Universitas Tanjungpura

Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi / Jendral Ahmad Yani, Pontianak

Mata Kuliah : Bahasa Inggris

Dosen Pengampu : Dr. H. M. Rifat, M.Pd

Nama : Kayralla Tirta Rismaya

NIM : F1041201033

Prodi : Pendidikan Matematika

Semester/Kelas : II/A2

ENGLISH ASSIGNMENTS

The following is your task in this week:

a) Make it correct.
b) Translate into Indonesia.

a) Make it correct.
Mechanical: Rope Tension and
Logarithms
When a rope is partially wrapped around a fixed drum with a force at each end, as
shown in the figure, the relationship between the larger tension 𝑇𝐿 and the smaller tension
𝑇𝑠 is given by:

(1)

where θ is the angle of wrap in radians and μ is the coefficient of friction. Another
form of this equation is:

We must be careful about the meaning of 𝑇𝐿 and 𝑇𝑆 when applying formulas (1)
and (2) to real situations. The direction of motion, or the tendency of motion, is determined
by the larger tension 𝑇𝐿. The friction between the rope and the drum is always against the
relative motion. In other words, the friction always "helps" the smaller side. For example,
if you try to hold a box hanging at the other end of the rope, the force you need is the
smaller tension 𝑇𝑆 as the frictional force can help you. However, if you try to lift the box,
the force you need would be the larger tension 𝑇𝐿 because now the frictional force is
against you.

Questions:
1. In the mechanism schematically shown in the figure, assuming the coefficient of
static friction is 0.2, what will be the force needed to hold a 300𝑙𝑏 box?
2. What will be the force needed to lift the box?
3. If we wrap the rope around the drum one more turn (now 1.5 turns), what would be
the answers to the previous two questions?
4. Derive equation (2) from equation (1).
5. Derive equation (1) from equation (2).

Nuclear Medicine: Radioactive Half-Lives

and Exponentials
In nuclear medicine minute quantities of radioactive materials with short half-lives
such as Iodine - 131 (half-life 8.065 days) or Technetium - 99 (half-life 6.007 hours) can
be injected into patients, the material traced, and then a medical diagnosis made.,
Since the radioactive material is constantly decaying, the label on a bottle will state the
radioactivity in the bottle at a given moment in time. Patient doses will need to be drawn
up for a specific time that differs from that on the bottle.
The relevant formula is 𝐴 = 𝐴0 2 − 𝑡 / 𝑇, where:
• 𝐴0 = the initial radioactivity at time 𝑡 = 0
• 𝐴 = the radioactivity at any later time 𝑡
• 𝑇 = the half-life (a known constant for a given radioisotope)
 Note that 𝑡 and 𝑇 must have the same units. The metric unit for radioactivity is the
Becquerel.
(1 Bq = 1 disintegration/second)
(1 MBq = 1 million disintegrations/second)

Question:
A bottle of Iodine-131 is delivered on Nov. 3rd from the manufacturer and it states on the
label that the activity will be 370 MBq at 1200 hours on Nov. 11th. What is the activity?
1. at 1200 hours on the delivery day?
2. at 0800 hours on the 27th of November?

Solution:

We know that:
• The half-life of Iodine-131 is 8.065 days.
• From Nov. 3 to Nov. 11th is 8 days.
• From Nov. 11th, 1200 h to Nov. 27th at 0800h is (16 days less 4 hours) =15.833
days.

1. Let A0 denote the (unknown) initial activity on delivery day, Nov 3rd, at 1200 h.
Since it is known that 8 days later the activity is 370

MBq:
Answer: The activity on delivery day, Nov 3rd, at 1200 h, is 736 MBq.
 2. For this part, consider the activity 370 MBq at 1200 hours on Nov. 11th to be the
initial activity, A0. Let the unknown activity 15.833 days later (on Nov. 27th at
0800 h) be A:

Answer: The activity on Nov. 27th at 0800 h, is 94.9 MBq.

Occupational Health and Safety: Noise

Levels and Decibels
Question:
In a factory, one machine produces a noise level of 72 𝑑𝐵. Two more similar machines
each with a noise level of 72 𝑑𝐵 are added in the same space. If, when machines are
placed together, the sound intensities are additive (i.e., the combined intensity equals the
sum of the intensities), what is the noise level in 𝑑𝐵 of the 3 machines?

Solution:
Basic rules for logarithms and exponents and the equation relating the noise level, 𝐿, and
the sound intensity, 𝐼.
Where:

• 𝐼𝑜 = the reference sound intensity (the minimum intensity detectable, 10-

12 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠/𝑚2 )
• 𝑑𝐵 is the unit for noise level = decibels

We can find the sound intensity of one machine as follows:

With 3 identical machines, the sound intensity is:

Now find the corresponding noise level in dB:

The new noise level with 3 machines is 77 dB.

Food Technology: Sizing a Food Can
Using Calculus

Problem:
A closed-top cylindrical container is to hold a volume of 1.875 liters. The material used
for the top and bottom parts of the container costs twice as much per unit area as the
material used for the cylindrical tube. Find the dimensions of the most economical
container.

Solution:
We need to find the dimensions of this container that minimize the total cost of the material.
Maximization/minimization problems of this type are all solved using the following steps.
Step 1:
Write down a formula for the quantity that is to be maximized or minimized: here the Cost,
𝐶, of materials, required. We need to define 𝑟 to be the radius of the circular cross-section
of the container, and h to be its vertical height. Further, let 𝑘 stand for the cost per square
centimeter of the material used in fabricating the cylindrical tube. Then the material used
for the circular top and bottom of the container will cost 2k per square centimeter. Thus,

We have two independent variables here, but one can be eliminated using the requirement
that the container holds 1.875 liters. Equating the formula for the volume of the container
to this value gives.

where we have converted the given volume to its equivalent in 𝑐𝑚3 to facilitate balancing
of units later. Thus,

in units of cm. Substituting this into our formula so far for 𝐶 gives finally,

Since 𝑘 is a constant (which does not need to be known to answer this question), we have
now successfully expressed 𝐶 as a function of the single independent variable, 𝑟.

Step 2:

The maximum or minimum of a function will occur either for values of the independent
variable where the first derivative equals zero, or at the extreme possible values of the
independent variable (in this case 𝑟 = 0 or 𝑟 = ∞ both give 𝐶 = ∞ , so these options
can be ignored). Thus, differentiating,

Setting this to zero gives

(The k has cancelled out.) Taking the cube root gives to two decimal places, 𝑟 = 4.56 𝑐𝑚,
and substituting into the formula for h gives 28.67 𝑐𝑚.

Step 3:

There is just one set of dimensions that may give a minimum-cost container. We need to
provide an argument, all the same, that these dimensions do give a minimum cost. (After
all, we may have improperly stated our goal, and so this single solution could give the most
expensive, or maximum cost, container). The easiest way to argue this point is to note that
the second derivative of the cost,

is positive for all positive values of 𝑟, and so is certainly positive for 𝑟 = 4.56 𝑐𝑚. This
confirms that we have a minimum value of 𝐶 here.

Thus, the container with the lowest cost of materials should have a radius of 4.56 𝑐𝑚, and
a height of 28.67 𝑐𝑚.
Possible Variations
1. Find the dimensions of the cylindrical container with a 1.875 liters capacity which
will minimize the total surface area of the container.
2. Assume that the circular top and bottom of the container must be cut from square
pieces of material measuring 2𝑟 on a side, with the extra bits of material being
considered waste. What dimensions of the 1.875 liters capacity container would
now lead to the use of the least material per container?
3. Typically, a seam exists vertically down the cylindrical tube, and around the edges
of the circular top and bottom of the can. Find the dimensions of the 1.875 liters
capacity cylindrical container which minimizes the total length of seams.
4. One could start with a specified total surface area, say 1200 𝑐𝑚2, and then find the
dimensions of the cylindrical container which would have the largest volume
capacity.

Electronics: Using Derivatives with

Circuits
Waveform Differentiation
Maximum Power Transfer in a Circuit

Waveform Differentiation
A waveform is a function that repeats itself or cycles after a specified period. This time
denoted 𝑻, is called the period of the waveform.
The diagram to the right shows an electronic circuit that takes as input a voltage waveform
and gives as output an approximation of the derivative of that waveform. The
approximation can be made quite good by using small enough values of 𝑅 and 𝐶 or
restricting ourselves to slowly varying input voltages.

To calculate the derivative of a waveform it is sufficient to calculate the derivative of just

the first cycle. This is because the derivative of a waveform is another waveform. The
derivative of all the other cycles will look the same as that of the first cycle. If 𝑓 (𝑡) is the
formula for the first cycle then 𝑓 ′ (𝑡), its derivative, is the formula for the derivative of
the first cycle. If required, the formula for the derivative of any other cycle can be found
by simply applying a shift to the formula for the derivative of the first cycle.

Problem

Calculate and sketch the derivative of the waveform shown to the right, whose period is 2
seconds and whose first cycle is defined as:
Solution
We begin by calculating the derivative, 𝐹′(𝑡), of the above formula:

This is the formula for the first cycle of the derivative. Any other cycle looks the same as
the first one. A sketch of this derivative is shown below.

Maximum Power Transfer in a Circuit

Problem
A power supply can be represented by an ideal voltage source of 𝐸 volts in series with an
internal resistance 𝑅int. If a load is connected to the power supply, show that the maximum
power that can be supplied to the load is achieved when the resistance 𝑅 of the load is
chosen to equal the internal resistance 𝑅int of the power supply.
Solution

We will express the power P dissipated in the resistor R as a function of R and then find
where this function has its maximum. The power P dissipated in a resistor R is given by
the formula P = I 2 R, where I is the current flowing through the resistor. Expressing the
current I as a function of R (using Ohm’s law) gives:

Now we can express the power P as a function of R:

Notice that this function is zero when R is zero, is positive for all positive values of R, and
decreases like 1/R when R is very large. P must have a maximum. Now calculate the
derivative dP/dR:

This derivative is equal to zero when R = Rint. From the above discussion, it is clear that
the derivative is zero here because this is the value of the resistance R at which the
power P is a maximum (as opposed to say a minimum).
Nuclear Medicine: Determining
Maximum Time for Drug Concentration
The concentration 𝐶(𝑡) in milligrams per cubic centimeter of a particular drug in a
patient’s bloodstream is given by:

where 𝑡 is the number of hours after the drug is taken.

1. How many hours after the drug is given will the concentration be maximum?
(Verify there is indeed a maximum currently.)
2. What is the maximum concentration?

Solution:
1. To find the maximum, it is necessary to find where the function for concentration
has a slope or derivative = 0.

Find 𝐶′(𝑡) using the quotient rule.

Set 𝐶′(𝑡) = 0 and solve for t:

Note that time = - 2 hours does not provide a meaningful answer.

Check to see whether a maximum does occur at t = 2 hours by applying the first
derivative test and checking a point on either side of C′(2).
𝐶′(1) = +
𝐶′(2) = 0
 𝐶′(3) = −
This means as the slopes go from + to 0 to − as t goes from 1 to 2 to 3 which maps
out a maximum at time 2ℎ.
2. Evaluate the concentration function 𝐶(2) = 0.02 𝑚𝑔/𝑐𝑐. The maximum
concentration is 0.02𝑚𝑔/𝑐𝑐 at the time of 2 hours. Here is a graph of the
concentration as a function of time, verifying these results:

Robotics: Linear Velocity of a Piston-

Wheel System
As the flywheel rotates at a constant rate of 500 𝑟𝑝𝑚, the piston moves back and forth
along a horizontal line. If 𝑅 = 10 𝑐𝑚 and 𝐿 = 40 𝑐𝑚 then what is the linear velocity of
the piston when angle 𝜃 = 160°?

Solution:
In the triangle with sides 𝑅 and 𝐿, name the third side (the base) 𝑥.

𝑅 and 𝐿 are constant, but 𝑥 is a function of time, 𝑥(𝑡). The desired velocity is 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡.

Apply the Cosine Law:

𝐿2 = 𝑅 2 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑅𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 [equation 1]

Recalling that 𝜃 and therefore 𝑥 are functions of time, perform implicit differentiation:

0 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 − 2𝑅 [𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃) 𝑑𝜃/𝑑𝑡 ] [equation 2]

To use this equation to find dx/dt, we need 𝑅, 𝜃, 𝑑𝜃/𝑑𝑡, and 𝑥.

• 𝑅 = 10
• 𝜃 = 160°, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃) = −0.9397, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃) = 0.3420
• 𝑑𝜃/𝑑𝑡 = 500 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = (500)(2𝜋)/60 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 52.36 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
• To find 𝑥 when 𝑅 = 10 and 𝐿 = 40 we must solve equation [1]:

402 = 102 + 𝑥 2 − 2(10)𝑥(−.9397)

This becomes

𝑥 2 + 18.79𝑥 − 1500 = 0

The roots are −49.25 and 30.46, and we need the positive root.

Substituting all the values into equation [2] we get:

0 = 2(30.46) (𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡) − 2 (10) [ − .9397 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 − 30.46 ( .3420) (52.36)]

(−60.92 − 18.79) 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 = 10909

𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 = − 136.9 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

The negative sign indicates that 𝑥 is getting smaller, which is correct when 𝜃 < 180°

Work Done by Expanding Gas

The work done, w, by a gas expanding from 2 cm 3 to 10 cm 3 is given by the following

definite integral:
1. Use Simpson's Rule with N = 4 subintervals to estimate w.
2. Find an exact value for w by evaluating the definite integral above using calculus.

Solution:
1. From Simpson's Rule with 𝑁 = 4 subintervals:

where , and 𝑓(𝑉) = 500𝑉 − 1.4

 2. Evaluate the definite integral using calculus:

Electronics:
Integrals and RMS Signals
Background
The average or mean of a set of numbers is found by adding up the numbers and
dividing by the number of numbers. The mean value of a function is the generalization of
this idea. The mean value of any function 𝑓(𝑥) is defined as the mean height of the
function. It can be found by calculating the area under the function and dividing by the
width of the function. We will denote the mean value of a function 𝑓 using angle brackets
like this:

Then using calculus notation, the above statement can be written as:

(We are assuming that the function runs from 𝑎 to 𝑏, so integrating from 𝑎 to 𝑏 gives the
area under the function and dividing by 𝑏 − 𝑎 divides by the width of the function.)

If the function is periodic (i.e., if the function repeats itself exactly after a certain
amount of time, called the period, 𝑇) then we can replace the above formula with this
formula:
 In other words, we only must find the area for one cycle and divide it by the width
of one cycle.

The RMS value of a function is related to the idea of the standard deviation of a
set of numbers. The RMS value of a function is defined as the square root of the mean
value of the square of a function. In other words, to get the RMS value of a function we
follow these three steps:

1. Square the function (i.e., draw a new function whose height everywhere is the
square of the original function),
2. calculate the Mean of this new function (This can be done using the above
formula, namely, finding the area under the new function, and dividing by the
width of the function),
3. taking the square root

We will denote the RMS value of a function 𝑓 like this:

Then using calculus notation, the above procedure can be written as:

(Again, we are assuming that the function runs from 𝑎 to 𝑏, so integrating from a to b gives
the area under the squared function and dividing by 𝑏 - 𝑎 gives the mean of the squared
function.)

If the function is periodic with period, 𝑇 then we can replace the above formula
with this formula:
Problem

Find the mean value and RMS value of the triangular waveform shown above. It
represents the current 𝑖 flowing in a circuit as a function of the time, 𝑡.

Solution

The mean value of the current. Use the formula:

The period is 𝑇 = 4. The integral from 0 to 4 must be broken into 3 separate

integrals because the function has a different form in each section. The result is:
 Thus, the mean value of the current is zero. We could have gotten this result much
more easily using symmetry rather than integration. The picture to the right shows the
"area under the curve" shaded in grey. The area from 0 to 2 is positive and the area from
2 to 4 is negative and that the two areas cancel out.

The RMS value of the current. Use the formula:

The lower picture shows the area under the 𝑖2

curve shaded in grey. Notice that the 𝑖2 curve has the
period 𝑇 = 2. Notice that the area from 0 to 1 and
the area from 1 to 2 are equal. Thus, we will save
work if we find the area from 0 to 1 and double our
answer.

The picture to the right shows the region from

𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 1 enlarged. Notice that in this region
𝑖 = 10𝑡, so 𝑖2 = 100𝑡2
The result is:

Notice that the final answer is the peak value of the current (namely 10) divided by
the square root of 3. The RMS value for triangular waveforms with triangles of any shape
turns out to always be the peak value divided by the square root of 3.

Mechanical: A Hemispherical Tank of

Water and Integrals
A hemispherical tank with radius R is filled with water.

1. Find the volume of the water.

2. Find the y-coordinate of the centroid of the water.
3. Find the moment of inertia about the y-axis.
4. Find the work needed to pump all the water to a height of H metres above
the top of the tank.
Solutions

1. The Volume

We consider the hemisphere as the solid obtained by rotating the fourth quadrant of the
curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑅 2 about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Through a point (𝑥, 𝑦) on the curve, we draw a
circular disk perpendicular to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 as our volume element 𝑑𝑣. The radius of the
disk is 𝑥 and the thickness is 𝑑𝑦, and consequently.

Therefore, the total volume of the hemisphere is:

2. The y-coordinate of the centroid

We can use the same infinitesimal volume element 𝑑𝑣 in (𝑎). Since 𝑑𝑣 is a disk
perpendicular to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, the 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 of any point in the disk is 𝑦. Therefore,

3. The moment of inertia about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

To find the moment of inertia about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, we need to choose another volume
element dv such that the distance from the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 to any point in 𝑑𝑣 will be the same.
A convenient choice is a thin-walled cylindrical shell centered at the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, as shown
in the figure below. From the figure we can identify the radius, height, thickness, and
volume of the cylindrical shell:

radius = x ;

height = 0 − 𝑦 = −𝑦 = √𝑅 2 − 𝑥 2

thickness = 𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2𝜋(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)(ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)(𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠)

= 2𝜋𝑥√𝑅 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

The moment of inertia of the shell is:

Which 𝑘 is the density of water. Therefore, a moment of inertia of the water in the
hemispherical tank is given by:

4. The work needed to pump all the water to a height of H meters above the top of the
tank.

From physics, we know that the work needed to lift a particle by a vertical distance
ℎ is 𝑚𝑔ℎ, which is the increase in potential energy. Then, the element of volume should
be chosen such that all the points in the element are at the same height. Therefore, we can
choose a horizontal disk as our volume element, same as that used in (a):
This volume element must be lifted a vertical distance (𝐻 − 𝑦), and the work for it is

Then, we can integrate 𝑑𝑊 and find the total work needed to pump all the water:

Or,
b) Translate into Indonesia