BS 5328-1 - 1997

S T D - B S I B S 5328: PART 1-ENGL 1777 Lb24bb7 057LiOL7 4 T 5
BRITISH STANDARD BS 5328 :

Part 1 :1997
Concrete
Part 1. Guide to specifying concrete
ICS 91.100.30
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Licensed by Information Handling Services
S T D - B S I BS 5328: PART 1-ENGL 1777 m L b 2 4 b b 7 057qOZO 117 m
BS 5328 :Part 1 :1997
Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standardwas entrusted to Technical Committee
W517, Concrete, upon which the following bodies were represented
British Aggregate Construction Materials Industries

British Cement Association
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
British Ready Mixed Concrete Association
Building Employers Confederation
Cement Admixtures Association
Deparhnent of "kmsport (Highways Agency)
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Federation of Resin Formul&rs and Applicators (Ferfa)
Institute of Concrete Technology
Nationai HouseBuilding Council
Sand and Gravel Association Limited
Society of Chemical Industry
The foilowing bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard,through
subcommittees and panels
Association of Lightweight Aggregate Manufacturers

British Civil Engineering Test Equipment Ma3iufacturersAssociation
Cementitious Slag Makers Association
Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management
Concrete Society
County Surveyors' Society
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
ElectricityAssociation
Federation of pilingSpecialists
Institution of S m W Engineem
Quaüty Ash Associon
This Briíish Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for
Building and Civil Engineering,
was published under the
authority of the StandardsBoard
and comes into effect on
15 March 1997
Q BSI 1997
Amendments issued since publication
AmdNo. Date . Text affected
The foiiowing BSI references

reiate to the work on this
standal.&
commiaeereference BI517
Draft for comment 9V107689 DC
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I I
ISBN O 580 26722 9

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S T D - B S I B S 5328: P A R T 1-ENGL 1997 Lb2qbbS 0594023 053

BS 6328 :Part 1 : 1997
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
Guide
Introduction
1 Scope 1
2 References 1
3 Deñnitions 1
4 Constituent materials of concrete 3
5 Durabiliity of concrete 5
6 other properties of hardened concrete 13
7 Properties of nesh concrete 14
8 Basis for specifying concrete 15
9 Sampiing for conformiity testing 20
10 Action to be taken in the event of nonxonfomity of the conrete with its
mecification 20
Tables
1 Cements 4
2 Aggregates for general use 5
3 Admixhires 5
4 Limits of chioride content of concrete 6
6 Chsification of exposure conditions 8
6 Guidance on mix design limits for durability of concrete made with
normal weight aggregates of 20 mm nominal maximum size 9
7 Sulfate and acid resistance 11
7a Recommendations for concrete exposed to sulfate attack 11
7b Cement groups for use in table 7a 12
7c Modifications to table 7a for other types of exposure and types of
conslmction 12
7d Modifications to tables 7a and 7c for concrete exposed to attack from
acids in natural ground 13
8 Adjustments to minimum cement contents for aggregates other than
20 mm nominal maximum size 13
9 Compressive strength grades 13
10 F l e d strength grades 13
11 Workabilities suitable for Merent uses of in situ concrete 14
12 Summary of Merent types of mix 17
13 Guide to the selection of designated and standard mixes 18
14 Equivalent grades for cement content and free waterkement ratio 19
16 Recommended minimum rates of sam~ling 20
~~~
List of references 22 -
O B I 1997 i
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STD.BSI B S 5328: P A R T 1-ENGL 1777 M L b 2 4 b b 7 0 5 9 V 0 2 2 T 7 T
BS 6328 :Part 1 :1997
Foreword
This Part of BS 5328 has been prepared by Technical Committee B/517. This Part,
which includes designated mixes, is a new edition of BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1991, which is
withdrawn, and, together with BS 5328 : Pa& 2 , 3 and 4,forms a comprehensive
standard for the specification of concrete to which codes of practice and contractual
documents can refer. It includes recommendationsoriginating from
BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985.
This edition introducestechnical changes but does not reflect a full review or revision
of the standard. This edition makes provision for the use of Portland limestone cement
conformingto BS 7583 and incorporates amendments 7174 and 8758.
This Part of BS 5328 refers to BRE Digest 363 [i],which has superseded BRE
Digest 250, for guidance on sul€ate and acid resistance of concrete in natural ground
Considerationis given in this standard to the type of construction in addition to the
concentration of sulfate. Account is also taken of the factors affecting suifate attack
such as pH level and soil permeability.
As this standard involves selection by the specifier from a number of options and, in
certain instances,agreement on requirements between the purchaser and producer,
any requirement for conformity to BS 5328 or any claim of compbnce with it has to be
qualified by reference to the selection and to any such agreements.
This standard covers the methods for specifyingand producing concrete as a
construction materialup to the point of delivery into the construction. The standard is
in four Parts:
Part 1 Gui&? to spec?&ing concrete;
Part 2 Methods for spdfying concrete mixes;
P& 3 S’fiation for Wprocedum to be used in producing and
tran-sportingconcrete;
Part 4 Specifiation for W procedum to be used in sampling, testing and
assessing cornpliunce of concrete.
Part 1 provides guidance to the specifier and purchaser of concrete on the selection of
requirements for materialsand concrete mixes. Part 2 provides a choice of methods by
which the purchaser can convey the selected requirements to the producer. Part 3
specifies for the producer the procedures to be used in producing and transporting the
concrete. Part 4 specifies the procedures to be used in sampling, testing and assessing
concrete for conformity.
This standard provides methods for specifyingconcrete mixed on site or in a precast
concrete factory and for the purchase and supply of ready-mixed concrete. It takes
account of the distinct and difîerent responsibilities of the purchaser and the producer.
There are a number of instances in which the purchaser has to select from the various
options given in this standard in order to specify the concrete required. The purchaser
is responsible for passing on to the producer the requirements of the specifyingbody,
e.g. the engineer’s or architect’s specification,together with any additional
requirements. Throughout this standard the terms ‘specify‘and ‘specificaîion’are used
in relation to both sets of requirements. There may be occasions where it is
advantageousfor economic or technical reasons to propose changes to the
specificaîion.In such cases the producer and purchaser should agree the proposed
amendmentsfor appromi and sanction by the specifying body.
Precautions need to be taken when working with cement and fresh concrete and
attention is drawn to these in BS 53% :Parts 3 and 4.
ii O BSI 1997
S T D - B S I B S 5328: PART 1 - E N G L 1777 1b2'4bb7 0594023 72b
BS 6328 :Part 1 :1997
This standard covers concrete produced by n o d methods, but it does not apply to
precast concrete products where the concrete is specified in other British Standards.
Many of the requirements of this standard, ag.the use of mahiais and the control of
production, apply e@y to precast concrete and to in situ concrete. However, some
of the requirements concerning the responsibiiitiesof the purchaser and producer may
not apply in the case of precast concrete. The specification of designated mixes is
uniikelyto be appropriate for factory produced precast concrete products.
It is necessary for the purchaser to take into account the requirements of specialized
codes of practice and any influences of the construction process. Provisions are made
in this standard for the inclusion of any special requirements.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,pages 1to 22,
an inside back cover and a back cover.
O BSI 1997 iii

S T D - B S I B S 5328: P A R T 1-ENGL 1797 LbZLibbS 0574024 8 b 2
BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Introduction 1 Scope
This Part of BS 5328 gives aùvice on the selection of This Part of BS 5328 gives guidance on the selection
the quality of concrete suitable for many general of materials for concrete and on the mixes to be
purposes not covered by other British Standard specified to produce concrete having the required
specifications or codes of practice. properties in the fresh and hardened state.It also
This Part of BS 5328 is primarily a guide for the gives guidance on sampiing for strength conformity
specifier in choosing the appropriate materials and testing and action to be taken in the event of
mix. It gives the range of constituent materiais that non-conformity.
can be used. It describes the properties of fresh and
hardened concrete, with considerable emphasis on 2 References
durability. Distinction is made between structural
and non-structural concrete and between 2.1 Normative references
unreinforced, reinforced and prestressed concrete. This Part of BS 5328 incorporates, by dated or
Also included is guidance on sampiing for strength undated reference, provisions from other
conformity testing and action to be taken in the publications. These normative references are made
event of non-conformity. at the appropriate places in the text and the cited
Account is taken of standard specifications relating publications are listed on page 22. For dated
to ground granulated blastfurnace slag or references, only the edition cited applies; any
pulverized-fuel ash used in composite cements or in subsequent amendments to or revisions of the cited
equivalent combinations. publication apply to this Part of BS 5328 ody when
Purchasers ordering in accordance with this incorporated in the reference by amendment or
standard are advised to specify quality assurance revision. For undated references, the latest edition of
requirements for materials or for concrete in their the cited publication applies together with any
purchasing contracts to assure themselves that amendments.
products specified in accordance with BS 5328 2.2 Informative references
consistently achieve the required level of quality. This Part of BS 5328 refers to other publications that
Purchasers of ready-mixed concrete are advised to provide information or guidance. Editions of these
specify certification meeting the requirements of the
United Kingdom Accreditation Service, National publications current at the time of issue of this
standard are listed on the inside back cover, but
Accreditation Certification Bodies, for product reference should be made to the latest editions.
conformity.
Purchasers ordering designated mixes in accordance
with BS 5328 : Part 2 : 1997 need not specify quality 3 Definitions
assurance requirements for concrete, as it is For the purposes of this Part of BS 5328,the
obligatory that the producer holds current product definitions given in BS 6100 apply, together with the
conformity certification based on product testing and following.
surveillance coupled with approval of the producer’s
quality system to BS EN IS0 9001 by a certification 3.1 batch
body accredited by the Secretary of State (or Quantity of concrete mixed in one cycle of
equivalent), for the relevant areas of product and operations of a batch mixer, or the quantity
systems conformity certification. Purchasers are discharged during 1min from a continuous mixer, or
similarly advised to specify that, where they are the quantity of concrete conveyed ready-mixed in a
available, constituent materials should be obtained vehicle.
from suppliers operating quaüty systems in 3.2 cement
accordance with BS EN Is0 9OOO.
Hydraulic binder that sets and hardens by chemical
interaction with water and is capable of doing so
under water.
NOTE. The cements covered by this standard are listed in table 1. -
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BS 5328 :Part 1 : 1997
3.3 cement content producer’s quality system to BS EN IS0 9001.

Mass of cement contained in a cubic metre of fresh, 3.16 free waterkement ratio
fully compacted concrete, expressed in kg/m3.
Ratio of the mass of free water (that is, excluding
3.4 cement type the water absorbed by the aggregate to reach a
Classification of a cement on its main constituents. saturated surface dry condition) to the mass of
3.6 certified average alkali content cement in a concrete mix.
The average of 25 consecutive determinations of 3.16 grade (of concrete)
equivalent alkali content carried out on samples each Numerical value of 28 day characteristic strength,
of which is representative of a day’s production. expressed in N/mm2, preceded by the letter C
3.6 characteristic strength (compressive) or F (flexural) to denote the type.
That value of strength below which 5 % of the 3.17 equivalent grade
population of all possible strength measurements of
the specified concrete are expected to fall. Grade of concrete selected to provide reasonable
assurance of conformity to parameters such as
3.7 density of fresh concrete minimum cement content or maximum
Mass of quantity of compacted fresh concrete free waterlcement ratio.
divided by its volume, expressed in kg/m3. NOTE. See 8.6.
NOTE. For the method of determining the density of fresh
concrete, see BS 1881 : Part 107.Compaction by the method 3.18 laitance
described in BS 1881 : Part 107 is not appropriate for semi-dry
concrete mixes. The method for determining the density of Thin layer comprising water, cement and fine
partiaiiy compacted semidry concrete is described in BS 1881 : particles of aggregate that may form on the surface
Part 129. of concrete.
3.8 lightweight concrete 3.19 producer
Hardened concrete having an oven-dried density not Person or authority entering a contract to supply
greater than 2000 kg/m3. concrete.
NOTE. For the method of determining ovendried density, see
BS 1881 : Part 114. NOTE. For example, a producer of ready-mixed or precast
concrete supplying a contractor or a contractor supplying a client.
3.9 normal-weight concrete
Hardened concrete having an oven-dried density 3.20 purchaser
greater than 2000 kg/m3 but not exceeding 2600 kg/m3. Person or authority entering a contract to buy
NOTE. For the method of determining ovendried density, see concrete.
BS 1881 : Part 114. NOTE. For example, a client purchasing from a contractor or a
3.10 heavyweight concrete contractor purchasing from a subcontractor or material supplier.
Hardened concrete having an ovendried density 3.21 ready-mixed concrete
greater than 2600 kg/m3. Concrete mixed in a stationary mixer or in a
NOTE. For the method of determining ovendried density, see truck-mixer and supplied in the fresh condition to
Bs 1881 : Part 114. the purchaser, either at the site or into the
3.11 designed mix purchaser’s vehicles.
Mix for which the purchaser is responsible for
specifying the required performance and the 3.22 standard strength class (of cement)
producer is responsible for selecting the mix Classification of a cement based on its compressive
proportions to produce the specified performance. strength at 28 days measured on mortar prisms in
accordance with BS E N 196-1.
3.12 prescribed mix
NOTE 1. There are five standard classes, 22.6,32.5,42.5,52.5
Mix for which the purchaser specifies the and 62.5. British Standard specifications for cements incorporate
proportions of the constituents and is responsible for one or more of these classes. There are in addition two
ensuring that these proportions produce a concrete intermediate standard strength classes, 37.5 and 47.5, for mixer
with the required performance. combinations of Portland cement (PC) conforming to BS 12 with
ground granulated blastfuniace slag (ggbs) confoming to BS 6699.
3.13 standard mix NOTE 2. The standard strength classes for some cements are
Mix selected from the restricted list given in subdivided according to their early strength development The
section 4 of BS 5328 : Part 2 : 1997 and made with a letters L (low), N (normal) and R (rapid) are added to the
restricted range of m a t e W . standard strength class to inàicate the early strength.
Specifications for cement indicate which,if any, of these
3.14 designated mix subclasses are available.
Mix produced in accordance with the specification 3.23 time of loading
given in section 6 of BS 5328 : Part 2 : 1997 and
requiring the producer to hold current product Time of first contact between cement and aggregates
conformity certification based on product testing and or, when the latter are surface dry, between cement
surveillance coupled with approval of the and added water.
2 O BSI 1997
STD.BSI B S 5328: P A R T II-ENGL 1777 = Lb29bb7 057902b b35
BS 6328 :Part 1 : 1997
4 Constituent materials of concrete 4.3 Aggregates

4.1 Choice and approval of materials 4.3.1 Generally, aggregates should conform to the
British standards listed in table 2. In making
4.1.1 Materials used should satisfy the requirements reference to aggregates conforming to these
for the safety, structurai performance, durability and standards, there may be a need to specify or approve
appearance of the finished structure, taking full certain characteristics including size, grading,
account of the environment to which it will be impurities, durability and other properties. other
subjected. In selecting the materials to be used, aggregates may be used provided there are
account should be taken of the cumulative effect of satisfactory data on the properties of concrete made
impurities, the construction process, the likely with them.
standards of supervision and workmanship and the
possible technical and cost implications of using 4.3.2 For most work, 20 mm nominal maximum size
non-standard materiais. aggregate is suitable. Where there are no restrictions
to the flow of concrete into sections, 40 mm or larger
4.1.2 Where non-standard materials are used, there sizes should be permitted. In concrete elements with
should be satisfactory data on their suitability and thin sections, closely spaced reinforcement or small
assurance of quality control. Records of the details cover, consideration should be given to the use of
and performance of such materials should be 10 nun nominal m e u m size.
maintained.
4.3.3 Separate coarse and fine aggregates should be
4.1.3 Account should be taken of possible used in concrete of grades C20 and above. Either
interactions between the materials used. separate coarse and fine aggregates or all-in
4.2 Cements aggregate may be used in concrete of grades C15 and
below.
4.2.1 Generally, cements should conform to the
British standards listed in table 1. Other cements or 4.3.4 Most aggregates have low moisture movement
other combinations of Portland cement with ground (e.g. flint, quartzite, limestone). Aggregates having a
granulated b l a s b a c e siag (ggbs) and high moisture movement, such as some dolerites and
pulverized-fuel ash @fa)may be used provided that basalb, and gravels containing these rocks, produce
there are satisfactory data on their suitability, such concrete having an above average initial drying
as performance tests on concrete containing them. shrinkage. When the drying shrinkage exceeds
Other British Standards may restrict the type of certain values this can result in deterioration of
cement to be used in particular cases. exposed concrete and excessive deflections of
reinforced concrete. A method of test and
4.2.2 British Standard specifications for cement classification of aggregates on the basis of their
contain standaxd strength classes and some also drying shrinkage is given in BS 812 : Part 120.
contain subclasses of early strength (see 3.22). For Guidance on design recommendations for
most designed and designated mixes, it should not satisfactory use of high drying shrinkage aggregates
be necessary to specify the standard strength classes in concretes for sh-uctures is given in BRE
or subclasses of the cement. Digest357 [2].
4.2.3 Where used for special purposes, the cement 4.3.6 The elastic modulus of concrete depends
may need to have additional requirements specified. mainly on the types of aggregate used and the
For example, for certain classes of suifate resistance compressive strength of the concrete.
it is necessary to stipulate the proportions of ggbs or
pfa in composite cements and combinations. 4.3.6 Where appearance is important, the aggregate
should not contain surfacemarring materiais such as
4.2.4 Not all standard cements are suitable for all pyrites (see annex B of BS 882 : 1992).
uses in concrete.
4.3.7 Where high strength concrete is required, the
Examples include: source as well as the type of aggregate may need
a) High alumina cement conforming to careful selection based on results of previous use or
BS 915 should not normally be permitted for trial mixes.
structural concrete.
b) Portland limestone cement should not be used
in concrete containing embedded metal where the
concrete is exposed to a chloridebearing
environment, e.g. most severe and chloride-bearing
very severe environments.
c) Portland limestone cement should not be used
in concrete exposed to conditions of freezing and
thawing unless the concrete is air-entrained in
accordance with 6.3.3.
O BSI 1997 3
Table 1. Cements
'Ippe Standard
Portland cements
Portland (PC) BS 12
Low heat (LHPC) BS 1370
Sulfate-resisting(SRPC) BS 4027
Low alkali sulfate-resisting (LASRPC) BS 4027
Cements containing:
ground granulated
blasttûrnace slag (ggbs),
pulverized-fuel ash @fa)or
limestone:
Portland blastfurnace (PFBC) BS 146
High slag blastfúrnace BS 4246
Portland pulverized-fuel ash (PPFAC) BS 6588
Pozzolanic pulverized-fuel ash BS 6610
Portland limestone (PLC)l)2, BS 7583
Combinations manufactured in the concrete mixer from Portland Combination of which the proportions
cement and ggbs or pfa- and properties conform to
clauses 6 to g3l4)of:
PC conforming to BS 12 with ggbs conforming to BS 6699 BS 146 : 19965)(except6.3)
BS 4246 : 19965)(except6.2)
PC conforming to BS 12 with pfa conforming to BS 3892 : BS 6588 : 1996 (except 6.3)
Part 1 BS 6610 : 1996 (except 6.2)
Other cements:
~ i g hdumina cement (HAC)6)7) BS 915
Supersulfated cement (SSC)6) BS 4248
Modified Portland cements, e.g. coloured, ultra-high early Conforming to the physical properties
strength, water-repellent, hydrophobic for Portland cement in BS 12
Portland limestone cement should not be used in concrete containing embeddec netal exposed to a chloridebearing environment,
e.g. most severe and chioride-bearingvery severe environments.
2, Portland limestone cement should not be used in concrete exposed to conditions of freezing and thawing, unless the concrete is
airentrained in accordance with 6.3.3.
3, The combination should be subject to procedures to demonstrate conformity.
4, For the purposes of demonstrating equivalence, conformity to strength classes 37.5 or 47.5 of BS 6699 is deemed to be conformi@to
strength classes 32.5 or 42.6 of BS 146 respectively.
6, As an alternative to conforming to the strength requirements in clause 7 of these standards, the combinations may conform to the
standard strength classes in table 7 of BS 6699.
' High alumina cement conforming to BS 915 or supersuifatai cement confonnjng to BS 4248should not be mixed with any other type
3
of cement in the production of concrete.
7) High alumina cement should be used with caution (see 4.2.4). The hydrated cement undergoes chemical changes, including a
process known as conversion, which lead to loss of concrete strength and reduced resistance to aggressive chemicals. The precise w a y
in which conversion occurs and the effects on concrete properties depend on the initial free waterkement ratio, the temperature
andor humidiíy of the concrete during curing and throughout its subsequent life. Guidance on the correct use of high alumina cement
should be sought from the manufacturers and current specialized publications.
NOTE 1. Not ali cements may be readily available. For example, supersulfated cement has not been produced in Britain since 1969,
and specifiers should check for availability.
NOTE 2. The abbreviations OPC and RHPC are no longer used. The corresponding cements are PC 42.5 and PC 52.5 respectively. The
~ d ali cements conforming to BS 12.
abbreviation PC is now a d o ~ t for
4 O BSI 1997
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BS 6328 :Part 1 : 1997
Table 2. Aggregates for general use

Tppe I Designabon I Standard
Lightweight Foamed or expanded blastfurnace slag lightweight aggregate for concrete BS 3797
Lightweight aggregates for concrete BS 3797
I Clinker and furnace bottom ash aggregates for use in concrete (Not to be
used in concrete containing embedded metai) I BS 3797
Normal weight Aggregates from naturai sources for concrete BS 882

Air-cooled blastfuniace slag aggregate for use in construction BS 1047
4.3.8 Aggregate type can affect the fire resistance

provided by concrete. Selection of aggregates with
lower thermai expansion such as lightweight Other pigments may be used provided there are
aggregates or limestone may be advantageous. satisfactory data on the properties of concrete made
Aggregates with low coefficients of thermal with them.
expansion are also beneficial in reducing the risk or
extent of early-age thermal cracking. 4.6 Additional materials
4.3.9 A heavy duty grade of aggregate for surfaces
Pfa conforming to BS 3892 and ggbs conforming to
expected to withstand moderately abrasive trafik, BS 6699 may be used as additional materiais.
for example industrial floors,is included in BS 882. NOTE.For the specific use of pfa conforming to BS 3892 :
Part 1 and of ggbs as part of the cement content, see table 1.
4.4 Admixtures
4.7 Water
4.4.1 Generally, admixtures should conform to the Mixing water should be free from materiais in
British Standards listed in table 3. Other admixtures quantities deleterious to concrete in the fresh or
may be used provided there are satisfactory data on hardened state (see annex A of BS 3148 : 1980). In
the properties of the type of concrete made with general, water fit for drinking is suitable for making
them. concrete.
Table 3. Admixtures
TYPe I Standard 6 Durability of concrete
Accelerating admixtures 5.1 General
BS 5075 : Part 1
A durable concrete is one that performs satisfactorily
Retarding admixtures BS 6075 : Part 1
in the working environment during its anticipated
Water-reducing admixtures BS 6076 : Part 1
service Me. The materials and mix proportions
Air-entraining admixhires specified and used should be such as to maintain its
BS 6075 : Part 2
integrity and, if applicable, to protect embedded
Superplasticizingadmixtures BS 5075 : Part 3
metal from corrosion.
4.4.2 Admixtures should not impair the durability of To achieve this it is necessary to consider many
the concrete nor combine with the constituents to interrelated factors at various stages in the design
form harmful compounds nor increase the risk of and constniction process. Thus the structural form
corrosion of the reinforcement. and cover to steel are considered at the structural
design stage, involving consideration of the
Calcium chloride and chloride-based admixtures environmental conditions. If these are particularly
should never be added to concrete which is to be aggressive, it may be necessary to consider the type
reinforced, prestressed or is to contain embedded of cement at the structural design stage.
metal or cement conforming to BS 915 or to BS 4248.
Characteristics influencing the durability of concrete
4.4.3 If two or more admixtures are to be &ed in include its permeability and resistance to the ingress
the same concrete mix, data should be obtained to of potentialìy deleterious substances. These are
assess their interaction and to ensure their governed by the constituents, their proportions and
compatibility. the procedures used in making the concrete. A
4.4.4 Admixtures are permitted in designed and suitably low permeability is achieved by having an
prescribed mixes and, with certain restrictions, in adequate cement content, a sufficiently low
designated mixes but are not permitted in standard free waterkement ratio, by complete compaction of
mixes. the concrete and by sufficient hydration of the
cement through proper curing methods.
O BSI 1997 5
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BS 5328 :Part 1 : 1997
The factors influencing durability include: Marine aggregates and some inland aggregates
a) the shape and bulk of the concrete; contain chlorides and may require careful selection
and efficient washing to achieve the 0.10 % chloride
b) the cover to embedded steel; ion limit for prestressed and heat-cured concrete
c) the environment (see 6.3); given in table 4. Limited information relating to these
d) the type of cement (see 4.2 and 6.3.4); and other impurities is given in BS 882.
e) the type of aggregate (see 4.3 and 6.2);
Table 4. Limits of chloride content of
f) the type and dosage of admixture (see 4.4 concrete
and 6.3.3);
Type or use of concrete Maximum total
g) the cement content and free waterkement ratio percentage of
of the concrete (see 6.4); chloride ion by
mass of cement
h) worhanship, to obtain full compaction,
correct finishing and effective curing. Prestressed concrete o. 10
The degree of exposure anticipated for the concrete Heat-cured concrete containing
during its service life, together with other relevant embedded metal
factors relating to mix composition, workmanship Concrete containing embedded 0.20
and design, should be considered. To provide metal made with cement
adequate durability under these conditions, the conforming to BS 4027
concrete should be specified taking account of the
accuracy of current testing regimes for control and Concrete made with cement
conforming to BS 4248 with or
conformity as described in this standard.
without embedded metal
Where they exist, use should be made of suitable
qudity assurance schemes. Concrete containing embedded 0.40
metal and made with cement
6.2 Mix constituents conforming to BS 12, BS 146,
6.2.1 General BS 1370, BS 4246, BS 6588, BS 6610,
BS 7583 or combinations
For concrete to be durable, careful selection of the conforming to table 1
mix and materials is necessary.
Other concrete No limit
6.2.2 Chlorides in concrete
Whenever there are chloride ions in concrete Calcium chloride and chloridebased admixhires
containing embedded metal there is an increased risk should never be included in concrete which is to be
of corrosion. The higher the chloride content and the reinforced or prestressed or is to contain embedded
higher the curing temperature, or subsequent metal or cement conforming to BS 915 or BS 4248.
exposure to warm moist conditions, the greater the The total chloride content of the concrete mix
risk of corrosion. All constituents may contain arising from the mix constituents should not exceed
chlorides and the concrete may be contaminated by the limits given in table 4.
air-borne salt spray either from vehicles or the sea.
Wherever possible, the total chloride content should
The chloride h i t in BS 12 is 0.10 %, and therefore be calculated from the mix proportions and the
for prestressed concrete it will be necessary to use measured chloride contents of each of the
the measured chloride content of the cement when constituents.
assessing the conformity of the concrete.
6 O BSI 1997
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BS 6328 :Part 1 : 1997
5.2.3 Suifates in concrete i) limiting the cement content;

Sulfates are present in most cements and in some U) selecting Portland cement, ggbs or pfa with
aggregates. After hardening of the concrete, low reactive alkali contents. For example, a
excessive amounts of mobile sulfate from these or cement with a certified average alkaii content
other mix constituents can cause expansion and of 0.60 % or less can be deemed satisfactory
disruption. To prevent this, the specifications for provided the cement content does not exceed
cements, ggbs, pfa, lightweight aggregates and 500 kghn3;
blastfurnace slag aggregates have limits on the iii) using at least 25 % of ggbs or pfa in a
sulfate level. At present there are no sulfate limits composite cement or combination with
for natural aggregates conforming to BS 882. Within Portland cement conforming to BS 12.
the United Kingdom sulfate problems caused by
3) limiting the reactive alkali content of the
natural aggregates axe rare. However, world-wide
there are natural aggregates with sulfate levels of cement by one of the following methods,
provided that the reactive alkali content of the
sufficient magnitude to cause disruption of concrete.
When the source of aggregate is new or is suspected concrete mix from other sources does not
of containing sulfate, tests on the aggregates for exceed 0.2 kg/m3:
sulfate content prior to acceptance are advised. i) using a cement with an alkali content not
NOTE. As no tests exist to determine mobile sulfate content, it is exceeding 0.6 %,
usual to measure the acid soluble sulfate contents of the U) using ggbs in composite cements or in
constituents. The relationship between such measurements and combination with Portland cement conforming
the mobile sulfate content in the hardened concrete is variable
and therefore no universai sulfate iimit can sensibly be applied to to BS 12 where at least 50 % of the cement is
concrete. For example, a 4 % or 6 % limit would exclude ggbs and the acid soluble alkali content of the
supersulfated cement conforming to BS 4248 and many lightweight cement or combination does not exceed 1.1%
and blastfurnace dag aggregates with long histories of satisfactory Na20 equivalent;
use.
NOTE 2. Where the reactive ai content from sources other
?3 , use methods 1,2 or 4.
than the cement exceeds 0.2 kg/m
6.2.4 Alkali-silica reaction
Some aggregates containing particular forms of silica 4) using a combination of aggregates likely to be
may be susceptible to attack by alkalis originating unreactive.
from the cement or other sources, producing an Experts are not agreed on the most appropriate
expansive reaction which can cause cracking and method for calculating the reactive alkali content
disruption of concrete. Damage to concrete from this contributed by ggbs and pfa. In 3.8 of BS 5328 :
reaction will normally occur only when all the Part 4 : 1990, two methods of Calculating the reactive
following are present: alkali content are given. Method A is based on BRE
a) there is a high moisture level within the Digest 330 [3]and will give higher values of reactive
concrete; alkali than Method B, which is based on Concrete
b) the concrete has a high reactive alkali content, Society Technical Report No. 30 [41.
or there is another source of reactive alkali; NOTE 3. An agreed method is in preparation and will be published
as a replacement for BRE Digest 330 [3].
c) the aggregate contains an alkali reactive The 3.0 kg/m3 permitted reactive alkali content of the
constituent. concrete is based on a calculation using the certified
NOTE 1. There are at present no Briîish Standard tests for the average alkali contents of the Portland cement, ggbs
reactivity of aggregates with alkalis A method is pubiished as a
draft for development; see BS DD 218 : 1995. and pfa Variations of reactive alkali content occur
around this average value and the 3.0 kg/m3 limit
Where the service records of particular takes these into account. A s conformity is normaUy
cemenüaggregate combinations are well established, based on certified average values, batch and testing
and do not include any instances of cracking due to variations tend to be evened out and no allowance
alkali-ilica reaction, no further precautions should for these variations is needed in the assessment. The
be necessary. When the materials are unfamiliar, variations do need to be taken into account,
precautions should take one or more of the however, if conformity is based on a single analysis
following f o m : (see 3.8.4 of BS 5328 : Part 4 : 1990). It is therefore
1) after curing, keeping the concrete dry; strongly recommended that conformity is based on
2) limiting the reactive alkali content of the certified average alkali contents and not on a single
concrete mix to 3.0 kg/m3 of Na20 equivalent. analysis.
Where the reactive alkaü content exceeds 0.2 kg/m3 For detailed guidance, and for particularly vulnerable
from sources other than the cementitious structures, see BRE Digest 330 [3] and Concrete
materials, they should be taken into account. Society Technical Report No. 30 [4].
The 3.0 kg/m3 limit may be achieved by
O BSI 1997 7
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6.2.6 Other considerations 6.3.2 Minimum concrete qualitg

Aggregates hable to be adversely affected by the The quality of concrete required to give satisfactory
action of freezing and thawing should not be used in performance depends on the severity of exposure
concrete that may be exposed to such conditions. and other factors, particularly the cover to steel. The
Records of satisfactory use are the best guide for relationships between the cover to steel and
selection of suitable materials. concrete quality for reinforced concrete and for
prestressed concrete subjected to these exposure
6.3 Durability and external environment conditions are given in relevant codes of practice.
6.3.1 General environment Table 6 gives recommended values for the maximum
The general environment to which the concrete will free waterkement ratio, the minimum cement
be exposed during its working life is classified into content and the minimum grade of concrete to
six levels of seventy, i.e. mild, moderate, severe, very ensure long service life under the appropriate
severe, most severe and abrasive (see table 5). conditions of exposure. The minimum grades will
generally ensure that the limits on free waterkement
Table 6. Classification of exDosme conditions ratio and cement content will be met without further
Environment Exposure Conditions checking.
Mild Concrete surfaces protected againsi 6.3.3 Exposure to freezing and thawing
weather or aggressive conditions Where freezing and thawing occurs under wet
Moderate Exposed concrete surfaces but conditions, enhanced durability can be obtained by
sheltered from severe rain or the use of suitable air-entrainiig admixtures.
freezing whilst wet When concrete lower than grade C50 is used under
Concrete surfaces continuously these conditions, the mean total air content by
under non-aggressive water volume of the fresh concrete at the time of delivery
Concrete in contact with into the construction should be:
non-aggressive soil a) 7.5 % for 10 mm nominal maxjmum aggregate
(see class 1 of table 7a) size;
Concrete subject to condensation b) 6.5 % for 14mm nominal maximum aggregate
Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to size;
severe rain, alternate wetting and c) 5.5 % for 20 mm nominal maxjmum a ggrem
drying or occasional freezing or Size,
severe condensation
d) 4.5 % for 40 mm nominal maximum aggregate
Very severe Concrete surfaces occasionally Size.
exposed to sea-water spray or
de-icing salts (directly or indirectly: When air-entrained concrete is specified with a grade
Concrete surfaces exposed to of C40 or over, or with a cement content of more
corrosive fumes or severe freezing than 350 kg/m3, problems may be encountered in
conditions whilst wet achieving the required strength, compaction and
surface finish. The inclusion of air in concrete
Most severe Concrete surfaces frequently reduces the compressive strength and adjustments to
exposed to sea-water spray or the cement content may be necessasy to achieve the
de-icing salts (directly or indirectly] specified characteristic strength. Air contents greater
Concrete in sea water tidal zone than 5.5 % by volume may lead to cement contents in
down to 1m below lowest low excess of 400 kg/m3 and the mix should be checked
water in respect of the guidance reiating to alkali-silica
Abrasivel) Concrete surfaces exposed to reaction (see 6.2.4).
abrasive action, e.g. machinery,
metal tyred vehicles or water
carrying solids
For flooring see 8 8204: Part2.
NOTE 1. For aggressive sou and water conditions see 5.3.4.
NOTE 2. BS 8110 and BS ô349 give conflicîing recommendations
on mix design for simiiar exposure conditions. The classification
’very severe’ uses the definition from BS 8110 with the addition
of the word ‘occasionaiiy‘;the classincation ‘most severe’
includes the tidai zone definition from BS ô349 together with its
reference to seawater spray. To distinguishthe exposure to
sea-water spray from that.in the ’very severe’ class the word
‘íkquently’ has been added. Also included in this class is
fresuent exposure to de-icing salts.
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Table 6. Guidance on mix design limits for durability of concrete made with normal weight
aggregates of 20 mm nominai maximum size')
Condition of
exposure I Of
Maximum free w/c
ratio I-
Minimum cement
content
Minimum grade
Mild Unreinforced non-structural - -

Unreinforced s t r u c m 2 ) 0.80 220 c20
Reinforced 0.65 275 C30
Prestressed 0.60 300 C36
Moderate Unreinforced non-stnicturaì - - -
Unreinforced structural2) 0.65 275 C30
I
Reinforced and prestressed 0.60 300 c35
Severe Unreinforced
Reinforced and prestressed :::: c35
C40
1
Very severe All31 0.55 C40
c45
Most severe Unreinforced3)
Reinforced and prestressed3) :::i C50
Abrasive 0.50 C45
i) Adjustments to minimum cement content should be made for aggregates of nominal maximum size other than 20 mm in accordance
with table 8.
2, For concrete made with normal-weight aggregate and used in foundations and slabs to low rise structures in non-aggressive soil
conditions (seeclass 1of table 7a), a minimum grade of C10 may be used provided the minimum cement content is not less than
175kg/m3 for designated mixes and 210 kg/m3 for other types of concrete.
3, Where concrete is subject to hezing whilst wet, air entrainment should be used. in the case of air entrained concrete the grade
may be reduced by 5.
NOTE. For concrete containing embedded metal, the values represent the minimum quality recommended and depend upon the
provision of adequate cover. The relationships between quality of concrete and cover are given in relevant codes of practice. Concrete
aualitv alone mav not Drovide sufficient DrotÆciion for lorn-term durabiiitv in the mesence of de-icing salts.
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6.3.4 Exposure to aggressive chemicals 6.4 Limitation on mix parameters

Deterioration of concrete by chemical attack can 6.4.1 General
occur by contact with gases or solutions of many The free waterkement ratio is an important factor in
chemicals, but it is generally the result of exposure governing the durability of concrete and should
to acidic solutions or to solutions of sulfate salts. always be the lowest value compatible with
Solutions of naturally occurring sulfates of sodium, producing fully compacted concrete while
potassium, calcium or magnesium, as may be present minimizing segregation or bleeding. An appropriate
in some soils and ground waters, can cause minimum cement content is required to help ensure
expansion and disruption of concrete. a long service life under particular exposure
conditions. Appropriate values for the maximum
Table 7a gives recommendations for the type of free waterkement ratio, minimum cement content
cement, maximum free waterkement ratio and and minimum grade are given in tables 6 and 7a
minimum cement content which are required at The cement content required for a particular free
different sulfate concentrations in permeable soils waterkement ratio can vary significantly for different
with mobile groundwater of pH 5.5 and above. These mix constituents. Where adequate workability is
recommendations apply to cast-in-situ difncult to obtain at the maximum free waterkement
concrete 140 mm to 450 mm thick exposed on all ratio allowed, an increased cement content, the use
vertical faces. Modifications to table 7a for other of ggbs, pfa, superplasticizing admixtures or
types of exposure and other types of construction water-reducing admixtures should be considered.
are given in table 7c. For concretes to be exposed to Cement contents in excess of 550 kg/m3 should not
acidic conditions in natural ground, see table 7d. Any be used unless special consideration has been given
aqjustment recommended in table 7d should be in design to the increased risk of cracking due to
applied after first having classified the site on the drying shrinkage in thin sections or to thermal
basis of tables 7a and 7c. When adjustments have stresses in thicker sections, and to the increased risk
been made in accordance with table 7c or table 7d of damage due to alkali-silica reaction (see 6.2.4
the details of the adjushents should be notifed to and specialist publications).
the designer of the concrete. The purchaser is responsible for providing the
For class 5 conditions some form of protection such producer with all the necessary details to enable the
as sheet polyethylene or polychioroprene, or surface correct mix to be supplied (see BS 5328 : Part 2 : 1997).
coating based on asphalt, chlorinated rubber, epoxy 6.4.2 Mix aGustments in tables 6 and 7 a
or polyurethane materials should be used to prevent The cement contents given in tables 6 and 7a apply
access by the sulfate solution (see CP 102 and to 20 mm nominal maximum size aggregate. For
BS 8102). other sizes of aggregate they should be changed in
Concrete made with Portland cement is not accordance with table 8. Different aggregates require
recommended for use in acidic conditions (pH 5.5 or different water contents to produce concrete of the
less) without careful consideration of the ground same workability and therefore at a given cement
conditions and intended construction. Concrete content, different free water/cement ratios are
obtained. in order to achieve a satisfactory
made with supersulfated cement or cements workability at the specified maximum
containing granulated blastfunixe slag or free waterkement ratio, it may be necessary to
pulverized-fuel ash can have some acid resistant modify the mix as described in 6.4.1.
properties. However, the rate of erosion of concrete 6.4.3 Use @ground granulated blastfurnace
surfaces in acidic conditions is affected much less by slag or pulverized-ml ash
the type of cement than by the quality of the
concrete. The concrete mix guidance given in table 6 applies
also when Portland blastfurnace cement or Portland
For advice on concretes exposed to attack by milk pulverized-fuel ash cement is used, or when
see D u i q ~Room, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries combinations of Portland cement conforming to
and Food, 1967 [5], and Conmete in rnühing BS 12 with ggbs or pfa are used (see 4.2 and 6.4.1).
puriours, Cement and Concrete Association Farm The durability of the concrete made with these
Note 8,1980 [6].For silage attack and other materials can be considered as being equal to that of
agricultural concerns, contact the Ministry of concrete made with cement conforming to BS 12,
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food for current provided that the ggbs or pfa concrete conforms to
recommendations. For industrial acids and made-up the m e grade as would be achieved by the
ground consult an expert, a specialist producer of Portland cement concrete. in order to achieve
acid resistant finishes or BS 8204. concrete of equal strength at 28 days, depending on
the
Where extend chlorides from, for example, highway increase combination used, it may be necessary to
de-icing salts or airborne salt spray from vehicles or the total mass of Portland cement plus ggbs
the sea are likely to cause severe corrosion of or pfa compared with the mass of Portland cement
in the concrete without ggbs or pfa For pfa the
reinforcement, additional protection to the concrete increase in the combined mass of Portland cement
may be necessary. plus pfa may be about 10 % by mass. When using pfa,
Specialist literature or suitably qualified people the quantity of water required to produce the same
should be consulted before using concrete in such workability as concrete made with Portland cement
circmtances. conforming to BS 12 is likely to be less.
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hlfate Exposure conditione Becommendations

!laes Concentration of sulfate and magnesium') ~~~~
In groundwater in soil or Au Cement group Denee fully compacted

(from table 7b) concrete made with 20 mm
nominal maximum size
aggregates2) conforming to
BS 882 or BS 1047
By acid extraction By 2:l Cement Free
water/ content not watedcement
soil less than ratio not more
extracl than
so4 e/i
- I < 0.24 -
< 1.2 1 7 27 3
I
1.2 to 14) 330 0.50
1.4
1.5 to
- I 2.3 2
3
300
280
340
0.55
0.55
0.50
Classify on the 320 0.50
3.1 to basis of a 380 0.45
3GI
2:1 waterlsoii 360 0.45
3.8 to > 1.2 3 360 0.45
6.7
5 1.0 > 6.7 5 1.2 As for class 4A plus surface protection5)
> 6.0 > 6.7 > 1.2 As for class 4B plus surface protection5)
')Classificatjon on the basis of groundwater samples is preferred. Higher values are given for water/soil extract in recognition of the
difficulty of obtaining representative samples and of achieving a comparable extraction rate to that indicated by analysis of
groundwater samples. Suitable methods for the analysis of groundwater for sulfate are given in BS 1377 : Part 3 and in Building
Research Report 279 [7] which also gives methods for determination of magnesium When results are expressed as SO3 they may be
converted to SO4by multiplying by a factor of 1.2.
'1 Adjustments to minimum cement contents should be made for aggregates of nominal sue other than 20 nun in accordance with
table 8.
3, The limit on water-soluble magnesium does not apply to brackish groundwater ( d o n d e content between 12 g/i and 18 @).
*) Portland limestone cement should only be used in class 1 sulfate conditions.
' See CP 102 and BS 8102.

1
NOTE 1. Within the limits specified in this table, the sulfate resistance of combinations of ggbs or pfa with SRPC will be at least
equivaient to combinations with cement conforming to BS 12, but such combinations are unlikely to exceed the sulfate resisting
performance of SRPC.
NOTE 2. Cements containing ggbs or pfa are more sensitive to strong magnesium sulfate and a limit on water-soluble magnesium
content is given for classes 4 and 5 when using these cements.
NOTE 3. The likelihood of attack by sulfate depends on the presence and mobility of groundwater (see table 7c and BRE
Digest363 [i]).
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Table 7. Sulfate and acid resistance

b) Cement PIOUDS for use in table 7a
Group Description
1 a) Portland cement conforming to BS 12
h) Combinations of Portland cement conforming to BS 12 with pulverized-fuel ash conforming to

BS3892: Part1
a) Portland pulverized-fuel ash cements conforming to BS 6588, containing not less than 26 % of pfa
by mass of the nucleus or combinations of Portland cement conforming to BS 12 with pfa
conforming to BS 3892 : Part 1, where there is not less than 25 % pfa and not more than 40 % pfa by
mass of the combination
b) High slag blastfurnace cement conforming to BS 4246, containing not less than 74 % slag by mass
of nucleus or combinations of Portland cement conforming to BS 12 with ggbs conforming to
BS 6699 where there is less than 70 % ggbs and not more than 85 % ggbs by mass of the combination
NOTE 1. For group 2b cements, granulated blasthiniace slag with alumina content greater than 14 % should be used only
with Portland cement having a îricalcium aluminate ( C 6 ) content not exceeding 10 96
NOTE 2. The nucleus is the total mass of the cement constituents excluding calcium suifate and any additives such as
grinding aids.
3 1 Sulfate-resisting Portland cement conforming to BS 4027
'1 Portland limestone cement should only be used in class 1 sulfate conditions.
Table 7. Sulfate and acid resistance

c ) Modifîcations to table 7s for other m e s of e m s u r e and m e s of construction')
Static groundwates) For classes 2 , 3 and 4 the requirements for cements,
cement content and free waterkement ratio given
in table 7a may be lowered by one class ~
Basement, embankment or retaining wall If a hydrostatic head greater than five times the
thickness of the concrete is created by the
groundwater, the classification in table 7a should be
raised by one class. This requirement can be
waived if a barrier to prevent moisture transfer
through the wall is provided
Cast-in-situ concrete over 450 mm thick. Precast For classes 2,3 and 4 the requirements for cement
ground beams, wall units or piles with smooth group, cement content and free waterkement ratio
surfaces which after normal curing have been exposed given in table 7a may be lowered by one class
to air but protected from rain for several weeks
For cast-in-situ reinforced concrete special
consideration should be given to the need to
maintain adequate cover to the reinforcement
Cast-in-situ concrete (other than ground floor slabs3)) The classification in table 7a should be raised by
less than 140 mm thick or having many edges and one class
corners
1' Any reductions in suifate class allowed by this table only apply if other durability and structurai considerations permit.
Nominally dry sites or soils with permeability less than 10%~ as given in figure 6 of BS 8004 : 1986 (e.g. unñssured clay) where it is
decided that the groundwater is essentially static (seeBRE Digest 363 [i]).
For ground floor slabs see BRE Digest 363 [i]
12 O BSI 1997
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Table 7. Sulfate and acid resistance Table 9. Compressive strength grades

d) Modifications to tables 7a and 7c for concrete exposed Grade Charaeferistic compressive
to attack from acids in natural ground strength at 28 days
pH') Mobility Change in classification with N h n 2 (= MPa)
of water2) respect to minimum cement
content31and maximum c7.5 7.5
free watericement ratio for the
cement group recommended on
c10 10.0
the basis of sulfate class in C15 15.0
tables 7a and 7c
c20 20.0
5.5to 3.6 static No change
C25 25.0
Mobile Raise by one sulfate class
C30 30.0
3.5 to 2.5 Static Raise by one sulfate class
c35 35.0
Mobile Raise by one sulfate class
C40 40.0
c45 45.0
C50 50.0
c55 55.0
C60 60.0
Table 10. Flexural strength grades I
1
Grade Characteristic flexurai s t r e n G
at 28 days
N h n 2 (= MPa)
F3 3.0
Nominal maximum Adjustments to minimum cement F4 4.0
aggregate size contents in tables 6 and ?a F5 5.0
mm wm3
10 + 40 3.2 Concrete to meet special requirements
14 + 20 Most concrete is specified to meet the requirements
20 O of strength, workability and durability under normal
40 - 30 conditions of exposure. In some cases concrete is
required to have special properties or to resist more
NOTE.The cement content should be not less than 240 wrn3 severe conditions of exposure. This may cali for the
for reinforced concrete or 300 kg/m3 for prestressed concrete,
except as indicated by footnote 2 to table 6. specification of particular constituent materials
andor limits on mix proportions; examples of such
requirements are:
6 Other properties of hardened
concrete a) minimum density or maximum density of the
hardened concrete and the method of test;
6.1 Strength grades NOTE. Three conditions for concrete specimens and the method
The strength grade of concrete should be selected of test are described in BS 1881: Part 114. The condition and the
from tables 9 and 10 as appropriate. Minimum grades method used to measwe it should be stated.
for particular types of work such as reinforced b) very high strength;
concrete, prestressed concrete and for durability
under particular environmental conàitions are given c) improved fire resistance;
in the appropriate code of practice. Where there is d) wear resistance;
no appropriate code of practice the grades in table 6
should be used. e) resistance to thermal cracking;
NOTE. Guidance on the selection of an equivalent grade is given f ) surface finishes;
in 8.6.
g) lightweight aggregate concrete.
Specialist literature or suitably qualified people
should be consulted before specifying concrete in
such circumstances.
O BSI 1997 13
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7 Properties of fresh concrete 7.2 Workability

The workability of fresh concrete should be suitable
7.1 General for the conditions of handling and placing, so that,
The requirements of concrete in the fresh state, after compaction, concrete surrounds all
particulariy its workability, should take account of ' reinforcement, tendons and ducts and completely
the conditions and procedures to be used at the site. fills the formwork. Table 11 provides guidance on
The properties of the fresh concrete may be the workabilities appropriate to different uses (see
moàified by the use of admixures. also table 13 for workability of concrete for general
purposes).
In specifying the properties of fresh concrete to the The selection of workability should normally be
producer, the purchaser of the fresh concrete should made by the purchaser of the fresh concrete who
take account of the possibility of changes in the will need to specify the chosen test method and
properties during transport under the purchaser's value to the producer, taking account of the
control up to the point of delivery into the permitted tolerance (see BS 5328 : Parts 2 and 4).
construction. Cohesive mixes may give adequate placeability at
lower values of slump than those given in table 11.
For standard mixes, the cement content to be
adopted depends upon the workability specified (see
BS 5328 : Part 2).
Use of concrete Form of compaction Workability Nominal

slump')
mm
Pavements placed by power operated machines Heavy vibration Very low See note 1
Kerb bedding and backing Tamping
Floors and pavements not placed by Poker or beam vibration Low 50
power-operated machinery
strip footings Poker or beam vibration Medium 75
Mass concrete foundations andor tamping
Blinding
Normal reinforced concrete in slabs, beams, walls
and columns
Sliding formwork construction
Pumped concrete
Vacuum processed concrete
Domestic general purpose concrete
Trench fill Seif-weight compaction High 125
In situ piling
Concrete sections containing congested Poker
reinforcement
Diaphragm walling Self-levelling Very high See note 2
Self-levelling superpiasticized concrete
Cohesive mixes may give adequate piaceability at lower values of slump than those given here.
NOTE 1. In the 'very low' category of workability where strict control is necessary, e.g. pavement quality concrete placed by 'trains',
measurement of Workability by determination of compacting factor or Vebe time (see BS 1881 : Paris 103 and 104) wiii be more
appropriate than slump.
NOTJ3 2. In the 'very high' category of workability, measurement and control of workability by determination of flow is approp-
(seeBS 1881 : Part 105).
14 O BSI 1997

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7.3 Air content 7.6 Density of fresh concrete

The air content required for concrete subjected to It is not normally necessary to specify the density of
freezing and thawing is given in 6.3.3. fresh concrete.
7.4 Temperature Where necessary, the minimum or maximum density
of fresh concrete may be specified as an alternative
7.4.1 Work in cold weather to the density of hardened concrete.
In cold weather consideration should be given to the 7.6 Other properties of fresh concrete
following:
There are some circumsta,nces in which other
a) prevention of freezing of the immature concrete, properties of the fresh concrete, not covered in 7.1
b) extended stiffening times which may lead to to 7.6 are important. In such cases the purchaser
increased formwork pressures and delays in should make the requirements known to the
finishing; producer (see BS 5328 : Part 2). Examples of such
c) low rate of concrete strength development quaìitative performance requirements include:
which may lead to delays in subsequent a) enhanced cohesion for certain placing conditions;
constmction operations such as striking formwork. b) suitability for pumping;
As part of the overall approach to working in cold c) required finished appearance by intended
weather, consideration should be given to taking method of finish.
steps outside the scope of this standard such as
insdation of the fresh concrete. The following steps
modify the concrete in ways which may counter the 8 Basis for specifying concrete
effects of cold weather:
8.1 General
1) increasing the cement content to increase the
heat of hydration and early strength; To specify concrete to meet strength, durability or
any other special requirements, it is necessary to
2) using a cement which gains strength more select its characteristic strength together with any
rapidly; limits required on the mix proportions, the
3) using admixtures that reduce the setting time requirements of fresh concrete and the type of
and/or increase the rate of strength gain; materials that may or may not be used. In order to
4) specifying a minimum temperature of fresh specify concrete having some particular properties, it
concrete greater than that given in 4.9.1 of may be necessary to specify certain types of material
BS 6328 : Part 3 : 1990. andor specific limits on mix proportions.
Where applicable, use should be made of appropriate
7.4.2 Work in hot weather quality assurance schemes.
In hot weather consideration should be given to the
following: 8.2 Types of concrete mix
a) avoiding reductions in the working life of the 8.2.1 General
fresh concrete due to loss of mix water by Details of the concrete mix needed to meet the
evaporation and accelerated hydration; end-use requirements are specified in the form of
b) preventing a high temperature rise in the one of the foiowing types Of mix:
concrete element leading to unacceptable levels of a) designed;
early-age thermal cracking and reductions in the
ultimate quality of the concrete. b) prescribed
As part of the overall approach to working in hot c) standare
weather, consideration should be given to modifying d) designated.
the concrete, using one or more of the following: These four types of mix are fully described in 8.2.2,
1) using admixtures to retard the hydration 8.2.3,8.2.4 and 8.2.6 and are summarized in
and/or increase the initial workability. A retarder table 12.
wiil not compensate for stiffening by moisture 8.2.2 Designed mix
loss;
The mix is specifed by its required performance in
2) using a cement or combination that has a low terms of a grade, subject to any special requirements
heat evolution; for materials, minimum or maximum cement content,
3) specifying a maximum temperature of fresh maximum free waterkement ratio and any other
concrete less than that given in 4.9.2 of properties. Strength testing forms an essential part of
BS 6328 : Part 3 : 1990. the assessment of conformity.
O BSI 1997 15
S T D O B S I B S 5 3 2 8 : P A R T 1-ENGL 1777 L b 2 9 b b 7 0579037 273
BS 6328 :Part 1 : 1997
8.2.3 Prescribed mix 8.2.6 Designated mix

The mix is specified by its constituent materials and The mix is specified by identifying from table 13 the
the properties or quantities of those constituents to application for which the concrete is to be used, or
produce a concrete with the required performance. the application that most closely resembles it, and
The assessment of the mix proportions forms an citing the corresponding designation. It is the
essential part of the conformity requirements. purchaser’s responsibility to select the appropriate
Strength testing is not used to assess conformity. designated mix and table 13 is only for guidance. All
A prescribed mix should be specified only when applications are not typical. If, for structural or other
there is reliable previous evidence or data, reasons, a higher than normal designation is
established from trial mixes, that with the materials required, table 6 of BS 5328 : Part 2 : 1997 may be
and workmanship available the concrete produced used to aid the selection of the appropriate
will have the required strength, durability and other designated mix.
characteristics. This type of mix may be required to
produce concrete having particular properties, e.g. to The purchaser also specifies:
obtain a special fiiish. a) whether the concrete is to be unreinforced,
8.2.4 Standard mix reinforced, reinforced and heated, or prestressed;
The mix is selected from the restricted range given b) the nominal maximum aggregate size if it is
in section 4 of BS 5328 : Part 2 : 1997. The assessment not 20 mm.
of the mix proportions forms an essential part of the The purchaser of the fresh concrete specifies the
conformity requirements. Strength testing is not used workability and informs the producer of the method
to assess conformity. of placing and finishing.
These mixes have been developed to give assurance In general, this is all that is required but section 6 of
that generally they will produce concrete of the BS 5328 : Part 2 : 1997 permits some of the
required characteristic strength except where there specification requirements to be relaxed or restricted
is poor control of production or where poor and also permits certain options to be selected by
materials are used. Where strength is important, a the purchaser. If the purchaser requires these
designed mix should be specified and where the options, they have to be specified.
producer operates suitable quality assurance
arrangements a designated mix should be specified. Designated mixes are not intended to cover every
use of concrete or every potential concreting
Standard mixes are applicable for the site batching material. In general, the specifications for the mixes
of concrete for housing and similar construction. are based on the requirements given in other British
They should be specified only where the scale of
work or economy does not justify the application of Standards.The intention is that these mixes are
mix design procedures, or to enable work to start potentially fit for the designated end uses, subject to
where there is insufficient time for the collection of good practice in the process of placing, compacting,
data to support mix design proposals. finishing, and curing, which are not within the scope
of this standard. A concept incorporated in the
Table 13gives typical applications for general designated mix system is that, no matter what
purposes. When specifying a standard mix, the
equivalent designated mix should be permitted as an selection of materials is used, a designated mix will
alternative. Table 13 also recommends workabilities have broadly similar properties in the fresh and early
which are generally suitable and these workabilities stages of its development.
should be specified unless the purchaser has A m@ordifference between the specification of
alternative requirements which should be discussed designated mixes and the other methods of
with the producer. Table 11 shows typical slump specifying concrete is the requirement that producers
values and forms of compaction applicable to hold current product conformity certification based
different workabilities. on product testing and surveillance, coupled with
Standard mixes should not be used where sulfates or approval of their quality system to BS EN IS0 9001,
other aggressive chemicals are present in the ground, as this is the prime means for controlling conformity.
the ground water, or any adjacent material, other 8.3 Selection of constituent materials
than as blinding or similar applications. For sulfate
conditions see 6.3.4. Cast-in-situ concrete for house Subject to satisfying all the requirements for the
drives and similar external areas should resist concrete and the type of mix specified, unnecessary
damage by freezing and thawing which is made restrictions should not be imposed upon the
worse by de-icing salts canied in from highways. materiais that may be used.
Where these conditions are likely to occur, it is In order to specify concrete having some particular
essentiai that the concrete contains entrained air properties, it may be necessary to specify types of
(see 6.3.3). &-entrained concrete is outside the material and/or specific h i t s on mix proportions.
scope of standard mixes. Guidance is given in clause 4 and in specialist
Where the concrete is laid on a slope, a low literature.
workability may be required.
16 O BSI 1997
S T D - B S I B S 5328: P A R T 1-ENGL 1 7 7 7 m Lb2LibbS 057LiOLiO T O 5
BS 6328 : Part 1 : 1997
Table 12. Summa1 of different types of mix

Aspect
Designed Prescribed Standard Designated
Range of All All 7.5 N/mm2 7.5 N/mm2

characteristic to 25 N/mm2 to 50 N / m 2
strength
Mix specified in Strength graàe and Mix proportions Section 4 of Section 6 of BS 5328 :
terms of limiting mix ES 5328 : Part 2 : 1997
proportions Part2: 1997
Responsibility for Producer Purchaser Purchaser Producer
selection of mix
proportions
Conforming to a Purchaser to Conforming to a Conforming to a
wide range of specify restricted range of restricted range of
British Standards or British Standards British Standards
other specifications (table 4 of BS 5328 : (clause 6.4 of
(see 4.1) Part 2 : 199n BS 5328 : Part 2 : 1997
Main parameter
used for judgement
strength I
Mix proportions Mix proportions Quality assurance
of conformity

S T D - B S I BS 5 3 2 8 : P A R T 1-ENGL
BS 5328 :Part 1 : 1997
Table 13. Guide t o the selection of designated and standard mixes

Application Designated Standard Recommended workability
mix mix (nominai slump'))
Foundations
Bìinding and mass concrete fill GEN1 ST2 75
strip footings2) GEN 1 ST2 75
Mass concrete foundations2) GEN 1 ST2 75
Trench fi11 foundations2) GEN 1 ST2 125
Reinforced foundationsz) RC 35 N/A 75
Foundations in Class 2 suifate conditions FND 2 N/A 75
Foundations in Class 3 sulfate conditions FND 3 N/A 75
Foundations in Class 4A sulfate conditions FND 4A N/A 75
Foundations in Class 4B sulfate conditions FND 4B N/A 75
Geneml appl.ications
Kerb bedding and backing GEN O ST1 Very low (nominal 10)
Drainage works to give immediate support2) GEN 1 ST2 Very low (nominal 10)
Other drainage works21 GEN 1 ST2 50
ûversite below suspended slabs2) GEN 1 ST2 75
Floors
House floors with no embedded metal (see note 1of
6.3.3 of BS 5328 : Part 2 : 1997):
- Permanent finish to be added, e.g. a screed or GEN 1 ST2 75
floating floor
- No permanent finish to be added, e.g. carpeted GEN 2 ST3 75
Garage floors with no embedded metal GEN 3 ST4 75
Wearing surface: light foot and trolley traffic RC 30 ST4 50
Wearing surface: general industrid RC 40 N/A 50
Wearing surface: heavy industrial RC 50 N/A 50
Paving
House drives, domestic parking and external parking PAV 1 N/A 76
HeawduW external paving PAV 2 N/A 50
Ouler reirlforced and prestressed concrete applications
Reinforced or prestressed concrete: mild exposure RC 30 N/A 75
Reinforced or prestressed concrete: moderate exposure RC 35 N/A 75
Reinforced or prestressed concrete: severe exposure RC 40 N/A 75
Reinforced or prestressed concrete: most severe RC 50 N/A 75
exposure
üniess otherwise specified.
in non-aggresSve soils, i.e. Class 1 sulfate conditions in table 7a
2,
NOTE 1. Classes for sulfate conditions are given in table 7a

NOTE 2. Ciasses for exposure conditions are given in table 5.
NOTE 3. concrete containing embedded metai &odd be treated as'reinforced.
NOTE 4. For guidance on workabiüty, see table 11.
18 O BSI 1997
~
S T D - B S I B S 5328: P A R T 1-ENGL 1997 Lb2LtbbS 05990LI2 888

BS 6328 : Part 1 : 1997
8.4 Limits on specifying mix parameters 8.6 Equivalent grades

8.4.1 General 8.6.1 General
Limitations on the mix parameters of minimum It is good practice to specify a designed mix with a
cement content, maximum cement content and grade as the controlling criterion in a mix design
maximum free waterkement ratio are described because assessing the conformity to specified
in 6.4. cement contents and wasterkement ratios is
Minimum cement contents and maximum relatively difficult and expensive. Specification of an
free waterkement ratios to help ensure durability in equivaient graàe gives a high probability that
various types of environment for reinforced concrete strength wiil control the mix design and thereby
and prestressed concrete are given in table 6 and in reduces the need for conformity checking of cement
relevant codes of practice. content or waterkement ratio.
Minimum cement contents and maximum 8.6.2 Selection of equivalent grade
free waterkement ratios for concrete not containing The equivalent grade may be selected from table 14
embedded metal are given in table 6, and for provided that the following apply.
concrete exposed to sulfate attack in table 7a
a) The nominal maximum size of the aggregate is
Warnings against the use of high cement contents between 10mm and 40 mm.
are given in 6.4.
b) The specified slump is in the range 50 mm
When prescribed mixes or standard mixes (see to 150mm.
BS 5328 : Part 2) are specified, the values should also
conform to the above requirements. c) Admixtures providing water reduction are not
included.
8.4.2 Cement content f o r handling, placing and In all cases the graàe to be specified should be at
finishing least equal to that required for structural design and
Where necessary, cement content limits should take durability (see table 6 and the appropriate codes of
account of factors associated with the handling, practice).
placing and finishing of the concrete. Some of the When conditions other than those above apply, an
factors to be considered are: equivalent grade may be established from the
a) the characteristics of the constituent materialq relationship between cement content,
b) the workability required; free waterkement ratio and mean strength
established from records or trial mixes for the
c ) other special placing requirements, e.g. pumping; materials to be used. The equivalent grade should be
d) surface finish calculated by deducting a margin not
e) susceptibility of bleeding, settlement and grout exceeding 10N/mm2 from the mean strength agreed
loss. between the producer and purchaser.
Table 14. Equivalent grades for cement content and free waterkement ratio
Minimum cement Maximum free Equivalent grade for concretes containing cements of standard
content waterkement ratio strength classes
kg/m3
200 to 210 -
I 32.5
c10
37.0 or 42.6
C15
47.6,52.5 or 62.5
c20
220 to 230 - C15 c20 C25
240 to 260 O. 70 c20 C25 C30
270 to 280 0.65 C25 C30 c35
290 to 310 0.60 C30 c35 C40
320 to 330 0.55 c35 C40 c45
340 to 360 0.50 C40 c45 C50
370 to 390 0.45 c45 C60 C66
O BSI 1997 19
~~ ~
S T D - B S I B S 5328: P A R T 1-ENGL 1 9 9 7 Lb2LibbS 059LiOLi3 714 m

BS 5328 :Part 1 : 1997
9 Sampling for conformity testing 10 Action to be taken in the event of

9.1 General non-conformity of the concrete with
To avoid duplication of sampling and testing in its specification
normal circumstances, when the effects of time and The action to be taken in respect of the concrete
transporting are judged to be of no practical which is represented by test results that fail to meet
significance, it should be acceptable for the requirements of specifications prepared in
representative samples taken at discharge from the accordance with this standard should be determined
concrete mixer to be used for assessment of by the purchaser. This may range from qualified
conformity of concrete delivered into the acceptance in less severe cases to rejection and
construction. removal in the most severe cases. In determining the
When the effects of time and transporting are judged action to be taken, due regard should be given to the
likely to be of significance, it may also be possible to technical consequences of the kind and degree of
permit such samples to be used by agreement on non-conformity and to the economic consequences
nominai adjustments to the specified values or by of alternative remedial measures, either replacing the
using adjustments based on laboratory or site trials substandard concrete or ensuring the integrity of any
(see also 3.2 of BS 5328 : Part 4). work in which the concrete has been placed.
The validity of the test results should be confirmed
9.2 Rate of sampling for strength conformity by checking that the sampling and testing have been
testing carried out in accordance with BS 1881 or such other
The rate of sampling adopted by the purchaser document as has been specified.
should be notified to the producer by quoting from In estimating the quality of the substandard concrete
table 15 the average quantity of concrete, either in indicated by valid test results and in determining the
cubic metres or as the number of batches action to be taken, the following should be
(whichever represents the lesser volume), from established wherever possible:
which a representative sample should be taken from
a randomly selected batch. At least one sample a) the mix proportions actuaiiy used in the
should be taken of each grade of concrete on each concrete under investigation which may affect
day that concrete is placed. The rate of sampling durability;
may be increased in appropriate circumstances, b) the selection of the work represented by the
e.g. for critical elements. Higher rates of sampling test results;
and testing would be appropriate at the start of the c) the possible influence of any reduction in
work so that there are at least two results (see concrete quality on the strength and durability of
BS 5328 : Part 4) to establish the level of quality the work.
quickly, during periods of production when quality is NOTE 1. The purchaser may wish to cany out tests on the
in doubt or when conditions change. Conversely, hardened concrete. These may include nondestructive methods
sampling rates may be reduced when consistent (see BS 1881 : Part 201) or the taking of cored samples (see
quality has been established or when the concrete is BS 1881 : Part 120). The resuits of any such test should not annui
supplied from a plant for which the quality control the estabiishment of nonconformity with the requirements
provided that establishment was based on vaiid test results.
system has third party accreditation for product
conformity. NOTE 2. Advice on the interpretation of nondestructivetest
resuits and the strength of concrete cores taken from structures is
given in BS 6089.This British Standard also gives further factors
to be considered when deciding the action to be taken with
regards to structurai concrete, and further information is given in
the relevant codes of practice.
I Table 16. Recommended minimum rates of sampling

Average rate of sampiing: one sample per Maximum quantity of concrete Examples of structures to which
at risk under any one decision applicable
10 m3 or 10 batches 40 m3 Masts, columns, cantilevers
20 m3 or 20 batches 80 m3 Beams, slabs, bridges, decks
50 m3 or 50 batches 200 m3 Solid rafts, breakwaters
20 O BSI 1997

S T D * B S I B S 5 3 2 8 : P A R T L-ENGL 1777 L b 2 4 b b 9 057q094 b 5 0
BS 6328 :Part 1 : 199’7
List of references (see clause 2)
Normative references
BSI publications
BRiTïSH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
BS 12 : 1996 Specification for Portland cement

BS 146 : 1996 S’fication for Portland b l a s t f u m e cement
BS 882 : 1992 Specification for aggregatesfrom natuml sources for concrete
BS 915 : Part 2 : 1972 Spe&fication for high alumina cement
BS 1014 : 1975 Spe&fication for pigments for Portland cement and Portland
cement products
BS 1047 : 1983 Specifkation for air-cooled blastfurnace sìug aggregatefor use in
construction
BS 1370 : 1979 Specifkatwn for low heat Portland cement
BS 1881 : Testing concrete
BS 1881 : Part 103 : 1993 Method for determination of cmpacting factor
BS 1881 : Part 104 : 1983 Method for determination of Vebe time
BS 1881 : Part 105 : 1984 Method for determination of .flow
BS 1881 : Part 107 : 1983 Method for determination of density of compacted .fresh concrete
BS 1881 : Part 114 : 1983 Methods for determination of density of hamlened comete
BS 1881 : Part 120 : 1983 Method for determination of the compressive strength of concrete
CWeS
BS 1881 : Part 129 : 1992 Method for determination of density of partially compacted
semi-dry fresh concrete
BS 1881 : Part 201 : 1986 Guide to the use of non-destructive methods of test for hardened
Concrete
BS 3148 : 1980 Methods of test for water for making concrete (including notes on
the suitability of the water)
BS 3797 : 1990 Spehficatwn for lightweight aggregatesfor masonyl units and
structural concrete
BS 3892 : pulvemzed-fuel ash
BS3892: Part 1 : 1993 Specifhtion for puJveriz&fuel ash for use with Porüand cement
BS3892:Part2:1984 SpecifzCationfor pulvemzed-fuelash for use in puts and for
miscellaneous uses in c o m t e
BS 4027 : 1996 SMfication for sulfate-resisting Portlan& cement
BS 4246 : 1996 S’fication for high slug b l a s t f u m e cement
BS 4248 : 1974 S’fication for supersulfated cement
BS 5075 : Concrete admixtures
BS 5075 : Part 1 : 1982 Specifkation for accelerating adm.ixtures, retarding admixtures
and water reducing admixtures
BS 5075 : Part 2 : 1982 &&fication for air-entraining admixtures
BS 5075 : Part 3 : 1985 Spec$ficationfor superplasticizing admixtures
BS 5328 : concrete
BS 5328 : Part 2 : 1997 Methods for .@fying concrete mixes
BS 5328 : Part 3 : 1990 Specification for the procedures to be used in producing and
t m m p w i n g concrete
BS 5328 : Part 4 : 1990 Specification f o r the procedures to be used in sampling, testing
and assessing compliance of concrete
BS 6100 : Glossary of building and &Vu mqiw&ng terms
BS 6588 : 1996 S p d f h t i o n for Porüand pulverized-fuel ash cements
BS 6610 : 1991 S p d f h t i o n for Pozzolanic puJv#-ìzed-$uelash cement
BS 6699 : 1992 Specification for ground grantduted b l a s t f u m e slug f o r use with
Porüandcement
BS 7583 : 1996 Speeificatwn for Portland 1inw.ston.e cement
Previous page
is blank
S T D - B S I BS 5328: PART 1-ENGL 1 7 7 7 LbZLibb7 057i.1045 5 7 7
BS 6328 : Part 1 : 1997
BS8004: 1986 Code of practice for foundations

BS 8204 : screecls, bases and in situjìoorings
BS 8204 : Part 2 : 1987 Code of practice for concrete wearing su?jàces
BS EN 1%: Methods of testing cement
BS EN 196-1: 1995 Determination of strength
Informative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION,London
BS 812 : !&sting aggregates

BS 812 : Part 120 : 1989 Method for testing and classif~ngdrging shri-e of aggregates
in concrete
BS 1377 : Methods of test for soils for cia engiwerìng purposes
BS 1377 : Part 3 : 1990 Chernicd and electro-chemical tests
BS 6089 : 1981 Guide to assessment of concrete strength in existing structures
BS 6349 Maritime structures
BS 8102 : 1990 Code of pmctice for protection of structures against water fm
the ground
BS 8110 : Structurai use of conmete
BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 Code of practice for àesign and construction
CP 102 : 1973 Code of practice for protection of hiidings against water from the
ground
BS EN I C 0 9000 : &uality management and quality assurance standards
BS EN IS0 9001 : 1994 Quality systems. Mo& for qudity assurance in design,
development, production, installation and servicing
BS DD 218 : 1995 Testing aggregates -Method for the d e m i n a t i o n of W i - s i l i c a
reactiwity - Concrete primn method
Other publications
[Il BRE Digest 363l) Sulfate and acid resistance of concrete in the ground.
121 BRE Digest 357l) Shrinlcage of natuml aggregates in concrete.
[3] BRE Digest 3301)A k l i aggregate reactions in concrete.
[4] Concrete Society Technical Report No. 302) AUcali-sika reaction - minimizing the risk of damuge to
concrete, 1995.
[51 Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Dairgjl.oors, 1967.
[6] Concreting in miUc parlours, Cement and Concrete Association (now British Cement Association) Farm
Note 8, 1980.
[7] Building Research Report 279l) Bowley, M.J.,S q a t e and acid attack on concrete in the ground;
recommended procedures for soü analysis.
'1 Available from Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford W D 2 7JR.

2, Available from Concrete Society, 3 Eatongate, 112 Windsor Road, Slough SI3 6PJ.

BS 5328 :
Part 1 :1997
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S T D - B S I B S 5328: PART 1-ENGL 1777 Lb24bb7 057LiOL7 4 T 5

BRITISH STANDARD BS 5328 :

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards

Committees responsible for this

British Aggregate Construction Materials Industries

Association of Lightweight Aggregate Manufacturers

This Briíish Standard, having

The foiiowing BSI references

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards

S T D - B S I B S 5328: P A R T 1-ENGL 1997 Lb2qbbS 0594023 053

O BSI 1997 iii

S T D - B S I B S 5328: P A R T 1-ENGL L777 1bZLibb7 0 5 7 9 0 2 5 7T7

3.3 cement content producer’s quality system to BS EN IS0 9001.

4 Constituent materials of concrete 4.3 Aggregates

S T D - B S I B S 5328: PART 1 - E N G L 1777 1 b 2 Y b b 7 0574028 408

Table 2. Aggregates for general use

Normal weight Aggregates from naturai sources for concrete BS 882

4.3.8 Aggregate type can affect the fire resistance

5.2.3 Suifates in concrete i) limiting the cement content;

6.2.6 Other considerations 6.3.2 Minimum concrete qualitg

Mild Unreinforced non-structural - -

6.3.4 Exposure to aggressive chemicals 6.4 Limitation on mix parameters

hlfate Exposure conditione Becommendations

In groundwater in soil or Au Cement group Denee fully compacted

' See CP 102 and BS 8102.

Table 7. Sulfate and acid resistance

h) Combinations of Portland cement conforming to BS 12 with pulverized-fuel ash conforming to

Table 7. Sulfate and acid resistance

Table 7. Sulfate and acid resistance Table 9. Compressive strength grades

Table 10. Flexural strength grades I

S T D - B S I BS 5328: P A R T 1-ENGL 1777 L b 2 4 b b 7 057Li037 410

7 Properties of fresh concrete 7.2 Workability

Use of concrete Form of compaction Workability Nominal

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards

7.3 Air content 7.6 Density of fresh concrete

8.2.3 Prescribed mix 8.2.6 Designated mix

Table 12. Summa1 of different types of mix

Range of All All 7.5 N/mm2 7.5 N/mm2

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards

Table 13. Guide t o the selection of designated and standard mixes

NOTE 1. Classes for sulfate conditions are given in table 7a

S T D - B S I B S 5328: P A R T 1-ENGL 1997 Lb2LtbbS 05990LI2 888

8.4 Limits on specifying mix parameters 8.6 Equivalent grades

S T D - B S I B S 5328: P A R T 1-ENGL 1 9 9 7 Lb2LibbS 059LiOLi3 714 m

9 Sampling for conformity testing 10 Action to be taken in the event of

I Table 16. Recommended minimum rates of sampling

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards

List of references (see clause 2)

BS 12 : 1996 Specification for Portland cement

BS8004: 1986 Code of practice for foundations

BS 812 : !&sting aggregates

'1 Available from Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford W D 2 7JR.

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards

[SBNO 680 26722 9 W517

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards

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