GABARITO P3 MAT022 (4/12/2018)

1a Questão - 35 pt. Seja f : IR → IR a função periódica de perı́odo 2π tal que

(
0 , −π ≤ x < 0
f (x) = e f (x + 2π) = f (x) ∀x ∈ IR.
x , 0≤x<π

(a) Série de Fourier de f

Perı́odo 2L = 2π =⇒ L = π
" #π
1ZL 1Zπ 1 x2
Z 0 Z π
1 1 2 π

• a0 = f (x) dx = f (x) dx = 0 dx + x dx = = (π − 0) = .
L −L π −π π −π 0 π 2 0 2π 2
1ZL nπx 1Zπ
 
• an = f (x)cos dx = f (x)cos (nx) dx
L −L LZ π −π 
1
Z 0 π 1
Z π 
= 0cos (nx) dx + xcos (nx) dx = xcos (nx) dx
π  −π 0 π π 0
1 x 1 1 1 1
 
= sen (nx) + 2 cos (nx) = 2
(cos(nπ) − 1) = 2 [(−1)n − 1], n ≥ 1.
π n n 0 π n nπ
1ZL nπx 1Zπ
 
• bn = f (x)sen dx = f (x)sen (nx) dx
L −L LZ π −π 
1
Z 0 π 1
Z π 
= 0sen (nx) dx + xsen (nx) dx = xsen (nx) dx
π  −π 0
π
π 0
1 x 1 1 π 1 (−1)n+1

= − cos (nx) + 2 sen (nx) = − cos(nπ) = − (−1)n = , n ≥ 1.
π n n 0 π n n n
∞
a0 X nπx nπx
    
• S[f ](x) = + an cos + bn sen
2 n=1 L L
∞
(−1)n+1
" #
π X 1 n
S[f ](x) = + [(−1) − 1]cos (nx) + sen (nx) x ∈ IR.
4 n=1 n2 π n

(b) Temos " #π

1ZL 1Zπ 1 x3 π2
Z 0 Z π
1 1 3

2 2 2
[f (x)] dx = [f (x)] dx = 0 dx + x dx = = (π − 0) = .
L −L π −π π −π 0 π 3 0 3π 3
Z L 2 ∞
1 a
[f (x)]2 dx = 0 + (a2n + b2n ).
X
Identidade de Parseval:
L −L 2 n=1
Logo, #2
∞  2 "
π2 π2 X 1 n (−1)n+1
= + 2
[(−1) − 1] +
3 8 n=1 (n π n
2 2 ∞ 2
)
π π 1 1
 
[(−1)n − 1] + 2
X
= + 2
3 8 n=1 nπ n
2 2 ∞ 2 ∞
π π X (−2) X 1
= + 4 2
+ 2
(1)
3 8 k=1 (2k − 1) π n=1 n
∞
X 1 π2
Substituindo 2
= em (1) resulta
n=1 n 6
∞
π2 π2 X (−2)2 π2
= + 4 2
+
3 8 k=1 (2k − 1) π 6
2 2 2 ∞
π π π 4 X 1
− − = 2
3 8 6 π k=1 (2k − 1)4
2 ∞ ∞
π 4 X 1 π4 X 1
= 2 . Portanto, = .
24 π k=1 (2k − 1)4 96 k=1 (2k − 1)4
 1
2a Questão - 25 pt. Considere a função F (s) = . Calcule os resı́duos da função est F (s)
+ 4) s2 (s2 ( )
−1 1
e utilize a fórmula complexa da transformada inversa de Laplace para encontrar L .
s2 (s2 + 4)

1 P (s)
• F (s) = = grau de P = 0 < grau de Q = 4
s2 (s2+ 4) Q(s)
est est
• A função est F (s) = = tem polo de ordem 2 em s = 0 e polos
s2 (s2 + 4) s2 (s − 2i)(s + 2i)
simples em s = 2i e s = −2i.
est
( )
1 d 2 st d
st
• Res(e F (s); 0) = lims→0 {s e F (s)} = lim s2 2 2
(2 − 1)! ds s→0 ds s (s + 4)
st st 2 st
( )
d e te (s + 4) − 2se 4t t
= lim = lim = = .
s→0 ds s2 + 4 s→0 (s2 + 4)2 (4)2 4
est
• Res(est F (s); 2i) = lims→2i (s − 2i)est F (s) = lims→2i (s − 2i)
s2 (s − 2i)(s + 2i)
est e2it e2it
= lim = =
s→2i s2 (s + 2i) (2i)2 4i −16i
est
• Res(est F (s); −2i) = lims→−2i (s + 2i)est F (s) = lims→−2i (s + 2i)
s2 (s − 2i)(s + 2i)
est e−2it e−2it
= lim = =
s→−2i s2 (s − 2i) (−2i)2 (−4i) 16i
3
( )
1 1 Z c+i∞ st
Res(est F (s); sj )
X
−1
• f (t) = L = e F (s)ds =
s2 (s2 + 4) 2πi c−i∞ j=1
t e2it e−2it t [cos(2t) + isen(2t)] cos(−2t) + isen(−2t)
= + + = − +
4 −16i 16i 4 16i 16i
t [cos(2t) + isen(2t)] [cos(2t) − isen(2t)] t 2isen(2t)
= − + = −
4 16i 16i 4 16i
t sen(2t)
= − t ≥ 0.
4 8
3a Questão - 20 pt.
(i)
a2 uxx (x, t) = utt (x, t), 0 < x < L e t > 0



u(0, t) = u(L, t) = 0, t ≥ 0
0 ≤ x ≤ L.


u(x, 0) = f (x), ut (x, 0) = g(x)
sendo L = 40, a = 20, f (x) = 0 se 0 ≤ x ≤ 40 e g(x) = v0 se 0 < x < 40 e g(0) = g(40) = 0.
40
2 ZL nπx 2 Z 40 nπx 1 40v0 nπx
     
kn = g(x)sen dx = v0 sen dx = − cos =
nπa 0 L nπ20 0 40 10nπ nπ 40 0
4v0 4v0 n 4v0 n
− [cos(nπ) − 1] = − 2 2 [(−1) − 1] = 2 2 [1 − (−1) ], n = 1, 2, ...
(nπ)2 nπ nπ
Portanto,
∞  ∞ 
nπx nπat 4v0 nπx nπt
       
[1 − (−1)n ]sen
X X
u(x, t) = kn sen sen = 2 2
sen
n=1 L L n=1 nπ 40 2
0 ≤ x ≤ 40 e t ≥ 0.

(ii) Considere o problema

5ux (x, y) + 2uy (x, y) = 0, u(x, 0) = 8e−x .

Substituindo u(x, y) = X(x)Y (y) na equação 5ux (x, y) + 2uy (x, y) = 0, obtemos
X 0 (x) 2 Y 0 (y)
5X 0 (x)Y (y) + 2X(x)Y 0 (y) = 0 =− . (1)
X(x) 5 Y (y)
Uma vez que a função do lado esquerdo da Equação (1) depende somente de x e a função do lado
direito depende somente de y, existe uma constante real −λ tal que
X 0 (x) 2 Y 0 (y)
=− = −λ.
X(x) 5 Y (y)
X 0 (x) 2 Y 0 (y)
Assim, temos as equações = −λ e − = −λ.
X(x) 5 Y (y)
X 0 (x)
• = −λ ln|X(x)| = −λx + k1 eln|X(x)| = e−λx+k1 |X(x)| = e−λx ek1
X(x)
X(x) = ±ek1 e−λx X(x) = c1 e−λx (2)
2 Y 0 (y) Y 0 (y) 5 5 5
• − = −λ = λ ln|Y (y)| = 2
λy + k2 eln|Y (y)| = e 2 λy+k2
5 Y (y) Y (y) 2
5
k2 52 λy 5
|Y (y)| = e 2 λy ek2 Y (y) = ±e e Y (y) = c2 e 2 λy (3)
Segue de (2) e (3) que
5 5
u(x, y) = X(x)Y (y) = c1 c2 e−λx e 2 λy = Ae−λx+ 2 λy (4)
Temos
u(x, 0) = Ae−λx
(
(5)
u(x, 0) = 8e−x . (6)
(5) e (6) =⇒ Ae−λx = 8e−x =⇒ A = 8 e λ = 1. Substituindo esses valores em (4), obtemos
5
u(x, y) = 8e(−x+ 2 y) .

4a Questão - 20 pt.

1
ut (x, t) = uxx (x, t), − ∞ < x < ∞ e t > 0


2
 u(x, 0) = e−3x2 ,

−∞ < x < ∞.
1 1 ∂ 1
 
F{ut (x, t)} = F uxx (x, t) F{ut (x, t)} = F{uxx (x, t)} F{u(x, t)} = (−w2 )F{u(x, t)}.
2 2 ∂t 2
∂ w2
Seja U (w, t) := F{u(x, t)}. Então, obtemos a equação U (w, t) = − U (w, t), cuja solução
∂t 2
geral é
2
U (w, t) = c(w)e(−w /2)t . (1)
Temos


 U (w, 0) = c(w) (2)
2 1 2
 U (w, 0) = F{u(x, 0)} = F{e−3x } = √ e−w /12 . (3)
6


1 2
Segue de (2) e (3) que c(w) = √ e−w /12 . (4)
6
1 2 2 1 2 1 t 1 2 1+6t
Substituir (4) em (1): U (w, t) = √ e−w /12 e(−w /2)t = √ e−w ( 12 + 2 ) = √ e−w ( 12 ) .
6 6 6
Assim, ( )
1 −w2 ( 1+6t ) 1 n 2 1+6t
o
−1
u(x, t) = F {U (w, t)} = F −1 √
e 12 = √ F −1 e−w ( 12 )
6 6
1 √
s
2 1 6 2 1 2
= √ 2ae−ax |{z} = √ e−3x /(1+6t) = √ e−3x /(1+6t) , t > 0 e x ∈ IR.
6 3
6 1 + 6t 1 + 6t
a= 1+6t