oe @ ° CPEM 9 BE Oy ® 2a as? 05 0% “e ot “8 © 20 Fossil fuels & Carbon compounds {EGE 40 BLS chopter 5Q] Definition of Fossil fuel {LGR chopter 5 FractionaldistillationofPetroleum Gis0s30Bi% chapter KE Cracking of Heavy oil BanRe chapter HQ] IUPAC|Naming'System IUPAC BRK chopter 5@ Homologous Series Ax chapter Bf Saturated |Hydrocarbons ws. \Unsaturated|Hydrocarbons chapter 5g Additic rization (Thermoplastic) DIRS (RAE) chapter 5A, Town Gas eR chapter Bij Combustion of Organic Compound AsibS MAK chapter Bj Environmental Problems SRR EA chopter 5X (Exercise) IUPAC|Naming System (RE) IUPAC HEAR var Chapter 05 tak Kol ah Ta ited Herman\Yeung Chemistry a@ <@ @ goes 20950 e othe o> oN; "oe 2a op 0% @ so @ Orca (Definition of Fossil fuel oP eoernee Za 4. Organic chemicals Ai@ikLSy Origin; Living organism Wood (from tree) Crude oil / Petroleum (from marine organism & plant lived many years ago) Coal (From plant in land lived many years ago) am: eh * (eB) BA / BA (HRSTAMNSREM IED) # (BREE RANE LIED) 2... Fossil fuel {6GRE Formed from the remains of living organisms that lived many years ago. (1) Petroleum (2) Coal (3) Natural gas The economic importance of petroleum as a source of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene) RARSEMEMORRME AN - (t) Bw (2) & (3) RRR (RAEN SE (0S) ARAM LAME -o oo <5 2 sah 20950 ° othe id 2; "oe ovo jon of (Petroleum oe Fractional dis’ he) Bi 88% a | 1. Definition 2% (1) Physical Change (2) Crude oil / Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different boiling points. (3) Heating crude oil in high temperature. It vaporizes and then condenses at different levels of the fractionating towers based on the boiling points of different fractions. (Shorter carbon chain with lower boiling point will condense at higher level.) Es Rih/ BREA TA RENE SLAM MARN BSD - CARIB CHRERRTRM DAREMA MES FARE « (RIGO RRA REREAD -)@ ee ahs on ooe stolen ©. 02. a "oe 2y oo” oe 2. Petroleum fractions 388853 re ert ern ee 4 LPG CnC «40°C Gaseous fuel {Uutie petroleum go) 2. Petrol Cs~Co | 40~70°C | Fuel for car 3. Naphtha Co~Cs | 70~150°C Making town gas 4. Kerosene Cu~Ce | 150~240°C Jet fuel 5. Gas oil Cw Ces | 240~340°¢ | Diesel fuel for lorries & factories 6. Fuel oil > Ces >350°C Fuel for ships 7. Lubricating oil | C20 ~ Cae >350°C Oil for machine 8. Wox > Ces >350°C Making candles 9. Bitumen > Cos >350°C Surface for roads La C~ Ca «40°C C5 ~ Cio 40~ 70°C ABR C5 ~ C16 70 ~ 150°C RISRS Cu ~ Cis 150 ~ 240 °C FR, Cis ~ Co5 240 ~ 340°C RS mRNA > Cas > 350°C Lechauas Ceo ~ C34 > 350°C Renew > Cas > 350°C Sas > Cas > 350°C See@ <@ piv hiv tM e OMe ty NE 3. Properties of Petroleum fractions Gxhe@s) AV} Longer carbon chain larger molecules larger intermolecular force (van der Waals’ force) viscosity * burns with a more sooty flame volatility + RATE > BANA DFRHRARA Gee) SE + WRBRES RIS WBE L > a ce > peCiarelh Cllare Koln Tunestg] aCracking of Heavy oil BawAe chemical change & endothermic break long-chained molecules into short-chained ones. can produce smaller hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons from larger hydrocarbons to meet the industrial demand. (bene B ORR RBA FD GED F * TPRANRMLAMS RR RA LAMRTBNE - DGEBA - porous pot / broken unglazed porcelain / alumina (AlzOs) # SURG / PRE / WLR (AleOs) # boiling tube delivery tube ARE ae Glass wool soaked with * octane gases #8 WAT * Fr RE, [— test tube heat occasionally heat strongly meine am water 2 * large hydrocarbons / paraffin oil / petroleum fraction * KOREA / Mi / BED # broken > larger surface area > rate of reaction increase #H > BAWNRER > RmeLH (A) Catalytic cracking GEAR Condition: High temperature & catalyst (a: BRRARI(EM (8) Thermal cracking Heat under pressure in the absence of air G2 RRR ERALRANEE ET + HAF DRA ye.¥ in MM YY] Gill OT M yng i w Chapter 5c ~\p.5 ~ Herman Yeung Chemistry aoe e ot g oa, ooe sbo% Be a is 2a e > % "oe a 2 x) sl 5 fe| IUPAC Naming:System IUPAC ERK ba J—, 5 2 3 4 Ey gy 4 8 meth eth prop but pent ~— hex —sihept_—oct. ta a A T he c R = Alkanes ane wee ht Alkenes -ene ie ad Alkanols -anol reel] baa a Alkanoic acids -anoic acid URCRSatseleamm ch “8 i A Br E fluoro chloro bromo iodo a 3 # di tri tetra penta = S a B (#@B) IUPAC MBA #8 Chapter 5X (Exercise) IUPAC Naming System Please refer to Chapter 5Xa @& °3 8 su Ps aoe? é ote ge o a — ‘Homologous Series 1S xsi IO as Za same general formula # similar chemical properties a gradation in physical properties ES # AUMILEEE He0Msts Formula zt Empirical formula 32830 ({bEER FH) Molecular formula #3 Structural formula #830 General formula 343Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons with Double / Triple bonds FAA: ARR = RNKEAILAY Eee ean (eg. alkane) ee dora (eg. alkene) ‘Add in Bre(aq) /Clo(aq) in PP nara Brown Br2(aq) Brown Br-(aq) 7 Yellowish green Clo(aq) __/ Yellowish green Cle(aq) decolourized slowly under _decolourized immediately ultraviolet #1 #2 PP Rent) Mmm No observable changes Purple KMnO.(aq) decolourized #3 PCCM No observable changes Purple KMnO«(eq) Pane) give brown ppt #4 Potassium permanganate Sizi8i99 : KMnOs (aq) Ea Ce: pCa IRRIMGC - #RESAT Bro(aq) Caen et ta / BERENS Clo(aq) #809 Bro(aq) 7 #299 Clo(aq) W2EDBEE #1 #2 BN teal er Ce) ATTRA S25 KMnO,(aq) re, #3 Pe wees AREAS 25019 KMnO4(aq) EME TR<@ ob a0 2 so" 28 og ot 38 ee oP ot 88,2070" é "og 08? > #1 Substitution reaction ERNE Saturated hydrocarbons (e.g. alkane) + Br2(aq) /Cla(aq) in 1,1,1-trichloroethane © Brown Br2(aq) / Yellowish green Cla(aq) decolourized slowly under ultraviolet BOFDKE (e.g. SH) + Bra(aq) / Cla(aq) (A 11,1-=R Ze) > TIME» FREAD Bre(aq) / BAREA Cla(aq) EAE GaSe eG) = do) @) : 3) ) dO 85D a mixture containing CH3Br, CH2Br2, CHBr3 and CBr4 —{8& CHsBr + CH2Br2 CHBrs #1 CBra RRA49 2) 9 Re Product : mM: excess Cl2 vs. excess methane 3S Cle vs. BE PR Se = ye_.\ Mamie yn ey DL nore H Chapter 5f. ol ied Herman Yeung Chemistry ay Hanoo o a 3 28 sah 8 > 80 2 WD o> °° ° #2 Addition reaction DDR Unsaturated hydrocarbons (e.g. alkene) + Bre(ag) /Cle(aq) in 1,1,1-trichloroethane © Brown Bra(aq) / Yellowish green Clz(aq) decolourized immediately AAMAME (e.g. HH) + Bralag) / Ch(aq) (BH 111-=HZ1z) => FREBAY Bro(aq) / BAREEAN Clo(aq) WADA CH3CH=CH2 + Bre > CH3CHBrCHeBrop 0% e #3 So ya we > 0 ry ep 2 PPE? ERTS og 828 Redox reaction Ubi RE Unsaturated hydrocarbons (e.g. alkene) + Acidified KMnOs(aq) = Purple KMnO,(aq) decolourized COALS (e.g. YH). MAREE KMnOx(aq) > FER KMnO4(aq) HE CHe=CHe + 20H > CHeOHCH2OH + 2e° MnOz + BH + > Mn® + 4H20 5CH2=CH2 + 100H™ > 5CH2OHCH20H + 10e 2Mn0s + 16H" + 10e > 2Mn*+ 8H20 5CH=CH2 + 2MnOs" + 6H" + 10H20 > 5SCHeOHCH2OH + 2Mn® + 8H20 5CHo=CH2 + 2MnOs + 6H" + 2H20 > 5SCHeOHCH-OH + 2Mun* purple 3 colourless #€ Redox reaction SUbjamR RIE Unsaturated hydrocarbons (e.g. alkene) + Neutral or Alkaline KMnOx(aq) => Purple KMnO.(aq) give brown ppt RADA (e.g. HN) DAG HESLAREE KMnO«(aq) > REN KMnOd(ag) EARS TM CHe=CH2 MnOe 20H” 2H2O > > CH2OHCH2OH MnOz + 40H + 2e 3CH2=CH2 2MnOe 60H” 4H20 3CH2OHCH20H + be" 2MnOz + 8OH™ + 6 3CH2=CHez + 2MnO« + 4H20 3CH2OHCH2OH + 2MnO2 + 20H” purple brown ppt RETRY FRO OR A foal OL tad Herman Yeung Chemistry oy | Chapter 5fa @& °3 8 su Ps aoe? & ote ge o a Other addition reaction FithDI ARH Unsaturated hydrocarbon *E@A1K% + HBr / HCl eg. (CH3CH2CH=CH2 + HBr > CH3CH2CHBrCH3s & CH3CHeCH2CH2Br (Major product 332247) Markovnikov's rule BNENARE When a molecule HA adds to an asymmetric alkene, the Major product is the one in which the hydrogen atom attaches itself to the carbon atom already carrying the larger number of hydrogen atoms. BOT HA MAIAHBARR - EBB SARFMARACRARZSERFWERTL -ion) [Polymer sin notiasties ic) MES (FABBE) a mixture of polymer molecules with different lengths —BRETEMRAMA THORS HoH 1 1 ny Cle: »> t+ é- é I 1 HoH Ethene Z38 a nai a 1 nae > + é- 6 1 1 H CH3 Li Hs n Propene FN Polypropene 275} i fi fH H 1 1 n b= é »> + é- ¢ +C-C I I tH a Li a LH ¢l Vinyl Chloride S238 Polyvinyl Chloride ZH Wy fi fH iL 1 n b= ¢ » + b- ¢ +c-c¢ I I h Cotto Li cotts n LH CeHs. Styrene #Zt# Polystyrene ME ZHE H CH3 y na [H CH3 I 1 I I nC=C »> + b= ¢ +o-C 1 1 I 1 H CO2CH3 Li CozcHs n LH CO2CHs 2-methylpropenoate FEA eS ie Perspex Asti w Chapter 5g@ @ ee Peres a tee 08, 9, 2uS ae? é e ?@ 4. Characteristics of Plastics #20073 Polymer en eee Polyethene (PE) Food wrap, Flexible, Plastic bottle Light, Chemically unreactive *, Water-proof, High tensile strength, Low density * PE contains only C-H & C-C covalent bonds. These bonds are strong Polyvinyl chloride Food wrap with plasticizer, HCI (g) will produce when (pve) Drainage pipe, burning Raincoat Polystyrene Expanded polystyrene for Electrical insulator, making lunch box Heat insulator + kerosene (solvent) heat under reflux (kerosene is volatile) + methanol (:: lower the solubility of polystyrene) Perspex Contact lens, Light but easy to be Optical fibres, scratched Aeroplane window Herman Yeung Chemistry oxé oo “? gre by Go pote Be 7.03, a, *5 2uS ae? é 4. Characteristics of Plastics #20073 EZ (PE) iRaeiR Ate Be g {EB te ra ttt * Bhizk « Bie - eae * BOMREBA C-H RC-C HY SAR Mer IeAY - BAZ (Pvc) AB ILAARER «| SYRIS BL HCl (g) HERE» mak BEL HORELR Beis - RR SAGAR ie +O (SE) Ga (> BOBBIE) +PAE (GRAZ ABBE) ARR FRFLERER ~ HGASAalE it~ RAB Le Beenie) Herman Yeung Chemistry oea @& 3 28 sah 8 on? P othe 2... Moulding i Burn without enough oxygen / Burn gently > melts > mould (Extrusion moulding) > cool down Burn with enough oxygen / Under strong heat > softens and chars BARMAS TOR / BAR > Bib > BR (RBA) > Ral FARMER PMR / RT > RIbBRR 3. Plastic vs. Metal #28 vs. £18 Plastic aE (1) Electrical insulator Q) Seete (2) Heat insulator (2) aMBeHE (3) Light / low density @) / Bee (4) High corrosion resistant (4) 2A BBEREETI (5) Durable 6) A Metal 2 (1) Hard Q) Be w Chapter 5g Herman Yeung Chemistrya @& 3 28 sah 8 s eo Be o> °° 4. Howto make Polypropene from Naphtha PGE GiGi BS th PE (1) Cracking of naphtha give a mixture of hydrocarbons which include propene. (2) Fractional distillation of the gaseous product can separate propene from other hydrocarbons. (3) Polymerization of propene at elevated temperatures and high pressure in the presence of a suitable catalyst gives polypropene. #2 Bath 2282 LUGE) A BLAM RAY - PSANMEERY OR WRK bLSMo RL A - EHSRE SRRAMSHEILAT AK RS enh BAK - 5... How to make Propene from Polypropene SRE PAE BSS tH Fae propene 7a Parpere water 7k t heat fzNaphtha (CsH2) + steam lisa (CsHiz) + A CsHiz2 + 5H2O > 5CO + 11H2 51% 15% 1% 10% Th 5% 1% Ha, co, Na, CO2, gaseous naphtha AER, CHa, Oz + additive with a foul smell ARNIS (To alert consumers of the leakage of town gas which CO is toxic & Hz is explosive RERRARRUER AR CO BAST He BARE) Reason of NOT using coal (1) easier to transport & store naphtha (2) using naphtha produces less air pollutants AGAR RA () RSRBRATROI (2) FSRAESERD SSSop 0% e ee 8 sige ° saQoe 2 0% °3 °3 Town gas + citrated blood > cherry red + TOARMCERERRM) > BE +: CO + haemoglobin > carboxyhemoglobin CO+MMe8 > *aMCeS Town gas + copper oxide (black) > copper (brown) RR + Sb (RE) > 4 (AiRe) cuo He cu + H20 CuO co Cu + COz Cuz0 + He 2cu + H20 Cuz0 + CO 2Cu + COz “: Town gas is poisonous & has an explosion risk 2. Leakage > Open window (for ensure sufficient ventilation / to let out the town gas) > Don't use phone / electrical appliance (trigger off a spark which may ignite the town gas) » RERABRARE CH . BRe > FAB CUERESNER / IRAE) > FRRAB / Be (2 BSIBXTE MATES RAMI)oe @ eo @ 3 28 sah 8 20950 ? othe vg 8; *5 x Ny o Combustion of Organic Compound AES MB Iw CH, + (Xo, > xCO, + yH0 CyHy,jOH + Fo, > nCO, + (n+1)H,O 3n+1 GH, COOH + 0, > (n+1)CO, + (n+1)HO Organic compound with less % of mass of carbon will be more chance to undergo complete combustion & produce less sooty flame which is less harmful to the environment. RHRSADSRENARIEAD SRARETEMRREERO RK HA BR) « Incomplete combustion A7e2 VAI - will give a luminous flame which can be more easily seen. - BLURS SABES -oo = o @ givbiyh thats te tay FST Environmental Problems gee A. Source of pollution 8. Problem of pollution C. Solution for pollution English version: please refer to p.22 ~ 30 . RRR . RAE . RAAT PICA: SE p31 ~ 39@ @ ° gre oe ooe stolen 7.02.4 0 2a as? e°* é A. Source of pollution 1. Burning fossil fuel in factory AL 2. Liquid wastes from factories A2 3. Oil spillage A 4. Mobile car 5. Manufacture of plastic product B. Problem of pollution 1. Acid rain een 2. Greenhouse effect w B2 C. Solution for pollution 1. Install catalytic converter (catalytic oxidizer) in car 1 2. Install scrubbers in power plant / incinerator @ 3. Use electrostatic precipitator 3 4. Blasting more air to the incinerator, to convert CO to COz 5. Method of dispose of plastic 5 6. Use alternative energy source (i) use natural gas replace coal .. C6i (ii) use ethanol or gasohol to replace petrol . C6ii (ili) use LPG replace diesel for vehicles . C6iii (iv) use unleaded petrol replace leaded petrol for vehicles (v) _ use electric vehicle (vi) use ultra low sulphur diesel 7. Use renewable energy source (/Bi7k ihi4= 2588) @ (i) Wind energy (@) (ii) Hydroelectric power (7k) (ili) Geothermal energy (12) (iv) Nuclear energy (#2) Civ (v) Biomass (4) cw (vi) Solar energy (a) (vii), Tidal energy (8) 8. 4R for metal CB 9. Planting 0 bl iy sul UO w Chapter 5) el orn Herman Yeung Chemistry a@ oe PEs op oBP BP P9249 9,0 BBE .00” oe e ?@ A1. Burning fossil fuel in factory 1. NOx: combination of Nz and O2 at high temperature. Ne+ Op —hightemperue, onQ 2NO + O2 > 2NOz Other sources produce NOx: (1) sparking in internal combustion car engine (2) lightning in nature Effect: (1) corrosion of metals & buildings (2) erosion, damage to statues (3) damage to the respiratory system (4) cause photochemical smog CO: incomplete combustion of fuels (1) poisonous (2) would combine with haemoglobin in blood and thus lowers the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood (3) the colour of blood gradually becomes cherry red (4) feel dizzy (5) insoluble in water, so it will NOT cause acid rain S02: released by burning fuels containing sulphur (1) toxic (2) choking smell (3) harmful to human respiratory system (4) harmful to plants (yellowing of leaves) (8) cause acid rain BI Unburnt hydrocarbons : incomplete combustion of fuel (1) carcinogenic (2) cause smog Particulates : incomplete combustion of fuel (1) lung cancer (2) cause smog (3) respiratory diseases (4) darkening of building walls (5) reduce visibility Lead compound: released by burning fuels containing lead (1) brain damage / damage to nervous system trichloromethane : carcinogenic i] Wnt ry Chapter 5) Herman Yeung Chemistry 25° 0% 95% asp obo CBE 00 3 poe Soe one oats A2.. Liquid wastes from factories Acidic waste pollute the sea / harmful to aquatic species Handling method: use slaked lime (Ca(OH)z) to neutralize the liquid waste Chromium-containing substances Harmful to marine life / toxic / poisonous A3. Oil spillage Environmental problems caused by oil spillage: 1. oil is less dense than water and is insoluble in it which can block the oxygen supply to marine life & cause the death of marine life oil is flammable oil washed ashore may spoil the beaches the decomposition of oil is slow and the effect is long lasting oil clogs the feathers of sea birds and prevent them from flying or swimming / oil interferes with the insulation provided by the feathers of sea birds, so the sea birds may die of cold or pneumonia oil layer blocks the sunlight from penetration into sea water and hinders the photosynthesis of aquatic plants oil is toxic / poisonous if detergent is used to clean up the spilt oil, the detergent remained in the sea may cause harm to marine life Treatment of oil spillage: treat oil with detergent which can emulsify the oil / break down oil into droplets use floating barrier or boom to prevent the spread of oil use micro-organism to break down the oil@ @ 3 < ahs by Go pote Be Co a *5 2y a? B1.. Acid rain 1, Definition: Rain with pH < 5.6 (H20 + COz * HeCOs which is pH = 5.6, so pH of normal rainwater = 5.6) 2. Source: (a) burning of fossil fuel to produce NOx Na+ Oz —hishtemperture, 2NjQ 2NO+Oz2 > 2NO2 2NO2+Hz0 > HNO2+ HNOs 2HNOz + Oz > 2HNO3 ANOz + O2 + H2O > 4HNO3 (b) (i) burning of coal gives SOz (ii) roasting of sulphur-containing ores give SOz eg. 2ZnS +302 > 2Zn0 + 2502 (iii) burning of diesel in diesel engines give SOz sulphur dioxide dissolves in rain water to give sulphurous acid S02 +HeO > HeSO3 (©) burning of chlorine-containing plastic wastes gives HCI(9) HCl (g) + HeO (I) > HCl (aq) + H20 (I) 3. Effect: (a) corrode marble buildings (b) corrode iron window frame (c) make the soil infertile by removing minerals from the soil (d) make the soil acidic (e) harmful to aquatic life 4. Possible ways to reduce the formation of acid rain : (@) For SOz: (i)_use low-sulphur coal / natural gas / wind power instead of high-sulphur coal (ii) installation of scrubbers (b) For NOx: (i) Tnstallation of catalytic converters in car exhaust system (ii) installation of scrubbers (©) For HC: —(i)_installation of scrubbers i hm ee Chapter 5) bal ood Herman) Yeung Chemistry aop 0% e ° ahs Rae othe 0.90 B2. Greenhouse effect 1 Greenhouse gases can trap heat which is reradiated from the Earth, and keep the atmosphere warm for life to sustain on the Earth. The atmosphere is maintained in a temperature range suitable for plant and animal growth. Greenhouse gases includes : Oz, CHs, CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), Os Global warming : Increase in temperature of the atmosphere can cause (a) melting of polar ice caps > flooding in low-lying area (b) change in rainfall pattern Factors affecting the amount of greenhouse gases : (0) COz increase by burning fossil fuels / respiration / biodegradation of animal faeces () COz decrease by photosynthesis / dissolving carbon dioxide in seas (©) CHs increase by increasing in the number of rice paddies and cattle “: The remains decay to give methanegv tiv h thes ee ry Ff C1. Install catalytic converter (catalytic oxidizer) in car 2NO,(g) > x0,(g)+N,(g) Catalyst : Pt /Rh (Reduction) 2C0 (g)+0,(g) > 2€0,(9) Catalyst : Pt / Pd (Oxidation) 3x41 Hoes + (unburnt hydrocarbons) 0,(g) > xCO,(g)+(x+1)H,O (I) Catalyst : Pt / Pd (Oxidation) 1. reduce acid rain / photochemical smog 2. lead, lead compound, sulphur will pollute the catalyst C2. Install scrubbers in power plant / incinerator 1. apply method of neutralization to remove HCl, SOz from flue gas in power station C3. Use electrostatic precipitator remove particulates rather than unburnt hydrocarbon physical methodop 0% e C5. @ POEM Se 9 Oh B0 em Method of dispose of plastic 1._Landfilling Advantage: (1). Cost is low Disadvantage: (1) A lot of landfill sites are required (2) Underground water may also be polluted (3) Degradation takes a long time 2. Incineration Advantage: reduce volume of waste Disadvantage: incomplete combustion produce pollutants 3._Recycling [heat the used polymer to melt and remould] OR [heat it to give monomer and repolymerize] ‘Advantage: (1) save raw materials derived from petroleum Disadvantage: (1) cost is high (2) Difficult to separate different types of plastic in the recycling process 4. Pyrolysis (burn in the absence of air) Advantage: _useful products (e.g, methane, ethane) can be obtained Disadvantage: requires a lot of energy@ ap o® Céi. VEER yew doPBe ©, 02,9, Fog ote. a” oe é use natural gas replace coal Céii. Natural gas - mainly methane (CH«) Compare with coal : (1) more chance to undergo complete combustion (2) less sulphur-containing substances use ethanol or gasohol to replace petrol gy YQ ye Wily 1, Some agricultural products can be hydrolyzed to glucose which can then be fermented to give ethanol. Ethanol can be produced very economically in some agricultural countries. 2. Less pollution problems, because ethanol contains less impurities than petrol and would not produce SQ2, etc. upon combustion / Ethanol, compare with petrol, is more chance to undergo complete combustion. 3. A car engine has to be suitably modified when using ethanol as a fuel. Gasohol = ethanol + petrol > ethanol: Gasohol is less flammable & more energy can be obtained from gasohol >petrol: — Gasohol undergoes complete combustion more readily use LPG replace diesel for vehicles LPG - mainly butane (CaHtio) Initial stage in launching this plan 1. not enough LPG refill centres 2. extra investment to buy LPG taxis 3. not enough service centres History of Hong Kong Year 1999 : Lauch LPG vehicle Scheme Year 2003 : 99.9% Taxi > LPG Taxi Year 2002 : Lauch LPG minibus Scheme Year 2005 : 3100 LPG minibus in Hong Kong 1, Apr, 1999: Ban the sale of leaded petrol AL LT ENC ILE ww ‘i Chapter 5) bales did Herman) Yeung Chemistry ao o 5 9 ee Peres a tee ©, 02,9, 5 ote. a” C7. Use renewable energy source (7K HbAKEXA) Reasons of develop alternative energy source (1) The reserve of fossil fuels is limited (2) Price of fossil fuel is controlled by countries which have large reserve of fossil fuel (3) Burning fossil fuels produce lot of air pollutants (4) Burning fossil fuels cause global warming C7iv. Biomass 1. getting energy by burning organic matter (dead animal, dead plant e.g. wood) 2. Not yet widely used as an energy source (1) Methane produced in biogas plants cannot meet the huge demand of domestic fuel. (2) Investment in the construction of biogas plants may be great. (3) Biogas plants release air pollutants. (4) Difficult to collect large amount of organic wastes. C7v. Nuclear energy Advantage: (1) In long term, cost is cheap (2) less air pollutants Disadvantage: (1) leakage of radioactive source is disastrous (2) initial set-up cost is high (3) difficult to treat the waste C8. 4R for metal (1) Re-use Reason for 4R 1, Amount of metal in the earth is limited 2. Metals are non-renewable G Sa — TT al = Mr Ln Maeno (2) Re-cycle (3) Re-place (4) Re-duce al ol! kd Herman Yeung Chemistry a@ @ @ by? % 3 e% Bey bee 25° 0%? 8 A. RNFUR 1. CRRA: LAL 2. Lime YD AZ 3. WH «AB 4. 5. SBARAERS B. Seen 1 Bm Bt 2. RERE .B2 C. RARER 1, NHR AE(DEELEE (RE(LSLIEEE) =@l 2. fESe(bi ~ RRM HRS 2 3. 8H PSR 63 4, Seb HURST ES 2 - 1 CO BLA COz 5. ELBE -@ 6. BRA @ C61 Gil) «Ci () -- C6ili (v) ABER REA RR aa \) AR Se ' (vi) AI BreaReN 7. (ABREAER (BUKMREAM) me7 @ Bae (i) KABS (iii) HeRRBE ; (iv) 65 . CTiv @) £98 .CIv (vi) ARBRE (vii) SBE 8. ahBAo4R C8 td ie 7 a w Chapter 5) ~|p.31 ~ Herman Yeung Chemistry =op 0% e Chapter 5) @ ee 8 2885 oe othe TLRRR ERR NOx: #MBE Ne B O2 BS Ne+O2 88. 2No 2NO + O2 > 2NOz Hithem NOx AUR: (1) ARS IE PIARMEAD ATE (2) ABRNBS 8: (1!) 2BNARN Re (2) BSAA AIRS (3) FRA (4) SRUbRER CO: RES ASeE HE (i) AS (2) RMRPHMARES - ALLOA SS 3) Meee (4) wae (6) ASK MLC S02: RSW MN TIER () Ae (2) Ago 3) BASRA (4) Siaaes (BER) (6) Sum Bt PPAR LEY : MERA EPR (1) Be (2) SRR MH: YON AER (@) ibe (2) SxaR @) REE G4) ABNER (©) FeGAE RE Swbey : WRSRHON TIER (1) ARIS / BAHIA HE SePa: Bue Herman Yeung Chemistry Dayop 0% e e ee 8 Pee saQoe 8e A2. ARSE AIFS RS RS YD BERMSAAS / HSSEMVAS IEA : AAAGM (Ca(OH)e) APARAN seme HSeEMAS / AS RS ARR 1. FRFCRAU EE LLAE § RABROK HERE DEILARBAKS SSXSMARAMIEC + HE SARA ° SORTS th FS AS RELAIS - SHOPBREE : RRM E MNES - STR SNSSRNVE : REMARK - {SRR IEA RIB IDRE - SHPLRRSE BSCE SRB - CSAS TER - RREAS - RRARR SHEA SSEMaS RMS Rb —BAt Zz 2. 3. SRSA GOR AA SE KASPAR DURE A@ 3 og Bye hs ona? e rr) 9° at B1. BH 1, EH: p< 5.6 AYR (H2O + COz* H2COs # pH = 5.6 - ATLLIE SIR ZKAY pH {B = 5.6) 2. FRR: (a) PAIL MEA NOx Ne+ 02 —58 _. 2no 2NO+Oz > 2NOz 2NO2+Hz0 > HNO2+ HNOs 2HNOz + Oz > 2HNOs 4NO2 + 02+ HzO > 4HNO3 (b) (i) PRBHRAEAL SO2 (iii) RASS PMMA S02 Sb KE $02 +H2O > H2SO3 (c) WARS MAY HCl) HCl (g) + HzO (I) > HCl (aq) + H20 (I) 3. Ba: (©) mBKBaBRY (b) meReeRETE () EimRMMES tine (d) Steere () Hs¥2n8e 4. 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HERAT RAM AER 2, £e270e+ a) Chapter 5j el ooh ed Herman\Yeung Chemistry oy“e @ <@ age 20h 8 2885 @ e othe o> a *o5 2% ‘fetrachloromethone =“ sUR oe 0.0 e IUPAC Naming‘System IUPAC 83% methane ae ethane propane butane lpentanes—“‘(‘ééCé OO!!! hexane heptane octane nonane, decane ‘chloromethane i (atstitéa dichloromethane trichloromethane bromoethane 1,2-dichloroethane 1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1-trichloroethane 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane y 1-bromopropane yromopropane 2-methylpropane “12-dibromopropane 2A Herman) Yeung Chemistry aa @ 3 28 sae se 0 9 wR B 0% °3 °3 2,3-dimethylbutane 6c | 2,3-dimethylpentane 6d 2,4-dimethylpentane 7a | 3-ethylhexane 7b | 3-methylhexane 7e | 2,3,45-tetramethylhexane —2,3,4,5-UBE DR 8a 3,4-dimethylheptane 34- PER 9a | 2,3,6-trimethyloctane /10a | 3,3-dimethylnonane ta | cyclobutane me 1b | cyclopentane oe 1c | cyclohexane Boi 1d | cyclooctane Bae “12a ethene 2ao @ e Sy sas % ou” ¢ ote ge o ak} "85 a is? é é _ 13a | tetrafluroethene DAZ 13b | 1,2-dichloroethene 12-LAO 13c | 1,2-difluoroethene 1,2-L m9 | 13d | 1,1-dichloroethene aOR 13e | 1,1-dichloropropene r 13f | 1,2-dichloropropene (12-8 18g | 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene 11,2,2-DmZ 14a methylpropene 15a 3-bromobut-1-ene 15b _3,3-dibromobut-1-ene “16a 5,5-dichloropenta-1,3-diene “17a | 45-dimethylhex-1-ene 18a _ cyclohexene Cm 19a | methanol eh I 196 | ethanol a 19¢ | propan: (19d | propan-2-ol 5-2-6 19e | butan-1-ol T-1- 19f | butan-2-o1 T-2-8 "199 | pentan-3-ol 1-3-1 §20a 2-methylpropan-t-ol 206 | 2-methylpropan-2-ola @ 3 28 sae se 0 9 wR B 0% °3 °3 21a | 2-methylbutan-1-ol | 21b | 2-methylbutan-2-ol 2B -28 21¢ | 3-methylbutan-2-ol 3BET-28 22a ethane-1,2-diol 2b propane-1,3-diol 23a | prop-2-en-1-ol | 23b | prop-I-en-1-ol 23¢ | hex-3-en-1-ol (23d | hex-4-en-1-ol | 24a. methanoic acid PR 24b ethanoic acid Zit | 24¢ propanoic acid Ae 24d ethanedioic acid Zot | 24e _ propenoic acid aie Ln Weenies.