CELL STRUCTURES: CELL THEORY AND INTERNAL
ORGANELLES
CELL: BASIC UNIT OF ALL LIFE FORMS
CELL THEORY: STATES THAT (1) ALL LIVING
ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS (2)
CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE (3)
FUNTIONS/ORGANIZATION IN ALL LIVING
THINGS, CELLS ARISE FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS
CELL MEMBRANE: THE FLEXIBLE BARRIER THAT
SURROUND ALL CELLS; REGULATES WHAT
ENTERS AND EXITS THE CELLS (SELECTIVELY
PERMEABLE)
NUCLEUS: STRUCTURES CONTAIN CELL
GENETIC’S, MATERIALS IN FORM OF DNA,
MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLE CONTAINS
THE CELLS CHROMOSOME
EUKARYOTE: organisms whose cells have a
nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope,
contain nucleus, and other membrane-bound
organelles.
PROKARYOTE: unicellular organism that lacks
nucleus and other organelles.
CYTOPLASM: FLUID PORTION OF THE CELL
OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS a thick solution that fills
each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane.
ORGANELLE: SPECIALIZED STRUCTURE THAT
PERFORMS IMPORTANT CELLULAR FUNCTIONS
WITHIN A EUKARYOTIC CELL “little organs”
VACOULE: CELL ORGANELLE THAT STORES
WATER, SALTS, PROTEINS, AND
CARBOHYDRATES. store nutrients and water on
which a cell can rely for its survival.
LYSOSOME: CELL ORGANELLES THAT
BREAKDOWN LIPIDS, CARBOHYDRATES AND
LIPIDS INTO SMALL MOLECULES CAN BE USE BY
THE REST OF THE CELL, CONTAIN ENZIMES
CYTOSKELETON: NETWORK PROTEIN
FILAMENTS THAT GIVES THE CELL ITS SHAPE
AND INTERNAL ORGANIZATION INVOLVED IN
MOVEMENT. MICROTUBULES &
MICROFILAMENT
RIBOSOME: CELL ORGANELLE CONSISTING OF
RNA AND PROTEIN THROUGHOUT THE
CYTOPLASM IN A CELL; THE SITE OF PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: AKA. ER, INTERNAL
MEMBRANE SYSTEM FOUND IN EUKARYOTIC
CELL PLACE WHERE LIPID COMPONENTS OF THE
CELL MEMBRANE ARE ASSEMBLED, WHERE
PROTEINS ARE EXPORTED FROM THE CELL.
GOLGI APPARATUS: ORGANELLES IN CELL THAT
MODIFIES, SORTS, AND, PACKAGES PROTEINS
AND OTHER MATERIALS FROM THE
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM FOR STORAGE IN
THE CELL OR RELEASE OUTSIDE THE CELL.
CHLOROPLAST: ORGANELLE FOUND IN CELL OF
PLANTS AND SOME OTHER ORGANISMS THAT
CAPTURE THE ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT AND
CONVERTS IT INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY.
PHOTOSYNTESIS
MITOCHONDRIA: CELL ORGANELLE THAT
CONVERTS THE CHEMICAL ENERGY STORED IN
FOOD INTO COMPOUNDS THAT ARE MORE
CONVINIENT FOR THE CELL TO USE.
CELL WALL: STRONG, SUPPORTING LAYER
AROUND THE CELL MEMBRANE IN SOME CELLS
LIPID BULAYER: PROPERTY OF BIOLOGICAL
MEMBRANES THAT ALLOWS SOME
SUBSTANCES TO PASS ACROSS IT WHILE
OTHERS CANNOT; SEMI-PERMEABLE
MEMBRANE.
CENTRIOLES: STRUCTURE IN AN ANIMAL CELL
THAT HELPS TO ORGANIZE CELL DIVISION.
ALL CELLS HAVE 2 CHARACTERISTICS: (1) have
DNA (2) have a cell membrane

MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES: Membrane-

bound organelles are cellular structures that are
bound by biological membrane. The membrane
may be a single layer or a double layer of lipids
and typically with interspersed proteins (1) golgi
apparatus (2) vacuole, (3) mitochondria, (4)
peroxisome, (5) lysosome, (6) rough ER, (7)
smooth ER, (8) nucleus.

CYTOPLASM: MADE OF WATER, SPACE CELL

MEMBRANE AND NUCLEUS /DNA

PROKARYOTES HAVE A FEW BASIC

STRUCTURES, COME IN MANY VARIETIES (PILI,
CILLIA, FLAGELLUMTO MOVE AROUND) TAILS.

SMOOTH ER: SONTAINS SPECIALIZED ENZYMES

AND MAKE LIPID COMPONENTS FOR THE CELL
MEMBRANE.

PEROXISOME: CONTAIN ENZYMES THAT ARE

SPECIALIZED RO DIGEST TOXIC SUBSTANCES
INTO COMPONENTS THAT DON’T DAMAGE THE
CELL.

ONLY 2 ORGANELLES HAVE THEIR OWN DNA

MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLAST.

ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY; SUGEST THAT

MITOCONDRIA AND CHLOROPLAST ARE THE
DESCENDANTS OF ANCIENT PROKARYOTES
THAT DEVELOP SYMBOLIC RELATIONSHIPS.

AMONG MULTICELLULAR ANIMALS, NEARLY ALL

OF THE MITOCHONDRIA DNA IN A FERTILIZED
EGG IS INHERITED FROM THE MOTHER.