t of the things you overlook play an important role in existence. These are the things that you practice and ‘you often take for granted, “involves science. The moment you open your eyes in the morning and see things around you,| the energy you take during breakfast, and the.force that \you exertwhen you walk to the classroom can be explained by physics, Knowledge of physics, the study of matter: and energy and their interaction with each other, help you understand yourselves and enable you.to adapt to the fast changing environment, cience. Every single activity you do at a school Scanned with CemScanner” WHAT'S IN STORE FOR YOU! chapter | Chapter | Chapter Motion Waves Sound and Its Charactoristies 2.1 Waves: Carriers of Energy. 1.1, Motion 1.2 Distance and Displacement 3.1. Nature of Sound 3.2. Characteristics of Sound 2.2 Types of Waves 13 Speed ond Velocity occorting to Particle | 3.3 the Human Voice Box 1.4 Accelerated Motion 2.3 Characteristics of a 3.4 The Human Eor 1.5. Representing Motion Wave 3.5 Hearing for Other Animals 2.4 Wave Interactions 2.5 Electromagnetic Waves Chapter | Chapter Chapter Electric Charge Heat and Heat ight and Its ce Transfer Characteristics 6.1 Electric Charge 4,1 The Nature of Light 5.1 Temperature 62 Ueetie Force 42 light os a Ray 5,2. Nature of Heat 6,3 Charging Processes 5,3. Sources of Heat 6.4 Grounding 43 Characteristics of Light 5.4 Methods of Heat Transfer 5,5 Heat Conductors and Insulators ee sg ‘Scanned with CamSeannerAstana ie ene ie ted action gs ty altace ad sang 4 | 4 Gea an tre ng Meg my, the motion of PONS tarp a, ‘ota apt, : Oa tiny 4 She tens ifrmly acceerateg tg forte reat Ot The Manila Light Rail Transit popularly known as the LRT in Southeast Asia. Its cruising speed is 4: to south of Manila and vice versa, You shall see in this chapter the basic conce; accelerated motions as to what a train like LRT mani is the first Metro 5 kilometers per hour as it ave from@tey ‘Om Meng pt of constant ‘and yn fests while in motion, “on Let’s etStarted! Activity 1.1 - Your Speed a= Materials Needed i stopwatch, fi meter stick 1) Procedure se 3 1. Measure at least 50 m in an open field. 2. Walk normally and record the time it takes for you to reach the end line of the 50 m, 3: Colevlate your walking speed by dividing the distance and your reco! time. Guide Question Posed on your oblained average speed, estimate how much wolking i nede fo “burn off” the energy consumed from a typicl loch 500 calories in ere Content. According fo research, walking with a speed of dkm/h can bum 0.555 el of energy per minute per kilogram of the body weight, Scanned with CamScannermotion tell that s w can YOU something is movi 19 is moving oF no!® When you are just standing Hey be iying on your bed, can Y st, No! Fam not moving | ony that you are moving? Of course you will ay im at rest.” This is because you don't change icky Son, However, if you wil z Se ~~ You will consider the roferance of motion, you are actually pont: hi , h is moving, It is The oor jer this fe re alk) about its axis and revolving around the Sun. If bash SEG pseu chs once ee eg le red to be in motion. You are moving along with pre some Manner, @ Passenger in cars no oti with respect to the car he is in. However, inom notion wih respect to the road, Ths i fe jon is tlative to a frame of relerence ecorte an define motion as a continuous ‘hes ¢ of position with respect to a certain frame Gfreference- go Distance and Displecement Iris important as you learn to distinguish between the two important terms in fibing motion—distance and displacement. These two have specific meanings ‘are necessary in quantifying speed and velocity of a moving body. ked 50 meters from your house to your friend's house, then ancthet your friend's house fo your school, you have travelled a distance of ). Thus, distance is the total length of path travelled regardless lar quantity since it is not concerned with the direction of the Figure 1.1 Moving cor If you wall meters from 100 meters (Figure 1.2) sfdirection. It is a scal motion. North Your Final position Displacement Your initiol position cond reference point Distance travelled Your house ¢ 50 meters * ia stance ce between displacement and di Figure 1.2 Illustration of the differen ‘Scanned with CamScanneryy walked 50 meters eastvard from Re "50 meters pine sving fo schoo to your friend's house ters but you have made a dis laceme,/¥ travelled a distance o ave 1.3). This time the direction of aya not of meters inthe NI cee ms ofan object in motion is the aetual meee Mi Thecekoe der ee te inital position vp tothe final destination; —™**¥e difference if this time ther hand, On the other hy thet As=5)-5, the final and initial positions of the object. Moreover, gi teesronty ance ito denotes the drecon ofthe chong nating 'on of is a vector quantity since object. Your house, Distance: 50 m Distance: 100 m Displacement: 50 m Displacement: 70,7 m Yearhouse €————D oor inands — Yokes Distance: 150 m Distance: 200 m Displacement: 50 m Displacement: 0 m Figure 1.3 The displacement and distance travelled during the trip ‘Scanned with CamScanner5 peed id Velocity spBED ae is best described oe when people oak ko include the element of time. In ordinary fagaytay City to Manila, nen anne of a place to another place, for ‘Manila. Instead of giving the of us often say Tagaytay City is a Zhour me als interested on how long ane distance, time is usually mentioned. Repl for them, i tells how fast somethi take for the bus to reach a certain place ees is called rate. Therefor ing is moving, In science, anything that is ing me get its rate of moti re, to know how fast or slow a body is moving, veinaye 1 Oe Oi jotion, This rate of motion is J by reeans of the ye hagitance ond time known as speed, expressed by means of the of 7 speed = “stance time ible units of speed are cm/s . the post of speed are cm/s, m/s, or km/h. Speed which ii id ot ticular tonool of time is instantaneous speed. Ro a oesces a of ‘ot is rea a its speedometer expressed in km/h or “kph”. Now, when the nce travelled by a body is divided by the time interval it takes to cross that ihe average speed is obtained. gatonces average speed it to cistance total time (MY TURN], ong ¢ distor If an automobile travels a distance oves with a speed of 10 m/s. then what is its Acar m lrind the distance covered after 5.0 of 300 km in 6 hours, average speed? /Answer: The car covered 50 m during this trip. Scanned with CemScanner1.2.2 Verocnty The average veloc” of an object describes how fast the position angina. That is, the displacement e of ‘of an object per unit time: On of. average velocly = ting 9 ac ay ee Out er coneraon I ea Soald be alot sotat if you use the ising px for tight “ey =x for left ay for upward ~y for downward Therefore, for a one-dimensional motion along the horizontal, average velocity of an object which is given YOU have where x, and x, are the initial and final positions of the object and ¢, and ¢ at the start and finish of the motion. Therefore, At denotes the time inert pes the motion took place. The equation describes that the direction of the di ie ig, determines the direction ofthe velocily. Moreover, the subscript "x" jut ten the direction is along the x-axis. Therefore, the subscript can be replaced Bee thy objects moving along ihe yaxs. For example, a body moving upward oo) would have a positive displacement and velocity and alternatively, a body a) moving downward or lef, would have a negative displacement ond veloc" *** In contrast to average velocity, instantaneous velocity describes the cof an object in a certain direction in an instant. This is particularly useky determining the prior or subsequent motion of an object. when or Makisig drives his car and travels 60] Compute the average speed ani km east, then comes back and travels 30 | velocity of Makisig as he travels for anata km west all in one hour, Find the— a) total distance covered, b) average speed, ) total displacement, and d) average velocity. 20 km east in 30 minutes. Find the— a) total distance covered, b) average speed, ) total displacement, and d)_average velocity. ‘Scanned with CamSeanner60 km, east = +60 kin 30 km, west = -30 kin ih hit uf total distance a 260 km +30 km 290km py averagespeed total distance total time ve ) total displacement As=S,-S, = 60 km + (-30 km) = 30 km east d) average velocity total displacement total time _ 30 km east “th =30 km/h, east Note that the average speed and lverage velocity are not always equal in magnitude since the total distance overed by an object can be unequal to the object’s displacement. ‘Scanned with CamSeanner SAag Accelerated, Motion 10N aa eet velocity while travelling is impossible to achieve, Yo To hat ey traffic, your vehicle slows down. Then, after passine ¥°U ey a road ss may not slow down on that street and then YOU speed yp 1", Eatage “in velocity This change in velocity in © particular time interval ee i, acceleration. 7 ‘Acceleration (a), as a vector quantity, is defined as: change in velocity time interval acceleration How do you know if a body is accelerating? There are three thin in order for you to determine if a body is accelerating: the speed, the direct both speed and direction. Since velocity involves speed and direction, oR accelerating if it has— 1 © bedy 1, constant speed but changing direction, 2. constant direction but changing speed, and 3. both changing speed and changing direction. For instance, a car is travelling north at a speed of 30 km/h, then tur corner while maintaining its speed. The speed of the car is uniform at the velocity changes because its direction changes from north to east, 8 righ 30 kya A.) A car increases its velocity from 50 Approaching a street with heavy] m/s to 80 m/s in 2.0 s maintaining its| traffic, a jeep slows down and reduc direction. What is its acceleration? its velocity from 90 km/h to 10 km/hin} 10 seconds. Calculate the acceleration 50 m/s v= 80m/s Ot = 20s Solution: Here, assume that the direction of| | motion is positive, The i ‘Scanned with CamSeanner50 m/s a lerati he car's acceleration ts 15 m/s? in positive direction. What is the velocity in m/s of a sailboat that travels 149 m away from the hore in 16.8 5? ‘ch will be moving faster afte co ; 2, Which willbe moving faster ater 3.0, «cyclist mantining a constant veloci of 15 m/s straight ahead or a race car accelerating forward a stoplight a 4.0 m/S*? See Ae Activity 1.2 - Modeling Acceleration Materials Needed mmosking tape Procedure 1. Mark a starting point and place marks along a straight path at 10 cm, 40. em, 90cm, 160 cm, and 250 cm from the start. 2. Clap a steady beat. On the first beat, the person walking the course should be al the starting point. On the second beat, the walker should be on the first mark, and so on. 4. Repeat step 2, starting at the other end. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerGuide Questions What happens to your 1 happen if the course Wel peed as you move along the ro extended farther, °U88 iy 2. On your way back, what happens to your speed? Forces cause objects to accelerate. When a constant force jg g. object, it will have a tronstant aeceleration. Such type of motion is co, PPlied b eritermty ceceerated motion or UAM, ond iis methemaneo" a by a set of equations known as the kinematic equations; seit v, =v, tat w-w =|] ase (5 ) 1 As=vt+ sat? on ig vz =v? +2a (As) where v, and v, are the initial and final velocities of the object, respectively a constan! acceleration ofthe objec, As is the displacement of the object, afte time interval when the motion take place. Take note that v, and v, ae nae velocity of the object and not the average velocities of the’ object’ Neen A train is moving with a constant| An auto race is held on a stag acceleration of +2.0 m/s*. If the initial|course. All motion is in the sam velocity of the car is +5.0 m/s, find its| direction. Race car no. 12 is moving ata final velocity and displacement after 8.0] speed of 20m/s. If it accelerates ata rae seconds, of 7.0 m/s?, how long would it take fort car to move 246 m from the time itbegs to accelerate? How fast would the carb moving at that time? ‘Scanned with CamSeannerjon wt g on the giver, You can se" Use the Ba ev, + a,tto determine the vy et ect ofthe car eat go m/s* (2.0 m/s)(8.0 s) eoums and the displacement of the car can i ined by this equation: _on/81809)* 5 20/5 }(05) e104m al velocity and horizontal t of the train after 8.0 s is respectively. jase the fin lacemen' 1 m/sand 104m, 143 EXAMPLE OF ACCELERATION Normally, uniformly accelerated mofion of zn intial velocity then it speeds up as it moves versity changes, the object accelerates. Accelerat deceases. This is the case of objects slowing down. vdocity changes whenever direction changes. Thus, ene of acceleration, even if there is no change in spee sone examples of acceleration. n object is described as having a along a straight path. Because the tion also occurs when the velocity Since velocity has direction, so ‘a change in direction is also .d. The table below shows Table 1.1 Examples Toller coaster going down th ‘Scanned with CamSeannerthe ittakes 0 given brat, ! ac & " given broking Fore, ei ire Braking distance desert ing ot XBetween the moment the brakes cond the onc 908 ‘As the car's speed increases, the broking distance should also increase. aK speed is ripled, is ing For example, when the fot Mis is most important if y cucnce® Rec ‘accidents hoppen- Knowing | stopping distance in relation to your atl tos reset chonce of geting ne fo oor nt. } ‘estimate the broking istance of the car if its 4g Representing Motion. Representing Motion, 1.5.1 GRAPHING CONSTANT MOTION ect can be studied through «@ distance-ime graph. This is done by plotting the distance covered by an object and the time it fakes to reach that distance along the vertical and horizontal axis, respectively. For example, you are wolking straight along the school corridor. Your The motion of an obj: Distance (m) recorded distance and time from the starting point oF + 5 = - 4 is given by: Time (3) Time () [0 | 5 | 10] 15 | 20| 25 Figure ie A stright ine gph representin 4 Distance (m) | 0 | 7 | 14[21 | 28 | 35 rina When you plot the distance against fime, you have the points which represent ¢ straight line os shown in Figure 1.4. For this type of graph, the velocity can be found by calculating the slope of the line, which is +1.4 m/s {assuming that you moved in the positive direction). Therefore, a faster moving object will have a steeper slope than a slower moving object because they tend to cover more distance in a shorter period of fime. If your classmate walked 10 meters in the same direction in 5 seconds and remained there for 20 seconds, his/her recorded distance and time will become: fine] [OT 3 [ro] 5 [20] 35] [isenes al | 0-[r0 [10 [10 [10 [10] ASS ‘Scanned with CamSeannerthe table is shown Shin i G70 oF te graph represenis i Figure 1.5. The ‘al | the mover et Massmate for the first 5 seconds, wera ” of Sine. The velocity of your cla: wa intra ie % m/s. The vacond. pan 4 , the next seconds, roy we Se ‘at rest, which is a horizontal ine you Distance {m) rt + GRAPHING ACCELERATED Motion ape + ine you have just gotten on os 0 5 0 7590 starts from rest then slowly me rete “cigh! road fore ca that this direction is Figue 1.5 A graph representing 4 oS sitive direction). Suppose you combination of moving object and an post taf hide sa object at rest | ‘ er ir distance and speed of your motion for Ce 3[4[5 0 |05| 2 [4s] 8 fizs o fosti [iso fossa fas] 4 [451 5 | figure 1.6 shows your acceleration for 10 seconds coming down the hill gatancetime graph. You can observe from the graph that your acceleration is positive, that is, you are speeding up, because your velocity increases os time progresses Mpnoted by the increasing slope ofthe line). Because the line is not a straight line, that your velocity is not constant for each second. alo [EIS Slo youcon say Plotting your velocity against time gives us the graph in Figure 1,7. A uniformly gccelerating object is represented by a straight line with increasing slope. The slope ofthe line ino velocity-fime graph corresponds to the acceleration of the object. Can w tell from the graph what the acceleration of the roller coaster is? Can you sketch the velocity-time graph of an object in constant motion? Distance (m) Distance (m) ovr sas 678910 ora as 67 OPO Time (s) Time (s) t i Fa uniformly Figurel.6. The graph of a uniformly Figure 1.7 The graph of a v ir ‘accelerating roller coaster in a accelerating roller coaster in 0 nzalg distance-time graph ‘Scanned with CamSeannerFastest Anim inthe Planet Wg ~, The swimming champion among seo croaturos is the sailfish ([stiophorus ea grid They grow so quickly that they could reach to about 1.5 meters in in over a year, They feed on smaller fishes and squid. These magnificent beasts can swim up to 110 kph. | i a ae ‘On the other hand, the fastest animal on land is the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). This large feline creature, which inhabits most parts of Africa and some in the Middle East, could run in short bursts to anywhere between 112 cand 120 kph that could cover up to 500 meters within seconds. They have | the ability to change their speeds from rest to over 100 kph in just 3 seconds! | Can you calculate the approximate maximum acceleration that « cheetah con cochieve? Finally, the ultimate speedster in the air kingdom is the peregrine falcon | (Falco peregrinus). This bird of prey breeds in various landscapes, which can range from tropical regions to the arctic tundra. They are also considered as the fostest animal in the planet, which can fly up to speed of over 325 kph. There are two cars, A and B, at an intersection. When the traffic light turns green, both cars start to move. Given the table, plot the motion of each car and describe what happens at each time interval. Distance (m) ‘Scanned with CamSeannerF ee [peo "ee & aemrepece tion is the change in position wit tort of tine, Postion with respect to a certain roferance point In 4 is th Nore ant ie re of a path covered by a body. Iris a sealar quantity oy itis a vector Suen from the initial position to the final position eed is the time rate of motion or dist ft lanco over time. Average speed is the total gan0nee reveled over total time, Instantaneous sped is the ‘peed o a particular ett eccrine the instantaneous speed of a vehicle. average velocity is the rate of change of the objects position. Instantaneous velocity [she speed in tho direction of motion. acceleration is the change in velocity per unit of time. When an object undergoes uniformly accelerated motion, the set of i e es un 7 equations thot used 10 describe such motion is given by the kinematic equations: v, =v, tat 4} 1 As=ve+ Fatt vi evi +2a (As) where v, and v, are the initial and final velocities of the object, respectively, a is the constant acceleration of the ‘object, As is the displacement of the object and ¢ is the fine interval where the motion takes place. GO ONLINE] @ , http://www.funderstanding.com/slg/coaster/ http://bit.ly/1b6THIT http://bit.ly/1fGITgL http://bit.ly/tic6ul5 http://bit.ly/1eLQnZU http://bit.ly/1lluMkS ‘Scanned with CamSeannerN Challenge tc n e r A Choote the letter of the best answer, Write your answer on the ling boto, number fe omy 1 A change in position relative to a frame of reference is _ 4) acceleration c) speed — b) displacement d) velocity ___. 2. Velocity is speed ond ___.. a) acceleration c} distance b) direction d) motion _____ 3. An 18 cm/h north is an example of a) acceleration c) speed b) displacement d) velocity 4. You travel to a city 200 km away in 2.5 hours. What is your speed in km/h? Veragg a) 12.5 km/h c) 180 km/h b) 80 km/h d) 500 km/h For numbers 5 and 6, consider the figure below. Os Is 2s 3s) as —— 5. During which time period is the ball’s average speed the fastest? a) Between 0 and 1 s b) Between 1 and 2s cc) Between 2 and 3s d) Between 3 and 4 s 6. What is the average speed of the ball? 0) 0.7 m/s c) 1 m/s b) 0.8 m/s d) 10 m/s ‘Scanned with CamSeannery for numbers 7 and 8, a cq) Slats from rest and after 3.0 seconds moves with locity oF 20.0 m/s along a Straight course, 4 is : 7. What is the acceleration of th e — a) 1.55 m/s? ny eure ‘consent b) 4.20 m/s? d) 8.29 we 8. What isthe velocity ofthe car after the fst 2.00 seconds of its motion? — 3.10 m/s a) 3.10 m/s ¢) 13.3 m/s b) 8.40 m/s d) 249 m/s 9. Which of the following Corresponds to a car at rest? — a) b) ¢} d) yl {| Z| i i 3 5 ‘Time Time Time Tame __10. wid the following Corresponds to a car moving at a constant a) b) <) d) q q i : ij i a = 2 a Time Time uD te 8. Answer the following questions. 1. Describe the measurements necessary to find the average speed of a moving train. 2. Describe three ways in which an object can undergo acceleration. Provide two examples for each. aw104a Scanned with ComScanner=” 2 Explain why knowing the velocity of an airplane is more importany lo raveller than knowing its § : 4. Exploin why your velocity changes when you ride a Ferts wheel even fy, wheel turns at a constant speed. 5. The following graphs describe the motion of four different trains (A, B, C. ‘ond D). Using each graph, describe the motion of each train, van 3 ¥ 2 3 z 3 3 al 4| 3 3| Time Time Time Tine A. B. c D. C. Solve the following problems. 1. A bus which is travelling along the highway uniformly increases its velocity from 50 km/h to 80 km/h in 20 minutes, Find the— a) average speed in m/s. ‘Scanned with CamSeanner4) acceleration in m/s, ¢} tote stance travelled, 9, An LRT] train stopped at Vito Cruz Station at 10:00 AM and travels toward United Nations Avenue Station with 2-minute stops at Quirino Avenue and Pedro Gil Stations. IF he average velocity of the train is 45 km/hr from station fo station, at what time will the train reach Quirino Avenue, Pedro Gil, and United Nations Avenue Stations, respectively? Graph the whole trip using a distance-time graph. Assume that the train travels in a constant velocity in between stations ‘and stations are along a straight path. The separation between stations is 800 m. ‘Scanned with CamSeanner Feet 1. cot | eenae ae OddS&ENUS Making the Connection - Space Science A space shuttle is a specialized spacecraft operated Aeronautics and Space Administration or NASA. It carries pe hed Us Ne es astonau's) into space to perform various tasks and experiments” Pah kaon satellites f0 space so that they can orbit Earth and carries large cargo th aes "ake, Ont My ports to build the International Space Station. lat AA spoce shutle is ahvays launched into orbit in th — rotation that is eastword. This takes the rotational velocty st yiena Of the Bony 1500 kph East This adds tothe velocity of the shutle erfore at being ot reach space than if it had to overcome Earth's rotational velocity on oes alg mn, 196 Scanned with CemScannerwaves all waves travel, like the waves in the a s in the ocean ara? family outing, or a human wave datng oepesevert Moreover, you associate this word ffm communicating with one another, just like . hond wave f ese, among many others, ore te ‘of the concrete everyday experience with ove’: In this chapter, you will use these concepts to describe waves in physics. You shall and their properties and interaction with eacl investigate how they are produced, other. Let’s 4 GetStarted! Activity 2.1 - Water Waves | Materials Needed | basin a marble | water «@ Ping-Pong ball Scanned with CamScanners Fill the hall of the basin with water. Place the Ping-Pong ball between the center and at any edge of te . e Woit for a few minutes to allow the water to settle, in 4. Then drop the marble at the middle of the basin Guide Questions 1. Whot happened to the water after the marble was droppede = Ih the activity, when the pebble hits the water, its energy was transferred jy water making the water to ripple continuously. This means that waves are py he wien o source of energy cuss 0 medium to vb. The roles nage energy of the pebble up to the edge of the basin. This shows that waves, in this ripples in the water, isa disturbance that can travel in a medium, whick i 1. These are the two basic properties of waves, which are common to all waves. In short, a wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from place to plac The material through which a wave travels is called a medium. Gases (oi ue (water), and solids (rope and spring) all act as media, Waves that require a medium to propagate are called mechanical waves However, there are also waves that do not require a medium to Propagate and they are called electromagnetic waves. Sometimes called EM radiation, this ype of wave has “waving” electromagnetic fields (a combination of electric and ‘magnetic fields). Visible ight, Xrays, radio waves, and microwaves are some of he resp of this type of wave, ) 3 Activity 2.2 - The Slinky Spring Materials Needed slinky spring small ribbon of any color ‘Scanned with CamScannerpoooore fot F Tie a small ribbon at the center of the 5 + of the point in the spring, Held one end of the spring and have one of your classmates hold the other end. tch the spring along the flo i sre ae 9 or by moving about 3 steps away from your Give it a quick jerk sideward, pring. This will sorve as a representative Notice the consequent movement of the spring. 4. Give the spring a quicker jerk and notice what happens. Hold again the end of the spring with your classmate and stretch it. Then compress about 5 of its loops. Release the compressed part. (NOTE: Do not release the whole spring!) Notice the consequent movement of the spring. wrens ;, Compress 5 more springs and release them. 6. Notice what the changes are in the spring’s motion. Guide Question Differentiate each movement of the spring, What changes occurred when you ieled the spring more quickly or compressed it a little bit more? wy. Scanned with ComScanner_ ™ aa ves according to Particle Movement rst part of Activity 2.2, the ribbon moved up and doy itt Wadled from your end to the other end of the spring The SS the oetalled a transverse wave, where the points in the wave Tove pee of we to the direction of the movement of the wave (Figure 2.1). As you sen, in end some patts of the spring are very high while some are very low, The highs’ cy the wave are called crests, and the lowest parts are called troughs 2" Pa, : Figure 2.1. A transverse wave in a spring Onthe ther hand, when he end ofthe spring was compressed and the compressed part seemed to travel from your end to the other i ad called a longitudinal wave. inthis type ofo wave, the ponte diecion ofthe motion ofthe wave causing regione of compresnene Polling! [Figure 2.2). Moreover, the regions of compression represent he sn eacg® while the regions of rarefaction represent the rough ofthe mar 2! Of he wa Compression hen re his yet <—P Figure 2.2 A longitudinal wave in a spring |n Activity 2.1, you noticed that the Ping-Pong ball moved up and down and a little to the left and to the right. This means that the water wave is a combination of a transverse and longitudinal waves. Such waves are called surface waves, where it occurs at the boundary between two different mediums, such as in this case—water and air. The particles in the surface wave move both perpendicularly and parallel to the direction that the wave travels (Figure 2.3). Figure 2.3 Movement of a ball on @ water wave Scanned with CamScannercharacteristics of a y characteristics of a Wave AMPLITUDE 13° de of F Amplitu Je of a wave is the maxi tying the wave move cowy fer fy distance that the particles of the medivm iiyde is described as the mash id rest position, From water waves, the Woy the surface level of calm imum distance tha © water particle moves above s discussed earlier, waves fredivm moves os i ‘ilbrates, the produced by vibrating object. That is, the farther the Jo cause an object to vibrate, thee the amplitude of the wave, Since energy energy the wave carries, » the amplitude of a wave is a direct measure + transverse waves, the ampli -_ the maximum distance the pice : num di medium ies from it resting position, To get mplitude of a transverse wave, just ‘comp! : re the distance between the crest or col on? ‘be 4/ st eos nd the rest position, roms i Bp the other hand, the ompliud Figure 2.4 The amplitude, crest and trough of represented by the magnitude of o ronseere wee ghampitade longtucinal sae compression OF rarefaction of the or his means thot a high-amplitvde edi neateinal wave i represented By vty compressed compressions or very loose rorefactions. This corresponds to high bet oe and low troughs. Tovanpitsrgtatrt eae Figure 2.5. The difference between o high- ANTE NIRV. sapltdelngivinal wove pines ( H(i i i ) | } ongitudinal wave VW LV YW wl 2.3.2 WAVELENGTH ‘Awave travels a certain d the two corresponding wave parts is crestsor troughs for transverse waves, waves are used 10 define the wavelen, 1e distance between {a). Conventionally, for longitudinal identify. istance before it starts to repeat. The s called the wavelength and compressions or rarefaction: igth of a wave since they are easy to (8) 4 ransverse wave isthe dlstnce from crest fo crest or any ts is the distance from compression to (A) Fe 2.6 (A) The woven oF longivlna woe coresponding points. (B) compression. 01 Scanned with ComScanner2.3.3 FREQUENCY AND PERIOD bor of complote waves th The frequency of the wave is the num| 7 certain pont ina ereh amount of time, For Tener ves, Krecvoncy Poy , measured by counting the number a pe or py tt 4 pou ough 7 A) i tain amount of time, If longitudinal waves , froqu in freoweed by counting the number of compressions oF rarofactions pe f oney it The SI unit of fis anh Unit of ie , Moyle 461 et hertz= 1 Me Tsecond So if Wwo waves pass you every second, then the frequency of the wave second or 2 hertz. Dt ho crests pass you in one second, the wave’ fe 8, only one hertz, Ths is because you need two crests oF Wo correspending peer, complete a wave. Thus, if three crests or troughs pass in front of you in one Oh 4, the frequency of the wave is 2 hertz, The unit hertz is named after jhe tend, scents Henrich Herz, who fist produced radio waves inn experimen cea The frequency of a wave depends on the amount of vibrations its source Since vibrations will depend on how much energy you exert to produce that gin of vibrations, the frequency of the wave will also depend on the energy the nt carries. In other words, you need to work harder or exert more energy ig waves with high frequencies than to create waves with low frequencies” “ed If you are to compute for the time it takes for a wave to com also known as the period of the wave 7, this can be determined b reciprocal of the frequency: iplete ong y just attingt a ie 2.3.4 WAVE SPEED The speed of the wave v is the travelled distance per unit of time, This cor be determined by measuring the distance a single point, Say a crest, a tro @ compression, or a rarefaction travels in a given amount of time. Since the time required to complete one cycle or wavelength is the period of the wave, you therefore say thatthe wave has travelled one full wavelength during this period Tha the speed of the wave becomes: < " a> the wave speed can be rewritten as: vey Wave velocity is the speed of a wave at a given direction. ‘Scanned with CamSeannernote that waves traval in diff gH te cn te ent velling rat of tho Wal at the same speed. If thy Yoni Pressure and al the samo fomparature mperal en the water Wave will travel gp ailfron son prassure of any other condition different mediums. Ina given wave Is constant, For instance, ifthe wave on. ec speed ol Arope ls Treg ts wavelength Is 10 cm, wee ang’ Na¥e has a frequency of 2.5 te s¥ quency of the wave? A Wave speed metre 5 wavelet see of 18 ns, What es Solution ven en 250 cm/s yetocm ctution: ising the equation v = Af determine pe frequency of the wave, ' 50 cm/s eve eSsts f*57 tem 8S" = Ske lanswer? ‘he frequency of the wave is 5 Hz, PROBLEM 2.3.2 SE If you notice that the distance} The distance between two troughs between two crests of the water ripples |of the water ripples is 3.0 cm and each Is20 cm and each crest approaches that| crest approaches that edge of the basin tdge of the basin every half a second, every one-third of a second, what is the lvhat is the frequency and speed of the| frequency and speed of the wave? Solution 205s Solution: X Based on the equation v= =, the Peed of the wave is: z SAO cm/s Scanned with ComScannerWhile the frequency {s determined by: Ja JN Laos) e20ne s 7 Answer: The speed of the wave Is 4.0 m/s and its frequency ts 2.0 Hz. Activity 2.3 = Waving Ropes Materials Needed two ropes (or a string) with different thickness Procedure Part A 1. Tie one end of the rope to a wall, 2. Stretch the rope by moving away from the fixed end, 3. Give the rope a quick jerk. Notice the wave as it hits the wall, ~ Tie the two ends of the two ropes. Tie the other end of the thicker rope to a wall, . Again, stretch the rope by moving away from the fixed end, + Give the thinner rope a quick jerk. Notice the wave as itis yo... thicker rope. S'S Wansited - Hold one end of the rope and ask your classmate to hold the other end. ~ While holding the rope, move away from your classmate so not sag, that the rope wi . Then move the roy Pe up and down once and note the amplitude ofthe voe you generated. . Ask your classmate to do the same with his end of the rope and take noted the amplitude of the wave he or she made. - With the same effort, you and your classmate move your ends up and dow with both starting upward. - Again, you and your classmate move the Tope up and down with you sot downward and your classmate upward, ‘Scanned with CamSeannertion i ques o" fens to the w What hopP Sves when they meet each other during stops 5 and 6? yiave Interactions We " rt i - arcused ol spade mets of a wave are amplitude, wavelength, Lf y, ; ~ Tese characteristics ch c ges 0 baer, 2 aillerent medium, another ween nae, whenever 2. wave w REFLECTION waves strike a barrier th =m penever the median af : ay, pots back. In other words, reflection woo SST Pagation of a wave changes suddenly. This it change in m um forbids the wave to pass through. For example, a wave t through @ string. When the wave reaches the barrier, the upward movement ‘ i sring is opposed by the barrier making an inverted wave. This is called ifthe incident wave is perpendicular the surface of a barrier, the reflected pe ‘bounced backwards. However, if a js incident at an angle with respect to barrier, the reflected wave is bounced ‘at the same angle. In short, the law of fon states that “The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection (0)”. (6) That is, co 8, = 8, Note that 8, and @, are measured from the line perpendicular to the surface, conmonly known as the normal. Figure 2.7 Snapshots of the reflection of a wave from a fixed end (A) Fone 28 (A) Water waves reflecting off « boundary (8) Law of rllection ‘Scanned with CamScanner7" ~~~— —s_ 2.4.2 RUPRACTION Imagine yoursell pushing @ P stiff As you move the cart, you ce usheart in a grocery store with ong sh suld notice that it is difficult to contre A “ aoe ihe nif wheel cont hin as fast as the other teal AS 4 osu tends to veer or swerve towards the side of the stiff wheel. Wavos aise t direction whenever they enter a different medium, that is, @ medium 9 ag density. Whenever this happens, the incident wave is split up at the bound<, i JT ait roflected back while the remaining partis transmitted through th 9, Moreover, the reflected and transmitted waves have reduced am, a5 "Um may also have noticed that the speed of tho wave as it is transmitted is diffone’: Yo, the original wave. Since the wave came from a single source, the frequenciet ton hwo resuhing waves are the same. Thus, the wavelength of the transmitted «fhe also different: Also, the direction of the transmitted wave is Figure 29 fromthe direction of the incident wave unless the ance Sapehon of propagation is perpendicular to the boun, ‘ iFetigg ‘eating change in propagation direction or simply *p,',)tit in different of a wave is called refraction. This can be ding? medio observed in water basins with varying depth Clear, lakeshores and seashores. Y Such oy ki (8) igure 2.10 A) Refraction of water waves (8) The triangular part is shallower than the other pot 206 =] Scanned with ComScanneranes (USGS Photo by R. P, Hobiit, : waves (S waves), aves orive ata given location first because Pwel foster than S weaves. They are longitudinal te7"nat tend 10 shake the ground from side-to- won the other hand, though S waves travel - than P waves, they carry more energy than P on They are transverse in nature and shake the nd UP and down. Because they carry more gy than P waves, they're the ones that often ge roads, buildings, and other infrastructures, * 9 The seismic wa LA) ] Siri Waves recorded by a seismograph <\ dc) during the eruption of Moun Pinatebe intone 1991 Earthquakes creat ; 'e waves, called seismic waves, \ teat raved threugh Earth. There are two main types of S, primary waves (P waves) and secondary 143 DIFFRACTION seewith that of the obstacle. In Figure 2.11, two blocks are placed in a tank of water separated by a small yp As he water waves pass through the gap, the waves are bent around two tiges ond spread out. Diffracted ‘A Figure 2.11 Diffraction of water waves in barrier with ahole encounters an obstacle, the wave spreads around the obstacle. ction. The amount of diffraction is dependent on the relative sizes dite wave and the obstacle. If the wavelength of the wave is much smaller than the piocl, he wave will not bend much unlike when its wavelength is comparable in Obstacle ¥ Scanned with CamScanner e672 x: Becterrebeco Seemmeeenne or PIES_ . ves agnetic Wal as Heston" section 2.1, waves are disturbances that are used jo As discussed In i 10 Hanes ithout transferring matter. Mechan; hy ne to anolher withou! er from one pee ‘and sound waves, transfer energy through a medi such os water ‘eve do not require medium to propagate. Thus, sleet ry Set travel in an emply space at through matter oe 4 Prodvea (EM) wove’ cles that are in motion just like the Sun’s energy is transferred Py: charged particies I th h space. throug! aan is a transverse wave that is composed of tWo parts—the elect M he fields. These fields enable an electrically charged and/or and mognererience a force even without direct contact, The electric and na Fahne ‘of an electromagnetic wave vibrate perpendicular to each oft ‘ond are in phase. To produce these coupled waves, you must first review how thes felds are produced separately. ig Magnetic 2.5.1 GENERATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES If you may recal, electric fields are created by charged portcles. Magnes, fields, on the other hand, are produced by moving electric charges. For insene® electrons moving along a conductor are surrounded by magnetic fields, Thus, g moving charged particle is surrounded by an electric field and a magnetic field” When you shake a rope up and down, you produce a wave that moves awa from your hand. You can also do this with charged objects. As a charged object moves back and forth or up and down, it produces changing electric and Magnetic fields that move away from the vibrating charge in many directions, These changin, fields propagating in many directions form an EM field, 8 Figure 2.12 The vibrating motion of an electric charge produces an EM wave. One complete cycle of vibration produces one wavelength of a wave 2.5.2 PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ‘An EM wave has a frequency and a wavelength just like any other wave and it is dictated by the moving charged object that creates the EM wave. When the charge makes one complete vibration, one wavelength is created. The frequency ofan ecjromiognelc wave is the number of wavelengths that pass by a point ina second, The amount of energy that an EM wave carries is determined by the wove’ frequency. That is, the higher the frequency of the EM wave, the more energy it possesses, Scanned with ComScannerwaves travel through space at the s \ —M 92 458 (-3.00 x 108 moter j ame speed. In fact, they travel as x 997 ry space er vacuum alla ine second (about 186 282 miles per itd) oamplitude of the wave, eed of light is independent of both o #0 ofthis, astronomers conveni je yse ofthis owlong i Veniently oxpross distances using th dof light, measure how! ong igh travels rom ttothe observer Forexcmple, they allow pitt lokeltisoround 8 ight minutes away rom youor th star nearest Earth snd Centauri) i 3 lightyears away. So when the Sun and Proxima poe ; suddenly disappear, you will only realize it after 8 light-minutes and 4.3 fu : oer eat respectively. ig (A) 8) 219 Two of our closest stars: (A) The Sun and (B) Pr Paar es ‘t oway from the Earth, ) Proxima Centauri are 8 light-minutes and 4.3 The major types of electromagnetic waves according to increasing wavelength fo decreasing frequency) are gamma rays, Xrays, ultraviolet (UV) rays, visible igh, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves. These comprise the electromagnetic m, Notice that gamma rays have the highest frequencies and radio waves ove the lowest frequencies, which mean that the gamma rays are the most energetic af he electromagnetic waves and radio waves are the least energetic. This is why gonma rays are the most dangerous of them all while radio waves are the safest. Surfing Surfing is a surface water sport where a person rides long a board which is on the forward of a moving wave. The wave rider, also known as the surfer, is carried by the wave towards the shore. Waves generated by oceans are most suitable for surfing. This sport first originated in the Polynesian islands, including Hawaii, where they use crude panel that are made from tree trunks. It said that Captain Jomes Cook discovered this during one of his voyages in the Pacific in 1778. Garrett McNamara was considered to be the one who surfed the largest Wave at 23.8 meters at the Praia do Norte beach in Nazare, Portugal in November 1, 2011, This world record was officially included in the Guinness k of Worl ‘ Scanned with ComScannerate _—__ GD + error «0 raveling diturbonce where energy is being propagatay sec nncel waves require o medium of propagation while electrn weves do not , ‘ the distance between the highest point, col oe oneness +h, ond the riginol positon of he ween” °OMed crag othe distance between its crests or troughs is called o wavelength p) . period T is the time it takes for wave to travel a wavelength. I. The ts frequency (isthe reciprocal ofthe period and the speed of he ye, sveaf ly If the points in the wave move perpendicular to the direction of the ‘ is called Sieansverbe wave. While, if the points in the wave move poral ‘ direction of the wave, it is called a longitudinal wave. te Reflection happens when a travelling wave strikes a barrier COUSIN the we, to bounce off the barrier. on Refraction occurs when a wave is travelling through different media, some of its characteristics such as amplitude, wavelength, and speed changes. ita. bends if itis incident at an angle other than 90° with the boundary of the mado” media, Diffraction occurs when a wave bends around an obstacle in its path, Electromagnetic (EM) wave is a wave that consists of electric and fields thot move back and forth. EM waves can travel without the aid of o oat unlike mechanical waves. They are produced by moving charges. The EM spectrum comprises a wide range of EM waves whose Properties depend on the size of their wavelengths. It includes gamma rays, Xrays, ultraviole rays, visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio wave: GO ONLINE | . http://www.falstad.com/ripple/ + http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/wav/index.html © http://bit.ly/1jTGZIO © http://bit.ly/1q9CII1Z * http://1.usa,gov/LosQju3 * http://fla.st/1du9txy 210 ol Scanned with CamScannerE gatos o ter of tl yoose the letter of the best answor, Write Your answor on the line before each ot | |, Consider the wave bel * Gorecty labels the wencle a corresponding label. Which ete ‘ a) A dc b) 8 4D nae ub figure in #1. Which letter correctly labels the amplitude of a) A Qc b) B 4) D In the figure below, which of the followi Pan AB e following represents the length of SPAS a) wavelength c) 2/3 wavelength b) 1/2 wavelength d) 3/4 wavelength For a given medium, the frequency of a wave is a) independent of wavelength b) proportional to wavelength ¢) inversely proportional to wavelength d) proportional to the amplitude . IFthe frequency of a wave is maintained to be constant, how much should be its wavelength so that its speed is doubled? ¢) four times the original } the same as the original d) half the original b) double the original ae Scanned with CamScanner_—_" «teeta amin ga wet dag a) the some as the original ¢} four times the original b) double the original d) half the original > Whi i _— 7 Wh tenho ws oe tg, a} sound waves ¢) transverse waves b) longitudinal waves d) none of the above __ 8. Whot is the material through which mechanical waves travel a) chorged porttcles ¢) vacuum b) space d)_medium ___ 9. Whatis carried from particle to particle in a water wave? a) amplitude c) matter b) energy d) speed 10. wich af the following is NOT on example of an electomagns ) light ¢) radio wave b) microwave d) sound wave B. Answer the following questions. 1. Identify the medium for the following waves: o} ‘ripples b) the sound waves from a radio speakers ¢) seismic waves ‘Scanned with CamSeannerthree examples of w . Name i ‘aves thal do not require madivin to propagate 2 4 poscribe how the frequency and parlod are related, y have a long motal stick and a hammor, " ick 10 creato a longitudinal wave and a ce vou ae ¢, Solve tho following problems, 1, he wavelength of a wave is 2.5 cm and its frequency is 60 Hz. Determine the— a) speed of the wave. b} time it takes to complete one cycle. ‘Scanned with CamSeanneries in 4 seconds. IF 2. Tho crest of a wave passes a certain point 3 times in Fits avelng is 3m, what are the— a) frequency, b) period, and ¢} speed of the wave? OddS&ENdS Careers in Science - Seismologists People who study the beginning and propagation of seismic waves in geologica| materials are called seismologists. The geological materials that they study can range from a laboratory sample to the Earth as a whole, from Earth’s surface to its core. Their work intends to interpret the composition and structures of the Earth. In the case of earthquakes, seismologists determine its source and assess the possible risks This is to lessen their impact through the improvement of construction standards and determination of high-danger area prone fo earthquakes. Do you know what college degree do seismologiss usually take? Do you know any of them? Scanned with ComScannerRS tb gound and Its weneies oo characteristics ; com — # LEANING Nba wot ie a (ifraonc, abl, a \ V . products. le in diff 7 People in erent cultures consider music as part of their lives. Music, asusedby | many a8 a way of expressing their feel ions, i me silence and sound. ings and emotions, is an art form, combining In this section, you will learn apleasing sound such as music, the basics of sound and how itis produced to create Let’s GetStarted! Activity 3.1 - Sound in Water Materials Needed tuning fork of different sizes bow! with water Procedure - Filla bowl with water. . Tap a tuning fork against the sole of your shoe. 2 {A . Place the tip of one of the prongs near the water. What do you see? . Top the tuning fork again. Predict what will happen when you hold it near your ear. What do you hear? Scanned with CemScannerGuide Questions ‘ 7 1. How do you think your observations are related to the sound you hear Ga Nature of Sound ted ind of listening to a musical band? Are you familiar with the S0un fheiindnone pede! When you listen to your favorite band, you hear difer sounds such as the beat of the drum, the strum from guitar strings, and the voi, the vocalist. You can identify one sound from another. You can easily ising is, which one is of good quality and which one is not. But how are sounds prodyeon cand how is it used in communication? What happens when sound reaches our ears What are the properties of sound that make us distinguish one from the other? Try to strike the prongs of a tuning fork against a table and bring it near sx. As you wold fides ead ric duced de 8 continuous movemen cfg, prongs of the tuning fork. You hear a sound caused by the vibration of the prong, Sound is produced in the same way as when a drummer hits a drum, the head of the drum vibrates up and down. When an object vibrates, such as in drum head, it exerts a force on the air above, When the drum head moves towards the air on top of it, it pushes the air molecules closer together. The resulting denser region is called a compression. And when the drum head moves away from the air on top of it, it pulls the air making a less dense region called a rarefaction. When this motion repeats back and forth Continuously, @ series of compressions and rarefactions called sound waves is created. Figure 3.1. The production of sound waves from striking a drum head Moreover, the molecules that move back and forth cause the nearby molecules fo move back and forth also. In this way, energy is transferred from one place to another. Sound travels in a form of longitudinal waves, that is, vibrations of the porticles | of the medium are along the direction of the wave motion, in which energy is carried | like all other waves do. And like all other waves, a sound wave can be character Scanned with ComScannervelength and frequen, its Wo jetweon Iwo ¥. The wavelengil Point thot hove tho sate desire he ee sg nce DE Gin defined as the number of fal Der of compressis wor? i one second. An object that bates oF rarefactions that pass in a given “0 e - Reretacton /-—Wertegt —J een Compressions and rarefactions in a sound wave ctivity 3.2 - Ampli plitud, es le and Loudness Mi guitor dure Hold a string near the middle. Pull it about Y2 cm to one side. (This represents the amplitude of vibration) Let it go. Observe. Repeat Step 2 four more times. Each ti i repeat Sep 2 ime, pull the string back a greater 5, Repeat the whole process using a different string. Observe. 1. 2. 3. 4 Guide Questions 1, How far does the string move to the other side of the string when you let it ‘ go? 2, How does the sound change each time you pull the string at a different distance? 3, What effect did changing the amplitude have on the sound? 4, How does changing the string affect the sound produced? ‘Scanned with CamSeanner