1) 

Amendment:  an alteration of one or a few specific provisions of the Constitution.  Its main
purpose is to improve specific provisions of the Constitution.  The changes brought about by
amendments will not affect the other provisions of the Constitution.

2) Revision:  An examination of the entire Constitution to determine how and to what extent it
should be altered.  A revision implies substantive change, affecting the Constitution as a whole.

Constituent power v. Legislative power

1) Constituent power 
- - power to formulate a Constitution or to propose amendments to or revisions of the
Constitution and to ratify such proposal. 
- - exercised by Congress (by special constitutional conferment), by a
Constitutional Convention or Commission, by the people through initiative and
referendum, and ultimately by sovereign electorate
- - exercise of constituent power does not need the approval of the Chief
Executive
-
2) Legislative power 
- power to pass, repeal or amend or ordinary laws or statutes (as opposed to
organic law).
- an ordinary power of Congress and of the people, also through initiative and
referendum.
- ordinarily needs the approval of the Chief Executive, except when done by
people through initiative and referendum.

Three (3) steps necessary to give effect to amendments and revisions:

1) Proposal of amendments or revisions by the proper constituent assembly; (Congress as

ConAss, ConCon and people’s initiative)

2) Submission of the proposed amendments or revisions; and

3) Ratification

Proposal of amendments:

A. Congress, acting as a constituent assembly, by a 3/4 vote of all its members.

 The power of Congress to propose amendments is NOT part of its ordinary
legislative power.
 The only reason Congress can exercise such power is that the Constitution has
granted it such power.
B. Constitutional Convention:

1) How a Constitutional Convention may be called

a). Congress may call a ConCon by a 2/3 vote of all its members; or

b). By a majority vote of all its members, Congress may submit to the electorate the
question of whether to call a ConCon or not.

2) Choice of which constituent assembly (either Congress or ConCon) should initiate

amendments and revisions is left to the discretion of Congress.  In other words, it is a political
question.

3) BUT:  The manner of calling a ConCon is subject to judicial review, because the
Constitution has provided for vote requirements.

4) If Congress, acting as a constituent assembly, calls for a ConCon but does not provide the
details for the calling of such ConCon, Congress – exercising its ordinary legislative power –
may supply such details.  But in so doing, Congress (as legislature) should not transgress the
resolution of Congress acting as a constituent assemble.

5) Congress, as a constituent assembly and the ConCon have no power to appropriate money for
their expenses.  Money may be spent from the treasury only to pursuant to an appropriation made
by law.

C. People’s Initiative

1) Petition to propose such amendments must be signed be at least 12% of ALL

registered voters.

2) Every legislative district represented by at least 3% of the registered voters therein.

3) Limitation:

It cannot be exercised oftener than once every 5 years.

Note:

1)      While the substance of the proposals made by each type of constituent assembly is not
subject to judicial review, the manner the proposals are made is subject to judicial review.
2)      Since these constituent assemblies owe their existence to the Constitution, the courts may
determine whether the assembly has acted in accordance with the Constitution.

3)      Examples of justiciable issues:

a)       Whether a proposal was approved by the required number of votes in Congress
(acting as a constituent assembly).

b)       Whether the approved proposals were properly submitted to the people for
ratification.

Proposal of Revisions

1)      By Congress, upon a vote of 3/4 of its members

2)      By a constitutional convention

Ratification
1)      Amendments and revisions proposed by Congress and/or by a ConCon:

a)      Valid when ratified by a MAJORITY of votes cast in a plebiscite.

b)      Plebiscite is held not earlier than 60 days nor later than 90 days from the approval
of such amendments or revisions.

2)      Amendments proposed by the people via initiative:   

a)      Valid when ratified by a MAJORITY of votes cast in a plebiscite.

b)      Plebiscite is held not earlier than 60 days nor later than 90 days after the
certification by COMELEC of the petition’s sufficiency

3)      Requisites of a valid ratification:

a)       Held in a plebiscite conducted under the election law;

b)       Supervised by the COMELEC; and

c)       Where only franchised voters (registered) voters take part.

4)      Issues regarding ratification:

a)      The Constitution does not require that amendments and revisions be submitted to the
people in a special election. Thus, they may be submitted for ratification simultaneously with a
general election.

b)      The determination of the conditions under which proposed amendments/revisions are
submitted to the people falls within the legislative sphere. That Congress could have done better
does not make the steps taken unconstitutional.

c)      All the proposed amendments/revisions made by the constituent assemblies must be
submitted for ratification in one single plebiscite. There cannot be a piece-meal ratification of
amendments/revisions.

d)      Presidential proclamation is NOT required for effectivity of amendments/revisions,

UNLESS the proposed amendments/revisions so provide.