Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Philippine Water Resources Lapong2008
Philippine Water Resources Lapong2008
JouFnat of
Rainwater
Catchment
JburnalofRaimvater
Catchmentsystems
lol.141?Vb,1mp.57-67 Systems
keyworxts:Waterresource;PPktersector;
integratedPititer
ninnagement,'Pftitenghedc\u)roach;Philmpines
isii・,itde'il)t.・
erage annual temperature of 27eC, high relative humidity Meter
30SO15256103os153Sba
(above70% throughout the year),high solar radiation, di- tme::e#,#var.:me
te
":e.bt,",pt:""tkpt"
,.
with ・uew'
river basinshave an area of at least 50 km2.More- ''
smaller t.-gestw Stwu
gpm.Oltw
'
.. ,ifs' ,,ws'e
oyer, there are 1 km2 of freshwater dig;li-f・felawues・ge.
swamps.
,OOO
・w Ngio ・ra
-w..
tve.,gil/,"::tsg,A{
251 km3.There are sO N
an estimated
fburmajor
storage capacity of about
67% of
l;,.mat2-ew・:in'll
groundwater reservoirs which comprises
・,.'i'g・1'i・llik".',r・.'gal
nty"/wte..tu.tttt'ttyopqgoeu-J
the total. 't;:r{igas..fe,'
Agriculture
isthe prime mover of the country's economy, Siha '!gli.lgkij.iaf
being at presentthe leastimport-dependentactivity. .t?g!l}ipelqgo)
;:,.'e,.-
gW#sii
1
Graduate Studcnt,Graduatc School of Agriculture,Ehime UniveTs{ty,
3-5-7Tammi,Matsuyama,Ehime790-8566,Japan
2
Professor,Faculty of Agricultsrre,
Ehime University,3-5-7 Tarumi, Figure1:Map of the Philippines showing arehipelagic
Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan (Corresponding author) ftijiha- boundary, elevation and major islands.
ra@agr.ehime-u.ac,ip
2 Water Sources and Uses However, there is an observed and expected significant
shift of water use from agriculture to domesticand indus-
2.1Water Sourcesand Uses by Sector trialpurposes, Based on a 25-yeardata(1975-2000), agri-
The potential supply from surface water sources is esti- culture water use droppedby 11% which was a:ansformed
mated at 126 km31year, Thiscomes from the draining rivers to 3% and 8% increasein industrial and domesticwater
and streams of 421 identifiedbasinsbut excluding those uses, respeetively (Figure
4).
from small upland catchments whose intermittent or ephe-
meral streams sometimes swell to three times itssize dur-
100
ingtherainy season. Of the surface water supply tapped, as
shown in Figure 2, more or Iess3f4 is used foragricultural 80U60・g-P-
purposes and theremaining shared by domesticand indus- ge
trialpurposes(FAO, 2007a),
40tsut'a-
Industrial
2o
oAgriculture
Domestic
Water sectorIndnstrial
from theriver throughconstructed channels, pumping, or Out of the 15,500 krn2 approximated irrigated area, 13,400
retention dams, (ii) Reservoir, which pertainsto water km2 is served by the NIA systems. The remaining are
stored in reservoir dams foruse in agriculture especially small-seale irrigation projects (SSIP)like Shallow I'ube
duringdry season, and (iii) Pumping, which pertains to well (STW),SmallWater Irnpounding Preject (SWIP)and
water accessed from the groundwater. Figure 5 shows the SmallFarm Reservoir(SFR). Figure 7 shows the extent of
ratios of irrigation water sources. service area by irrigation
scale and Figure 8 shows the dis-
tributionofserviee area by type of SSIR
Reservoir
14%
Pumi
11
system
NIAS- Nationa] ITrigationAdministration
SS[P- thnall
scaleIrrigation
Project
(Source/
WRI, 2007) (Source:
BSWM, 2005 and NIA, 2004)
(NIA)whose primarydefinition of irrigation potential in (Sourccl BSWM, 2005 and NIA, 2004)
the Philippines is a landon slope lessthan 3%, unless a
steeper landis already terraced.Practically, thisdefinitien Most irrigation systems inthe Philippineswere designed
refers to areas fbrpaddy rice production, to irrigate rice through network of open channels, canals,
This was recently changed by the Bureau of Soil and structures and control facilities (surface irrigation system).
Water Management (BSWM), with survey assisted by On theother hand,pressurizedinigation systems (sprinkler,
Wbrld Bank, to landswith 18% slope or lessbutwith con- micro-sprinkler and dripsystems) have been adopted and
sidered tillability)wateT resources availabilityl water re- used primariIy to irrigate high value crops such as vegeta-
sources development,fioedcontrol, drainagefacilities and bles,ornamentals, citms, banana,coffee, sugarcane, fruit
all eost attuned to it.Thus, at present, based on trees,among others and are widely used forgreenheuses.
BSWM-Wbrld Bank data,the potential inigablearea is However, the latter system eomprises only a very small
46,600 km2, Of the identified potentially irrigable area, fraction ofthe inigated areas, as shown in Figure 9,
only approximately 15,500km2 ispresently irrigated (Fig-
ure 6).
ed
Area te be Irrigated
{Source/
NIA. 2004}
Figure 6: Extent ofirrigation in the Philippines
(Source:
BSWM, 2005 and NIA, 2004) As to management schemes, irrigation
systems in the
Philippines can be classified as NIS (National
Irrigation
2.2.4Irrigation
systems System),CIS (Communal InigationSystems),or PIS (Pri-
vate IrrigationSystem),Figure1O shows the extent of ser-
maintained by NIA. The cost ofthe system isentirely borne investmentcost within a reasonable periodof time to an
by NIA (government)
and farmers have to pay fees to cover extent consistent with govemment policy.However, in
operation and maintenance There are about
expenditures. practice,
capital isconfined
cost recovery to the communal
150 NIS schemes spread throughout the country. Three scheme the fees collected cover only about 80%
sector and
multiple diversion stmctures that utilizes supplies from isdifficult to estimate thedrainedareas. This also causes
uncontrolled rivers crossing the irrigatedarea; (ii) water-related diseaseslikegastro-enteritis,
schistosomiasis,
Run-oj:the-riverdiversion
schemes, which are relatively and (David,
hepatitis 2000),
small diversionschemes with several intakesand re-use The stM remaining vast potentially
irrigablearea (refer
systems that often develop over time in response to to Figure 6) indicatesa very low irrigation
development in
observed drainageflows. The largestschemes of thistype thecountry. As discussed by Coneepcion(2004), the diffi-
are located inalluvial plains;and (iii) Pump schemes. culty inattaining developedirrigation
secter may be due to
b. CIS schemes are predominantly diversionschemes the fo11owing constraints:
created either by farrners themselves, or by NIA and then a.PPktensheddegradotion andnatural calamities
turned-over to theirrigation associations forO&M (opera- The denudationof watersheds due to uncontrolled log-
tion and maintenanc ¢ ),At present,there arc about 6,200 ging and shifting has cultivation
affected the quantityand
communal schemes with an average area of 1 15 ha. qualityofwater fbrinigationwhile natural calarr].ities such
c. PIS schemes- are generallysupplied through pumping as typhoons, floodsand droughthave severely affeeted the
and found thcir origin in publicly-assisted
river lifts
and functionality ofthe existing systems.
forwater. And,
with
climatic seasons ofthe country.
when the water islimited, isgiven to domesticuse
priority
fable 1 :Actual irrigatedarea inNIA-managed inigation so thatwater supply forirrigation
isconsiderably ]:educed.
timely repairs of damaged structures. This is particularly There are cases where inigationprojectscannot be im-
tme to CISs where Irrigators Association cannot cope with plemented or completed due to worsening peace and order
proper mamtenance practlces. situation inthe area,
e. Ihadequate .fiinding
and support services to improve
thepembrmance ofexJisting irrigation system 3 Water Management Sectorand Institutional
This results to the continued degradation of the system Deyelopment
and rising cost of operation and rehabilitation.
f Absence ofsigntficant Researchand DevetQpmentofl 3.1Water Management Sector
forts
in support to irrigationdevelopment and irrigntion In water management, Philippinesisunique in such a way
managementfieseaiTh that there are so governmentinstitutionscomprising
many
Research, if there are any, are poorly-funded and not the water management sector, The national and local insti-
management-oriented. Hence, itbecomespurely a technical tutions are listed in [fables2 and 3, respectively, and their
undertaking. interference in terrnsof the three basic water functions is
g. Peace and oider situation in some areas depieted
inFigure11.
1table
2:GovernmentInstitutions (National
Goveming WaterResourcesinthe Philippines Level)
Institution
MandateandFunction
(IVationaiLevel)
DENR:Fma,EMB
<DepartmentofEnvironmentandPrimarilyresponsibleforthemanagement,eonservationanddevelopment
NaturalResources/Forest
offorestlandsandwatersheds;andmaintainingwaterquality
ManagementBureau.Enyiron-
mentaiManagementBareau)
DA:BSWM Authorityonmattersrelativetotheutilizationandmanagementofsoiland
(DepaitnientofAgriculture/ waterasvitalresources;
BureauofSeilandWater
Management) Dcsign,constructionandmaintenanceofSWIPs
NPC
fallforpowergeneration;completejurisdictionandcontroloverwater-
(NatienalPowerCorporation}Authoritytotakewaterfromanypublicstream,river,creek,lakeorwater-
shedssurroundingthereservoirsofplantsandiorprojects
PNOC Jurisdiction,control,management,protection,developmentand
{PhilippineNationalOil rehabilitationofwatershedreserves
CooraLion}
NIA Improve,constructandadministerallnationalirrigationsystemsof
(NatienallnigatienAdministra- thecountry
tion)
DOE Alloeatereforestation,watershcdmanagement,healthand/orenvironrnent
(DepartmentofEn
¢ rgy) enhancementfund
NWRB
(NatienalWaterResourcesBoard)Coordinateandregulatewaterresourcesmanagementanddevelopment
andwateruses
DOH Setqualitystandardsforwatertesting,treatmentandsurveillance
(DeparimentofHealth) andsanitarypractices
DPWH Settechnicalstandardsforengineeringsurveys,designandconstruction
(DepartmentofPublicWorksand ofLevel1WaterSystems
Hihwas)
NEDA Policymakingandinfrastructure,coordinationofactivitiesofvarious
(Nationa!Eeonomicand sectors
DevelomentAuthori
NCIP Formulatesandimplementspoliciesfortheprotectionofindigenous
CNationalCemmissiononIndi-
enousPeople) people,e.g.,ancestraldomainincriticalwatersheds
JointExecutiyeand Addressthewatercrisisincludingsupply,distribution,finance,
LegislativeWaterCrisis priyatizationofstate-runwaterfacilities,protectionandconservation
Commission ofwatershedsandwasteandpilferageofwater
Institution
MandateandFunetion
ocatLevel)
LGUs
(LocalGovernmentUnits)Implementcomrnunity-basedforestryprojectsandmanagecommunalfor-
estwithanareanotexceeding50km2,andenforcelaws,etc.
LWUA Ownandoperatewatersupplyanddistributionsystemsfordomestic,in-
(1.ocalWaterUtilitiesAdrninistra- dustrial,municipalandagriculturaluses
tion)
Maynilad;MWSS
ResponsibleforwatersupplyinMetroManilaandnearbysub-urbanareas
(ManilaWatervvorksandSewerage
Services)
(Source/
SANREM CRSP-SEA, 2002)
NWRB
[iilllil][lilillill]pm@
Ept[gtc][SNEi!]
NationalLevel
ttttttttt
t・t#ttttttttttttt
LoealLevel
Figure11:Theinterference
ofmajor institutions
inyolvedinwater resources g overnance
(Seurce/SANREMCRSP-SEA,2002)
The NWRB isthe leadgovemment agency in thePhilip- few areas of the northern and southern partsof the country
pine water sector, conferred with policy-making, regulatoryl (FAO, 2007b and WRI, 2007).
and quasijudieialfunctions, The NWRB isresponsible fbr In doingthis regionalization, the NWRB works with yet
ensuring the optimum exploitation, utilization, develop- another government agencM the NationalStatistical Coor-
ment, conservation and protection of the country's water dinationBoard (NSCB) on policy initiativesconceming
resources, consistent with the principlesofIntegrated Water Philippine
ecenomic-environmental and natmal resources
Management(IWM). accountmg.
development (David 2000, as cited in SANREM Develqpment and Adanagenient,to name the few important
CRSP-SEA, 2002). ones.
Major considerations taken intoaccount in the regiona- However, despite
thisnumber of governing laws, water
lization were the hydrologicalboundariesdefinedby phy- resources management developmentinthe country lags
and
siographic features and homogeneityin climate. However, much behind other national programs and prioritiesin
in fact,these water resources regions generally correspond ternis of attention, budget and politicalinitiatives.
And this
to the existing political regions in the country. Minor devia- aggravates the burgeoningproblems ofthe water sector.
tions,though, dictatedbasicallyby hydrography affected
actual areas inigated were much lessthan the estimated groundwater protection, Moreover, the water pricingpolicy
service areas (refer to Table 1).This isbecauseirrigation undervalues the water as a scarce resource.
service area as used by the NIA refers to the design The major constraints and challenges inpromoting effec-
irrigable area. It is the projected area during stages of tive water resources management as discussedand pre-
projeetpreparation and the area for whieh irrigationfacili- sented by Barba (2004), and as also mentioned by David
tiesare designedand censtmcted. Due to thedesignmis- (2000) and Lansigan (2006), are as fo11ows:
takes, water supply constraints, overlaps in the service a, F)'agmented management and weak institutional.frame-
areas of various modes of irrigation, irrigation systems work
shutdown and inefficiency in the operation of irrigation One of the most critical issues confronting thePhilippine
systems, the actual area served ismuch lessthan the design water sector is the lack of an appropriate institutional
service area, This is yet another proofof NIA beingbasi- frameworkto address issuesof developmentand manage-
cally infrastructure in nature (David, 2000). ment efwater and related resources.
As furthernoted by David (2000), the emphasis in new At present, there are over 30 governmentagencies and
irrigationsystem development was on medium and large departments (the major ones are shown in Table 2) sepa-
seale gravityirrigation systems butthe policy biastowards rately dealingwith water supplM irrigation, hydropower,
1argegravityirrigation infrastmetures which praetically flood control, pollution, watershed managernent, etc,
gave NIA complete control over irrigation development. However, there isan absence ofriver basininstitutions. Itis
With this,inigation was heavilysubsidized and under gov- fragmentedapproach to water management bringingabout
ernment monopoly. This aiso results in a very little partici- an overlap of work and confiicts arnong agencies that result
pation ofthe privateseetor inthe development. in fractional management plan and inadequately met the
The privateirrigation systems ineluderun-ofthe-river requirements for sustainability. Many projects are being
systems, Shallow Tube Wells (STWs), Hand Tube Wells implementedin many cases without considering the inte-
(HTWs), Lew Lift Pumps (LLPs), and small farm ponds. ractions between hydrological and economic systems, thus,
Some NISs and CISs also includeany of these systems; and, resulting in inefficient resource use, economic and social
though assisted by NIA, the investmentand the manage- issues, and environmenta1 degradation.
ment are basically private. The total area presently served While there may be nothing wrong, by itselain involv-
by these systems, as estimated by BSWM, is4,OOO km2 and ing a number of institutions
in the management of water
water resources is not a pressing concern, However, the er groirpsor institutions. As there ismultiplicity of agencies
reality isthatthereis a decline in per capita water availabil- coneerned, the institutional arrangement and responsibility
ity in the country. Moreover, the Philippine freshwater must be elearly delineated and made known to all parties
ecosystems facessevere problems ofpollution and the costs concerned from the very start.
ofsupplying potablewater are rising. Despite the prornulgation of the Water Code three dec-
The Bank Water Sector(ascited in BSWM, 2005) be- ades ago and thecreation of the NWRB to coordinate the
lieved that the causes of water scarcity involveswater activities of water resources agencies, the goal ofIntegrated
availability limitations,depletion of groundwater resources, Water Resources Management (IWRM)is still fhr from
degradation of freshwater sources, and the increasing cost beinga reality. Specifically, the weakness ofNWRB as the
of new water source development.However,the problems water regulator agency include limited funds and staff; no
may redound to the water supply and demand management regional or local presence, weak enforcement of Water
factors, and the inability to establish a good social, legal, Code, ineffectivemediatiQn of conflicts in water demand,
and institutional
support for effective water management and inadequate planning and coordination due to deficient
system. waterresource data.
Overall,the problem isnet absolute shortage of water. b.Lack ofwater allocationformula
The problemismismatch of supply-demand, mainly due to Most of the problemsencountered by the PhilippineWa-
with worsening pollutien of water bodies,lackof infra- Other emerging issuesofpressing concern to the Philip-
structure and facilities
and dry spell causes water shortages pine water sector, as extracted from the works of Barba
regularly in many areas resulting in allocation issuesand (2004),
Lansigan (2006),
and Kho and Agsaoay (2006)
are
grantedby the gevernment,In contrast, many water users owing to population growthand misuse of water and land.
do not havepermits as proof of water rights. Domestic sewage contributes approximately 52% of the
NWRB is the sole authority that allocates water rights pollutionload while industry contributes the remaining
fbr the various uses. However, the basic structure of 48%. The steadily increasing water pollution could se-
NWRB isthemqior sethack to theeffective discharge of its riously compromise the country's capability to provide
functions. The investigation and proeessing ofwater permit adequate supplies of good qualitywater for domc:stic,agri-
applications constitute a function fbrwhich NVVRB isnot culture and industrial
use.
butvery little etTbrt is directed to the commissioning of in supply deficiencies to meet the water demand,In addi-
similar studies and research. tion,thereistremendous waste ofwater indistribution lines,
e. Economicpricing conveyance canals and at homes, Inefficiencyin water
The existing water pricing inthe country doesnot reflect usage was exacerbated by the absence of regulations, eco-
the realities Qf scarcity or abundance ofwater and there has nomic incentivesand institutional arrangements needed to
been a rninimal attention on the economic value of watcr, It promote water conservation and rational use ofwater,
also does not serve the function of allocating thescarce Moreover, in irrigation, the unsatisfactory perforrnance
resource to the most productive users and doesnot provide of NIA has ledto the poor efficiency of existing inigatien
economic ineentive for efficient use and conservation of systems and aggravated the limited supply ofwater.
water, c. Limited water resourees and their spatialand temporai
The basicdilemma facingthe government is that a distribt{tion
change isneeded from viewing water as a freeor public Although the Philippines isendowed with abundant wa-
good to an economic good where ithas a price. Such con- ter resources, the distribution of these resources varies
cepts are difficult fbr elected executives to accept especial- widely in time and in place as a result of the differentgeo-
ly incircumstanees where constituents eajoy frecwater, graphicand climate conditions prevailingthe diff:rent parts
Specifically, policychanges have not been enacted due of the country. Several factors and processesadifeet local
to lackofwill to change, difficulties in selling the concept and regional water resources. Human activities, in particu-
to consumers and businesses,lack of technical capabilities lar,influencethe hydrologic cycle through ehange of water
to designand implementsuch policy reforms, and political and landuse.
In recent years,the issueof climate change due to human supply,prompting government to take greater control over
activities posed a major concern to water managers, plan- water resources
especially in the highlands (mostly claimed
ners and policymakers. Thisoccurred becausethe present by IPs) to ensure supply fbr the rapidly growingcities and
water management practicesare mainly based on industries in the lowlands,at the expense of customary
semi-stationary geophysicalproeegseswith inadequate rights.
eonsideration beinggiven to increasingdemands owing to
population and landuse changes, 5 Programs, Initiatives
and Prospectsin the Water Sec-
ct Lack ofdota torThe
The established observation stations formeteorelogical, water resources sector continues to
policy and
address
hydrological, geological and water qualitymonitoring are operational gaps in water resources to ensure
management
not sufficient in quantity and location. In the Philippines, adequate water supply. The government pushes for the
the water resources dataare beingcolleeted and processed strengthening of a working commitment toward a more
by various goyernmentagencies and keptin their indepen- wide-ranging course of action to effectively dealwith the
dentdatabase. The absence of reliable water resources in- country's water-related issues.
The imperatives
needed to
formationsystem diminishesthe capacity of concerned harmoniouslyconnect all water resources management in-
authorities diffieult
to make
and controversial water alloca- itiatives
include the river basinapproach, supply optimiza-
tion decisions. Beside, itwould be difficult fbrthe private tion, demandmanagement, equitable access of water, im-
sector to investinthe water sector when reliable water re- proved policy regulatory and frameworks,and
institutional
sources-related dataare scarce and the means of obtaining inter-sectoral approach, (Barba,
2004)
them are unavailable. In 2004,the NationalWater Forum was heldcalling for
Therefore, the improvementof datacollection and estab- the immediateadoption and subsequent implementation
of
in the Philippines,
differentiat- a. Enactneent ofihePhilippineClean PVlrterAct on 2004
"cultural
called neinority"
ing them from the majority of the Filipinos who have assi- The CleanWater Act is a very important pieceof legisla-
milated lowland cultures) are concerned, land and the re- tion thatwould pursue all issues that affect the state of the
sources fbundtherein constitute one integrated
ecosystem. country's water quality. providesfora comprehensive
It
This was upheld by thepassage of Republic Act No. water management program to protectthe country's water
8371,otherwise known as the Peoplek Rights
`7hdigenous
bodiesfrom landbasedsources ofpollution such as indus-
Act or IPita which was passedand took effect on 1997,
",
tries, mining, agricultural operations, as well as community
Rightsto these resources ean only be acquired through a the planning, enforcement and monitoring capability of the
grantgivenby the state. This is where the conflict with the ageney and modification of the Water Code and itsimple-
customary rights and IPRA comes in. menting rules and regulations.
The Water Code is silent insofaras eustomary water c. PVinter resout=es assessment andplanning
rights are concerned. It still operates under the Regalian With so many agencies in the country that are involved
Doetrinebutll'RA still is instrumental for recognition of in water data collection, some important activities con-
overview of existing water resources datanation- As such, to increase the efficiency of water use, mar-
the DENR. However, thisapproach has been largelylimited Figure12:Waterresource management strategy
to the upper watersheds where the fbrestslie.The linkand (Source,BSWM,200S)
interrelationbetween the upper watershed and the down-
stream water resources has not really been tackled in the 6 Summary and Conclusien
context of a watershed unit. Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources.
b. Platerpolicyandeconomie qfficiency Both itssurface and groundwaterresource potentialare far
[[hisisto manage water not only as a social good but more than enough fbr the eurrent demand. Howeyer, de-
more importantly as an eeonomic good, As such, water spite the vastness of the potential supply, itrariks among
becomes a thatisassessed fbritsscarcity value
commodity the lowestin theworld in terms of freshwater ayailability
and whose distribution
exists in the context of market per capita and now tends te experience several water
processes;and isbalancedby the view that water isa basic supply-demand-relatedproblems.
need, The present "water
situation" ofthe country ifanalyzed
holistically,
leadsto institutional
and management prob- Report In: Gateway te Land and Water Information, Na-
lems as the root causes ofwater supply and demand imbal- tional Water ResourcesBoard, Integrated Water Resources
anee. With this, thecountry need to further
strengthen the Management, Thematic paper presented during the Nation-
al wnter Forum, 22 March 2e04, Manila, Philippines,
water resources management and developmentto a more
integrated and holistic
fashion.The management of water [4] David,WilfredoP.(2000): Shairow 71ibePPZillb'rigation
77ieoi),and Practice, Universityof the Philippines Los
as a critical resource shall be dene in a sustainable manner
Banos, Laguna, Philippines,145 p,
taking intoaccount theneeds ofthe present and future gen-
erations. In thisrespect, sustainable management of water
[s] FAO (2007a): Water and Food SecurityCountry Profile,
Food and AgricultureOrganization(FAO)of the United
resource shall take intoconsideration the that
principles Nations,[http///'ww,fao.org,'countryProfilefwater(Accessed
water resources management shall be decentralized,
parti-
cipatory and community-based and conducted at the lowest 11-16)]FAO
appropriate level. {6] (2007b): Water Profileof the Philippines In: Enqyc-
As regard to the issue of participatoryplanningand lopediaofEarth. CutlerJ,Cleveland(Ed.), W}ishingtonDC,
management, assistance in policy dialogueand awareness Lastupdated June22, 20e7.
maybe required. Advice on approaehes may also be needed [http:lfwww,eoearth.org larticlei'water
profile of the Philip-
in the areas of private sector participation, community pines(Accessed2007-10-29)]
based organizations and analysis of developmentoptions. [7] Kho, James and Agsaoay-Sano, Eunice (2006): Cbuntili
Capacitybuildingwill also be needed to strengthen the studyon Cttstomat), PV2iter
Laws andPractices: Philijrpines,
FAO LegalAdsen,e,Makati,Philippines. pp. 1-26
cemmunity-basedorganizations.
Further,
a weak regulatory ageney will be unable to per- I8] Lansigan,FelinoP. (2006): Water Securityand the Envi-
ronment: ChallengingIssuesfor Growing CitiesofAsia, A
form itsmandate. There isa need to strengthen and regio-
nalize the NWRB to be able to fu11yand effectively per- paper proceeding of the GWSP-Asia Seconcl Meeting.
Guangzhou, China.pp. 2 1-34
form itsmissions, The decentralization of regulatory func-
[9] NIA (2004): Ayertingthe Whter CrisisinAgriculture, NIA,
tionsisnecessary in the pursuit of an IntegratedWater Re-
Manila,Philippines, 124 p,
source Management Plhtenshed Approach
(IWRM). The [10] NSCB (2005): The PhMppine Countrysidein Figures,Na-
with rnulti-stakeholder involvementis the idealmodel
to tional StatisticalCoordination Board,Philippines.
integrate
and coordinate all water-related effbrts to a more [http//Lwww. nscb.gov.ph (Accessed 2007-11-15)]
focusedapproach. [11]NWRB (2e04): Philippines: National Water Resources
Beard, A country paper submitted to Asian Development
Bank, Manila,PhiLippines.
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[http:11www,adb.org (Accessed 2e07-11 -15)]
[1] Bafba PacitaE (2004):
The ChallengesinWtiterResources
[12]SANREM CRSP-SEA (2002): Plhter Resou,=e Minnage-
Management in the Philippines,
NWRB, QuezonCity, ment: A P,zv'ect Fblio,PIDS-USAID Project,pp, l-22
Philippines.
[13]WbrldBank (2004): Environment at a Glance20e4: Philip-
2007- 11-
[http:tlwww.wrrc.dpri,kyoto-u.acjp
(Accessed pines,Environment Department, The WbrldBank, WAsh-
15)]BSWM ington D,C, USA, [www.worldbank,org (Accessed
[2] (2005):Win-win WtiterManagement Approach in 2007-11-15)]
the Philippines
In:Tbwards a Watershed-BasedWater Re-
[14]WRI (2007): WttterResourcesand FreshwaterEcosystems-
sources Management, Bureau ef Soiland Water Manage- Philippines.Earth TrendsCountry Profile,World Reseurce
ment,Philippines. Institute,[http:ffwww.earthtrends.wri.org(Accessed2007-11-
[http:ffwww.bswm.da.gov,ph(Accessed2007-11-16)]
[3] Coneepcion,Regelio N. (2004):
The PhilippineCountry
Discussionopen until June 30,2009