Skeletal and Muscular System

List down the importance or

function of the skeletal system.
What are the 5 Functions
of the Skeletal System? 1. Movement: Skeletal system
Muscle attached to bones!! provides points of
attachment for muscles.
Your legs and arms move
when the muscles pull on
the bones.

2. Support: The backbone is

the main support center for
the upper body. It holds your
head up and protects your
spinal cord.
 What are the 5 3. Protection: The bones of
Functions of the your skull protect your
brain. Your ribs protect
Skeletal System? your lungs and heart from
injury.

4. Makes Blood: Red and

white blood cells are
formed by tissue called
marrow, which is in the
center of the bone.
 What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?
5. Storage: Bones store
minerals, such as
calcium and phosphorus,
for use by the body
A tendon is a band of tissue that
connects muscle to bone.
A ligament that connects bone to
bone and provides stability to the
joint.
Cartilage is a soft, gel-like padding between
bones that protects joints and facilitates
movement.
 What are the Two
Major Skeletal System ► Axial Skeleton: The axial
skeleton includes the
Parts? skull, spine, ribs and
sternum.

► Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton
includes the appendages
of the body, which are the
shoulders, arms, hips, and
legs.
What are the
Basic Bone ► Four basic bone shapes:
Shapes? ▪ 1. Long- arms, legs and
fingers
▪ 2. Short- wrist and ankles
▪ 3. Flat- skull and sternum
▪ 4. Irregular- spine
 Bones of the Human Body
∙ The skeleton has 206 bones
∙ Two basic types of bone tissue
∙ Compact bone
∙ Homogeneous
∙ Spongy bone
∙ Small needle-like
Figure 5.2b

pieces of bone
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Bones are classified by their shape:
1. Long- bones are longer than they
are wide (arms, legs)
2. Short- usually square in shape,
cube like (wrist, ankle)
3. Flat- flat , curved (skull, Sternum)
4. Irregular- odd shapes (vertebrae,
pelvis)
 Identify the pictures of the bones of
the next slides whether they are long,
flat , irregular or short bones.
Sternum
Vertebrae
Cranium
Tarsals
 Classification of Bones on the Basis of
Shape

Figure 5.1

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

What is the Structure ► Typical Four Layers:
of Bone? ▪ Periosteum: Covers
Bones
▪ Compact Bone: Lies
beneath the
periosteum
▪ Spongy Bone: Lies
beneath the compact
bone
▪ Bone Marrow: Fills
the gaps between the
spongy bone
 ▪ Bones are complex living
What is the structures that undergo
Structure of Bone? growth and development.
▪ A thin tough outer
membrane covers the
bone.
▪ Beneath the outer
membrane is a layer of
compact bone (hard
and dense, but not solid
– it is filled with holes
and has small canals for
blood vessels and
nerves).
What is the
▪ Inside the compact
Structure of bone is a layer of
Bone? spongy bone.
▪ It has many small
spaces, is light
weight, but strong.
▪ Spongy bone is
also found at the
ends of bones.
What is the ▪ In the spaces of many
Structure of bones there is a soft
connective tissue called
Bone? marrow.
▪ Two types of Marrow:
► Red
► Yellow
▪ Red Marrow
produces most of
the body’s blood
cells.
▪ Yellow Marrow
stores fat that can
serve as an energy
reserve.
How Strong are ▪ The structure of
Bones? bones make it
both strong and
light weight.
▪ 20 % of an adults
body weight is
bone.
▪ Bone is made up
of 2 minerals:
► Calcium
 ▪ As an infant, most of your
How Do Bones skeleton is cartilage.
Develop?
▪ Cartilage is a strong
flexible tissue.

▪ Over time the cartilage is

replaced by solid bone,
usually complete by the
time you stop growing.

▪ Not all cartilage is

replaced in adults. Many
 Clavicle or Collarbone
► The clavicle, or collar
bone, holds the
shoulder joint away
from the rest of the
upper body and is only
as thick as your little
finger.
 Scapula
► The scapula is located
on the back side of the
ribcage and helps
provide part of the
shoulder joint and
movement for the
arms.
 Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord
1) The cervical region (neck bones)

2) The thorasic region (what the ribs

attach to)

3) The lumbar region (the lower part of

the back)
Coccyx and Sacrum
Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)
 Radius and Ulna
► Radius on Top

► Ulna on Bottom
Carpals or (Wrist Bones)
Metacarpals (Top of Hands)
Phalanges (Little Fingers)
Rib Cage
Sternum (Breastbone)
Pelvis
 Femur
(Largest Bone in the Body)
The Tibia and Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
What are • A joint is a place where
two bones come
Joints? together.

• Joints allow the bones

to move in different
ways.

• Two types of joints:

• Immovable
• Movable
 What are •A joint that
Immovable allows little or
Joints? no movement
 • Most of the joint are
What are movable joints.
• Allow the body to move in a
Movable Joints? wide range of movements.
• Bones in movable joints are
held together by strong
connective tissue called
ligaments.
• Four types of movable joints:
• Hinge
• Ball-and-socket
• Pivot
• Gliding
 ► Round end of bone
What is a fitting snuggly within
Ball-and-Socket another bone.
Joint? ▪ Ex. Shoulder and
Hip
► Allows the greatest
range of motion.
▪ The ball-and-socket
joint allows you to
swing your arm
freely in a circle.
 ► Movement in one
What is a direction like a door.
Hinge Joint? ▪ Ex. Knee and Elbow
► Allows forward or
backward motion.
 ► Bone resting atop
What is a Pivot another bone permitting
free movement.
Joint? ▪ Ex. Neck, Wrist and
Ankles
► Allows one bone to
rotate around another.
▪ Allows you to turn your
head
What is a Gliding ► Allows one bone to
Joint? slide over another.
▪ Ex. Knuckles,
wrist, ankle
► Allows your to
bend and flex as
well as make
limited side to side
motions.
What is a ► Connects bone to
bone.
Ligament?
What is a ► Attaches
muscles to
Tendon?
bones.
 Types of Joints
Hinge- A hinge joint allows extension and
retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Knee)
Ball and Socket- A ball and socket joint
allows for radial movement in almost
any direction. They are found in the hips
and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)
Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones
slide past each other. Mid-carpal and
mid-tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands,
Feet)
Saddle- This type of joint occurs when the
touching surfaces of two bones have
both concave and convex regions with
the shapes of the two bones
complementing one other and allowing a
wide range of movement. (Thumb)
Differentiate cartilage, tendon
and ligaments.
 What are the types of joints?
Give an example for each type.
► Women who drank three glasses of milk or more
every day had a nearly doubled risk of death and
cardiovascular disease, and a 44 percent increased
risk of cancer compared to women who drank less
than one glass per day, the researchers found.
► Men's overall risk of death increased about 10
percent when they drank three or more glasses of
milk daily, said the study, published online Oct. 28
in BMJ.
► In addition, excessive milk drinking appeared to
actually increase a woman's risk of broken bones,
compared with women who drank little milk.
► The risk of any bone fracture increased 16 percent
in women who drank three or more glasses daily,
and the risk of a broken hip increased 60 percent,
the findings indicated.
► Lots of milk did not appear to either protect
against or promote broken bones in men.
Diseases and Conditions
of the Skeletal System
Arthritis
 Tendonitis
► Sometimes the tendons become inflamed for a
variety of reasons, and the action of pulling the
muscle becomes irritating. If the normal smooth
gliding motion of your tendon is impaired, the
tendon will become inflamed and movement will
become painful. This is called tendonitis, and
literally means inflammation of the tendon.
► The most common cause of tendonitis is
overuse.
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
► Any condition that causes swelling or a
change in position of the tissue within
the carpal tunnel can squeeze and
irritate the median nerve. Irritation of
the median nerve in this manner causes
tingling and numbness of the thumb,
index, and the middle fingers, a
condition known as "carpal tunnel
syndrome."
 Osteoporosis
► Osteoporosis is a term that means "porous
bones." It is a skeletal disease affecting women
and men. Osteoporosis is a condition in which
bones have lost minerals especially
calciumﾑmaking them weaker, more brittle, and
susceptible to fractures (broken bones). Any bone
in the body can be affected by osteoporosis, but
the most common places where fractures occur
are the back (spine), hips, and wrists.
 Scoliosis
► Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine.
If your child has scoliosis, the view from behind
may reveal one or more abnormal
curves.Scoliosis runs in families, but doctors
often don't know the cause. More girls than boys
have severe scoliosis. Adult scoliosis may be a
worsening of a condition that began in
childhood, but wasn't diagnosed or treated. In
other cases, scoliosis may result from a
degenerative joint condition in the spine.
 Rickets
► Rickets is the softening and weakening
of bones in children, usually because of
an extreme and prolonged vitamin D
deficiency.
► Some skeletal deformities caused by
rickets may need corrective surgery.
 Scurvy
► The human body lacks the ability to
synthesize and make vitamin C and therefore
depends on exogenous dietary sources to
meet vitamin C needs. Consumption of fruits
and vegetables or diets fortified with vitamin
C are essential to avoid ascorbic acid
deficiency. Even though scurvy is uncommon,
it still occurs and can affect adults and
children who have chronic dietary vitamin C
deficiency.
 Gout
► Gout is a disease that results from an overload of
uric acid in the body. This overload of uric acid leads
to the formation of tiny crystals of urate that deposit
in tissues of the body, especially the joints. When
crystals form in the joints it causes recurring attacks
of joint inflammation (arthritis). Chronic gout can also
lead to deposits of hard lumps of uric acid in and
around the joints and may cause joint destruction,
decreased kidney function, and kidney stones.
 Acromegaly
► Acromegaly is a serious condition that occurs when the
body produces too much of the hormones that control
growth. ･The hormone most often affected is called growth
hormone, or GH. Itﾊis produced by the pituitary gland, a tiny
organ at the base of the brain.･･Growth hormone promotes
growth of bone, cartilage, muscle, organs, and other
tissues.When there is too much growth hormone in the body,
these tissues grow larger than normal. This excessive
growth can cause serious disease and even premature
death. (Giants Disease)
 Spina Bifida
► Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves the incomplete
development of the spinal cord or its coverings. The term
spina bifida comes from Latin and literally means "split" or
"open" spine.Spina bifida occurs at the end of the first
month of pregnancy when the two sides of theﾊembryo's
spine fail to join together, leaving an open area. In some
cases, the spinal cord or other membranes may push
through this opening in the back. The condition usually
isﾊdetected before a baby is born and treated right away.
 Talipes Equinovarus- “Clubfoot”
► Clubfoot is a deformity of the whole foot that is
present at birth. There are several types of
clubfoot that are jointly known as 'talipes', as
the deformity is mostly in the talus (a bone in
the ankle). The most common of the talipes is
what is known as "talipes equino varus" - it is
so common that the word clubfoot is commonly
used to refer to this. In talipes equino varus, the
child is born with the foot pointing down and
twisted inwards at the ankle.