CHAPTER 11

“Think small.Thinkreally, really small, smaller than anything you ever saw through a
microscope at school. Think atom sand molecules,”
THE NANO WORLD
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Overview: This chapter gives an overview on nanotechnology; describing its
background, tools, products and applications as well as the issue sand concern on its
uses.
Topics:
 Background
 Microscopy
 Carbon nanomaterials
 Applications, issues and concern
 Nanotechnology in the Philippines
 Nanotechnology against COVID-19
Nanoscience - study of phenomena and manipulation of material at the nanoscale.
Nanotechnology
- more specific branch that caters to nanoparticles
- Nanotechnology encompasses science, engineering, and technology at the nanoscale,
which is about 1 to 100 nanometers.
 understanding and control of matter at the atomic and molecular levels in the
range of approximately 1-100 nm
 technology that involves the imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating
matter at this length and scale
Particle Size Nanoscale
 Electrical conductivity
 Mechanical properties
 Thermal conductivity
 Chemical reactivity
 Melting point
 Flourescence
 Magnetic Permeability
Figure 11.1: Computer simulation of electron motion within a nanowire.

Figure 11.2 Size comparison of nanoparticle with other larger-sized materials.

 Nanodevices
 Nanopores
 Dendrimers
 Nanotubes
 Quantum dots
 Nanoshells
Richard Feynman
 There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom (Dec 29, 1959, American Physical Society
Meeting, California Institute of Technology)
 Speech that introduced the idea of manipulating very small particles

“Samsung Develops Most Advanced Green DDR3 DRAM, Using 30nm-class

Technology”
U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative
 first official Federal gov’t effort in nanotechnology
 established by President Clinton
 funded for the first in 2000
National Nanotechnology Coordination Office (NNCO)
- Acts as the primary point of contact for information on the NNI; provides technical
and administrative support to the NSET Subcommittee; maintains the NNI website
(www.nano.gov); provides public outreach on behalf of the NNI; and promotes
access to and earlt application of the technologies innovations, and expertise
derived from NNI activities.
According to StatNano(2019), in 2018, China leadsthe nanotechnology research with
39% share, followed only by US with 15%
2019 Most-innovative countries in Nanotechnology

Microscopy
Carbon Materials
Carbon-based nanomaterial

- fullerene
- carbon nanotube
- graphene

Inorganic-based nanomaterial

- Ag nanoparticle
- gold nanoparticle
- titanium dioxide

Organic-based nanomaterial

- dendrimer
- polymer nanoparticle

Composite-based nanomaterial

- hybrid nanofiber
- Metal-organic framework
Categories of carbon nanotubes:
(a) armchair,
(b) zigzag, and
(c) chiral.

General structure of dendrimers

- Branching units
- Core moiety
- Void spaces
- Surface groups
Versatile Nanomedicine Production
- Nucleic acid
- Polymeric nanoparticles
- Liposomes
- Emulsions

Novel 3D hybrid Scaffold

Increase of:
- Surface area
- Water sorption
- Stability
- Mechanical proprieties
Environmental Effects

- Lower recovery and recycling rates

- Lack of trained engineers and workers causing further concerns
- Environmental implications of other life cycle stages not clear
- Dissemination of toxic, persistent nanosubstances originating
environmental harm
- High-energy requirements for synthesizing nanoparticles causing
high-energy demand
 experimental evidence of the effect of nanomaterials to the environment
- behavioral and physiological changes in water fleas associated with increased
risk of predation and reproductive decline (Lovernet. al., 2007)
- oxidative damage in largemouth bass with same mechanism of action found
beneficial for their use in drug delivery (Oberdorster, 2004)
- Can travel to brain, bind to lipids, and cause production of oxidative stress
compounds when fished exposed to 1 ppm concentration (Oberdorster, 2004)
Application

- Cosmetics
- Medicines
- Batteries
- Electronics

environmental concern
- severe deformities of exposed fish and larvae
showed cardiac abnormalities, yolk sac edema, and
eye/head abnormalities (Liu, 2016)
- can cause considerably high percentage of death in water
fleas (Daphneamagna) which are used by regulators as an
ecological indicator species (Lovernand Klaper, 2006)
- UV-illuminated TiO2proven to be toxic to algae and water
fleas (Hunde-Rinke and simon, 2006)
Application
- Application
- Sunscreens
- self-cleaning glass
- remediation
- small micro form in foods and cosmetics
DOST-ITDI (Ronda, 2013)
- biodegradable, environment friendly food packaging material
- Protects food and extends shelf-life
- organoclay (nanoclay) from local bentonite with thermoplastic starch made
from cornstarch

1. The prefix "nano" comes from what word?

A. French word meaning billion
B. Greek word meaning dwarf
C. Spanish word meaning particle
D. Latin word meaning invisible

2. What is the cut-off limit of human eye to see?

A. 2,000 nm
B. 5,000 nm
C. 10,000 nm
D. 50,000 nm

3. Which one of these statements is NOT true?

A. Gold at the nanoscale is red.
B. Copper at the nanoscale is transparent.
C. Silicon at the nanoscale is an insulator.
D. Aluminum at the nanoscale is highly combustible.

4. What might be a concern about the use of nanotechnology?

A. Nano-based materials could be toxic.

B. Nanoparticles may build up in the brain or liver.

C. Nanoparticles may not break down in the environment.

D. All ofthe above are legitimate concerns about nanotechnology.

5. What type of nanomaterial is used in the widest variety of nanotechnology products on the market
according to Consumer Products Inventory in October 2013?

A. carbon

B. silicon

C. silver

D. titanium dioxide
 6. Which is the best known and most funded nanotechnology agency in the world?

A. European Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Association

B. lnteragencyWorking Group on Nanotechnology

C. Russian Nanotechnology Initiative

D. US Nanotechnology Initiative

7. Which of the following is true about nanotechnology?

A. It is the most important technology by 2018.

B. The products of nanotechnology are estimated to reach 4 Billion dollars.

C. Majority of the nanotechnology products belongs ·to the health and fitness category.

D. None of these

8. Which of the following is also equivalent to nanotechnology?

A. atomic engineering

B. carbon engineering

C. micro technology

D. small technology

9. Richard Feynman is often credited with predicting the emergence of nanotechnology. What was the title of
his famous speech given on December 29, 1959?

A. Things get nanoscopic at the bottom

B. There is plenty of room at the bottom

C. There is a tiny room at the bottom

D. What remains at the bottom

10. Who first used the term nanotechnology and when?

A. Richard Feynman, 1959

B. Norio Taniguchi, 1974

C. Eric Drexler, 1986

D. Sumiolijima, 1991

11. Which are POSSIBLE risks of nanotechnology today?

A. Waste nanomaterials may end up in groundwater, rivers, and lakes where they kill off fish and other wildlife.

B. Nanorobots could take pictures of secret documents and relay them to foreign agents.

C. Scattered nanoparticles may recombine in nature to form new elements and chemical compounds that are
highly reactive & toxic.

D. All of these.
12. Which of the following is correctly paired for the microscope and inventor

A. AFM -Gerd Binnig and Calvin Quote

B. STM - Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

C. TEM - Ernst Ruska

D. All of these are correct

13. If you were to measure the surface roughness of a sample on the nanoscale, what would give the best
visual representation of this characteristic?

A. Atomic Force Microscope

B. Scanning Electron Microscope

C. Scanning Tunneling Microscope

D. Any of these

14. Why is carbon a fundamental element in nanotechnology?

A. Carbon atoms are found in great abundance in most of the materials created by nature.

B. Materials containing carbon, exhibit a wide range of properties.

C. There is no other element except carbon which bonds as strongly to other carbon atoms and in as many ways
as the carbon atoms.

D. All of these

15. In the structure of fullerene, e ach carbon atom forms covalent bonds on how many carbon atoms?

A. one

B. two

C. three

D. four

16. What is the smallest and largest cluster of carbon atoms in Bucky balls known till today?

A. 60 only

B. 50-100

C. 50-500

D. 60-500

17. Because of its intricate preparation, which carbon nanomaterial is currently the most expensive?

A. carbon nanotube

B. fullerene

C. graphene

D. None of these
18. Which is known as the thinnest compound discovered, the lightest yet the strongest material known?

A. carbon nanotube

B. fullerene

C. graphene

D. All of these

19. Which of the following is the main nanoparticle component of sunscreens?

A. silver and iron oxide

B. lithium oxide and zinc oxide

C. zinc oxide and titanium oxide

D. titanium oxide and lithium oxide

20. What is the nanoparticle in paint that can transform airborne pollutants into safe residues in the
presence of light?

A. hydroxyapatite

B. iron oxide

C. silver nanoparticle

D. titanium dioxide