1.

NEHRU SMARAKA VIDYALAYA PROJECT

REPORT SUBJECT: Chemistry TOPIC:
Dyeing of Fabrics EXPERIMENT: To dye wool
and cotton clothes with malachite green.
SUBMITTED BY: Spoorthi Kulkarni Class XII
2.2. NEHRU SMARAKA VIDYALAYA Certificate
This is to certify that Spoorthi Kulkarni
studying in class XII has successfully
completely the project titled Dyeing of fabrics
in the laboratory of Chemistry of this institution
as prescribed by the Central Board of
Secondary Education for AISSCE for the year
2017-18. TEACHER IN-CHARGE HOD
PRINCIPAL SIGN WITH SEAL EXTERNAL
EXAMINER
3.3. DATE: Acknowledgement In the completion
of this project successfully many people have
best owned upon me their blessings and heart
pledged support, this time I am utilizing to
thank all the people who have been
considered with this project. I would like to
thank my principal Mr. Arokia Raj sir and my
chemistry teacher Mr. Pradeep DB sir whose
valuable guidance has been the ones that
helped me complete this project and make it a
success, his suggestions and his instructions
 served as a major contribution towards the
completion of this project. Then I would like to
thank my parents and friends who have
helped me with their valuable suggestions.
4.4. INDEX Sn. No. Contents Pg. No. 1.
Introduction Includes Dyeing definition, its
history and its uses in fabrics. 05-07 2.
Experiment Includes Aim of the experiment
and Requirements. 08 3. Theory 09-10 4.
Procedure 11-14 5. Observation 15 6.
Conclusion 16 7. Bibliography 17
5.5. Introduction Dyeing is the process of adding
colorto textile products like fibers, yarns, and
fabrics. Dyeingis normally done in a special
solution containing dyes and particular
chemical material. After dyeing, dye
molecules have uncut chemical bond with
fiber molecules. The temperature and time
controlling are two key factors in dyeing.
There are mainly two classes of dye:  Natural
 Man-made The primary source of dye,
historically, has generally been nature, with
the dyes being extracted from animals or
plants. Since the mid-19th century, however,
humans have produced artificialdyes to
achievea broader range of colors and to
 render the dyes more stable to resist
washingand general use. Different classes of
dyes are used for different types of fiber and
at different stages of the textile production
process, from loose fibers through yarn and
cloth to complete garments.
6.6. Acrylic fibers are dyed with basic dyes.
Nylon and Protein fibers such as Wool and
Silk are dyed with acid dyes Polyester yarn is
dyed with dispersedyes. Cotton is dyed with a
range of dye types, includingvat dyes, and
modern synthetic reactiveand direct dyes.
Dyeingof Cotton Dyeing of Acrylic Fibres
Dyeingof Polyester Yarn Dyeingof Silk Fibres
7.7. Types of Dyes (Major types) : Acid dyes:
These are azo dyes and are characterized by
the presence of acidic groups. Basic dyes:
These dyes contain organic basic groups such
as NH2 or NR2. Direct dyes: These are also
azo dyes and are used to dye the fabrics
directly by placing in aqueous solution of the
dye. Disperse dyes: These dyes are applied
in the form of a dispersion of minute particles
of the dye in soap solution in the presence of
phenol or benzoic acid. Vat dyes: These
dyes are water-insoluble and before dyeing
 these are reduced to colourless compounds in
wooden vats by alkaline reducing agents.
8.8. EXPERIMENT  Aim: To dye wool and
cotton clothes with malachite green. 
Requirements: 500 ml beakers, tripod stand,
wire gauze, glass rod, spatula, wool cloth and
cotton cloth. Sodium carbonate, tannic acid,
tartaremetic acid and malachite green dye.
500 ml beaker Tripod stand Wire gauze Glass
rod Sodium Tannic Acid Tartaremetic
Malachite
9.9. Carbonate Green  Theory: Cotton fibres
show good durability and utility. It is a stable
material; it stays undamaged even in the
conditions of high exposure of weak acids and
alkalis. It has high water absorbing capacity.
Cotton fabrics are easy to dye, they have very
low elasticity characters. They are easy
washable and can be ironed even at very high
temperatures. Woolen fibres are high moisture
absorbers too. They take up moisture in
vapour form. It generates heat when it
absorbs moisture. Each wool fibre is a
molecular coil-spring, making the fibre
remarkably elastic. They have highly
durablility and resilience. Nature has folded
 the chemical polypeptide chains back upon
themselves in such a way that they act like a
coiled spring which elongates when it is
extended and retracts when it is released.
10. 10. Malachite Green is an organic
compound that is used as a dyestuff and
controversially as an antimicrobial in
aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally
used as a dye for materials such as silk,
leather, and paper. Although called malachite
green, this dye is not prepared from the
mineral malachite - the name just comes from
the similarity of colour. Chemical formula:
[C6H5C(C6H4N(CH3)2)2]Cl Common Name:
Triarylmethane dye. Structure:
11. 11.  Procedure:  Preparation of sodium
carbonate solution: Take about 0.5g of solid
sodium carbonate and dissolve it in 250ml of
water.  Preparation of tartaremetic solution:
Take about 0.2g of tartaremetic and dissolve it
in 100ml of water by stirring with the help of
glass rod.  Preparation of tannic acid
solution: Take 100ml of water in a beaker and
add about 1.0g of tannic acid to it. Heat the
solution. On heating a clear solution of tannic
acid is obtained.  Preparation of dye solution:
 Take about 0.1g of malachite green dye and
add to it 400ml of water. Warming results in a
clear solution of the dye.  Dyeing of wool:
Take about 200ml of dye solution and dip in it
the woolen cloth to be dyed. Boil the solution
for about 2 minutes. After that remove the
cloth and wash it with hot water 3-4 times,
squeeze and keep it for dyeing.
12. 12.  Dyeing of cotton: Cotton does not
absorb malachite green readily, therefore it
requires the use of a mordant. For dyeing a
cotton cloth dip it in sodium carbonate solution
for 10 minutes and then rinse with water. Then
put the cloth in hot tannic solution for about 5
minutes. Now take out the cloth from tannic
acid solution and keep it in tartaremetic
solution for about 5 minutes. Remove the
cloth and squeeze it with spatula to remove
most of the solution. Now place the cloth in
boiling solution of the dye for about 5 minutes.
Remove and wash the dyed cloth thoroughly
with water, squeeze and keep it for drying. 
Dyeing of cotton directly: Take another piece
of cotton cloth and put it directly into boiling
solution of the dye. Keep it dipped for about 2
 minutes. Remove the cloth, wash it with water,
squeeze and keep it for drying.
13. 13. Cotton white cloth Woolen white cloth
Malachite Green Solution Boiling of Malachite
Green Solution
14. 14. Cotton cloth in Malachite Woolen cloth
in Malachite Green Solution Green Solution
Dyed Cotton cloth Dyed Woolen cloth
15. 15.  Observations: The colour of wool
cloth directly by dipping in hot solution of
malachite green dye is fast. The colour of
cotton cloth dyed directly (without using
mordant) by dipping in hot solution of
malachite green is not fast to washing and is
of low intensity. The colour of cotton cloth
dyed indirectly by using mordant and then by
dipping in hot solution of malachite green is
fast to washing and is of high intensity. 
Precautions:  Let the Malachite Green
solution boil properly for about 8-10 minutes to
get better results.  While dyeing cotton
directly, let the cotton cloth be present in the
dye for more than or equal to 2 minutes but
not less.  Using of solutions such as
tartaremetic solution, tannic acid solution must
 be eminent.  Usage of gloves is preferable
to ensure tidiness.
16. 16. Conclusion DYE FABRIC RESULT
Malachite green Wool Fast Malachite green
Cotton Not fast to washing. Low intensity.
Sodium Carbonate soln.+ Tartaremetic soln.+
Tannic acid soln.+ Malachite green Cotton
Fast to washing. High intensity. The above
table clearly shows the variation in results by
using various mordant dyes (indirect dyeing)
or by using only malachite green (directs
dyeing). This gives the conclusion to the
experiment- “Dyeing of wool and cotton cloths
with malachite green.”
17. 17. Bibliography Chemistry Lab Manual-
Laxmi Publications www.google.com
www.chemstudy.com www.chymist.com
www.bing.com www.seminarsomnly.com
www.archive.org
Presentation on theme: "Classification of dyes

Based on Application"— Presentation transcript:

1 Classification of dyes Based on Application

Class- T.Y.B.Sc.Prof: L. P. Sutar ( M.Sc. NET-
JRF)M. P. A. S. C. College Panvel,Dist- Raigad.

2 Classification of dyes Based on Application

No single class of dye can dye all fibers'.A specific
class of dye can only be applied to a given type of
textile fiber.Acid DyeBasic dyeMordant DyeDirect
DyeAzoic DyeSulphur DyeVat Dye

3 Acid DyeAcid dyes are highly water soluble, and

have better light fastness than basic dyes.The
textile acid dyes are effective for protein fibers
such as silk, wool, nylon and modified
acrylics.They contain sulphonic acid groups,
which are usually present as sodium sulphonate
salts.

4 Acid DyeThese increase solubility in water, and

give the dye molecules a negative charge.In an
acidic solution, the -NH2 functionalities of the
fibres are protonated to give a positive charge: -
NH3+.This charge interacts with the negative dye
charge, allowing the formation of ionic
interactions.As well as this, Vander-Waals bonds,
dipolar bonds and hydrogen bonds are formed
between dye and fibre.As a group, acid dyes can
be divided into two sub-groups: acid-leveling or
acid-milling.

5 ORANGE IIExample of acid dyes

6 Basic Dye Basic dyes are used to dye wool,

leather and Paper.
They have poor affinity to cotton and cellulose
fiber and hence they dyed with the help of
mordant.It is poor fast to light.They contain basic
nitrogen in the from of amino group.e.g. Crystal
Violet and Rhodamine B

7 Crystal VioletRhodamine B
8 Mordant DyeThese dyes can be applied or fixed
on wool or other textile material with the help of
an auxiliary chemical which is called as mordant
and hence these dyes are called as mordant
dyes.The mordant are use to increase the dye –
fiber affinity.There are two types of mordant, acid
mordant and basic mordant.

9 e.g. Eriochrome Black and Alizarin.

10 DIRECT DYES Direct dyes for Cotton,

Viscose, Silk & Nylon
These dyes are easily applied from aqueous
solution so they are called as direct dye.Dyes
have a good light fastness but only moderate
wash fastness .It is possible to improve on wash
fastness by after-treatment of dyed article with
dye- fixing agent.These dyes are principally used
for “not so expansive” products or product with
fewer washes such as T-shirts, curtains & theatre
productions.

11 AZOIC DYESThe dyes belong to this class are

not ready made dyes but are formed on the
substrate itself by the use of two components
usually napthols and base.The formation of this
insoluble dye within the fabric makes it very fast to
washing.The deposition of the dye on the surface
of the fiber produces poor rub fastness, but once
the loose dye is removed by boiling the fabric in
soap, the dyeing becomes one of the fastest
available.

12 AZOIC DYES Normally it is dyed in cold for

all natural fibers
Naphtol dyes are not sold in the form of a
"finished dye" but in form of their components
(Insoluble azo base & fast colour coupling
compound) which combine on the fibre to produce
a water insoluble azo dye of exceptional fastness
properties.

14 VAT DYESINDIGO, probably the oldest dye

known to man, is one of the most important
members of this group.Natural indigo extracted
from the plant 'Indigofera tinctorie' was used by
the Egyptians in 200 BC.The first synthetic indigo
was introduced to the textile trade in 1897 & had
the effect of completely replacing the natural
product.

15 Although the vat dyes may be divided into 3

chemical groups, they are similar in that they are
insoluble in water & become water soluble when
reduced in the presence of an alkali.After dyeing,
the fabric is oxidized & the dye again becomes
water insoluble.Because of the time consuming &
costly procedure in reducing vat dye into a water-
soluble complex, dye manufacturers have
produced a stabilized water- soluble vat dye.

16 This dye can be applied to cotton & viscose

rayon by the methods used by applying direct
cotton dyes.After the dyeing, a simple treatment
restores the vat dye to its normal insoluble
state.Solubilized vat dyes have an affinity for
cellulose & animal fibres.When the ultimate in
wash & boil fastness is required.Also used to dye
over fibre reactive dyes for multi-layered dyeing.

18 SULPHUR DYESThe first Sulphur dye was

discovered in France in 1873, & further work done
by Raymond Videl enabled the manufacture of
'Videl black".Its outstanding fastness to light,
washing & boiling far surpassed any cotton black
known at that time.The general disadvantage of
the Sulphur dyes that they produce dull shades &
lack a red.

19 SULPHUR DYES - USE:The use of Sulphur

dyes is restricted to dull brown, Khaki & Navy
shades, where a good wash but not boil-fastness
is required.Most Khaki & Navy overalls are dyed
with Sulphur dyes.An outstanding member of this
family is Sulphur black.

20 SULPHUR DYES - USEIt dyes all cellulose

fibres, but particularly linen & jute, to a lustrous &
deep black with excellent wash & light
fastness.Sulphur dyes are dyed from a dye bath
containing Sodium Sulphide & common or
Glaubers Salt, & are oxidized by airing or with
some oxidizing agents (Sodium Dichromate or
Hydrogen Peroxide) in a fresh bath.

21 Chemical Structure:- 

22 Main Properties of the Sulfur Dyes

1.Economical dyeing with excellent tinctorial value
and good build up properties.2.Good overall
colorfastness properties such as wash fastness ,
light fastness , perspiration fastness etc.
Moderate fastness to crocking and poor fastness
to chlorines bleaching agents such as bleaching
powder and sodium hypochlorite.3.Limited shade
range to produce only dull shades and there is no
true red dye in the range.4.These dyes can be
applied by exhaust, semi continuous or
continuous dyeing methods on garment , yarn ,
knits, fabric as well as loose stock etc

23 Types of Sulfur DyesThere are three classes

of sulfur dyes, which are available commercially,
1.Conventional water insoluble dyes which have
no substantively to cellulosics. 2.Solubilised sulfur
dyes , which are water soluble and non
substantive to cellulosics. 3.Pre-reduced sulfur
dyes, in the stabilized leuco compound form ,
which are substantive to cellulosics.

24 REACTIVE DYESThe main feature of the

dyestuff is its low affinity to cellulose; therefore
large amounts of salt are required to force its
deposition on he fabricAfter this has been
achieved, addition of alkali causes the deposited
dyes to react with the fiber.Only a successfully
concluded reaction guarantees a fast
dyeing.Basically there are two types of reactive
dyes: the cold dyeing & hot dyeing types

26 REACTIVE DYES REACTIVE DYES - USE:

Cold water fibre reactive dyes, suitable for dyeing
on cotton, silk, jute, rayon & hessian.Cannot be
used on synthetics or fabric that has been coated
with resin or drip-dry finish.REACTIVE DYES -
USE:Reactive dyes are used where bright dyeing
with high light & wash fastness is required.Cold
dyeing is used extensively in batik work.Although
some reactive dyestuffs have been specially
modified to dye wool, their main usage is in
dyeing cotton linen & viscose rayon.

27 THANK YOU
Presentation on theme: "DYEING:
DEFINITIONS DYEING"—
Presentation transcript:
1  DYEING: DEFINITIONS DYEING
UNIFORM COLOURATION OF TEXTILE
MATERIAL IN FIBRE, YARN OR FABRIC
FORM.THE COLOUR PRODUCED SHOULD
WITHSTAND EXTERNAL AGENCIES SUCH AS
WASHING, LIGHT, RUBBING etc TO WHICH
TEXTILE MATERIAL IS SUBJECTED DURING
USE.THE COLOURATION SHOULD NOT
RESTRICT ONLY TO THE FIBRE SURFACE
BUT SHOULD PENETRATE THE FIBRE CROSS
SECTION.THE SURFACE COLOURATION IS
KNOWN AS RING DYEING.

2  DYEING: DEFINITIONS PAINTING

APPLICATION OF COLOUR TO ANY SURFACE
WITH THE HELP OF SUITABLE ADHESIVE. IT
IS BASICALLY SURFACE COLOURATION. HAS
FASTNESS PROPERTY TO SOME EXTERNAL
AGENCIES DEPENDING ADHESIVE FORCES
BETWEEN (FIBRE) SURFACE AND
COLOURING COMPOUND.TINTINGSURFACE
COLURATION. NO FASTNESS PROPERTY TO
EXTERNAL AGENCIES. THE PROCESS IS
USED FOR FIBRE IDENTIFICATION OF
DIFFERENT VARIETIES DURING
SPINNINGPRINTINGLOCALIZED
COLOURATION IN THE FORM OF DESIGN.
DYE PENETRATION IN THE FIBRE CROSS
SECTION

3  DYES AND PIGMENTS DYES COLOUR

COMPOUND
SOLUBLE IN WATER OR CAN BE MADE
SOLUBLE IN WATERPOSSESSES AFFINITY TO
FIBRE TO BE DYEDPENETRATION OF DYE IN
FIBRE CROSS-SECTION UNDER DYEING
CONDITIONSINTERACT WITH FIBRE WITH
SUITBLE DYE-FIBRE INTERACTIVE FORCES
DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF FIBRE AND
NATURE OF DYENATURE OF DYE-FIBRE
INTERACTION DETERMINES THE FASTNESS
PROPERTY OF DYE TO EXTERNAL
AGENCIES. THERE SOME EXCEPTIONS TO
THIS RULE.
4  DYES AND PIGMENTS TINTING COLOURS
PIGMENTS
DYES HAVING NO AFFINITY TO FIBRE.EASILY
REMOVED DURING
WASHINGPIGMENTSCOLOURING
COMPOUNDINSOLUBLE IN WATERNO
AFFINITY TO FIBRENO INTERACTION WITH
FIBRE

5  AFFINITY OR SUBSTANTIVITY
ATTRACTION BETWEEN DYE AND FIBRE
UNDER GIVEN DYEING CONDITIONS.ABILITY
OF DYE TO MOVE FROM SOLUTION PHASE
TO FIBRE PHASE DURING THE DYEING
OPERATIONTHIS MEANS REDUCTION IN DYE
CONCENTRATION IN SOLUTION PHASE AND
CORRESPONDING INCREASE OF DYE
CONCENTRATION IN FIBRE PHASE WITH
DYEING TIME.DYES HAVE AFFINITY TO
FIBREPIGMENT AND TINTING COLOURS
HAVE NO AFFINITY TOWARDS FIBRE.

6  CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
NATURALVEGETABLE ANIMALCOTTON
WOOLJUTE
SILKRAMIELINENREGENERATEDVISCOSECEL
LULOSE ACETATESYNTHETICPOLYESTER,
NYLON, ACRYLIC

7  CLASSIFICATION OF DYES
WATER SOLUBLE SUITABILITY TO
FIBREDIRECT COTTON, WOOL, SILK,
NYLONACID WOOL, SILK, NYLONBASIC OR
CATIONIC MAINLY ACRYLIC, LIMITED WOOL,
SILKREACTIVE MAINLY COTTON, LIMITED
WOOL, SILKSOLUBILIZED VAT
COTTONWATER INSOLUBLEVAT
COTTONSULPHUR COTTONDISPERSE
MAINLY POLYESTER, LIMITED NYLON,
ACRYLICIN-SITU COLOUR FORMATIONAZOIC
COTTONOXIDATION COLOURS
COTTONPIGMENT COLOURS ALL FIBRES
DEPENDING ON BINDER

8  THEORETICAL CONCEPT DYEING

PROCESS
FIBRE DYE BATH: DYE, WATER, DYEING
AUXILIARYINTRODUCTION OF FIBRE IN DYE
BATHDYEING UNDER SUITABLE CONDITIONS
FOR SUITABLE LENGTH OF TIMEZERO TIME
ALL DYE IN DYE BATHWITH PASSAGE OF
TIME INCREASE IN DYE CONCENTRATION ON
FIBRECORRESPONDING DECREASE IN DYE
CONCENTRTION IN DYE BATHTHIS
PHENOMENON IS KNOWN AS DYE
EXHAUSTION AND OCCURS DUE TO AFFINITY
OF DYE FOR FIBRE

9  DYEING MECHANISM DIVISION OF DYE

SYSTEM IN THREE PHASES
DYE IN SOLUTIONFIBRE SURFACEINTERIOR
OF FIBREDURING DYEING THREE TYPES OF
EQUILIBRIA EXISTDYE IN SOLUTION  DYE
ON FIBRE SURFACE  DYE IN THE INTERIOR
OF FIBREFIRST EQUILIBRIA TRANSFER OF
DYE FROM SOLUTION TO FIBRE
SURFACESECOND EQUILIBRIA
PENETRATION OF DYE FROM FIBRE
SURFACE TO FIBRE INTERIORDISTURBANCE
IN FIRST EQUILIBRIAPROCESS CONTINUE
TILL THREE PHASES ARE IN EQUILIBRIUM

10  DYE FIBRE INTERACTION

11  CLASSIFICATION OF ATTRACTIVE
FORCES
ATTRACTIVE FORCES BETWEEN DYE AND
FIBREVAN DER WAAL’S FORCES OR
DISPERSION FORCESHYDROGEN
BONDSELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTIONCO-
VALENT BOND

12  DYE-FIBRE INTERCTION FORCES OF

ATTRACTION
DYE CLASS FORCE OF
ATTRACTIONCELLULOSIC (COTTON, JUTE,
VISCOSE)DIRECT, VAT, SULPHUR VANDER
WAAL, H-BONDSOLUBILIZED VATREACTIVE
CO-VALENT BONDWOOL, SILK,
NYLONDIRECT, ACID, METAL IONIC OR
ELECTROSTATICCOMPLEXREACTIVE
IONIC/COVALENTPOLYESTERDISPERSE
VANDER WAAL, H-BONDACRYLICCATIONIC
INONIC OR ELECTROSTTIC

13  FORCE OF ATTRACTION AND WASH

FASTNESS
DYED FIBRE MUST MEET CERTAIN
FASTNESS REQUIREMENT TO VARIOUS
AGENCIES LIKE WASHING, LIGHT,
RUBBINGFASTNESS PROPERTY DEPENDS
ON SEVERAL FACTORSWASH FASTNESS
DEPENDS ONFORCE OF ATTRACTION
BETWEEN DYE AND FIBREPHYSICAL STATE
OF DYE INSIDE THE FIBREPHYSICAL
STRUCTURE OF FIBREBOND
ENERGYCOVALENT BOND > ELECTROSTATIC
BOND > H-BOND > VANDER WAAL
FORCEWASH FASTNESSREACTIVE DYE >
ACID, METAL COMPLEX, CATIONIC > DIRECT,
VAT, SULPHUR, DISPERSE

14  EXCEPTIONS VAT DYES ON COTTON

EXCELLENT WASH FASTNESS PROPERTY
REASONS
DYE INSIDE FIBRE WATER INSOLUBLE
FORMSTATE OF DYE INSIDE FIBRE
AGGREGATED (VERY HIGH MOLECULAR
WEIGHT)BOTH THESE FACTORS LEAD TO
VERY HIGH WASH FASTNESS ON COTTON
THOUGH WEAK FORCES OF DYE-FIBRE
INTERACTIONDISPERSE DYES ON
POLYESTERDYE INSIDE FIBRE WATER
INSOLUBLE FORMVERY COMPACT PHYSICAL
STRUCTURE OF FIBREDYE UNABLE TO
DIFFUSE OUT UNDER WASHING CONDITIONS
15  BRIEF HISTORY OF DYEING
PRACTICED AS EARLY AS3000 B C IN
CHINA2500 B C IN INDIADYED GARMENTS
FOUND IN EGYPTIAN TOMBSKNOWLEDGE OF
DYEING WENT TO EGYPT THROUGH
INDIADYES USED WERE OF NATURAL
ORIGIN,EXTRACTION FROM PLANTS OR
INSECTSPLANT DYESINDIGO,
MADDERINSECT DYESLAC, COCHENEAL,
KERMESMAJORITY OF NATURAL DYES ARE
FIXED ONTO FIBRE WITH THE HELP OF
METAL SALTS KNOWN AS
MORDANTSIMPORTANT MORDANTSALUM,
FeSO4, CuSO4, SnCl2, K2CR2O7

16  SYNTHETIC DYES 1856 FIRST SYNTHETIC

DYE. WILLIAM PERKIN, ENGLAND
CHANCE DISCOVERYAT THE AGE OF 14,
ASSOCIATED WITH FAMOUS GERMAN
CHEMIST HOFFMANFASCINATED BY
EXPERIMENTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRYSET
UP HIS OWN LABORATORY AT
RESIDENCEEXPLORED EXPERIMENTS IN
CHEMISTRY IN HIS LABORATORY AFTER
OFFICE HOURS AND ON HOLIDAYSIN THE
COURSE OF EXPERIMENTS OXIDIZED
ANILINE WITH K2Cr2O7, OBTAINED BLACK
PRECIPITATEBLACK PRECIPITATE
EXTRACTED WIT ETHYL ALCOHOL GAVE
BRILL. PURPLE SOLUTION WHICH COLULD
USED FOR COLORATION OF SILKFIRST
SYNTHETIC DYE MAUVEAT THE AGE OF 18
PERKIN SET UP HIS OWN FACTORY FOR
MANUFACTURE OF DYES ON INDUSTRIAL
SCALEMANY CHEMIST IN EUROPE STARTED
WORKING ON DYE SYNTHESIS

17  100 YEARS OF CHRONOLOGICAL

DEVELOPMENTS OF SYNTHEIC DYES
1856 FIRST SYNTHETIC DYE (PURPLE ),
PERKIN1858 DISCOVERY OF THE PROCESS
OF DIAZOTIZATION AND COUPLING, PETER
GREISS1859 MAGENTA DYE, FRENCH
CHEMIST VERGUIN1862 FIRST
SULPHONATED DYE1863 ANILINE BLACK,
NICHOLSON1880 IN SITU AZOIC COLOUR
FORMATION, READ HOLLIDAY1884 FIRST
DIRECT DYE, CONGO RED, BOTTIGER1893
FIRST SULPHUR DYE1897 SYNTHETIC
INDIGO1890 METAL COMPLEX DYE1901 VAT
DYE1922 DISPERSE DYE1956 REACTIVE
DYENATURAL DYES BEFORE ABOUT
100SYNTHETIC DYES TODAY

18  NOMENCLATURE OF DYES SYNTHETIC

DYES KNOWN BY THEIR TRADE NAMES
USUALLY INDICATE THE TRADE NAME OF
COMPANY, SHADE OBTAINED, HUE OR TONE
OF THE SHADE e.g.CHLORAZOL BROWN R
(DIRECT DYE)INDANTHRENE BLUE 2R (VAT
DYE)CHLORAZOL TRADE NAME OF
ICIBROWN SHADER REDDISH HUE OF
BROWNFOR HUE LETTERS LIKE B, R, Y, OR
BB, RR OR 2B, 3R, 4R ETC ARE
USEDSOMETIMES OTHER LETTERS
INDICATES SUB CLASS WITHIN THE MAIN
CLASS e.g.PROCION RED M5B (COLD BRAND
REACTIVE DYE)PROCION RED H5B (HOT
BRAND REACTIVE DYE)COLOUR INDEX
DOCUMENTATION OF ALL DYESJOINT
PUBLICATION OF SOCIETY OF DYERS AND
COLOURISTS (SDC), ENGLAND AND
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF TEXTILE
CHEMISTS AND COLOURISTS (AATCC) ,
USAINFORMATION ON TRADE NAMES,
CHEMICAL STRUCTIRE, PROPERTDIES
etc.EACH DYE IS IDENTIFIED BY CI NUMBER
(COLOIUR INDEX NUMBER)

19  FIBRE FORMFIBREYARNFABRICFABRIC
FORMWOVENKNITTEDNON-WOVEN

20  DYEING METHODS BATCHWISE OR

EXHAUST DYEING FIBRE YARN FABRIC
SEMI-CONTINUOUS DYEINGCONTINUOUS
DYEINGYARN IN WARP SHEET FORM (INDIGO
DYEING FOR DENIM)

21  EXHAUST DYEING MATERIAL TO LIQUOR

RATIO (M:L RATIO)
VOLUME OF WATER TAKEN IN RELATION TO
WEIGHT OF MATERIAL (FIBRE, YARN OR
FABRIC)e.g. M:L :: 1:10 MEANS FOR 1 kg OF
TEXTILE MATERIAL 10 LITRES OF WATER
TAKEN FOR DYEING% DYEBATH
EXHAUSTIONAMOUNT OF DYE GONE FROM
SOLUTION PHASE TO FIBRE PHASE AT THE
END OF DYEING PERIOD EXPRESSED IN
TERMS OF %. IT IS A MEASURE OF DYE
SUBSTANTIVITY. THE TERM IS MAINLY
APPLICABLE TO BATCHWISE DYEING.%
FIXATION: AMOUNT OF DYE FIXED
(INTERACTED) WITH FIBRE AFTER
WASHING/SOAPING.% SHADEAMOUNT OF
DYE TAKEN FOR DYEING ON THE BASIS OF
WEIGHT OF MATERIALe.g. 2% SHADE MEANS
2 gm DYE TAKEN FOR DYEING 100 gm
MATERIAL i.e TEXTILE FIBRE, YARN OR
FABRIC.

22  BATCHWISE DYEING JET DYEING

MACHINE (FABRIC IN ROPE FORM)
DYEING IN SMALL BATCHES, kg
FABRICFABRIC DYEING
EQUIPMENTSDESIGNED ON THREE
PRINCIPLESFABRIC MOVING, DYE LIQUOR
STATIONARYJIGGER (FABRIC IN OPEN
WIDTH FORM)WINCH (FABRIC IN ROPE
FORM)FABRIC STATIONARY, DYE LIQUOR
MOVINGBEAM DYEING MACHINE FOR
DYEING POLYESTER OR
POLYESTER/COTTON BLENDS (FABRIC IN
OPEN WIDTH)BOTH FABRIC AND DYE LIQUOR
MOVINGJET DYEING MACHINE (FABRIC IN
ROPE FORM)
23  CONTINUOUS DYEING PADDING
SATURATION OF FABRIC BY DYE SOLUTION
AND SQUEEZING THE EXCESS LIQUOR BY
PRESSING BETWEEN SQUEEZ
ROLLERSMACHINE: PADDING
MANGLETERMS COMMON FOR CONTINUOUS
DYEING OF FABRIC.EXPRESSION%INCREASE
IN WEIGHT OF DRY FABRIC AFTER PADDING
e.g.DRY FABRIC WEIGHT 1kgFABRIC WEIGHT
AFTER PADDING 1.8 kgINCREASE IN DRY
FABRIC WEIGHT 0.8 kg% INCREASE IN
WEIGHT 80%EXPRESSION 80%HIGHER THE
VALUE OF % EXPRESSION LESS IS LIQUOR
SQUEEZING BY PADDING MANGLE AND VICE
VERSA