2 tls TECHNOLOGY AND EXPLOSIVES FIRE ~ according to the dictionary is the active principle of burning or combustion, manifested by the evolution of light and heat. according to chemistry is a result of chemical reaction of the fucl (reducing agent) with certain elements as Oxygen of Chlorine. Three elements of fire: 1. Fuel (combustible materials * it | 2. Heat (high temperature) ' . Air ( Oxygen or other oxidizing agents such as Chlorine) * Tveiypes vf Gotbusuun in . i I+ Flaming combustion is associated with relative higher burning =, 4 in terms of heat energy released from the original | bond chemical cnergy per unil time. A 2. Glowing Combustion - is d condensed phase combustion. the | process is confined so that if appreciable pressure occurs is called i! and explosion, If the comby, Lion wave propogates at supersor ‘I speed, a shock front develops ahead of it to produce a-detonatign. |!) \ Combustion will continue ultily | : row if 1, The combustible materials aré corisumed of removed steal 2. ‘The oxidizing agent concentration is lowered to, below the coiiventation| i necessary to support the combustion } 3. The combustible material is cooled to below its igiiTion temperature .4, Flames are chemically inhibited: i ' lil Fuel or Combustible matcrial- the ihdst important part of fire triangle = if il! because itis the fuel that burns. i fj 4 eel fe i (au Combustible materials y i ‘| : 1. Solid combustible materials, rt a. awood and wood products (eX. Paper Lt b. Fibers and textiles Wepre pore yo 2. Liquid combustible materials | ' li a. Flammable liquids-any liquid having a flash'point below 37.8 oC. i b. Combustible liquids- any liquid having, flash point at or above 37.8} | x . 0 oe bya i i ' |. i i Scanned with CamScanner4 4 Hash point ~ the lowest temperature of the liquid at which enough volatilization will take place to produce an ignitable vapor near its surface. 3. Gases Classification of gas according to physical properties ' 41 Compressed gas- is one which at all normal atmospheric temperature | inside its container, exist solely in the gascous state under pressure b, Liquefied gas-is one in which at normal atmospheric temperature inside its cdntainer, exist partly in the gaseous state and partly in the | liquid state and under pressure as long as any liquid remains in the omainer | © Cryonenie gas- iva liquefied gas whieh exist in its container at | «temperature for below normal atmospherié temperature, usually i slighly above its boiling point and corresponding low (0 moderate ' pressure Classification of gas according {0 usage: . 4. Fuel gases- are Nammable gases customarily used Tor burning with air lo produce heat which in turn utilized as powers light, comfort and proceed vagal b. Industrial gases- gases for industrial processes as those.usediin welding and culling (acetylene); refrigeration ( freon, ammonitt, sulfur dioxide; chemical processing (hydrogen, nitrogen, ammoniag chlorine); water treatment (chlorine and, fluorine). Medical gases- are gases used for treatment guch as anesthesia (chloroforms, nitrous oxide) and respiratory therapy (oxygen). 4, Chemical « { | ii i 4 Combustible chemicals- ex, carbon black, lamblack, Jead thiocyqnate peroxide sulfides, sulfur anc naphthalene. | B .Oxidizing chemicals-, ex. Nitrates, nitrites, inorganic peroxides, chlorates, dichlorate, hypochlorites, perchlorates, permanganate. c. Unstable chemicals- are those undergo chemical change very readily ; on exposure to air, water, heat, shock or pressure. Ex, Acetaldehyde, cthylene oxide, hydrogen cyanide. 1 | Classification: , 4 | I Scanned with CamScanner { In 1 i itreactive chemicals: ex. Alhalty (caustics), anhydrides, hydrides, phosphorous and sodiun ii \ iuicals- are highly irritant that cause local destruction on Ving tissue. [:x. Inorganic acids, hydrochlore acid, nitric acid, cid, and surlfuric acid ex. Cyanide g. Radioactive chemicals ~ ex. Radium HEAT - is a form of energy characterized by the movement of vibration of the molecules of a substance. SOURCES OF ENERGY. 1., Chemical heat ene 1c. Heat of combustion ~ ts the amount of heat released during the complete oxidation where the organic fucl is converted to water and carbon dioxide b. Spontancous heating ~ is the process of increasing temperature of > material as a result of slow oxidation, that is without the application if heat from its surroundings until the ignition temperature results into ~4) combustion. ¢. Heat of decomposition — is the heat released by the decomposition of compounds requiring the addition of heat for their formation. H 2, Blectrival heat energy ~ produces where electric current flows through a Ha conductor or when a spark jumps on air gap. a, resistant heating - is when the rate of heat generation is proportional «11 to the resistance and square of the current 11. heat generated by lightning ©, inductive heating — continues flow of electricity d. static electricity of frictional electricity — is an clectrically discharge that accumulates on the surface of two materials that have been 43 brought together and then separated. . Heat from arcing. Aicing results when an electric circuit that is carrying current is interrupted, either intention or accidentally, the temperature of arc are very high, and the heat released may be sufficient to ignite combustible or flammable materials within the vicinity. Scanned with CamScanner3. Mechanical heat enerey a frictional heat when mechanical ener resistance to motion when two to solid friction generates heat. b. Heat of compression known as diesel effect Overheating of machinery may cate fiom the rolling sliding or frietion a machinery gy ty used in overconmne the ue rubbed together, any heat is released when pats is compressed or also {we trom the heat accumulated 4, Nuclear heat energy 2, nuclear fission ~ is the splitting of nucleus into tivo lighter nuclet and at the same time released tremendous amount ‘of energy in the form of ray of the fission fragments is the reaction in which tow light nuclei combine to us, with the emission of other particles or gamma kinetic em b, Nuclear fusion form heavier nuclet rays. Heat transler 1. conducti les, on ~ is transferring of heat fron] molecules to molecul Radiation ~ transfer of heat’energy through clectio-m agnetic waves Convection -up within the heated fluid is the transfer of heat in a {uid by means of a current set about 21% a normal congentration necessary for a | Oxygen ~ preset it fire. . ‘ Classes of fire: boceous: 1. Class “A” fire ~ prdinary penetrating five from ¢ als such as wood, textile, paper and ethers. * fire — surface fire from flammable liquids such y ol, or other combustible chemicals 3, Class °C” fire — fire caused by electric short circuits, exposed live wires, over heated electric appliances nid others. 4. Class “1D” fire ~ metal fire from foundry shop such as gunpowder, dynamite, NT, lava from volcano, lightning and other explosives. Class “E fire - combination of any of the above classes of fire. materi t 2. Class “B gasoline, alcoh Scanned with CamScannerHeting phase ne Fire CONSUMES Oryyen and when the oxy pen contents drops to below 13% the fire bepins to smolder because the fire ean no Fonigler support the flame. The ceiling temperature will be about 1.000 degrees farenhert to . 1,300 deprees farenheit, As the Mame production ceases. the fire begins to sinolder and glow wrth no flames the thermal column ceases and the heat begins 10 develop into layers An the first and second phase is # flaming fire and third phase tthe glowing fire of the charcoal ‘Three kinds of origin of fire: 1. Natural causes of fire ~ fire caused by act of God. Ex. Lightning fire, erupting volcanoes, earthquake. Storm and others. 2. Accidental causes of fire — are caused mostly by human ne and human errors such as smoking in bed. leaving plugged electrical appliances, defective LPG and others. 3. Intentional causes of fire or Arson — are those fire set on purpose ence wih a motive. Scanned with CamScanner