 Data processing is the conversion of data into

usable and desired form.

 This conversion or “processing” is carried out
using a predefined sequence of operations either
manually or automatically.
 Most of the data processing is done by using
computers and thus done automatically.
 The output or “processed” data can be obtained
in different forms like image, graph, table,
vector file, audio, charts or any other desired
format depending on the software or method of
data processing used.
 In initial days, the records were stored in the
form of files.
 The way we stored in files is similar to
papers, in the form of flat files – to be
simpler, in notepad.
 All the files were grouped based on their
categories; file used to have only related
informations and each file is named properly.
 Separated and isolated data
 High data redundancy
 Program data interdependence
 Data inflexibility
 Atomicity problem
 Concurrent access problem
 Security problems
 Collection of similar kinds of data.
 To overcome the problems of flat file
processing system, database concept was
developed.
 For ex: Attendance Register, telephone
directory, Mark Ledger etc.
 Software used to input, edit, store, update,
process and manage database is called as
DBMS.
 Ex: Ms-Access, fox pro,
My SQL etc.
 Redundancy can be minimized
 Inconsistency can be avoided
 Data can be shared
 Secure
 Integrity can be maintained
 Provides multiple user interface
 Provides backup and recovery
 High initial investment cost
 Overhead for security, integrity and recovery.
 Regular Hardware and software maintenance
cost
 Cost for backup and recovery
 Entity Relationship Diagram, also known as
ERD, ER Diagram or ER model, is a type of
structural diagram for use in database
design.
 An ERD contains different symbols and
connectors that visualize two important
information: The major entities within the
system scope, and the inter-relationships
among these entities.
 An ER Diagram contains entity attribute and
relationship.
 Entity is a definable thing or concept within
a system.
 It is an object or concept about which we
want to store information.
 It is represented by rectangles.
 Actions, which are represented by diamond
shapes
 show how two entities share information in
the database.
 Attributes are represented by ovals.
 A key attribute is the unique, distinguishing
characteristic of the entity.
 For example, an employee's social security
number might be the employee's key
attribute.
 Solidlines that connect attributes to show
the relationships of entities in the diagram.
 Alsoknown as PK
 a primary key is a special kind of entity
attribute that uniquely defines a record in a
database table
 Also known as FK
 a foreign key is a reference to a primary key
in table.
 It is used to identify the relationships
between entities.
 Stands for "Relational Database Management
System.
 An RDBMS is a DBMS designed specifically
for relational databases.
 A relational database refers to a database that
stores data in a structured format, using rows
and columns .
 It is "relational" because the values within
each table are related to each other.
 The relational structure makes it possible to
run queries across multiple tables at once.
 Examples: Oracle Database, MySQL, Microsoft
SQL Server, Ms-Access
 Form(To enter records)
 Table(To store records)
 Query( To retrieve information)
 Report(Formatted output)
 Text
 Number
 Auto Number
 Memo
 Yes/No
 Hyperlink
 Date/Time
 OLE object
 Lookup Wizard
 currency
 Hierarchical
– relationships between records
form a hierarchy or treelike structure

 Network – data can be accessed by one of

several paths because any data element or
record can be related to any number of other
data elements

 RelationalDatabase Structure- All data

elements within the database are viewed as
being stored in the form of simple tables
 Multidimensional Database Structure-
Variation of the relational model that uses
multidimensional structures to organize data
and express the relationships between data
 Object-Oriented Database Structure-
Can accommodate more complex data
types including graphics, pictures, voice
and text
 Data security refers to the process of protecting
data from unauthorized access and data
corruption throughout its lifecycle
 Organizations around the globe are investing
heavily in information technology (IT) cyber
security capabilities to protect their critical
assets.
 Whether an enterprise needs to protect a
brand, intellectual capital, and customer
information or provide controls for critical
infrastructure, the means for incident detection
and response to protecting organizational
interests have three common elements: people,
processes, and technology.
 Cloud data security – Protection platform
that allows you to move to the cloud
securely while protecting data in cloud
applications.
 Data encryption – Data-centric and
tokenization security solutions that protect
data across enterprise, cloud, mobile and big
data environments.
 Hardware security module -- Hardware
security module that guards financial data
and meets industry security and compliance
requirements.
 Key management -- Solution that protects
data and enables industry regulation
compliance.
 Enterprise Data Protection – Solution that
provides an end-to-end data-centric
approach to enterprise data protection.
 Mobile App Security- Protecting sensitive
data in native mobile apps while
safeguarding the data end-to-end.

 Web Browser Security- Protects sensitive
data captured at the browser, from the point
the customer enters cardholder or personal
data, and keeps it protected through the
ecosystem to the trusted host destination.
 eMail Security– Solution that provides end-to-
end encryption for email and mobile
messaging, keeping Personally Identifiable
Information and Personal Health Information
secure and private.
 Authentication
 Access control
 Backups & recovery
 Encryption
 Data Tokenization
 Deletions & erasure