OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:

1. To know the different history of transportation.

2. To know the Legal Basis in the Traffic Management Process
3. To determine the major causes of traffic jams

Lesson 1

Introduction

This can be over- simply divided into period during which motive power was most
characteristically furnished by human and animal muscle, by such natural forces as
wind and gravity, and by fuel-operated machines.

TRANSPORTATION
- is an act or process of conveying from one place to another
- from the Latin word “Terans” meaning across or and move and “Portare”
means to carry

VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORATATION

 MANPOWER
 ANIMAL POWER
 WIND POWER
 ROADS AND VEHICLES
 BICYCLE

ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY

WHEEL
- was invented probably in Western Asia
- one of man’s great inventions
THE ROMANS
- were the major road builders in the ancient world
- Roman road networks reached a total of about 50,000 miles (80, 000
km)

CANALS
a body of water used to be channel of sea transportation
the first canal was constructed by Engr. James Brindley
 RAILWAYS
- channel of transportation wherein a parallel line of irons was used as
roads
- the first railroad is the Stockton and Darlington line (1925)

 The Word Traffic

The word traffic originates from Greco-Roman word “Trafico” with

reference to the movement of people that dates back from the dawns of
history: from the domesticated horse-drawn wheels to horseless carriage.
The Greek originally called the system “Trafriga” after the early horse-
drawn chariots with spoked wheels. If savants of Rome are to believe,
there is no dispute that the word “Trafico” is a Greco-Roman word, but the
word traffic was created from the famous “Trafalgar Square,” the hub-
center of commerce and culture in the heart of London.

But in Latin, the word traffic is denominated as “Commercium” with

reference to the movement and control of goods in transit from un-
wheeled axle to horseless carriage. This intellectual discourse of
discoveries only reinforced the universal dictum that traffic refers to the
movement of people and goods and not vehicle. Perhaps this is the
missing jewels in the systematic strategies of traffic management.

Traffic Management
-presupposes an understanding of the motivation behind the behavior of motorist,
commuters, and pedestrians. Any attempt to redirect their behavior without
understanding will not be able to effectively solve the traffic problems.

Traffic management
Definition
a. All public surface, facilities for traversing and parking of all types of conveyance
for the movement of persons and things.
b. All agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flow requirements,
planning, approving funding construction and or maintaining, public facilities for
such movements
c. All agencies responsible for licensing, approving, restricting, stopping prohibiting,
or controlling the use of these facilities.

Major causes of congestion

1. Physical inadequacy
2. Human errors

Types of traffic control devices and aids

1. traffic signs
2. pavement markings and markers
3. traffic light and signals
4. traffic islands
Traffic Safety Education
3 principle that has been emphasized as effective in the prevention of traffic accidents
are known as the three E’s:
education (in traffic safety)
enforcement (of traffic rules)
engineering (traffic engineering)

The 3 E’s of Traffic

 TRAFFIC EDUCATION
- the process of giving training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety
knowledge

a. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety

b. Training ang practice in the actual application of traffic
c. Developing traffic safety and morality

Agencies Involved in Traffic Education

1. Schools (Public and Privates)
Elementary
- tasked to educate children to obey traffic rules through their programmed
curricula
2. Secondary Education
Secondary
- tasked to educate students in obeying the traffic rules by imposing school
policies intended for the welfare of the students
3. Formal and Non- formal Training
Higher Education
- they offer subjects on driving and traffic safety course or any allied subjects

 TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
a. - the action taken by the police, such as arresting, issuing traffic citation ticket
and providing warning to the erring driver for the purpose of deterring and
discouraging and or preventing such violation
b. As it applies to statutes ordinances and legally authorized regulation relating
to use of streets and highways and ownership and operating motors and
vehicles.

Traffic Enforcement Agencies involved

1. Land Transportation Office - tasked to enforce laws, rules
and regulation governing the registration of motor vehicles,
operation of motor vehicle and traffic rules and regulation
as provided by RA 4136 as amended.

2. Land Transportation Franchising and

Regulatory Board
- tasked to regulate transport route
- regulate franchising
- prescribe fare rates
- investigate traffic cases
- perform judicial function
- promulgate rules
- impose and collect fees
- formulate and enforce rules and regulation for transport operation for
promotion of safety and convenience of public
- coordinate with concerned agencies and enforce E.O. NO 125,124-A and
E.O. 202 dated June 19,1987
3. Legislation (Law makers)
4. Courts
5. Traffic Enforcers
6. Philippine national Police
Goals of enforcement
 To increase safety level
 To increase efficiency
 To insure harmonious and comfortable environment.
2 KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTION

 Traffic arrest- is an enforcement action which consists of taking a

person into custody for the purpose of holding or detaining him to
answer a charge of laws violation before a court.

 Traffic citation- is a means of having violators appearing in a court

without physical arrest.

TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

- the action taken by the police to compel obedience to traffic laws and
ordinance regulating the use and movement of motor vehicle for the
purpose of creating a deterrent to unlawful behavior by all potential
violators

TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER

- a person duly deputized by an agency of government authorized by
law to enforce traffic laws, rules and regulations

POLICE TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

- the part performed by the police and other agencies with police power
including warning to law violations created by the presence of
uniformed police officer and their special equipment, special
assistance to court and prosecutor and incidental service to highway
users

COURT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

- performed by the court through adjudication and penalization

5 Major phases of enforcement process

 1. detection- the wholly police responsibility which requires
adequate training and experience on the part of the police to
make them more effective in their enforcement efforts while
assigned.

2. Apprehension- requires the application of the various traffic law

enforcement and designed
 To prevent such violation from endangering persons.
 To prevent violation

3. Prosecution- while this is court function, the police also provide

corresponding influence throughout preparation and introduction
of evidence and close liaisoning with prosecution officers.

4. Adjudication- while this is obviously a court function, the police

providing influence on this step by acting as witness to the
prosecution or supplying additional evidence.

5. Penalization- the court imposes the penalty upon the

respondent by the weight of penalty would again be greatly
influenced

 GOALS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES

Increase safety level
Increase traffic efficiency
Ensure harmony and comfortable environment
Maximize safety

 ACTIVITIES OF TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

Preventive (Protective) activities
Persuasive(influential) activities
Punitive(disciplinary) activities

TRAFFIC LAWS AND THE ROLE OF ENFORCEMENT

CHARACTERISTIC OF TRAFFIC LAWS

-Laws are developed from experiences of the public over the years.
-Laws reflect beliefs, behavior and standards agreed upon by society.

VIOLATIONS
- those act and omissions against traffic laws

CLASSIFICATION OF VIOLATION
-Hazardous traffic violations that cause danger to road users. Unsafe
behavior and unsafe conditions are the causes of these violations.
-Non-hazardous violations that do not affect safety of the public but affect
the use of roads.
REASONS WHY PEOPLE ARE VIOLATING TRAFFIC LAWS
 -Physical infirmities
-Ignorance
-Mental disorder
-Lack of training
-Wrong attitude
-Habitual violators

KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS

Traffic arrest - the taking of a person into custody of the law. It is made
when:

a) the offense is serious;

b) detection is needed to avoid continued violation; and
c) there is reasonable doubt that violators may not appear in court.
Traffic citation - made to compel violators to appear in court in absence
of arrest.

Traffic warning - an act reminding the driver of his violation in order for
him not to do it again. No arrest or citation is made.

TYPES OF WARNING
Visual warning - using gestures and signals.
Verbal warning - oral warning made when there is newly enacted law.
Written warning - combination of two preceding types with written note of
citation.

 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
-is the science of measuring traffic and travel, the study of basic laws
relative to the traffic flow and generations, and application of this knowledge to
the professional practice of planning, designing, and operating traffic systems to
achieve safe and efficient movement of persons and goods.

a. Traffic Engineering (Agencies involved)

1. Bureau of Public works and highways
2. Provincial Governments
3. Municipalities
4. Chartered Cities

Definition of Traffic Engineering

Traffic Engineering is the science of:

1. Measuring traffic and travel.

2. The study of basic laws relative to the traffic law and generations.
3. The application of this knowledge to the professional practice of planning,
deciding, and operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient transportation and
goods.

Functions of Traffic Engineering

 1. Fact finding, surveys and recommendations of traffic rules and
regulations.
2. Supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic control devices.
3. Planning of traffic regulations.

Kinds of Traffic Control Devices

1. Traffic Signals
Example: traffic lights

2. Road Signs
Example: no parking signs, no U- Turn

3. Road Markings
Example: pedestrian crossing

Objectives of traffic Engineering

1. To achieve efficient, safe, free and fast flow of traffic.
2. To prevent traffic accidents and casualties.
3. To present the role of traffic engineering in reducing the
needs for police action and simplifying police performance.
4. To show that good police action and performance makes
engineering plans effective.

Traffic signs
-a device mounted or potable support whereby a message is conveyed by mean, of
words symbols, officially erected or installed for the purpose of regulation, warning or
guiding traffic.
- Regulatory Signs
Functions:
1. To impose legal restriction applicable at particularly locations usually
enforceable in the absence of such signs
2. To inform road users of certain laws and regulation the violations in which
constitution a misdemeanor

Classification of Regulatory Signs:

a. Stop sign
b. Speed series
c. Movement series
d. Parking series
e. Pedestrian series
f. Miscellaneous series

- Warning signs
Functions:
1. To warn traffic of approach in hazardous condition either on or adjacent to the
road
 2. To seek causation on the part of the motorist of the approaching hazard
3. To call the reduction of speed.
- Guide signs
Functions
1. To guide motorist along established routes
2. To inform him of the proper routes
3. To help him along his way in the most simple and direct method.
Classes of Traffic Signs

1. Danger Warning Signs

These signs are intended to warn road users of danger that lies ahead of its
nature.

2. Regulatory Signs

These are intended to warn road users of special obligations, restrictions or

prohibition with which they must comply. It is subdivided into three categories:

1) Priority Signs

These are signs intended to regulate priority over a particular road section
or roadway intersection.

2) Prohibitory or Restrictive Signs

These signs can be used on specified section of the road which will be
easily seen by motorist to indicate regulation which is prohibitive or restrictive in
nature.
3) Mandatory Signs

These signs are intended to guide road users of special rules in which
they must comply for the safety, convenience and smooth flow of traffic.

3. Informative Signs

These signs are intended to guide road users while traveling, and are subdivided
into:

1) Advance Signs

These are the names and distances of the principal destination or

destination served by the intersecting roads.

2) Direction Signs

Unlike the advance direction signs, direction signs shall be placed at the
right of intersection to show the direction and destination of a route. Direction
signs are different from mandatory signs, since these signs gave only information
as to direction and destination of place, while mandatory signs require
compliance.

3) Place Identification Signs

These may be used to show the frontier between two countries or for the
purpose of showing the beginning and/or end of built-up areas.

4) Confirmatory Signs
These are used to confirm the direction of a road. They shall bear the names of
one or more places. Where distances are shown, the figures expressing them
shall be placed after the name of the locality.

5) Other signs providing useful information to guide drivers.

6) Other signs indicating facilities for road users.

Road Classifications

1. According to Political Subdivision

1) National Roads

The main road as conduit system with a right of way from 20

meters to 120 meters.

2) Provincial roads

The linkages between two municipalities with right of way from 15

meters to 60 meters.

3) City Roads

The inter-link between municipalities and within city proper with

right of way of 15 meters.

4) Municipal Roads

All roads within the town proper with right of way of not less than
120 meters.

5) Barangay Roads

Commonly called farm to market road with right of way of not less
than 2 meters.
 2. According to Functions

1) Feeder Roads

Intended for farm-to-market roads.

2) Local Collector Roads

Intended to collect traffic from feeder road to municipal road.

3) Major Collector Roads

Intended as major arteries to collect inter-locality traffic to provincial

road.

4) Major Highway

Serves as main artery that caters on big volumes of vehicular traffic

on national roadway.

5) Expressway

A through traffic for free-flow of vehicular movement.

6) Tunnel Road

A passage of wide section cut through a hill or sea to shorten

circuitous roadway.

7) Subway

An underground conduct running entirely under the ground for fast travel
route of commuters.

8) Skyway

A modern urban system of roadway above street level for free-flow traffic.

Republic Act No. 4136

LAND TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC CODE

A. Violations concerning licensing

o Driving without license
o Driving with delinquent, invalid, suspended, ineffectual, revoked or improper license
o Failure to show or surrender driver's license for cause upon demand by person with
authority to confiscate
o Driving while under the influence of liquor or prohibited drug
o Allowing an unlicensed/improperly licensed to drive motor vehicle
o Possession and use of fake driver’s license
o Allowing another person to use his driver’s license
o Use and involvement of motor vehicle by the driver in commission of a crime
o Student driver operating a motor vehicle without being accompanied by a licensed
driver
o Unlicensed conductor of a motor vehicle for hire

B. Violations concerning registration

o Operating a motor vehicle which is unregistered/improperly registered/delinquent or
with
invalid registration
o Operating a motor vehicle with unregistered substitute or replacement engine, engine
block
or chassis, change color, change body or configuration
o Failure to carry in the motor vehicle the Certificate of Registration (CR) and Official
Receipt
(OR), original photocopies

C. Violations concerning number plates and stickers

o Motor vehicle plates not firmly attached and visible
 Dirty or uncared for plates
 Inconspicuously displayed plates in front and rear
 No current registration sticker
o License plates different from body number on Public Utility Vehicle
o Improper display of motor vehicle plates by owner to accommodate a better display of
commemorative/other plates
o Display of expired commemorative/other plates
o Tampered/marked plates/stickers
o Illegal transfer and use of motor vehicle plates/tags or stickers from one motor vehicle
to
another except security plates on authorized vehicle

D. Violations relative to equipment parts, accessories, devices and marking of

motor vehicle
o Operating motor vehicle with metallic tires in any public highway
 Defective brakes
 Improper/defective horn or signaling device
 Unnecessary lights visible in front of vehicle
 Without/defective headlights/taillights
 Without red rear, lights at both/each side visible at least 100 meters from vehicle
 Without plate light
 Without opening brake lights
 Without/defective wiper on the windshield
 Without cut/disconnected muffler
o Dirty/unsightly dilapidated motor vehicle
o Failure to paint or improper painting of authorized route of plates
o Non-painting of business or trade name
o Use of authorized improvised plates. Use of improvised plates to make motor vehicle
appear as for hire
o For motor vehicles operated for hire:
 Dirty/unsanitary defective unit
 Without/defective hand brakes
 Without/defective speedometer or tachometer
 Defective or broken windshield wiper
 Without rear view mirror
 Without interior light
o Name of business name and address not inscribed on both sides of motor vehicle
used for
public service
o No spare tire
o Use of unauthorized bell, siren or exhaust whistled on emergency
o No red flag or red lights on projecting end of load extending more than a meter
beyond the
bed or body
o Failure to paint appropriate body number on a motor vehicle for hire on both sides
o Failure to carry Early Warning Device (EWD). Failure to install EWD four meters away
to the
front and rear of stalled/disabled motor vehicle
o No capacity marking
o Installation of jalousies, curtains, dim colored lights, strobe lights, dancing lights or
similar
lights/tinted colored or painted windshield or window glass. Sun visor or front windshield
is
allowed
o No permanent tailgate or failure to put "NOT FOR HIRE" sign in a private
jeepney/jitney

E. Violations concerning weights and load limits

o Load extending beyond projected width without permit
o Overloading
 Operating motor vehicle with wheel, axle or axle group loads in excess of the limits
in Sec. 9 R.A. 4136 or any regulation without permit
 Operating motor vehicle with total weight of cargo carrying device on passenger
truck including cargo exceeds 100 kilos
 Allowing more passengers and/or more freight or cargo in vehicle beyond the
registered carrying capacity
 Baggage or freight carried on top of truck exceeds 20 kilos per square meter and
distribution of such endangers in the passenger or stability of the truck.

Reference
Beralde, W.R. (2013). Reviewer in Criminology licensure Examination Volume 1
(Central Book Supply Inc.)