INTERRELATION BETWEEN THE

SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AND THE

URBAN ISSUES
Socioeconomic refers to society related economic factors. There are five socioeconomic
factors namely occupation, education, income, wealth and residence. In this presentation
we have tried to cover all these aspects briefly with relation to the most critical and
colossal issue that the entire world is facing- the outbreak of the novel Coronavirus.
This presentation deals with the issues that out country has faced in the past few months
with respect to the health, income, economy and unemployment, education and residence
of the migrant workers and their families,
 INSIGHTS OF A ARTICLE BY CHANDRIMA BANERJEE IN TIMES OF INDIA
Chandrima Banerjee TNN
Jul 31, 2020, 12:23 IST
For lakhs of kids who have returned home with
their parents due to lockdown, education is now
far fetched dream
For the lakhs who made their way back home, there is an
urgent question at hand. Where should their children
study? In the city they have left behind or a hometown
that may only host them for a while and is already
struggling with limited resources and education
infrastructure? There are no clear answers, but
individuals and groups have woken to the issue.
Community-based organization’s, for instance, are now
helping bridge the gap by engaging parents, grandparents
and neighbours to keep things going in the absence of
schools the “kids from outside” can go to. “Phone calls
make it easy for everyone in the family to understand
what is being taught. After Covid and the lockdown, we
trained our fellows in conducting classes over the phone.
They engage 10 students on one call, and make two or
three calls a day, to teach via phone. We are focusing on
language and maths,” said Divya Sharma, a volunteer
with i-Saksham, an education non-profit operating in
extremism-hit areas of Bihar. The organisation is
working with Jeevika, a World Bank-aided livelihood
project by the Bihar government.
THIS WAS THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ISSUE THAT WAS RAISED
Wherever possible, fellows have also been
engaged to support students who
live nearby. Like Juli, from
Udaipur village in Bihar. The
school where she used to teach
has shut. She saw the plight of
the children of migrant workers
who had returned. So she started
talking to their parents and
teaching them in person, in small
batches, with masks and social
distancing. She has managed to procure
worksheets and library books for these
children. Bihar has received over 23 lakh
migrant workers back since the lockdown
began. Formal education requires structure. For
migrant workers, the past four months have
been about anything but.
THIS IS HOW IT WAS
TACKLED IN BIHAR BY
SOME VOLUNTEERS
The Union HRD ministry has said education of
240 million children is set to be affected by the
pandemic and lockdown
“So in Kerala, SSA (Sarva Siksha
Abhiyan) volunteers have been
appointed to teach migrant
students. Besides, there is a TV
channel for government school
students where half-hour classes
for each subject and class are
telecast,” -Dr Baishali Goswami, co-
founder of Centre for Migration and
Inclusive Development
In Kerala, Sarva Siksha Abhiyan volunteers
have been appointed to teach migrant
students. Besides, there is a TV channel for
government school students where half-hour
classes for each subject and class are telecast
In Noida, for instance, an NGO,
Aadhaarshila, has been working
for the inclusive education of
children of migrant workers for a
while now. Dr Nivedita Haran, a retired IAS
officer who runs the organisation, said things look
bleak for migrant kids. “For most of them, school
is out of bounds. Teachers are not coming. Some
parents have been insisting that they want to keep
their children in schools. But they are in dire
straits. It is going to be very difficult to get them
access to education,” she said.
 Those in the education sector fear
dropout rates will go up if migrant
workers don't get support for their
children soon
Earlier this month, the Union HRD
ministry said 240 million children
across the country are set to be
affected by the closure of schools and
issued guidelines for digital education.
“To the children belonging to low
socio-economic strata, wards of
migrant workers, Covid-19 affected
families, support needs to be given for
their physical and psychosocial
needs,” it had said. But plans from
states it had asked for are yet to come.
THIS IS HOW IT WAS
TACKLED IN KERALA BY
GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
THIS IS HOW IT WAS
TACKLED IN NOIDA WITH
THE HELP OF NGO’S.
 IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON SOCIO ECONOMY OF INDIA : EMPLOYMENT CHALLENGES OF MIGRANTS
Lockdown effect: Construction industry bears brunt of modern day exodus.
PTI Last updated June 11,2020 11.24 AM IST
The lockdown-triggered joblessness has forced a reverse migration of
thousands of guest workers from Tamil Nadu resulting in the
workforce across various sectors in the state dwindling, with the
construction industry in particular bearing the brunt of the modern
day exodus. The sector, which employs a large number of migrants,
has made a preliminary assessment of the ground realities with the
workers returning home and appears to find a drastic decline in its
workforce by about 70 per cent. Nearly 240 Shramik special trains, 79
of them from here, have ferried stranded migrant workers to 17
different states, since last month, Southern Railway and Greater
Chennai Corporation (GCC) officials said. The resumption of activity
at the projects that came to a grinding halt when the lockdown was
enforced from March 24 will take some time, since the construction
sector is said to be employing the bulk of migrant workers in the
state.
"The construction industry is facing a slowdown. There is about
30 to 35 per cent workforce in the state now besides some migrant
workers who have not gone back home," S Sridharan, Chairman,
Confederation of Real Estate Developers Association of India
(CREDAI) - Tamil Nadu, said. A clear picture on the shortage of
workers would emerge only after the lockdown is lifted, he told P
T I.
"We can assess the situation and even explore the possibilities of
employing local workers only after normalcy regains. Also, trains
have to be operated to facilitate the return of workers," he said.
Sridharan said it was difficult to quantify the number of projects that
were left midway when the lockdown was announced.Insiders believe
the construction activities could resume only after normalcy is
restored and the workers return by trains, even as those within the
state too have left for their native districts.In about a month's time, the
Greater Chennai Corporation has sent over one lakh guest workers
home by 79 Shramik trains to 17 different states.
IMPACT OF LOCKDOWN ON CONSTRUCTION
WORKERS
BIHAR
GOVT
MEASURES
FOR
RETURNING
MIGRANTS
PACKAGE TO
BE PROVIDED
BY GOVT
"Most of the construction workers and even the workers in the
plantations in the districts have not been paid their full wages. They
were left on the streets by their employers. Many had to plead for food
during the lockdown, to survive," a CITU leader said, painting a grim
picture on the workers' plight during the COVID-19 induced lockdown.
Providing wages to them is a matter of right and the workers who have been
given a raw deal are unlikely to return, he said, adding, CITU state unit
president A Soundararajan even led the members in staging an agitation
demanding wages for workers earlier.In the event of the workers deciding to
return to Tamil Nadu, the government could arrange special trains to
facilitate their return, the chamber said.When the GCC intensified the
operation to send the migrant workers home, word spread fast and a large
number of migrant workers in and around the city, and those from the
neighbouring districts and states walked all the way to the metro in the hope
to return home. The Corporation has spent close to Rs 10 crore on
transporting them and in the process provided them with water and food.
GOVERNMENT MEASURES FOR UMEMPLOYED RETURNING
MIGRANTS
Unemployment rate falls to pre-lockdown level: CMIE By Yogima Seth
SharmaET BureauLast Updated: Jun 24, 2020, 07:27 AM IST. The
unemployment rate in India fell to its pre-lockdown level of 8.5% in the
week ended June 21 from the peak rate of 23.5% in April and May after the
nationwide lockdown was imposed resulting in job losses for millions of
workers. However, the urban unemployment continues to be higher than pre-
Covid levels while the rural unemployment has come down significantly,
thanks to Mgnrega and Kharif sowing across the country, said the Centre for
Monitoring Indian Economy in its weekly report on 22nd June
The unemployment rate stood at 8.75% in March and had peaked to
as high as 27.1% in the week ended May 3 after which it began to
fall. In the first three weeks of June the unemployment rate dropped
17.5%, 11.6% and now stood at 8.5%.According to CMIE, though
urban unemployment has fallen sharply it is still distinctly
higher than the pre-lockdown levels at 11.2% in the latest week
ended June 21. “This is still over 200 basis points higher than the
9%average in the period before the lockdown,” it said.
The average unemployment rate stood at 9% in the 13 weeks period
preceding the lockdown.The unemployment rate dropped to 7.26%
in rural India in the week ended June 21, lower than it was in the
pre-lockdown week ended March 22 when it stood at 8.3%.
However, it is still a little higher than the 13-week average pre-
lockdown rate of 6.8%.
“While relaxation of the lockdown has helped in alleviating the
unemployment stress in general, rural India has apparently
gained by the massive sudden increase in Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGA)
activities and also by a sharp increase in kharif sowing this
year,” it said.According to CMIE, the person-days of jobs created in
May 2020 under the rural unemployment scheme shot up to 565
million, 53% higher than the 370 million person-days of jobs created
under the scheme in May 2019 and 2.55 times the average monthly
person-days of jobs created in 2019-20. “33 million households
benefited from the scheme in May 2020, a 55% increase than the
number of households that benefited a year ago,” it added.CMIE
further said that the overlap of Garib Kalyan Rojgar Yojana with
MGNREGA is unclear. “Nevertheless, rural unemployment can be
expected to remain low till October 2020 at least,” it said, adding
these efforts can also be expected to raise consumption demand from
rural India.
HOW GOVERNMENT ALLEVIATED THE UNEMPLOYMENT
STRESS IN GENERAL
MIGRATION OF THE POOR AND SPREADING OF THE VIRUS: HEALTH CRISIS, EDUCATION OF THE POOR, CONSTUCTION AND TH URBAN SLUMS

Huge impact of Covid-19 on people living

in urban slums

The measures taken to contain Covid-19

crises will affect households in many ways,
including job loss, loss of remittances, higher
prices, rationing of food and other basic
goods. While the impacts will be felt most
households almost immediately, they will
likely be deeper and long-lasting among the
urban slums, who are more vulnerable for
several reasons. An effective response in
support of poor and vulnerable households
will require significant additional fiscal
resources. A back-of-the-envelope calculation
can illustrate this. Providing all the existing
and new extreme poor with a cash transfer of
$1/day [about half the value of international
extreme poverty line] for a month would
amount to $20 billion – or $665 million per
day over 30 days. Given that impacts are
likely to be felt by many non-poor households
as well and that many households are likely to
need support for much longer than a month,
th sum needed for effective protection could
be far higher.

Where will the kids of migrant workers will study

Lockdown effects : Construction industry
The migrant workers have not only returned home, but have also returned to the same socio-
economic conditions the have sought to escape from. This can have adverse effect on children,
who may now drop out of schools and be drawn into child labour. Community – based
organisation, for instances, are now helping bridge the gap by engaging parents grandparents and
the neighbourhood to keep things goings in the absence of schools the kids from outside can go
to. After Covid and the lockdown, they trained the teachers in conduction classes over phone.
Various workshops and Webinar were conducted in order that the teachers were first taught to
conduct online teaching. So that they can further guide the students. Also the way out is to
combine offline modes of education with online.

Most of the construction workers and even the workers in the plantations in the district have not been paid
their full wages. They were left on the streets by their employers . Many had to plead for food during the
lockdown, to survive. The government is also trying to arrange a train for the workers to return to the city
they used to work are the pandemic has destroyed the worker’s livelihood.
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