from the
receivers in the wellbore
• Profiling of a feature can be done by
• using a fixed offset source position some distance
from the well and moving the geophone(s)in the
well, Moving source and stationary receiver

• (OR) by having the geophone(s)fixed and moving the

source
• Increases the coverage area around the wellbore (latera
extent)
65
Walkaway Vertical Seismic Profile

• A typical offshore walkaway survey

would be carried out by a boat
with the energy source, moving at
a constant speed and direction
along a 3 km line that passes close
to the well.
• Seismic shots would be generated
with an air gun at 30 m intervals
along this line and a downhole
geophone would monitor the
arrivals.
• Each pass of the boat would
generate 100 seismic wave traces
at each geophone position

• Walkaway surveys provides better
continuity and more complete
coverage, especially below the
bottom of the well
• The shot points were located at 75 m intervals and were moved out 3
km from the well in each of the four orthogonal directions.
• At each shot position, eight levels were recorded with the DSA tool.
• Faults, nearby and intersecting the well, are determined from this
seismic section
66
Proximity Survey Interpretation
• Define the shape of salt domes
• Steps
• After drilling a well near to salt dome, a
downhole sensor is lowered into the hole and
anchored at numerous depths.
• An energy source is positioned directly over the
top of the structure.
• A travel time is measured from the source to
each of the downhole sensor locations.
• Known salt velocities and velocities of
formations, are used to calculate the
distances from salt to sensor positions, and
the shape of the salt flank is determined
• The best fitting line, tangent to all the ovals,
is the final solution for the location of the
interface.
67
Applications of Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP)
• The enhanced resolution of the VSP makes it possible to verify or deny the presence of reflections that
are indistinct or doubtful on seismic sections near the well.
• The VSP determine the conditions existing below the well’s total depth.
• Over-pressured zones, gas sands, salt domes, pinchouts can be verified or recognized.
• The same downgoing wave information can be used to reprocess surface seismic profiles traversing the
vicinity of the well.
• By positioning the seismic source a significant distance from the well, structural and stratigraphic
features from hundreds to thousands of feet from the well can be delineated and verified against the
surface seismic
Additional Applications
• Walk-above VSPs accommodate the recording geometry of a deviated well, having each receiver in a
different lateral position and the source directly above the receiver.
• Drill-noise VSPs (F), also known as seismic-while-drilling (SWD) VSPs, use the noise of the drill bit as the
source and receivers laid out along the ground.
68
VSP

69
Guidance Continues Tool (GCT)
• Measure azimuth and inclination along the hole
Applications
• cluster drilling operations on multiwell platforms
• Exact location of both the blowout well and the relief wells
• Precise targets within reservoirs for infill drilling
• Precise location of old wells in secondary recovery projects

70
Cased Hole Wireline Formation Tester
• The applications in cased hole are the same as those in open hole
testing.
• Measurement of formation pressure, the determination of formation
fluid, the determination of oil and gas ratios and oil gravity, and the
location of gas-oil or oil-water contact

71
Formation Interval Tester (FIT)
• a hydraulic system actuates a backup shoe which pushes
the tool against the casing and causes sealing of the small
circular packers.
• One or two holes are perforated through the casing within
the area sealed by the packers.
• An initial shut-in pressure measurement is recorded.
• Then the sample chamber is opened to flow. A recording
of flowing pressure is made
• When the chamber is filled with formation fluids a final
shut-in pressure is recorded and the chamber sealed.
• Limitation: Only one recording of pressure and sample is
possible

72
Dual Shot Repeat Formation Tester (RFK-V)
Tool
• The probe block contains two shaped
charges that can be fired independently,
allowing two samples or pressure tests per
trip in the well.
• Cased Hole Dynamics Tester (CHDT)
• CHDT tester can drill up to six holes (one per
station) and at each station perform multiple
pressure tests and acquire multiple high-
quality fluid samples.

73
Correlated Electromagnetic Retrieval (CERT)
Tool
• The CERT tool is a wireline electromagnetic fishing device
designed to retrieve metallic junk in cased or open holes.
Major Advantages
• The tool is non-magnetic when the power is off so it will not disrupt
navigational instruments during transport to the well.
• The tool is not activated until fishing depth is reached so that a clean
surface is maintained for maximum lifting capacity.
Casing collar and gamma ray logs can be run with the CERT tool for
positive depth control.
• A “fish detector” circuit provides an indication of fish contact and/or loss
so that the progress can be monitored all the way to the surface
• CERT tool has a flat plate lifting capacity of 1000 lb compared to 200 lb for
a permanent magnet.
74
Formation Subsidence Monitor Tool
(FSMT)
• Formation compaction in unconsolidated geo-pressured reservoirs is an issue of great uncertainty and
concern.
• When compaction (subsidence) occurs, it changes the porosity and permeability properties of the
reservoir rock and can affect recovery efficiency and well productivity.
• It can deform well tubulars, creating operational problems and shortening well life.
• If compaction is significant, especially when multiple stacked reservoirs are involved, then compaction
can create a subsidence bowl at the ocean floor. This could cause platforms to subside deeper into the
water and therefore create potentially severe safety problems.
• Therefore, failure to properly address issues of compaction and subsequent subsidence during the
design and development phases of these capital intensive, deepwater projects could lead to severe
financial setbacks.
• Therefore, it is crucial to have a compaction monitoring program in place.
• Case Study: Shell Deepwater Gulf of Mexico development, the total subsidence at the location of a
platform is expected to be about 3.8 ft. The half of the total occurs during the first 15 yeas of
production, and the remaining half occurring during the next 23 years. The peak rate of subsidence
for the most likely case is just over 2 in. per year during field years 14-18.
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Formation Subsidence Monitor Tool
(FSMT)
• Formation subsidence can be
monitored by precise
measurement of the distance
between a pair of markers
planted by firing bullets into
the formation or casing
• These markers can be
radioactive sources such as
Cs137 that have a relatively
long half-life.
• When the formation
subsides, the distance
between the pair of markers
changes.

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