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Review on Cervical Cancer

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2(2), 2020, 39-44

Current Trends in Pharmacy and

Pharmaceutical Chemistry
http://e-currentscience.com/journal/e/CTPPC
Review Article

Review on Cervical Cancer.

Rakhi Kunkule, Ruchita Pakale, Swati Jadhav*

SDNCRES’s Mahalaxmi Institute of Pharmacy, Raigaon, Satara 415020, M.S., India

ABSTRACT
Cervical cancer is one most common gynecological cancer occurring in women. It is also one
of the commonest cancer of woman that can be detect and treated completely at precancerous
stages. STD is main cause of cervical cancer and also due to the Human Papillomavirus
(HPV), mainly HPV-16 and HPV-18. It continues to be major public health troubles for
female in India. The incidence of cervical cancer is 55-59 years and a considerable proportion
of women report in the late stage of disease. Prophylactic vaccines against HPV-16 and 18
therapeutic vaccines in opposition to cervical cancer. Other epidermalogical risk factor are
premature at sexual activity ,Teen age pregnancy , Family past, Oral contraceptive .This
article ,explain history of cervical cancer, histopathological variety, risk factor, avoidance ,
treatment and Drug approved to prevent cervical cancer .The most common type of cervical
cancer is called Squamous cell carcinoma . Vaccine is helpful only in people who have no
previous infection with HPV.

KEYWORDS
Cervical cancer, Human papillomavirus Treatment, Vaccine, Prevention, Sexually transmitted
disease.

INTRODUCTION In developing countries, it is most

common cancer which causes of death,
attributable to about 86%. It is observed in
low and middle income countries. At
Primary stage surgery and chemotherapy
are effective. Surgery also helps to reduce
death of patient of cervical cancer.
Chemotherapy and Radiation is not useful
for all patients. Radiation or chemotherapy
of the 1523 patients, 179 patients give
positive response and 1344 give negative
response of allover about 88.6% negative
to surgery. It has been reported from one

39
 Review on Cervical Cancer..……………..…Swati Jadhav et al
of the studies that the removal of the
primary uterine cancer, metastatic cervical
cancer, nearly likely limited to the lymph
nodes, hence the formation of new cancer
cell was in equilibrium with the removal of
preexisting cancer cell, presumably by the
immune system. The standard treatment
regimen of cervical cancer is radical
hysterectomy with pelvic lymph nodes
analysis as reported by kamura.et al.
Certain medications such as
corticosteroids may upset the weak
balance between renewal and destruction
of cancer cells by the immune response,
innate or otherwise. And serves as maker
to distinguish the type of cervical cancer
persistent or less progressive. Physicians
to better utilize resources for treatment
such as radiation and chemotherapy. In a
study report in India 122,844 women
suffered with cervical cancer & 67,477
patients died.
In India About 432.2millions of women
under the age of 15 years old suffering
from developing cancer [1,2, 3].
Review
History of Cervical Cancer
The first description of cervical cancer was
found in 400 B.C. by the Greek physician
Pericles Hippocrates. It was considered in
curable at the time until. Some 2000 years
later, the opinion of the pathogenic
mechanism was recognized through
pioneer work by an Italian surgeon.
During in the mid 19 th century, Dr.
Rigoni Stern noticed that the incidence of
cervical cancer was rare among nuns
(Rigoni-stern, 1842). All these work has
indications that the causation of cervical
cancer is linked with sexual intercourse.
Hence cervical cancer was considered
highly transmissible. Transmitting agents
was only reported later in 1976 publication
by German Scientist Zur Hausen where
they discovered human papilloma virus
(HPV) DNA in cervical cancer and warts.
In 1985 Zur Hausen, Gissmann and their
co-workers further identified the structure
and sequence of HPV. Further later
discovery of HPV vaccine led to the
milestone in curing the disease [1].
Pathology
Cervical cancer is characterized by the
abnormal growth of cells in the cervix.
Mostly at the region of the uterus that joins
the vagina. It is a common cancer in
women but mortality rate is reduced by
using pap smear. Cervical cancer is
common in developing countries.
Histopathological Types Of Cervical
Carcinoma
1. In squamous epithelial cells of
cervix 66% of squamous cells
carcinoma are found.
2. The mucus producing glandular
cells of endocervix
adenoocarcinoma 28% cases are
found.
3. Adenosquamous carcinoma and
neuroendorine carcinoma are rarer
types of carcinoma found in only
6% [1].
Epidemiology
This cervical cancer was most important
cancer among women in the past two
decades. In India this incidence mostly
occur in 55-59 years. This data in between
2009 and 2011 of Aizawl district in the
north eastern part in India revealed the
highest level of cervical cancer at an age
adjusted rate of 24.3, followed by Barshi
Expanded at 19.5 and Bangalore at 18.9.
The common histological type of cancer,
originates in the ectocervix is squamous
cell carcinoma and that in the endocervix is
adenocarcinoma. The entire population-
based registry has shown a persistent surge
40
 Review on Cervical Cancer..……………..…Swati Jadhav et al
in the age adjusted rates even in the absence
of the control program. Cervical cancer
rates among women in the 30 to 64 age
group decreased by 1.8% per year on
average but still accounted for 16 % of the
total female cancer burden. In Odisha,
cancer cervix was the second most common
cancer with an increase of 3.1% from 2001
to 2011. In the southern part of India, the
north eastern district of tamilnadu show a
disnictive pattern with a high incidence of
cervical cancer. This may be attributed to a
infection with human papilloma virus
(HPV).
The high burden of cervical cancer in south
and south east Asian countries is due to a
high prevalence of HPV (More than 10% in
women aged more than 30 years ) and due
to lack of screening [3,5].
Risk Factors
Approximately all cervical cancer cause by
HPV. The climax age of cervical cancer is
about 47 ages of years. HPV usually
transmit through sexual contact, it can
spread without sex, by skin-to-skin contact
with infected area of body. HPV infection
diagnosed in young women lasts from 8-13
months [1].
Other Risk Factor
 Dietary habits: A diet lacking in
fruits, vegetable as well as being in
excess of weight, greater than
before increases risk of cervical
cancer.
 Sexual activity: HPV infection is
most common route passes through
sexual contact. Particularly early
onset sexual activity, high risk
sexual partners. Multiple partner
and failure to use condoms.
 Family history: It is transmitted
genetically from mother to her
baby or to the sister has 2-3 times
development of cancer is
occurring.
 Smoking: Smoking also increases
risk of squamous cell cancer by
sensational body to cancer causing
chemical change and also by
weakening immune system.
 Multiple pregnancies: Women
with 3 or more pregnancies cause
hormonal changes and immune
system is weak during period of
pregnancy.
 Diethylstilbestol: DES increases
risk of adeno carcinoma in cervix,
especially in women whose mother
took DES when pregnant.
 Oral contraceptive: Some
research studies recommend that
use of oral contraceptives for birth
control, may be connected with an
raise the risk of cervical cancer [1].
Causes
1. The majority cervical cancer cases are
cause by the sexually transmitted human
papilloma virus (HPV).
2. HPV is the same virus that causes
genital warts. There are about 100
different strains of HPV. Only definite
type’s causes cervical cancer, these 2 types
that most commonly caused cancer are
HPV- 16 & HPV-18. Being infected with a
cancer causing strains of HPV.
HPV can also cause other cancers in
women and men this include:-
1. Vulvar cancer
2. Vaginal cancer
3. Penile cancer
4. Alal cancer
5. Rectal cancer
6. Troat cancer
41
 Review on Cervical Cancer..……………..…Swati Jadhav et al
HPV is a very common infection in
sexually active adult and may acquire it at
some point in their life time [4].
HPV
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most
common viral infection of reproductive
tract in most sexually active women and
men will be infected at some peak in their
life. And some may be repeatedly infected.
The peak time acquiring infection for
human and male in shortly after becoming
sexually active. HPV is sexually
transmitted but penetrative sex is not
requiring for transmission skin-to-skin.
Genital contact is the most common mode
of transmission. A small portion of virus
with certain types of HPV can persist and
progress to cervical cancer. The infection
with certain HPV types also causes a
proportion of cancer of the of the anus,
vulva, vagina, penis and oropharynx,
which are preventable using similar
primary prevention strategy as those for
cervical cancer [7].
HPV Vaccine
HPV vaccine is given start from age of 9
years to 45 years. Most people who having
age above 26 will not benefit of HPV
vaccination. Under the age of 15 years
children, they require 2 doses of HPV
vaccine [8].
Symptoms
1. Blood spots or light bleeding
occurs during menstrual cycle.
2. Menstrual bleeding that is longer
and heavier than typical.
3. Bleeding after intercourse,
douching or a pelvic assessment.
4. Increased vaginal release.
5. Pain occurs during sexual
intercourse.
6. Blood loss after menopause.
7. Mysterious constant pelvic and or
back pain [7].
Prevention
1. Avoid smoking and avoid using
oral contraceptive for long time
2. It is also can be prohibited by
avoiding hazard factor and by
getting regular pap test
(papnicolaou test) also known as
Pap smear.
3. A vaccine is a most important
avoidance for cervical cancer..
4. Avoid many sexual partners during
sex.
5. Change in life style or eating
habbits.
6. Avoiding other risk factors like
early marriage/ child bearing and
smoking [2].
Treatment
 Surgery is a useful for treatment to
most cervical cancer.
 If the cancer has spread locally
within the tissue, one of two type
hysterectomy may be required. A
straight forward hysterectomy that
removes the Uterus and cervix will
be enough in some Cases.
 Radical Hysterectomy
It is necessary to remove the
primary connective tissue.
(parametrium) and ligaments along
with the upper section of the
vagina. If necessary either of these
surgeries may be done in
conjunction with elimination of the
fallopian tubes and ovaries, results
infertility and removal of the
ovaries causes’ female directly set
into menopause. Lymph nodes may
also be detached during the
surgery.
42
 Review on Cervical Cancer..……………..…Swati Jadhav et al
 Radiation Therapy
It may also used in treatment of
cervical cancer frequently in
conjunction with surgery. If the
cancer is enveloping and spread
away from the surface of the
cervix.
 Brachytherapy
Uses, implanted radioactive rods or
pellets to focal point the radiation
on the cancer and greatly reduce
side effects. Pelvic radiation,
therapy may also cause premature
menopause. Bladder irritation or a
narrowing of the vagina due to scar
tissue buildup [6].
Chemotherapy
It is commonly used in cervical cancer of
the uterus. Such chemotherapy is essential
to search for and destroy as various
cancerous cells as possible [6].
Drugs
Treatment with drugs that target gene
changes in cells causing cancer is often
called targeted therapy. Cisplatin,
carboplatin, (chemotherapeutic agents and
bevacizumb) targeted therapy are available
treatment choice [9].
Drugs used to treat cervical cancer
DRUG NAME BRAND NAME
Cisplatin. Platinol, platinol-AQ.
Carboplatin. Paraplatin.
Topotecan. Hycamtin.
Bevacizumb. Avastin, Mvasi.9
Cyclophosphamide. - 5. Coates,
Ifex . - Britannica (Vol. 1). Diggers and
Conclusion
Histopathology and immunizationization
important for reducing cervical cancer.
HPV vaccine is highly efficacious and is
probable to significantly reduce the
occurrence of abnormal pap smears,
cervical cancer and genital warts.
Successful implementation of vaccination
programs will have a huge support from
health care provides great have been made
decreasing the cancer rate.
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