Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fall 1993
Name:
Problem 1 30 points
Problem 2 30 points
Problem3 40 ooints
I
female
O- 1 2
r--] = male
I
III
1 6
IV
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
'7
!1-1 111-2
11-2 111-5
11-3
(¢ 15pts.) If cousinsIV-4 and IV-5 havea child together what is the probabilitythat the
childwill have the milkallergy?
Name:
2 Consider two different antigen molecules produced on the blood cells of wild type
mice according to the biosynthetic pathway below.
enzyme
B_,_,_ antigen I
enzyme /-
A _ intermediate
v enzyme
"_lk antigen2
Mice homozygousfor recessive alleles that block the production of enzyme A (genotype a/a)
do not make either antigen 1 or antigen 2. Mice homozygousfor recessive defects in enzyme
B (genotype b/b) do not make antigen 1. Mice homozygousfor recessive defects in enzyme
C (genotype c/c) do not make antigen 2.
(a 8pts.) Two differenttrue breedingstrainsof mice have been isolated that do not make
either antigen 1 or antigen 2. When an individualfrom one strain is crossedwith an
individualfrom the other strain all of the F1 mice produce both antigens. Write out the
genotypesfor both strains. (Use A, B, and C to designatethe wild type and a, b, and c to
designate the defective alleles of the three enzymes).
(b 12pts.) Two of the F1 mice are crossedto one another. The possible phenotypes for
the F2 progeny are shown below. What proportionof the F2 will be represented by each
phenotype on average?
(2¢ 10pts.) Among the F2 there will be mice of several different genotypes that are
phenotypically antigen 1- and antigen 2-. Suppose you wanted to test whether a given F2
mouse that does not express either antigen is defective in production of enzyme A. What
genotype would you choose for a mouse used for such a test cross of the F2 mouse?
Describe the possible outcomes of this cross and how you would interpret them.
3 (a 5pts.) Suppose that in an isolated population there exists a very rare inherited
anemia which is autosomal recessive. Given the frequency of the allele for the anemia as q,
calculate the probability that a child will be born with the anemia assuming random mating.
Express your answer as a function of q.
(b 5pts.) What is the probability as a function of q that a given individual in the population
is a heterozygote? Use the approximation that is valid for small q.
Name:
(¢ 10pts.) In this population marriages between a niece and her biological uncle occur
quite often. Given the niece in such a marriage is heterozygous for the allele for the anemia,
what is the probability that her child will have the anemia? This is the joint probability that her
husband (and uncle) is also heterozygous and that the child of two heterozygotes is
homozygous.
(d 10pts.) Given that uncle-niece marriages occur at a frequency of 0.008, use the
answers derived above to calculate the frequency within the population with which children
with the anemia are produced by uncle-niece marriages. Express your answer as a function
of q.
(e 1Opts.) If half of the children with the anemia come from uncle-niece marriages and half
come from marriages with no obviousinbreeding,what is q? If helpful, you may use the
approximationthat the frequency of random marriagesis about one.
EXAM #1 SOLUTIONS
Problem 2:
a) One strain must be of genotype _ while the other must be AAbbc¢. This is the only
way the F1 could produceboth antigens(AaBbCc).
b) antiaen 1+.antigen 2÷ must have the genotype A-B-C-. The proportionwill be
3/4*3/4*3/4 = 27/64 from the crossAaBbCcxAaBbCc.
antiaen 1+.antigen 2- must have the genotype A-B-cc. The proportionwill be
3/4"3/4"1/4 = 9/64
Problem
c Since we are told that the niece is a heterozygote we do not use p or q at all
in this part of the problem. If the niece is a heterozygote the chance that the
uncle's sibling has the disease allele is 1/2. If the uncle's sibling is a heterozygote
the chance the uncle has the disease allele is 1/2. If both the uncle and the niece
are heterozygous for the disease allele the chance that they will have an affected
child is 1/4. Thus p(affected child) = (1/2)(1/2)(1/4) = 1/16.
d The chance that any woman is a heterozygote is 2q (see part b). The chance
that this woman marries her uncle is .008. The chance that this uncle/niece
couple have an affected child is 1/16 (seeabove). Thus the frequency within the
population with which children with the anemia are produced by uncle-niece
marriages is: (2q)(.008)(1/16) = o./1000.
e If half the affected children come from uncle-niece marriages and half
come from marriages with no inbreeding we simply set the answer to part d
equal to the answer in part a. q2 = q/lO00. Solving for q we get q = 1/1000.
Name:
Problem 1 30 points
Problem 2 40 points
Problem3 30 ooints
1 The two hypothetical autosomal human genes xey and stm are 10 map units
apart. Dominant alleles of xye are completely penetrant and cause crossed eyes.
Dominant alleles of stm are completely penetrant and cause small thumbs. A cross-
eyed, small thumbed woman marries a normal man and they have four children. Two
of the children are cross-eyed and two of the children have small thumbs.
(a 10 pts) Would you expect either of the woman's parents to be cross-eyed and
have small thumbs?
(b 10 pts) The woman is pregnant with a fifth child. What is the probability that this
child will be cross-eyed and have small thumbs? (Hint m don't use Bayes Theorem for
this problem.)
(¢ 10 pts) Oocytes, are the diploid cells that by meiosis, give rise to the gamete egg
cells in a woman. What fraction of the oocytes in the woman in this question, will have
a crossover event occur between the xey and stm genes during meiosis?
Name"
2 Consider two different yeast genes that we will call RED1 and RED2.
Recessive mutations in either gene cause the yeast colonies to turn red rather than the
normal white color. A haploid red1" mutant is crossed to a haploid red2- mutant.
The resulting white diploid is sporulated and tetrads are dissected. There are three
types of tetrads with respect to colony color:
(b 10 pts) Of 100 tetrads dissected 6 are of type I, 34 are of type II, and 60 are of
type II1. What is the measured genetic map distance between RED1 and RED2?
(¢ 10 pts) The TRP1 gene is completely linked to its centromere. When a trpl"
mutant is crossed to a red1" mutant and 100 tetrads are dissected, no T type tetrads
are found. How many T type tetrads would you expect to find if a trpl" mutant is
crossed to a red2" mutant and 100 tetrads are dissected?
3 Consider a phage for which there are two temperature sensitive mutations, tsl-
and ts2". Phage with either of these mutations will form plaques at 30° but not at 40"
(you should assume that the double mutant tsl", ts2" will also form plaques at 30" but
not at 40°). To perform a recombination test between these mutations tsl", ts2 + and
tsl +, ts2" phage are infected into host bacteria so that each bacterial cell gets
multiple copies of both phage. The infected cells are grown at 30° to allow growth of
the mutant phage and to allow recombination between phage.
(a 10 pts) Given that the distance between tsl and ts2 is 8 m.u., what fraction of
the phage from this cross will be wild type? In other words, what fraction of the phage
will make plaques when plated at 40°?
(b 10 pts) A new mutation that causes mottled plaques is isolated. The allele that
causes the mottled phenotype is designated mot" whereas the wild type allele is
designated mot +. A tsl", mot" phage is crossed to a wild type (tsl+, mot +) phage.
The phage resulting from this cross are plated at 40" and 4% make mottled plaques.
What is the distance between tsl and mot in map units?
(¢ 10 pts.) A tsl", ts2 +, mot + phage is crossed to a tsl+, ts2", mot" phage. From
this cross, phage that can grow at 40" are isolated and it is found that 96% of these
phage have mottled plaques. On the map below show the position of the mot locus.
Be sure to indicate the distance to either tsl or ts2 in map units.
ts 1 ts2
I 8m.u.
Answers to 7.03 Exam #2
1 a) No. You would expect that most offspring come from non-recombinant gametes. Since the
children are small thumbed, normal eyed or normal thumbed, cross eyed these are most likely the
non-recombinant genotypes. Therefore the mother's genotype is xye +/+ smt, so one grandparent
was only cross eyed and the other only small thumbed.
1 b) 5%. From the definition of map units we know there is a 10% chance of being a recombinant
gamete for xye and stm. Remeber that half of those recombinants will be wt and half will be stm
and xye. So there is only a 5% chance the child will be double mutant.
I c) 20%. From the definition of map units we know that 10% of the gametes are recombinant.
There must be crossovers in 20% of the oocytes to yield 10% recombinant gametes.
2 c) 34 TT expected. The fact that the trpl- and red1- cross yielded no tetratypes means that the
two genes are unlinked, and both are completely linked to their respective centromeres. For the
trpl-, red2- cross we know the markers are unlinked (because red1 is linked to red 2 and red1 and
trpl are unlinked). Any crossover event that gives a tetratype tetrad for markers red1 and red2
(the situation in problem 2b) will lead to a tetratype tetrad between markers red2 and t-rpl. So the
answer is you'd expect the same number of tetratypes as in 2b, 34 tetratypes.
2 d) expect 17 or 16.6. The data in the problem suggests the two marker s are unlinked. So you
expect a 1:4:1 ratio of PD:TT:NPD. Thus 1/6 of the tetrads should be of PD (2 red, trp+ 2 white
trp-). 1/6(100)=16.6 or 17.
3b) 4 m.u. Of the phage growing at 40°C (tsl+) 4% of them are recombinant (mot-). mu = #
recombinant phage out of the total. We are missing half the recombinant phage because they are
tsl-,mot+ and can not grow at 40°C. However we are also missing half the total because one of the
parentals tsl-,mot- also can not grow at 40°C. So map units is simply .04(100).
3c )
The rare class is tsl+, ts2+, mot+, they represent only 4% of the plaques growing on the plate. This
must be the result of a double crossover event. Therefore tsl is between mot and ts2.
Name:
Recitationday ., time , TA
Problem 1 35 points
Problem 2 35 points
problem3 30 ooints
IS : An allele of the repressorthat is unable to bind inducer molecule but will still
bind to operator DNA.
I-d : A dominant repressor mutationthat does not bindthe operator and prevents
wild-type repressorfrom binding operator.
Z" : An allele of the lacZ gene that does not make active B-galactosidase enzyme.
Y" : An allele of the lac permease gene that does not make active permease.
The levels of B-galactosidaseactivity in a wild type strain with or without inducer are
shown below
.IPTG -.IP_.T.D
I+ p+ O+ Z+ high low
Fill in this table indicatingeither high or low levels of r:_-galactosidasefor each of the
following strains with or without inducer.
.IPTG -_LE.T.D
(a 5pts) Is P+ O¢ Z'/F'I + P+ O+ Z+
(b 5pts) IS p+ O+ Z'/F'I + P+ O¢ Z+
2
Name:
I_-galactosidase activiW
+IPTG -IPTG
Permease activity
+IPTG -IPTG
Assumingthat each mutantalters only one element of the la¢ operon, figure out the
genotypes of Mutant 1 and Mutant 2. If morethan one genotype is possible give all of
the possibilities. You need only considerthe types of mutant alleles given at the
begining of this problem. Undesignatedelements in your written genotypes will be
assumed to be wild type.
(a l Opts) You cross strain#1 with strain#2 and find that all F1 pumpkins
are elongated, and after self-fertilization you find that all F2 pumpkins
are elongated.
i. What are the genotypes and phenotypesof the parents, the F1 and F2
generation.
suppression enhancement
4
Name:
ii. Give the genotypes and phenotypesof the parents, the F1 and F2
generation of the cross between strain#3 and strain#1.
suppression enhancement
5
Name:
3 Consider three genes in E. co//A, B, and C whose order and exact spacing are
not known. Transducing phage P1 is grown on an A + B+ C÷ host and this phage
lysate is used to infect an A" B" C" recipient. A + transductants are selected and the
frequencies of cotransduction of the other markers are shown below:
A+ B+ C+ 80%
A+ B+ C" 4%
A+ B" C+ 15%
A+ B" C" 0.6%
(b 15pts) An F' factor that carries the wild-type copiesof all three genes A +, B+,
and C + is mated into an F" A" B" C" recipient. From this strain an Hfr is isolated that
transfers A+ and B ÷ early and C+ very late. Draw the structure of the F' (not the Hfr)
showingthe order of the A, B, and C genes and the orientationof the odgin of transfer.
6
Solutions to Exam 3 mean : 64
Problem 1
a) Since the super repressor (IS), a trans-acting factor, is present there will be no !
lacZ expressed under any conditions. O c has no effect since it is cis-acting (on Z-). Thus
the answeris 1ow low
c) Since there is no promoter (P-), a cis acting element, to drive any transcription.
Thus no lacZ is expressed under any conditions: low low
d) The only way to express Z constitutively and have Y under normal regulation is to
alter a cis-acting element: I*P÷O÷Z'Y÷/F ' I*P*OeZ÷Y"
e) The only way to have constitutive expression of both Z and Y with only one
change is to have I-d present. It can be on either the chromosome or the F' since I is
trans-acting: I'dP÷O*Z'Y÷/F ' I÷P÷O+Z÷Y" o r I÷P÷O÷Z'Y÷/F' I-dp÷o÷z*Y"
A few students changed the same element on both the F' and the chromosome. This
would work if they both had 0 c or I_. Getting two mutations at once is very unlikely.
Problem 2a)
i (6pts) The cross of each elongated mutant to the round wild-type yields all round
pumpkins. This tells you that both strains carry recessive mutations. When these two
strains are crossed to each other the F1 are all elongated. Since both mutations are
recessive and the F1 has the mutant phenotype these two mutations must be in the same
gene!!! This is in fact a complementation test. The two mutations fail to complement
each other and thus are in the same gene. Note that there is only one gene involved
here. Always go for the simplest model that fits all the data because we really are not
trying to trick you!
F2 9 A_B_ round
3 aaB_ elongated
3 A_bb round
1 aabb r o u nd
F2 1 aaBB elongated
2 aaBb elongated
1 aabb r o und
Some students tried to explain the 3:1 ratio as actually a 12:4 ratio resulting from a
dominant mutation. This model is inconsistent with the fact that strain 1, when crossed
to wild type, gives all round pumpkins. Therefore, the mutation in strain I must be
recessive (see part a,ii.).
iii. (3pts.) When strain 3 is crossed to strain 1 all the resulting progeny are
elongated. The phenotype of strain 3 is therefor recessive to that of strain 1.
iv. (2pts.) As stated above, the results show that strain 3 contains a mutation that
suppresses, or is epistatie to, the mutation that causes elongated pumpkins. In
addition, these results tell us that strain 1 and strain 3 carry mutations in the same gene.
Therefore, the mutations do not complement each other. Credit was given for any of
the correct answers, but no credit was given if an incorrect answer was circled.
Problem 3:
The closer two markers are to each other the higher the co-transduction
frequency. Thus the A-B interval is the larger of the two.
b) Many students misread this question. The question did not ask for the F'
derived from the Hfr strain. It asked for the F' that integrated to b¢c0m¢ an Hfr strain.
The order of the genes was determined from the information in part a).
The map derived from the data in part a was as follows:
_+ A+ ¢+ C+ A+ B+
x1 x2 or x2 x1
_- A- ¢- ¢- A- t_-
A crossover outside both B and C A+B+C+ 80%
A crossover outside B and in interval 2 A+B+C- 4%
A crossover outside C and in interval 1 A+B-C+ 15%
A crossover in interval 1 and interval 2 A+B-C- 0.6%
Note that other combinations are not possible since they result in A- (we selected A+).
The crossover event to generate an Hfr that transfers A+ and B+ early and C+ late:
Ft
\ B+ A-t- 17+ J
1
c
_ C+ A+ !_+ _t/
_- A- I C- chrom. ¢- _ A- B-
The frequency that A and D are both packaged into the same phage, given that A
is packaged, is greater than the co-transduction frequency of these two markers since
this requires both co-packaging and an appropriate recombination event.
The frequency that A and D are packaged into the same phage is actually quite low
if you do not assume that a phage has either marker. Since you select for A+
transductants you might expect that since D is only 10kb away it will be co-transduced at
a reasonable frequency. With this explanation it is possible to imagine that the co-
transduction frequency of A and D might be greater than the frequency with which
they are packaged into the same phage.
No points were awarded if there was no explanation to justify the answer.
NalTle
T.A.
Problem 1 30 points
Problem 2 25 points
Problem 3 20 points
Problem4 15 points
Problem5 12 points
Problem6 12 points
Problem7 12 points
Problem8 34 points
Problem 9 40 points
(b 5pts) Rabbits from the two populations are mixed in equal numbers. After one
generation of random mating within this new population what will the frequencies of
extremely nearsighted and partially nearsighted rabbits be?
_._ : 2_
0.3_0,{ - 0.%
2
Naine
Question 1 continued
Mode 1: Extremely nearsighted rabbits are always killed by cars before they
reproduce. Partially nearsighted and normal rabbits are essentially never hit by cars.
Mode 2: Both extremely nearsighted and partially nearsighted rabbits have a 20%
chance of being killed by a car before they reproduce. Rabbits with normal eyesight are
essentially never hit by cars.
_:.i
nT_>
de 2_ io_s = "_Z_ + _ " D"-s
3
Name
2 Consider two temperature sensitive mutations in yeast, tsml and tsm2. When a
tsml strain is crossed to a tsrn2 strain the diploids are not temperature sensitive. When
these diploids are sporulated, tetrads of three types are found. In the table below ts-
means temperature sensitive and ts+ means wild type growth.
N ::) --r
(a 7pts) From 50 tetrads; 2 are type I, 12 are type II and 36 are type III. What is
the distance in map units between tsml and tsm2?
(b 8pts) If the strains from this cross were not ordered into tetrads, the map
distance between the two mutations could still be calculated. Using the standard
def'mition of map units and the fraction of the 200 strains from the cross that are ts +,
calculate the distance between tsml and tsm2.
z/. so
(c 5pts) Say you need a strain that has both tsml and tsm2 mutations. Without
any further testing, which of the strains from the tetrad analysis would you pick?
Strain 2 is crossed to strain 3 and the resulting diploid is ts+. Which of these four strains
has both the tsml and tsm2 mutations?
4
Nafne
3 (a 10pts) The proC gene lies very close to the lac operon on the E. coli
chromosome, proC shows 90% cotransducfion with a lad" nonsense mutation and 80%
cotransduction with a laeZ" nonsense mutation. In a transduction experiment, phage are
grown on a proC +, laeI', lacZ" host. The resulting transducing phage are used to infect a
proC', lad +, laeZ + recipient and proC + transductants are selected. Three phenotypic
classes are found among the proC + transductants: regulated expression of [5-
galactosidase, constitutive expression of [5-galactosidase, and no [5-galactosidase
expression. Give below the expected frequencies of each of the three phenotypic classes
(assume no quadruple crossovers).
."_ , _._oC
_ q, _ _- 3 / _-__ _
(b 10pts) The proB gene is also closely linked to the la¢ operon. In a transduction
experiment, phage are grown on a proB +, lacI', laeZ" host and are used to infect a
proB', lad +, lacZ + recipient. Of the proB + transductants, most show either regulated
expression or no expression of _galactosidase. Transductants that show constitutive [5-
galactosidase expression are extremely rare. Draw a map of the lac region showing the
relative order of the proC, proB, lad and lacZ genes (don't worry about distances).
,_
5
Name
Generation
, '@
,, 4KI
III 11
(b 3pts) What is the size of the DNA fragment that is linked to the mutation
responsible for the disorder?
(c 5pts) Identify all unaffected members of the family who probably are carriers..
i-9_
7_-3
_L-(
(d 5pts) Could any other unaffected member(s) have inherited the mutation?
Explain briefly!
6
6 (12pts) You have two true breeding brown-eyed stocks of Drosophila. When
individuals from either stock are crossed with red-eyed wild-type flies you have a 3: I
ratio of brown to red-eyed phenotypes in the F2 generation. When individual flies of the
two brown-eyed stocks are crossed with each other, all of the F1 flies are brown-eyed.
For each question below, circle the T preceding each statement that is true and the F
preceding each statement that is false. More than one statement may be true.
7
NaiI2e
(c 8pts) Determine the phenotypic ratio of brown and red-eyed females and males
in the next (F2) generation. (Be sure to specify ratios among males and females!)
brown red
females 1 I
males t ]
You are given a second red eyed stock that is homozygous for pr. Assuming that this is a
new suppressor mutation, you call this mutation sup-2. You cross females from this
strain to the sup1 red-eyed male from (a). In the F1 progeny all females have red eyes
and all males have brown eyes.
(d 8pts) Determine the phenotypic ratio of brown- and red-eyed females and males
in the next generation (F2).
brown red
females 3 -_
males 3 5