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24Jan2022 TERN EXAN- HISTORY ARTS STO

Rotln0: 1S

A)
The treek histoian (o) Herodotus is saiol to be tHe Fother of

nodlern historiography

Ariana is the cc Persian variation of the Greek name

Ariane

8: Permanent vilages offarmers were frst established in

Maharashtro by6jNalwa people

ncorrect: Gol

2 Sh Ineorrect: ShravaSE

3 Incorrect: Ahichchalatra

A)
The fifth 1argest Haappan ci Dhalovira.

A text that gives the rules of reeietinq montros

in a musico Porm: gamavedlo
B
T h e adminis tratire System of the jonpodas Could
beflexible as_d) the objectives, poticiesoanol nermS
Of the socicl orqonisoabion etc. accomodate h e
Changing Sociogeogvaphic mitie

2 Mesolithic peoplee began to stoy in Mesopotamia

because.of a) the avoilibility of ample woter

A Later Veclie Brahamana

Literctuc i t e r a t u r e.

ANCIENT aTERATURE
Mahaabhorot MENTONING Bucdolhist
TANAPAD iteroture.

Join ieroture Puranic texts

B
EARLYVEDIC LwLTURE
TRIBESs DASHRADNYA MEANS oF LIVELIHoo PETIES
9UPPHAA

Purcu, Anu, Batte fougki Agicuulbure, Ashwin, Indra, .

adu, amongst animol husbanory Pusnan
Drumqu ten tribal Carpenbers, varn

chiefs ehoriot mekers

 h e reg1on af the valeys o f Sindlhu and Sarcs woti is ndw

olividled between Inoua and Pakistan

The archaelogical excavations a t arropa an the banks
f Koui in Punijab and moherjo Daro on me banks of

inolhu in Sindh ,inoicate h e exis tance of a fuuy evelopeo

CAVilisaton in the Indian Subeontinet which is doteo2
to 3oO B.CE
necithic
hrough a number of arehaelogical Sites of
it has been pmven that there wee nselsetted
illages,
viilageS in tne Indian Subcontinent as early as 2000B
schoors t r a t
There is a qeneral consenses amonqst
eoLed
these vilages nvere bose from which _Harapan ciHe3
hese
B a r l eO S h e Olncep arown by farmersin
o n asmauer
villagesThough heot asaLso aoNn
were he s t
Scoue The farmers in theseviuages
farmers of the Indian fubcentinent They had sheep
and goat and irec in muc houses
The arohoelogical i t e at Mehrqrah, hos proriolead exidence
of coptinuous human occupoion from neelithic Hmes
to the rise of Harrapan civilisation.

t h e banks of river Rver Rawi

Harappa is situateo
on
4
in District Sehiwal in Punjob, Pakistan
has spreod on ISO hectores
The ancient site of Harrapa
in 1926, reveole d
The excavation by 9ir Morimer Wheel er
h e race of the fortification r a l l around the citade

of Harrapa

PTO)
 was

The first setiement of Early Harapan period

to
establishec anound 3300 B c:E It evolved
CC
the Urban_Harmpan phase around 26OO B
B.C:G -
t its peak durinq 24S0- 900
reached
began
Around 1900 B:cE so me oternal changes
fo appear in Hhe ciHesThis is the time of Lake
Horapan civiliscution afrer which inolicates

the olecline of t h e Harrapan civilisaMon

B)
3 The.centre of he Harappan_civilisation at lothcu
Was situated near the quf ofE kuteh, in aujrat,
30kilometres_anay from Ahemalabad-
Lothal nas establisbed on the banks of therrer

Bhogac
The presence Of plotforms buèlt for Stauus,awarebouse
ana the dack.conficmthat.Lotbol nwas.an importanE
Harrapan port and tmoling centf
The arcbitecture of he olock at Lathal isan exanmple
of the exceuent ergineerirg abiuties of the ancient people

4 The chariot-makers Rathakara and corpenters

Takshan vereartis.oans of impartance
A Rathkaa was Supposed to have a goool krowledge

of carpentry boo
The carpenters usecl 4o make.otoccle utensile,
Cquipments necessany for performinqthe sacrifictau
rituaus and other objects of domestic utili
The Riqvecla mentions boots with hundrec oars
whieh effer a qlimpse of the skills of the carpenters
of that ime
2.The Belathal people obtoined copper from the
Kheri mines in
Rajasthcn
They knethe technoloqy af smeHng coppe
Itseems thot Bouothal was h e source fartne
Harropans to obtain
cepper ano copper objects

:The mesoiithic people gtarted to domesticate variouS

Plants and animous through uose observotion Of *A notu
resulting in theriae of tme Neolithic Ae
CutivaHon and pastorauism became a nway Of ife
for neolithic pesple, cndinq the namacic andsemi- nomacic
waysef Life
Setled illages came into beingauong with 3ystemaic
a i c u t u r e Beggining of ogricutture and rise of seled
vllagesare twa phenomena ineitably linked with eoch
Oher
The progress in the techniques of systematic cuutivotion
resulked intne rige of the.ancient riyer vauey cirilisotiorg
Thetransitian of humanity fromnomodic hunter-qoth erers
to Settied Parmers and postors was
guotsiasd oroawr
ver
prolo nged period
Durina the period, ne_deelopment of new technelagay
ond olifferert methools of ogncultun brought o ut
a raoical okangeln the.
way of ife

CPTO>)
 intoUHarg
Panchala wos divided
9Themahajanpadla of Csouth) panchala>
anopOkshina
CNorHa)Panchcla
Bhaoirothiwas the natumL boundry fhat
lherier
olvided the mahajanapocla
woS.
Ahichchhatm the capitol a¬ Uttar panchoala
ocatea near the village of Romnogar, d i s i o
Bareillyutar Pradesh
Kampilya, present-day kampil in the Farukhabad
Dakshing
Oistriot of UttarProclesh, wos the copital of
Pancho
The mohojarapodas of Kuru ord Parchal a f e n

fought for supremacy

Betholvisiong of Panchal maaanogod weremonanchies
inthe beaginingnhich turned into a sangnamjua
t a teuer dote

Alexanoder invacled he Iaolian Subcontinent and

conquerec_some kingdoms rom Afahanistan
toSindh-Punjab
Alexander became king of _Macedonia in 334 B:CE
He oefectecd empereo Decusn l i n 3318 CE
After hot he oarchec t o the shistan proxince

Of lon-Ond fororm there he laent o kobul

After conquerlnq the regian under Kabul he reachec
t e tindukush mountains After h a t be woitec
Ot aploce caumed_Nicoea
Ambhiwelcomed Alexonder and Nanteol To 6e
friends i t h him and another king caued

Shashiguupta surrendlered o Alexancler

Howevernot aL Indian kings Surrerdered to Alearder
so easil
Many faught xrith great valour. Alexander
Cenquered amost a tingdoms in kobuu, Sirdh and Punpb.
Alexander and king Porus confronted each other on the
banks of. River Jheluo where there was a fiere baatHe

between them
Porus dhd was alefeated but Alexander and his army
s
Anas 9ealtiy influencedby his voLour. The greeks were

chaleged to penetrate the fileof elephonts

Greek historians have untunimoust y proised theskill of Porus
in wafore and hiscOurogee
After the confrontotion with Posus, Alexander reochec
Nysa, oa greek seHement People of Nysainitauy resisted
Alexander but later welcomecl kim
After, Alexander proceded in the olirection of Cherab and Ro
he conquered h e kinqaoms on
the nay and reached banks
of BesS
But b that time Alexcandlerns ololiers had 1ost spict
ond refusec to march foarol
forcng Alexarcler
to retum

Beforereturnina to Creece Alexander handed o ver

the regions
in Punjob to Poru those in
Sirdh to Ambhj
and the kingcdam
of kashmic torbhisora, king of6
On his
way back he
Vorvanti
deafeated the shibis and Mauas ano
ap pointed Qreeh
satropS in est of tEhe regions
Alexander diecd in Botlon In 325
6 E on his
ny
ack to Greece