Metals Reactivity Chemistry

Chemistry
• Book 1C
• Topic 3 Metals
Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

Unit 11 Reactivity of metals 2
Content
11.1 Comparing the reactivity of metals
11.2 Reactions of metals with oxygen of air

11.3 Reactions of metals with water and steam
11.4 Reactions of metals with dilute acids
11.5 Reactivity series of metals
11.6 Chemical equations
11.7 Balancing chemical equations
Continued on next page

Content
11.8 An explanation for the metal reactivity series
11.9 Displacement reactions
11.10Ionic equations
11.11 Relation between the extraction method for
a metal and its reactivity
11.12Prediction of reactions using the reactivity
series
Key terms
Summary
Unit Exercise
11.1Comparing the reactivity of metals (p.29)
You can compare the reactivity of metals based on their

w reactions with oxygen of air;
Gold does not react with air and water
w reactions with water; and
w reactions with dilute acids.
Iron rusts
Sodium reacts with
water vigorously
Comparing the reactivity of

three unknown metals Ref.:
K, Na, Mg (+ O2)
K, Na, Ca (+ H2O)
Ca, Mg (+ HCl(aq))

11.2 Reactions of metals with oxygen of air

(p.30)
metal + oxygen  metal oxide
• Sodium is ignited easily
• Magnesium is ignited under strong heating

11.3 Reactions of metals with water or steam

(p.33)
sodium + water à sodium hydroxide + hydrogen
• Sodium reacts with cold water vigorously
• Calcium reacts with cold water steadily
• Magnesium reacts with steam


(p.33)
Practice 11.1
Results of some reactions of metals W, X, Y and Z are given below.


(p.33)
a) Arrange these metals in decreasing order of reactivity.
b) Which of these metals could be
i) magnesium;
ii) copper?
c) A small piece of metal X is added to a trough of water. A metal hydroxide of
chemical formula XOH is formed in the reaction.
i) A few drops of universal indicator solution are added to the trough of
water after the reaction.
State and explain the colour of the universal indicator solution in the
water.
ii) The ore of metal X contains its chloride. Suggest how X could be
extracted from its chloride.

11.4 Reactions of metals with dilute acids

(p.33)
metal + dilute hydrochloric acid  metal chloride + hydrogen
metal + dilute sulphuric acid  metal sulphate + hydrogen
Ca(s) + HCl(aq)
Mg(s) + HCl(aq)
readily
moderately
Zn(s) + HCl(aq)
slowly

11.5 Reactivity series of metals (p.39)

w Reactivity series (活性序)—comparing the vigour of the
reactions of metals with oxygen, water, steam and dilute acid

11.5 Reactivity series of metals (p.39)

Practice 11.2
A reactivity series of metals is given below. a)
Which TWO metals will react vigorously
with cold water?
b) Which TWO metals will NOT react with
dilute hydrochloric acid?
c) Describe an experiment to show that
manganese is more reactive than copper.
State your expected observations.

11.6 Chemical equations (p.41)

w In sunlight, hydrogen gas reacts with chlorine gas violently
to form hydrogen chloride gas:
w You can describe the reaction by a chemical equation (化

學方程式) that is balanced (平衡的)—with the number of
atoms of each element the same on both sides.
or
one-way reversible (可逆的)
State symbol:
(s) = solid; (l) = liquid; (g) = gas;
(aq) = aqueous solution

11.7 Balancing chemical equations (p.42)

w Take 4 steps as shown to balance a chemical equation.
Q (Example 11.1) Write the chemical equation for
the reaction between…
A


A


A


A


Practice 11.3
1 Write a chemical equation for each of the following reactions:
a) Calcium reacts with oxygen of air to form calcium oxide.
b) Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide solution and hydrogen
gas.
c) Iron reacts with steam to form iron(II,III) oxide and hydrogen gas.
d) Zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride solution and
hydrogen gas.


2 Translate each of the following word equations into a chemical equation.
a) ammonium dichromate  chromium(III) oxide + nitrogen + water
(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)  Cr2O3(s) + N2(g) + 4H2O(l)
b) silver oxide  silver + oxygen

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Unit 11 Reactivity of metals
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11.8 An explanation for the metal reactivity

series (p.45)
w When metals react with water or dilute HCl(aq), the metals lose
electrons to become ions.
w In these reactions, the most reactive metal is the one that has
the highest tendency to lose the outermost shell electron(s) to
form a positive ion.


series (p.45)
Comparing Period 3 metals
During a reaction,
w Na atom loses 1e- ; w Mg atom loses 2e- ;
w losing 1e- is easier; w losing 2e- is less easy;
(as less energy is required)
w hence sodium is more reactive than magnesium.


series (p.45)
During a reaction, both of
Comparing Group II metals
them lose 2e- .
 Mg atom has 3 occupied
electron shells.
 Ca atom has 4 occupied

electron shells.
 The outermost shell
electrons in Ca are further
away from and less tightly
bound to the nucleus.
Hence, Ca atom loses its
outermost shell e- more easily
and is thus more reactive.
11.9 Displacement reactions (p.48)

w You can get the order of reactivity of metals based on:
- their reactions with oxygen, water and dilute acids; and
- their displacement reactions (置換反應)—a more
reactive metal displacing a less reactive metal from a
compound of the latter in solution.
Cu displaces Ag from AgNO3(aq),

so Cu is more reactive than Ag.
Comparing the reactivity of

metals displacement reactions
Displacement reaction Ref. Ref.


Practice 11.4
1 What will happen if you keep a copper(II) sulphate solution in an iron vessel?
Explain the observation.


2 The following experiments were carried out to find the order of reactivity of
the metals, cobalt (Co), magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag) and tin (Sn).
The observations are listed below.


a) Deduce as far as possible the order of the reactivity of these metals.
b) What additional experiment needs to be done to put all four metals in order
of reactivity?
c) Write chemical equations for the following reactions:

i) reaction between tin and silver nitrate solution
ii) reaction between magnesium and tin(II) nitrate solution

11.10 Ionic equations (p.50)

w Consider this reaction:
w If you write the equation showing the ions, you have
w Zn(s) becomes Zn2+(aq). Cu2+(aq) becomes Cu(s).

w SO42-(aq) ions are spectator ions (旁觀離子). They do not
take part in the reaction.
w If you cross out the spectator ions, you have the ionic equation
(離子方程式), which shows only ions that form or change.


Q (Example 11.5)
Write the ionic equation for the reaction between magnesium and
dilute hydrochloric acid.
A
Steps Results
1 Write the balanced
chemical equation.
2 Show all ions.
3 Keep all solids, liquids (see above)
and gases.
4 Delete all spectator ions
to get the ionic equation.


Practice 11.5
1 Write an ionic equation for each of the reactions.
a) Zinc is added to dilute hydrochloric acid.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
b) Iron is added to copper(II) sulphate solution.

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq)  FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
2 Magnesium reacts with aluminium sulphate solution to form magnesium

sulphate solution and aluminium.
a) Write the chemical equation; and
b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction.

11.11 Relation between the extraction method

for a metal and its reactivity (p.52)
w Metals usually exist in the form of positive ions in ores.
w The more reactive a metal is, the easier it is to lose e-.
So it is more difficult for its positive ion to gain e- to become
the metal to be extracted.
The more reactive a metal is, the more difficult it is to be

extracted from its ore.

11.11 Relation between the extraction method

for a metal and its reactivity (p.52)
 The method used to extract a metal from its ore depends
on the position of the metal in the reactivity series:

11.12 Prediction of reactions using the

reactivity series (p.53)
w The higher a metal is in the reactivity series, the more stable
its compounds are likely to be.
w So oxides of reactive metals are stable and difficult to
decompose by heat.
w So if Zn and Cu compete to be compounds, Zn will win
because Zn is more reactive than Cu.


e.g. MgO(s) will not decompose when heated.
HgO(s) decomposes into mercury and oxygen when heated.
Mercury(II) oxide decomposes into

silvery droplets of liquid mercury
and oxygen when heated


w e.g. Zn wins over Cu to become a compound: a powdered
mixture of Zn(s) and CuO(s) became ZnO(s) and Cu(s)
when heated.
w This is a thermit reaction (鋁熱反應)—an exothermic reaction
between a metal powder and a metal oxide.
A powdered mixture of Zn(s) and

CuO(s) is still burning even after
the removal of the Bunsen burner.
Thermit reactions:
- used industrially for welding;
- used for extraction of metals
from their oxides.


Practice 11.6
1 A powdered mixture of
lead(II) oxide and
magnesium is placed
in a crucible
and heated strongly.
a) A vigorous reaction takes place. Briefly explain why a reaction occurs.

Magnesium is more reactive than lead. /
Magnesium forms compounds more readily than lead does. /
Magnesium loses electrons more readily than lead does.
b) Name the products formed. Lead and magnesium oxide
c) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Mg(s) + PbO(s) à MgO(s) + Pb(s)

Key terms (p.56)
reactivity series 活性序 displacement 置換反應

reaction
chemical equation 化學方程式 spectator ion 旁觀離子
balanced 平衡的 ionic equation 離子方程式
reversible 可逆的 thermit reaction 鋁熱反應

Summary (p.57)
1 Metals can be arranged in order of their reactivity. The
list is called the reactivity series.

Summary (p.57)
2 The following table summarises the reactions of metals in
the reactivity series.

Summary (p.57)
3 Balanced chemical equations for reactions of some
common metals with oxygen of air:

Summary (p.57)
4 Balanced chemical equations for reactions of some

common metals with water or steam:

Summary (p.57)
5 Balanced equations for reactions of some common metals
with dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute sulphuric acid:

Summary (p.57)
6 A metal that most readily reacts with water and dilute

hydrochloric acid (the most reactive metal) is the one that
has the highest tendency to lose outermost shell electron(s)
to form a positive ion.
7 In a displacement reaction, a more reactive metal displaces

a less reactive metal from a compound of the less reactive
metal in a solution.
For example:

Summary (p.57)
8 The more reactive a metal is, the more difficult it is to be

extracted from its ore.
9 The higher a metal is in the reactivity series, the more stable

its compounds are likely to be.
10 Silver oxide decomposes to silver and oxygen when heated.

Mercury(II) oxide decomposes to mercury and oxygen when
heated.

Summary (p.57)
11 The lower a metal is in the reactivity series, the more readily

its oxide decomposes when heated.
12 When a powdered mixture of zinc and copper(II) oxide is

heated, the reaction starts and the mixture keeps burning
even after the Bunsen burner is removed — the thermit
reaction.
Zinc competes with copper for oxygen, and wins.

Unit Exercise (p.60)
Note: Questions are rated according to ascending level of

difficulty (from 1 to 5):
question targeted at level 3 and above;

question targeted at level 4 and above;
question targeted at level 5.
‘ * ’ indicates 1 mark is given for effective communication.

Unit Exercise (p.60) a) paraffin oil

b) gold / silver /
platinum
PART I KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDINGc) sodium hydroxide /
1 Complete the following concept map. hydrogen
d) sodium hydroxide /
hydrogen
e) iron(II, III) oxide /
hydrogen
f) iron(II, III) oxide /

hydrogen
g) iron(II) chloride /
hydrogen
h) iron(II) chloride /
hydrogen


PART II MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
2 Some information about the reactions of four metals with oxygen is given
below.
Cobalt reacts slowly at high temperatures

Iron reacts quickly when heated strongly
Magnesium burns when heated
Tungsten reacts very slowly at extremely high temperatures
Which of the following shows the decreasing order of reactivity of these

four metals?
A cobalt > tungsten > iron > magnesium
B cobalt > iron > magnesium > tungsten
C magnesium > iron > cobalt > tungsten
D magnesium > tungsten > iron > cobalt


3 Consider the following experimental set-up:
Which of the following would NOT be X?

A Iron
B Zinc
C Copper
D Magnesium
(HKDSE, Paper 1A, 2016, 4)


4 X, Y and Z are different metals. When they are placed separately in
NaCl(aq), only Y gives colourless gas bubbles. When each of their oxides
is heated strongly, only the oxide of X gives a colourless gas. Which of the
following shows the decreasing order of reactivity of these three metals?
A Y>Z>X
B X>Y>Z
C Y>X>Z
D Z>Y>X
(HKDSE, Paper 1A, 2018, 9)


5 Which of the following metals will react with zinc chloride solution?
A Copper
B Gold
C Iron
D Magnesium


6 X, Y and Z are metals. The table below lists the observations when each of
them is put into tin(II) nitrate solution.
Which of the following shows the increasing order of reactivity of the

metals?
A X<Y<Z
B Y<Z<X
C Z<X<Y
D Y<X<Z


7 Consider the following information of four metals W, X, Y and Z:
(1) W can only be extracted by electrolysis of its molten salt.

(2) Putting X in FeSO4(aq) gives a grey deposit on the metal.
(3) Putting Y in dilute HCl(aq) gives a colourless gas.
(4) Heating the oxide of Z gives metal Z.
Which of the metals is the LEAST reactive?

A W
B X
C Y
D Z


8 Experiments are carried out to investigate the order of reactivity of three
metals.
‘✓’ represents displacement
reaction occurs
‘✘’ represents displacement
reaction does not occur
Which of the following shows the increasing order of reactivity of the metals?
A iron < chromium < manganese
B iron < manganese < chromium
C manganese < chromium < iron
D manganese < iron < chromium


9 Three metals are extracted as shown in the table.
Which of the following shows the decreasing order of reactivity of the metals?
A X>Y>Z
B X>Z>
C Y>X>Z
D Z>X>Y

10 Which of the following pairs of metal and metal oxide

will likely react to give the most vigorous reaction?
A Copper and potassium oxide

B Iron and calcium oxide
C Magnesium and silver oxide
D Zinc and sodium oxide


11 Four metals are listed in decreasing order of reactivity.
magnesium
zinc
iron
copper
Titanium reacts with acid and cannot be extracted from its ore by heating with
carbon.
Where should titanium be placed in the list?
A Below copper
B Between iron and copper
C Between magnesium and zinc
D Between zinc and iron
(Cambridge IGCSE, 0620/13, Paper 1, Nov. 2016, 24)


12 Vanadium(V) is an important metal. In the oldest method of extraction of
vanadium, V2O5 is reacted with calcium at a high temperature.
xCa(s) + V2O5(s)  yV(s) + zCaO(s)
What are the values of x, y and z in the equation?

xyz
A 313
B 323
C 525
D 535


13 Self-igniting flares contain magnesium phosphide (Mg3P2). It reacts with
water to produce diphosphane (P2H4), which is flammable in air.
Mg3P2 + wH2O  xMg(OH)2 + yP2H4 + zH2
Which of the following combinations is correct?
wxyz
A 3322
B 3211
C 6222
D 6311


14 Which of the following statements about both lead and copper is / are
correct?
(1) They react with acid and hydrogen is evolved.
(2) Their oxides can be reduced to metals by carbon.
(3) Their sulphates can dissolve in water.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only


15 Here is a list of metals in decreasing order of reactivity. Q is an unknown
metal.
Na > Ca > Mg > Zn > Q > Fe > Cu
Which of the following statements is / are correct?

(1) Q reacts with cold water.
(2) Q reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(3) Q displaces copper from copper(II) sulphate solution.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only


16 Which of the following processes would give oxygen?
(1) Heating silver oxide strongly
(2) Fractional distillation of liquefied air
(3) Passing steam over hot iron
A (1) and (2) only

B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)


PART III STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
17 Explain the following facts in terms of chemical reactivity.
a) Gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
b) Sodium is stored in paraffin oil.
c) Tin was used together with copper to make bronze in around 3 000 BC,
while iron was only used later in around 1 000 BC.


18 Zinc is extracted from an ore called zinc blende, which consists mainly of
zinc sulphide.
a) The zinc sulphide in the ore is first converted to zinc oxide.

i) Describe how zinc oxide is made from zinc sulphide.
ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (i).


b) Zinc oxide is converted into zinc. Zinc oxide and coke are fed into a
furnace. Hot air is blown into the bottom of the furnace.
Zinc oxide reacts with carbon monoxide in the furnace.
i) Describe the main way in which the carbon monoxide is produced in
the furnace. Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved.
ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between zinc oxide and
carbon monoxide.
iii) The reaction between zinc oxide and carbon monoxide involves
reduction.
What does ‘reduction’ mean?


19 A list of metals in order of decreasing reactivity is shown below. X and Y
are unknown metals.
X
Na
Ca
Mg
Zn
Y
Fe
Cu
a) Will X react with cold water?
b) Will Y react with cold water?
c) Will Y react with dilute hydrochloric acid?


20 X is an unknown metal. The table below gives information of some
reactions of the three metals, X, sodium and magnesium.


a) Suggest the name of metal X.
b) i) State TWO observations that could be made during the reaction
ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved.
c) i) State the expected observations for the reaction between magnesium

and dilute hydrochloric acid.
ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and
dilute hydrochloric acid.


21 The experimental set-up shown below was used to study the reactions of
steam with three metals: copper, magnesium and zinc.
a) Complete the table to show the observations for magnesium and copper.


b) A gas was formed in the reaction between zinc and steam.
i) Identify the gas.
ii) Draw a diagram to show how the gas

could be collected from the set-up
shown above.
iii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and steam.
c) For safety reasons, this experiment would NOT be carried out with
potassium. Suggest why.


22 This question is about different metals.
The list below shows part of the metal reactivity series.
potassium more reactive

magnesium
aluminium
zinc
iron
copper less reactive


a) Two thousand years ago, people were able to extract iron and copper
from their ores. They were not able to extract aluminium.
Suggest why they were NOT able to extract aluminium from its ore.
b) Uranium is between magnesium and zinc in the reactivity series.

State TWO expected observations when uranium reacts with dilute
hydrochloric acid.


23 The reaction scheme shows
how gas X can be produced
in two different ways starting
from zinc.
a) i) Name the white solid formed.

ii) Name gas X.
iii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and steam.
b) i) Name the white residue.

ii) Write the chemcial equation for the reaction between zinc and dilute
hydrochloric acid.


24 A student tried to obtain iron via the
reduction of iron(III) oxide using the
set-up shown below.
A sample of iron(III) oxide and excess carbon powder were put inside the
crucible. After 20 minutes, all the oxide had changed to iron.
a) Suggest ONE way to show that a metal was formed in this experiment.
b) Explain whether carbon can be used to extract magnesium from
magnesium oxide.
c) Iron can also be extracted from iron(III) oxide by heating with aluminium.
i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved.
ii) Suggest why aluminium is NOT used as the reducing agent in iron
extraction.


25 Magnesium powder was
added to two different
solutions in beakers A
and B.
a) i) What would you observe when magnesium is added to beaker A?
ii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction that occurs.
b) What would you observe when magnesium is added to beaker B?

Explain your answer.
c) Deduce the order of reactivity of the three metals: copper, magnesium

and sodium. Explain your answer.


26 A student carried out an experiment to determine the order of reactivity of
the four metals: iron, magnesium, nickel and silver. Each metal was placed
in a solution of the metal nitrate of each of the other metals. The results are
shown in the table below.


a) When iron filings are added to a beaker containing silver nitrate solution,
a grey solid forms and the solution turns pale green.
i) Explain the reaction taking place in the beaker.
ii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction involved.
b) Write down the order of reactivity of the four metals from the most
reactive to the least reactive.
most reactive _ ____
_ ________
least reactive ________


27 The following is part of the reactivity series:
a) Which of the metals have oxides which

are NOT reduced by carbon?
b) i) Choose a metal whose ion would react with zinc.

ii) Write the ionic equation of the reaction between the suggested ion and zinc.
c) Explain why sodium is more reactive than magnesium and aluminium.


28 Experiments were carried out to investigate the order of reactivity of four
metals: copper, manganese, tin and zinc. Each metal was placed in a
solution of the metal sulphate of each of the other metals. The order was
found to be: most reactive manganese (Mn)
zinc (Zn)
tin (Sn)
least reactive copper (Cu)
a) Complete the table of results from which this order was determined.


b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction between manganese and
copper(II) ion. Name the type of reaction that occurred.
c) Explain why experiments of this type CANNOT be used to find the position
of aluminium in the reactivity series.


29 a) The table describes the ease of reduction of some metal oxides with
carbon.
Put the metals in order of their reactivity. Put the least reactive metal first.
least reactive most reactive
b) Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide.

Predict the products of this electrolysis at the positive and negative
electrodes.
(Cambridge IGCSE, 0620/32, Paper 3, Jun. 2016, 2(a)–(b))


30 Some experiments were carried out with four metals and their oxides. The
results are shown in the table below.


a) Put the four metals in order of reactivity.
most reactive
(1)
least reactive
b) In a practical lesson, a student added a few granules of X into a beaker

of cold water. The granules sank to the bottom.
i) Suggest what metal X could be.
ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between X and water.
iii) Draw a labelled diagram to show an experimental set-up for the

experiment, with the collection of the gas produced.
c) Suggest names for W and Y.


31 The apparatus in the diagram below can be used to show the violent
reaction between magnesium
and copper(II) oxide. Both
solids are in powdered form
and well mixed together.
After a few minutes of heating, a violent reaction occurs. Tiny brown specks
and a white powdery substance remain.
a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs.
b) Silver powder CANNOT be used to replace magnesium powder in

carrying out the above reaction. Explain why.


32 With reference to the methods of obtaining copper, magnesium and
silver from their oxides, deduce the order of reactivity of these three
metals.
(HKDSE, Paper 1B, 2014, 4)

Metals Reactivity Chemistry

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Chemistry

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11.2 Reactions of metals with oxygen of air

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11.1Comparing the reactivity of metals (p.29)

You can compare the reactivity of metals based on their

Comparing the reactivity of

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11.2 Reactions of metals with oxygen of air

• Sodium is ignited easily

• Magnesium is ignited under strong heating

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11.3 Reactions of metals with water or steam

• Sodium reacts with cold water vigorously

• Calcium reacts with cold water steadily

• Magnesium reacts with steam

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11.3 Reactions of metals with water or steam

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11.3 Reactions of metals with water or steam

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11.4 Reactions of metals with dilute acids

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11.5 Reactivity series of metals (p.39)

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11.5 Reactivity series of metals (p.39)

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11.6 Chemical equations (p.41)

w You can describe the reaction by a chemical equation (化

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11.7 Balancing chemical equations (p.42)

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11.7 Balancing chemical equations (p.42)

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11.7 Balancing chemical equations (p.42)

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11.7 Balancing chemical equations (p.42)

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11.7 Balancing chemical equations (p.42)

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11.7 Balancing chemical equations (p.42)

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11.8 An explanation for the metal reactivity

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11.8 An explanation for the metal reactivity

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11.8 An explanation for the metal reactivity

 Ca atom has 4 occupied

11.9 Displacement reactions (p.48)

Cu displaces Ag from AgNO3(aq),

Comparing the reactivity of

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11.9 Displacement reactions (p.48)

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11.9 Displacement reactions (p.48)

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11.9 Displacement reactions (p.48)

c) Write chemical equations for the following reactions:

ii) reaction between magnesium and tin(II) nitrate solution

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11.10 Ionic equations (p.50)

w If you write the equation showing the ions, you have