On Revision notes 1, Occurrence and uses of metals 18 There are limited metals including gol, sver and platinum which occur in elemental form in nature The availability of a metal depends on tree main factors: > Abundance of the meta in the Earth's enust The ease and cost of mining its ore The ease and cost of extract Uses of metals depend om thei the metal from its ore wailability, prices and properties. ay 9 WORKED EXAMPLE > \Which of the following metals is the most abundant in the Earth’s crust? A. Aluminium B. Iron C. Copper >. Sodium ‘Answer: A \luminium is of about 8% of Earths crust metal 2. Which ofthe following metals exist as free elements in nature? (1), Platinum 2) Titanium () Silver A. (1) and (2) only B. (1)and (3) only ©. Q)and(3)only D. (I, @yand Q) Answer: B hey exist as free elements in nature 168Chapter 10 Occurrence and Extraction of Metals 2. Extraction of metals Methods of extracting metals from their ores depend on the reactivity of metals. > Highly unreactive metals which exist as free elements in nature can be extracted by physical separation, > — Unreactive, moderatel fe and reactive metals usually exist as compounds with other eating the metal ore alone © This method is applicable in extracting unreaetive metals fiom their oxide ores. Upon heating the metal oxide thermally decomposes into free metal and oxygen £2. © Examples include silver Ag and mercury Hg © General Word Equation: Metal oxide —> Metal + Oxygen 2 HgO(s) —> 2 Hg() + Ox) 2 AgoO(s) —> 4 Ag(s) + Or(g) > Heating the metal ore with carbon © Some metal oxides are thermally stable enough 0 resist to decomposition at high temperature. In such case, carbon powder is introduced tothe metal oxides for extraction, © This method is also known as carbon reduction. Metal oxides react with carbon to form free metals and carbon dioxide as products. © Carbon reduction deals with moderately reaeti iron Fe and zine Zn. © General Word Equation: Metal oxide + Carbon —> Metal + Carbon dioxide 2. Zn0(s) + C(s) —» 2 Zn(s) + COx(g) Fe;O«(s) + 2 C(s) —+ 3 Fe(s) + 2 Ce 2 POIs) + C{s) —> 2 PD(S) + COx(2) 2 CuO{s) + C{s) —> 2 Culs) + COMB) ‘metals including copper Cu, lead Pb, ) trolysis of molten ore Some metal compounds are highly stable that they do not react with carbon even at high temperature. Extraction of mi ticity n ore is often used to extract reactive metals feo compounds may require © Electrolysis of m« chlorides or oxides. In electrolysis, the metal compound is melted at very high temperature for acting as the electrolyte, ‘The re ity is applied to the electrolytic cell and the negative electrode attracts the positively charged metal cations, Pure metal will deposit on the surface of the negative electrode for collection, their respective ction starts when elect © General Word Equations’ © Metal chloride —> Metal + © Metal oxide —> Metal + Ox 2 KCK) —> 2 KU) + Chig) 2.NaCK(l) —> 2 Na(l) + Ch(g) 2 ALO\) —> 4 Al() +3 Ox(g) 170> They ° Chapter 10 Occurrence and Extraction of Metals ar of discovery of metals i related to the ease of extraction of metals. Very unreactive : ry unreactive metals do not combine with other elements in nature, They 3 discovered in ancient times, © Gold Au and Silver Ag Unreaetive metals combine with other elements to form less stable compounds that can b= easily broken down for extraction of metals. This results in early discovery of unreactive Zine Zn, lron Fe, Lead Pb, Copper Cu and Mereury Hg, Reactive metals combine with other elements to form stable compounds that are difficult to break down for extraction of metals. This leads to late discovery of reactive metals ‘© Potassium K, Sodium Na, Calcium Ca, Magnesium Mg and Aluminium Al ‘The table below shows a summary of metals and ther extraction methods from their ores. F Compound Method of extraction Potassium K | Rock salt Potassium chloride KCL | {Sodium Na_| Rock salt Sodium ¢hloride NaCl Limestone ores | Magnesium Mg | Magnesite “Magnesium carbonate MgCO} ae ex Hydrated aluminium oxide [Alenia Al | Bat Akon" 20 nee eating sulphide alone Zine Zn Zinc blende | Zine sulphide Zns Pate Iron Fe Haematte Tron(l) oxide Fes0s ‘Carbon reduetion | ate : Heating sulphide alone Lead Pb | aera Lead sulphide PbS ere, : : Coppertt iron( It) sulphide sulphide alone Conpercu | Conner pyre | cutesy => catbon reduetion bel atee = —— a Mercury Hg | Cinnabar Mercury (I) sulphide Hg eating sulphide alon Heating sulphide alone Silver Ag Argentite Silver sulphide AgsS displacement reaction | physical separation Gold Au Free element | Gold/Au Physical separation Aes, ® WORKED EXAMPLE Which of the following metals are Silver Lead (G3) Mercury A B c D. tracted by heating the metal ores alone? (1) and (2) only (1) and (3) only and (4) only (3) and (4) only amReducing the uses of metals > — Reusing metal articles > Recycling used metals @ Steps of recycling metals involve collecting, sorting, storing, melting. @ Metals are recycled by melting down used metals and then making use > Replacing metals by other materials © Some uses of metals can be substituted by alternative materials with se WORKED EXAMPLE 1. Which ofthe following materials is commonly used to replace iron or copper for making. A. Zine B. Plastic Cc. Lead D. Glass has high corrosion-resistance. 172Chapter 10 Occurrence and Esaraction of Metals Which of the following methods can be used to conserve metals? (1) Reducing the uses of metals (2) Replacing metals with alloys G)_ Recycling used metals A. ()only B. Q)only C. (I)and @) only (1). 2) and @) four ways of conserving metals are reducing the uses, using, recycling and replacing metals with other \erials. An alloy is a mixture of metal and other elements, Uses of metals in our daily life 1 Uses of metals depend on thir availabilty price nd properties > Avallabilty of metals is one of the major factor in determining the price of metals. © A readily available metal often has a lower price © A meal in shortage inthe markt olen has higher pric. > Prices of metal often determine the size and noun ofthe metal used. © Expensive metals are often usd in smal quantity due to economic reasons © Cheaper metals are often used in relatively larger quantity > Properties of metas include physical appearance, strength, density, melting point, electrical conductivity and resistance to corrosion. © Due to some specific requirements on the properties of the materials, n used in making alloys whose properties differ from those of the original metals. An alloy is ‘9 minture of metal and other elements The table below shows the common uses of different metals wit asons, Metal | Reasons for the uses Strong and low density . Airoraft bodies Corrosion resistant i © Good conductor of heat = Malleable Kitchen foit = Non-toxic Corrosion resistant Good conductor of electricity nd low density Corrosion resistant Good conductor of heat Strong Non-toxic Corrosion resistantChapter 10 Occurrence and Extraction of Metals im Low density, strong and malleable Soft drink cans fm Nontoxic 1m Corrosion resistant wall Strong ee & Corrosion resistant TE Shiny and attractive golden appearance, Coins and jewellery Highly corrosion resistant High density, very malleable and ductile High electrical conductivity Gold Au Electrical and electronic components |m@ Very malleable and ductile 18 Highly corrosion resistant High reflective quality Reflective surfaces Highly corrosion resistant 1m High density Shiny and atractve silvery appearance, Coins and jewellery 1 Corosion resistant High density, malleable and ductile Silver Ag High elctical conductivity Electrical and electronic components | M@ Malleable and ductile Corrosion resistant High clerical conduct Electric wires Malleable and dvctle Copper Cu Corrosion resistant Strong, malleable and ductile Domestic water pipes ee @ Corrosion resistant = Shiny and attractive silvery appearance, Jewellery © Highly corrosion resistant High density, very malleable and ductile Platinum Pt — ate High electrical conductivity Electrodes Very malleable and ductile ‘@ Highly corrosion resistant Song and very tow Supersonic irra and space vehicles |" Stor and very low density oe Corrosion resistant Very high melting point Titanium Ti ue ‘Magnetic drum coatings in video Strong and malleable recorders Corrosion resistant Very high melting point = i 4 174Chapter 10 Occurrence and Extraction of Metals Iron object coatings © Hard and malleable Zine Za More reactive than iron Zinc-carbon eels fm Reactive Hard and matisable Iron Fe Vehicles and constructional 1= Suong, malleable and ductile ae = Lowprice | 1m Exists.as a liquid at room conditions Mercury Hg | Liquid-in-glass-thermometer High sensitivity in thermal expansion B Nonvadhesive to glass surfaces Non-toxic Tin Sa Plating on eans 5 Corrosion resistant 1B Malleable Tungsten W- | Filaments in lightbulbs 1 Incandescent at high temperature | = Very high melting point WORKED EXAMPLE Which of the following combinations of metals and their applications are CORRECT? ‘Metal Application wo Copper Electric wires Q Mercury ‘Thermometer 3) Tungsten Light bulb filaments A. ()and 2) only B. 2)and (3) only C. ()and G) only D. (1),Q)and@) iswer: D per is used in making electric wires due to its high electrical conductivity. Tun rmperature, 1 is used in making Mlaments in light bubs, Mercury expands significantly when in-glass thermometer. wgsten glows a bright white oh ter nperature increases, Therefore, it i used in making liqu 175exercises 6. yuitple choice questions ie ofthe fllwsings isa property fr iron but not sorcoppet? a. Ductile Strong Magnetic 7 Excellent conductor of heat \vhich ofthe following metals is used to make sireraft body’? a. Zine 3 Tin Silver Aluminium 8 Which ofthe following is NOT a common use of aluminium? 4. Thermometer 8. Window frames (Soft drink cans D. Overhead power cables ch ofthe following metals are used in making 2) Gold (1) and (2) only 10. 8. (1) and (3) only (2) and () only D. (1), Q)and @) Vhich of the following properties of metals would be le most important criterion considered for making oft rink cans? eat conductivity B. Toxicity Density > Electrical conductivity, 17 Chapter 10 _ Occurrence and Extraction of Metals ‘Which of the following combinations about the uses of metal is CORRECT? Use Cooking utensils Jewellery Electrical wires Protective coating png ‘Which of the following combinations about the uses of metal is CORRECT? Metal Use ‘A. Titanium Supersonie aireraft B. Mercury Shield for heat C. Calcium Rechargeable cells D. Cadmium Power cables Which ofthe following combinations is CORRECT? ‘Metal Source of reeveling, A Tin Window frames B. Copper Cooking utensils C. Aluminium Coins D. Iron Solt drink cans Which ofthe followings is NOT a property of aluminium? A. Comrosion resistant B, Good conductor of heat C. High density D. Good conductor of electricity Which ofthe following statements concerning tn is, correct? A. Ithas.a low density B. tean be obtained from heating its ore alone. CIs magnetic . _Itean be found in solder. Which ofthe following combinations of metals and their common ores is CORRECT? Metal ‘Common ore A. Mercury Hematite B. Calcium Chalke chron Galena D. Alum ArgentiteChapter 10 Occurrence and Extraction of Metals 12. Which of the following metals is used to make thermometers? A. Gold B. Silver Mercury D. Copper 13. Which of the following statements about iron is, INCORRECT? Iron is corrosion resistant. Iron can be used to make alloys. Iron is one of the commonly recycled metals. Iron is separated from other metals by using a ‘magnet in reeycling process. pop> 14. Which of the following statements concerning aluminium are CORRECT? (1) Tis light 2). Itis corrosion resistant (3) Itisa good conductor of heat. A. (and 2) only B. (1)and (3) only C. Q)and 3) only D. (1),@)and@) 15. Which of the following metals occurs in elemental form in nature? A. Zine B. Cadmium C. Titanium D. Platinum 16. Which ofthe following metals can be obtained by heating ofits oxide alone? A. Caleium B._ Silver C. Magnesium D. Aluminium 17, Which of the following combinations is CORRECT? M Ore containing the meta A, Sodium Limestone B. Lead Bauxite C. tron Haematite D. Mercury Galena 178 Which of the followings are the reasons of using aluminium to make kitchen foils? (1) Itisnon-poisonous. (2) Itis not permeable to gases. (3) Itis a good conductor of heat. (1) and (2) only (i)and (3) only (2) and (3) only (1), @)and GB) pone Which of the followings is the main composition of bauxite? ‘A. Iron(ll) oxide B, Aluminium oxide C. ron( Itt) oxide D. Leae{(l) sulphide Which of the followings is the reason for the ‘occurring of gold in elemental form in nature? A. Gold has high density. B. Gold is soft. C. Gold has high stability. D. Gold has an attractive appearance. Gold is commonly used for making ornaments since (1) itis corrosion resistant. (2) ithas a low melting point. (3) thas an atra A. (and Q) only B. (I) and @) only ©. Q)and @) only D. (0), Q2)and 3) ive golden yellow colour. Which ofthe following compounds would produce a 8 that relights a glowing splint when being heated? A. Iron(lll) oxide B. Aluminium oxide Copper(l) oxide D. Silveroxidewhich ofthe foo cexction is CORR ine(I) oxide + dioxide Iron(ll) oxide + earbo dioxide 5 ‘Lead l) sulphide + oxy dioxide a ‘three metals. The following table ‘Aluminium oxide + earbo ow they can be extracted from their ores: Extraction method Electrolysis Direct heating ofits ore Carbon reduction carbon dioxide (0) Its costs iow. ofthe following statements is CORRECT? is the most reactive one, 'Y should be discovered before X. Zis more reactive than X. Zis less reactive than Y. (2) Itresists corrosion, (3) Itis light but very strong. ‘A. (1) and (2) only. B. (1) and) only iC. Q)and @) only D. (1),@)and @) ‘Sodium is found in rock salt. Which ofthe following ‘methods is used to extract sodium from the common ‘Which of the follos c sadis| salt? CORRECT A. Heating the common salt alone. ‘A. The major component in} le 'B. Heating the common salt with carbon lead) sulphide €, Electrolysis of common salt solution. D, Electrolysis of molten common salt. ‘molten ore, ‘Lead is used in making pen |. Which ofthe following metal oxides CANNOT Lead oxide undergoes thermal ‘undergo reduction to form metal upon heating with high temperature to give as ‘carbon? ‘A. Magnesium oxide B, Copperill) oxide C _Leaditt) oxide D. Zinc oxide itis present in bronze, It is used to make dry cells, itis the second most abundant inthe Earth's erust Which of the following statements about metal extraction is INCORRECT? ‘A. Carbon can reduce lead{ lI) oxide to lead. (1) and (2) only. (1) and (3) only 4 B. Silver is obtained by direct heating of its ore. (2) and (3) only. C. Potassium is extracted from its ore by carbon. (1), 2) and @) reduction. D. Oxygen is produced when mercury is extracted. from mercury(I) oxide by direct heatingfollowings can be observed when. ercury(Il) oxide strongly in air? Jack solid forms, hite fume is evolved silvery liquid forms. There is no observable change. #6. Which of the following methods is used to extract calcium? ‘A. Heating limestone under high temperature with carbon monoxide, B. Electrolysis of molten calcium carbonate C. Electrolysis of aqueous calcium ca D. Heating calcium carbonate directly 39, In which of the following cher 2) Carbon dioxide G) Sulphur dioxide A. (I)and (2) only B. (1)and (3) only ©. @)and (3) only D. (1), 2)and @) 180 (1) Itean be obtained by (2) Ithasan excellent @) There oxide (and @) only (and @) only @)and @) only (1), @)and @) pope produce a gas? (1), Heating lead) oxide (2) Heating iron(II) oxide with (3). Heating lead(Il sulphide ‘A. (I)and (2) only B. (1)and @) only .@)and @) only D. (1), @)and @) Oxygen