‘Qupter 6 c # Free Slate < ¢ \ Noble qas is # & 2h mos) abundant elerneni — Fe a By x “ o “\qenovs as minerals mc, ay * MINERALS 5 > naturally cocuna a chen) sbstoxe conc: oF parwevlar MH > Oblaaredd — MIN Ing + chemically + commercially viable | Huaagangve- Slag AL ORES ARE HINERALC * Et er A\ — Bovxile Amporiy tn | Tropurity eee bers tone Roby — ar Sapphire —€o | Earthy imperi Hes i Gorgue subs aclded to or© tat convert MN fusible cycingue (CAl203) Hie fie one gemstones ORES acidic minerals having high —exlrachon of M Feasiple | fosible comp te tr Fe —onde ves & not Won pyriles © entire suenWhc & technological Jrocess M from is ore — METALLURGY ¥. Come: OF ore 2: Isolation of tretal Fromm Conc - ore. 31 Purificohon of M Leproduce sor Anat ie pollvling for \solaHon of) } | | SWATHY'STUDY PLANETVENCENTRATION OF ORES Fe teremoval oF UNcvanted Materials @: * OTMER NAMES — Bere foc Hon Dressing © ale Ge = graded \ 2: crvshed to reasonable size before cone- # Selection of tyre oF cone - — type of gang See TGeIOl Se AitF ay phy: Prop bho M & qangee — environ: factors Save faci \iHes Lt: Hydraulic Washing (Grovity seperaHon) o ATF blo specarAc grout oF ore & gangue (gheam, a FoF H30 ore Xj beavyrore _ Night — gangee vr Av, Fe203 ( bemalite) » Kn stone (Sn02) I Magnete Separahoy B © amp: — either G0 attracted b e dif Fw mag” prop of ore @rmP eee eae o+ magnenc roller mag neHC field eee { 2 cowveror ws Fe (rvo4) \enpurihes (non- mag) Reiger. cool forit® “enpunty (449) meen aillon Ampurily in pyrdlusite . ch TT: FROTH FLOATATION R ql Bronte iy efor Siphide 21° ( PbS Se paddle Fae Froth (suspension oF — pup oF ore + oll ApPIN & )) Collectors * Pine oil. Tatly aad, pore. | othy| Yanihates Note. mistore sy non — wentabifity oF mmireid = i a ie epg Oscubsior 9, ») Froth S\abi)isers * Aniline » creso aa W20 POS a” . — #slabihse Froth i Mag. arncles (40 ~ qatar. 205- Zine blends) > \igh) —are Is & svimmed of F —rdry eee ore +20)Spi Case of “Froth Flolahon © Nain > 2 sophide ores — vse DEPRESSANTS C wascO3 =adyys\ Jor) —H20 rope Hon zZns ‘i huey ee NaN, ans ‘in FrothaX eyo Raley Cen)4) on Poe 10 othe Sur fate oF ang USED —- profitable extrachon of co even Hom @+20* +102 —> Co?" + H20 Loew grade ore co? +a — Co + att TT: Leaching © ore — sduble IW solvent . 1 @) Alumina From ‘Bauxite —> Imporitey — Om Bayers ‘Process a \ >TO ore of Al Fe oxides other imp Alx03+ 2Na0H+ 342022} onafalfonu) + nafsi(on) |=" o¥* «s) (conc) 35-36 bar sodtum alumirde sodivey silicate DIGES TION (02 (qj) 5 Al203. HAO (Fresh sample) Nofsi(or)y] — 2NGHCOS + AbOs 2HbO§ SEEDING ‘in soluRON v Filler dry s heal \ » A\203-1H20, wee Al203 + X H20 » Gddt Silver : ~ + 4OH 4M +8CN + 2H20 +02 —> aiMcen® | ce 2 (Na/e cn) es Cyanide Se “Process apacen)a]~ 4+ 2)—> [zocor | oN dicp\ reacton SIWIATHY STUDY PLANET+ Extraction of Crude Metal From cone: - Ore > conver) to form —easy to reduce ®. Ex" sulphde ore — oxides (easy 1 reduce) ? Conversion to oxide. = CALCINATION ° Scie volatile matter by A — get M104 Fe203-2H20 A> Fer03 +20 4 znco3 B= zno 4602 (Noserce oF 02) Caco3- Mgi03 BS cao + Mgo + 2.c02 + B below mp of M * cos & OH — oxide I - ROASTING e A below MP of M + for sulphide ores azng | 2Pbs | 2Cv28 +302 —~ 2ZN0 *2802 ite nm excess 02 BAN veverberatory furnace (oe cuas + Fe (ivepority) (was tre LS> Tron silicate Fed + Si02 —> peace & co — Copper Matte (c25+ Fes) (slag) Se So2 produced — manpfactore H2S0q Fy Reduction of oxide —>M Mady + 4c > AM +yt0 |) ¢ ene ye” e " a AMaylO2 le men REDUCTION - © gain ty redveing agent (takes the’o’ ) metal jon Pyrometallueay NOTE Some MX0Y — easily reduced Wut olhers dif Ficoll Ly bis needed Bey bei SWIATHY ‘STUDY PLANETTHERMODYNAMICS PRINCIRES OF METALLURGY *habbs Energy \ temp redvang agent requir \enhcaton Oo =AH eee ho oe CO as (4ve), 1 T, TAS *, bH< ‘Ais —> Shovid be (-ve) TAS coupling on! & red reac roera\ - ve free energy changes when \g/rol of 02 «|< PLOT br? & T plot consumed, / G vat eltinghar ELLINGHAH DIA sum of Arb? oF oti §red Redvang 4 => AG? (-ve) & large 40 mae eve) mates Mi0> 1M + 302 a > M1040 —> 1M +CO c+402 —>co © ue > iM+ 102 © & © 464102 > 102 F> Mad + 2 2 2 +102 0 2 % o— 1M +002 © & ) M10 +¢ DF blo ArG? of cue of Mx0 formalin €, redeang agent oxide Yorrealion 15 large —; reduction sia SWATHY' STUDY PLANETAPPLICATIONS DSW era as peice ees @) Extracto of Fe From oxide conc: Of ore ——> Fe203/Fex0y —> reashng [ealuralion decompose 3 | rermove H20 ondse sophides cre, limestone , cone Blast Egil Cone + hire sore \ > ved oxde —M ae exhavet (¢0 (02) 500 — 800R caco3 —> Cao + (02 0 — 2Fe204 +C0> Bee resos x i—~2re0 +02 or { xeFRig OR 3Fe 203% | Fea0y +c —> 3Fe0 + “> / IZIOR 00 —1500 R Fed +C6 —> Fe +602 ISTOR c+ CO 20 foes Cad 4 S102. —> €aSi08 (slag) vA 240K ee \ Serer x Blast oF hot we air & 02 soon [protien FE c+02 —r C02 mTsn Brn coke Fed *C Fe +0 ‘goa Feo+e —> Fe + ¢0| db 4 > eeopeate 502 ate fe 102 —700 se fe) Dace Pig Tron (Fe from Blast Fureance) — Alot (Ss: p, sir Mn) eet movid to shapes P vap Fe + C Chol ah brash) Cost Tron — melt rg won + SC \ alc hard | brile SWATHY ‘STUDY PLANETWreoght Tron @ \ e malleable Fe « porest Rarer aa Fe = cas) ron Si SS ewroeg ht vor feller, pore evrough! iron slined caith haeratte Fead3+3¢ > 2Fe +300 | xy a +5) v soxidrge Yenpurlty (Si Str P) pales STEEL * \imestone — Mux cvs 0 xide. Copper Fromm 102) — low pos\hon at 500 -ccok] 2 heal aaith coke [ecco @(e 2CvaS+302—+ 2602042502 (roast [ sreett) W20*C —e2Cu + CO (tore) cheat in reverberatery furnace after mixing with silico FeO +5102 —>FeSi03 G> copper Halle (cv25 a Fes) soveh sivea Imeac convertor Tn presence of bod air blast » silica cdl 2Fes +302 —~2FCO + 2S02 Feo + $02 —> Fesi03 (slag) 228 +302 > 2020425602 2Ww20 ACv25 —> &Cv * SOr 4 BIISTER co (Co blister appearance | ; } cu+ sor 2) zinc From zine oxide Zn0 + ¢ Serie Zn+ CO (breve thes) Met \ J aietllation AE > colleclod oF F with cove & clay chilling SWIATHY ‘STUDY PLANETBlectrocherical “Principles OF Metallurg * redvelion of M ~ Sol: /mdlen stake oy © Da? = —NFE*cell re reackve rretals frm wy X Glectrode polenhal => ™! : lage -ve 2 LY reduchion dif Fculk ° (LL a: reachve H (cores out oF so) = solution y je value diff —Urve) br @ =- Tae reacwve M (qees into $01) ee wrttfe —> Fe?! Cv eklecltelysis “For electo posite elewants Note « » reacwwity, of M & electrode Anode < cathode PN ere M™Xons discharge & i erlox add — roten enass deposited conductance Avmioiun _ hE Hol ~Heroulk Rocesh REE | U 1 | {Steet vessel cath 6 lining UU | cio soe Noa | ah203 +3C—7 UA * 32 jetomenesncar, 1 el -oytet For cumet e302 Al a x Vg Al ~ ~ produced d Ae ct 0? (0 + 2 OETA borat mp ¥ & FT condocty ct+%O2p => C02 the + 02 + Graphite c0+(02 Copper Frome low Grade Ore & Scraps Gye a > +2nt ryprornetatlera 4 a y a tacking cath ad [rae oF Wr 4re —~ Fe ocu ase CuOfidalion—Reduc Won F + Non-relals — ox! @ EX Cl From bene sea cvaler —cornnon 80\t aci-4 220 —> 2007+ Hotcla Ar@® = 422 Re ° NaOH e222 V, EME > 2:2N reall NOC! by prods «~ Aol Ag 4 hv * 8CN + 220 +02 2 were] + @n)—> 2Av 4 fzn cena] reducing agent —s 4 {avcenyad + 40H” < leaching sith an Pea Oeasuns oo" pe tring * FeEMoVINg IMprihes — hgh pons metals + depends cn rop: of M & Genpur ys Q) DISTILLATION ») LIQUATION » mp HO Sn) *\ow bp 4 (zn.H4) + low + Ampere evaporate pre dishilae ropure A low MP (seperate ) hgh mp es H 2 ELECTROLY TIC REFINING Ex Wu Anode Cathode A =r inpure (oC Pere jnpure 1 NL a ae E> oadified Cosoy lees basic UPAnode clechouhe ee AL Cytew2taze> roc metal salt sol ate oe ys neO MrTane© rm Ande enucl — innpurites of Co . } a PE antienony sclemum Jaloniueny buen Zn4) Zone Reining , t @- ro \ rapuriacs sdluble th melt than said slale of H1 z Aonpure ks ie ¥ TO rela rd molten — > moves along Nee pee ndvchon cat uy > m2 impure rrowng heater pore crysiallise cot ~— Keak one endl / Col OF F Arter 9 repetalion — impriWes conc EX! By Germanwnn +511 Ga, In (Semicond *) oper Phase Re fining © \mpre M <> volahte wmp —> called s DH shaid for with reagent ») volatle comp — casily decomposable ~ Ss reeyery Secormpose —> pure M MOND PRocE ss — Ni refining 450 LIOR Ni +q¢0 32023502, Ni (col ————>_ Ni 4 400 epee) Goiakted (se) Van ARREL METHOD- Ti/2r reHning A roo en 2 >, 2rT4y —y Zr+ 212 (amnpure e ‘ y \ ee a pee ee ee O2 No covalent Chromatographic Wethad; : aes ules Pp Byard to dirt exteot on adsor bert t eee open fi Min minuie quanhhes [eae imetite Poe) sipnporihes, M prop: « chromo - colour eae <— (umn /Paper (Gas ee — write 1e Seperc N 2 M1 / Tmpority oe NHS Chromatography ne : a rela) (pure) or movevc electro ty AL wire ALfoil — Food wrappers pee SGT Chin A\ dusk — paint « lacquers | exirad GF § Mn Ny Flor oxide A\ alloy ALLOY & Lepper) (wv wine -cle . Comoe alloy \ COIN steam |H20 pipe « brass (+20 « bronze co3 Sn beaters peer te qavansing w - bo7/ Cc zine ; ri Ceres BRASS Tan - HO tedoaing ~ zn dus) SS alioy Pe ny loeeee ay oan dye Neenunn VER) eee ees) Ni — 40-50/- i rans ce gage oe - _>r rallacay sleeper WY SY Cas Tron, ns cashing, stow foun torcugnt Wor A\loy lea agr' arnplement — 4 anchor 1 cir» bolls « chain wrdey OI “cable + avioroble Wrought Sron dope + pero pendula, " euycle, Ulensil \ chrome steel Ones SS sculling [eroshing ac SWATHY 'STUDY PLANET