CENTURY GOTHIC--- 11

University of the Cordilleras

General Biology 1 December 14, 2019 DATE
Jamaica F. Tamayo NAMES OF THE MEMBERS 10:00 am- 1:00pm CLASS SCHEDULE

ARTICLE TITLE: Cloning Humans? Biological, Ethical and Social Considerations

AUTHOR: Francisco J. Ayala, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University

of California, Irvine, CA 92697
EDITED by: John C. Avise, University of California, Irvine, CA

ABSTRACT: COPY AS WRITTEN FROM THE ARTICLE

 Mankind has two kinds of heredity: biological and cultural

 Cultural inheritance leads to cultural evolution, the prevailing mode of human
adaptation
 Natural selection persists in modern humans both as differential mortality and as
differential fertility
 Health care and the increasing feasibility of genetic therapy will although slowly,
augment the future incidence of hereditary ailments. Germ line gene therapy
could halt this increase, but at present, it is not technically feasible.
 The proposal to enhance the human genetic endowment by genetic cloning of
eminent individuals is not warranted.
 Genomes can be cloned ; individuals cannot
 In the future, therapeutic cloning will bring enhanced possibilities for organ
transplantation, nerve cells and tissue healing and other health benefits

COMPOSE IN YOUR OWN WORDS- CONTAINS INFO ABOUT AUTHOR, ABOUT THE PAPER, MAIN OBJECTIVE
OF THE STUDY AND IT'S IMPORTANCE
INTRODUCTION

The article was written by Francisco J. Ayala from the Department of Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology in University of California on March 11, 2015 and talks about the
biological, ethical and social considerations of human cloning. Ayala discusses
separately each considerations through laying down the ideas of human origins, natural
selection, cultural evolution, genetic therapy and therapeutic cloning. The paper aims
to give us an understanding of how humans are so complex and therefore needs to
consider several factors when talking about human cloning. Having enough knowledge
and awareness of human cloning can help us weigh our future decisions and eventually
gives us insights in establishing and implementing laws regarding this scientific discovery.
WHAT TYPE OF RESEARCH WAS USED? (QUANTITATIVE/QUALITATIVE ETC.) WHAT ARE THE
MATERIALS AND METHODS TOOLS THEY USED TO GATHER AND ANALYZE THE DATA? DISCUSS HERE.

The author collected data from different sources and used it to back up his topic;
data such as studies of human populations to support the idea of natural selection.
(Natural selection may decrease in intensity in the future, but it will not disappear
altogether, as long as there is genetic variation and the carriers of some genotypes are
more likely to reproduce than others, natural selection will continue operating in human
populations). And experiments to show the relationship of genotype and the
environment.

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University of the Cordilleras
General Biology 1 December 14, 2019
Jamaica F. Tamayo 10:00 am- 1:00pm

WHAT WERE THE RESULTS ? DISCUSS HERE

RESULTS

The collected supporting data made it possible for the author to outline the
biological, ethical and social considerations. The biological considerations used the idea
of gene expressions, genotypes and biological

evolutions in modern humans, ethical considerations used the advantages and

disadvantages of gene cloning, gene therapy and the possible benefits of human
cloning. Social considerations used the idea of human origins, culture and moral
implications of the procedures used in cloning humans.

COMPOSE IN YOUR OWN WORDS-- YOU MAY USE OTHER RELATED LITERATURES HERE- DISCUSS POINTS IN
DISCUSSION RELATION TO THE PAPER BEING REVIEWED-- INCLUDE POINTS/INFO THAT OPPOSES AND SUPPORTS THE
PAPER.
INCLUDE THE GROUP'S GENERAL OPINION IN RELATION TO THE TOPIC
 One of the most controversial issues because of the amount of debate it can
generate because of its complexity is human cloning process.
 This brings many consequences and thousands of opinions published in
newspapers around the world, because opinions, political, religious, cultural, etc.
will always be present.
 So, what is human cloning? Human cloning may refer to both therapeutic and
reproductive cloning.
 Human cloning for therapeutic purposes is one that is oriented in the creation of
tissues or organs with the aim of combating specific diseases in human beings. In
order to do this, scientists must extract stem cells. That is why it is necessary to
create an embryo.
 Human cloning for reproductive purposes is based on the conception of a new
human being having a DNA identical to that already developed.
 Biological considerations of human cloning includes heredity and biological
evolution or natural selection
 Heredity is the transmission of traits from generation to generation. The ability of an
organism to pass on traits and the variations that takes place makes it possible to
have diversity. Cloning on the other hand, since it will just copy the DNA of the
original species will eventually result to a population that will have the same set of
gene all throughout and might give rise to genetic diseases and a weaker immune
system and worst can wipe out the whole population making humans in the future
extinct. However humans, and humans alone can also adapt by changing the
environment to suit the needs of their genes. For the last few millennia, humans
have been adapting the environments to their genes more often than their genes
to the environments.

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University of the Cordilleras
General Biology 1 December 14, 2019
Jamaica F. Tamayo 10:00 am- 1:00pm
 Natural Selection is simply differential reproduction of alternative genetic variants.
In terms of single genes, variation occurs when two or more alleles are present in
the population at a given gene locus. There is quite a lot of genetic variation in
human population but natural selection will take place only if the alleles of a
particular gene have different effects on fitness; that is, if alternative alleles
differentially impact the probability of survival and reproduction.
 Ethical considerations of human cloning lies on the fact that both therapeutic and
reproductive cloning requires an embryo. It took the Dolly team 277 attempts to
successfully clone a sheep; the cloning of a human is much more difficult, where
the chances for damage to the embryo are much more likely. Even if we ignore
all the ethical and moral issues, the chances of a baby being born without
congenital abnormalities are slim, plus where do we get all of those embryos?
Cloning technology is far from being perfected. A large number of abnormal births
still occur with animal cloning and until these problems have been solved a total
ban on human cloning (with a view to producing a birth) should be in place.
 Social implications; clones are not produced through sexual reproduction,
problems such as who might be responsible for the cloned organisms may arise.
Another is whether or not a clone would ever be able to become self-sufficient.
The term “playing God” has also become a strong argument against human
cloning.
 As more human genes are being used in non-human organisms to create new
forms of life that are genetically partly human, new ethical questions arise. For
instance, what percentage of human genes does an organism have to contain
before it is considered human and how many human gene would a tomato for
example have to contain before it can be eaten without doubts.
 What is acceptable to one person is unacceptable to another. Speaking as a
science teacher, I see human cloning as a major breakthrough in science and as
a result of this some positive connotations are invariably attached to the word
"breakthrough". I'm a supporter of cloning but to a certain extent. I mean that it is
vital to clone organs for transplants but not to clone human-beings, cloning should
not be permitted as a form of reproduction

STUDY LIMITATIONS LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY- IN SOME PAPERS IT IS ALREADY GIVEN IN SOME CASES YOU NEED TO
COMPREHEND THE PAPER ITSELF AND POINT OUT IT'S LIMITATIONS.

The study is not experimental in nature itself thus discusses issues using
collected data from other authors to support the topic. The article is mainly to
present knowledge or ideas before one must consider human cloning.

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 University of the Cordilleras
General Biology 1 December 14, 2019
Jamaica F. Tamayo 10:00 am- 1:00pm

YOUR PERSONAL APPRAISAL OF THE JOURNAL,DISCUSS WHETHER THE ARTICLE IS WELL-WRITTEN OR NOT,
WHETHER ANY INFORMATION IS MISSING, OR IF FURTHER RESEARCH IS NECESSARY ON THE SUBJECT.
CONCLUSION ALSO, WRITE A PARAGRAPH ON HOW THE AUTHOR COULD DEVELOP THE STUDY RESULTS, WHAT THE
INFORMATION MEANS ON A LARGE SCALE, HOW FURTHER INVESTIGATION CAN DEVELOP THE SUBJECT
MATTER, AND HOW THE KNOWLEDGE OF THIS FIELD CAN BE EXTENDED FURTHER.
Despite all the current concerns, we cannot remove the fact that cloning has a
tremendous potential. It seems that there is no stopping cloning now and since someone
is bound to do it sooner or later, it would be better to prepare on how to regulate and
set standards and ensure observation of ethics in the practice. Moreover, further testing
and research shall be required to educate society on the pros and cons of human
cloning.

Condemning cloning will get us nowhere - like other technologies including the
atomic bomb, IVF etc. It will certainly end up being used. There is no doubt that this
technology will continue to display difficult challenges and post complex ethical issues,
however we must always remember to what extent must this technology be handled,
Once we started human cloning it is irreversible. There is no turning back.

REFERENCES
INCLUDE ALL REFERENCES: THE JOURNAL YOU REVIEWED AND OTHER RELATED LITERATURES
YOU USED
APA FORMAT

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