Bahasa Inggris 12 IPA

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12 SMA IPA
BUKU PANDUAN BAHASA INGGRIS
CHAPTER 1
1. OFFERING HELP/SOMETHING
In daily life we cannot be separated from others. We need help from others and sometimes they need our help, too.
So these are the ways for asking for and offering help.
When offering help When asking for help

Would you like some help? Could you give me a hand?
Can I give you a hand? Would you mind helping me out?
Do you need any help? Could you help me please?
May I offer my assistance? I need some assistance please.
Need any help?
Would you like me to ...?
Guest : Excuse me, can you help me?
Staff : Of course Ma’am. What can I do for you?
Guest : Someone just stole my purse off my shoulder outside the hotel.
Staff : Are you OK?
Guest : Yes, just shaken up a bit.
Staff : Why don’t you sit down here and I’ll call the police for you.
Guest : Thank you; I appreciate your help.
TASK 1
Choose the best answer by crossing (A), (B), (C), (D) or (E)!
1. A : It’s very hot in here. This short dialogue signals that ...
B : .... open the window? (A) They will write the paper together
A : Yes, please. (B) Ine will give her incomplete paper to Yuni
(A) Can you (C) Ine will finish the paper by herself
(B) Would you (D) Ine asks someone else to help her
(C) Please (E) Ine will not finish her paper
(D) Do you want me to
(E) Would you mind to 4. X : ... ... find it out for you?
Y : If it’s no trouble.
2. Luke : Jenny, are you alright? You look pale. Can (A) I will (D) Shall I
I get you anything? (B) Let me (E) I would
Jenny : .... I just need a little rest. (C) I can
(A) Yes, please
(B) Yes, I do 5. Andi : Because it is the first time I’ve owned a
(C) No, thanks. motorcycle, ... ... telling me how to drive
(D) Do you want me to it?
(E) Would you mind to Arkan : Not at all. I’d be glad to offer a hand.
(A) would you mind (D) can you mind
3. Yuni : Have you finished your paper? (B) will you be mind (E) could you mind
Ine : A little longer. I need more time to (C) will you
process the data.
Yuni : Would you like me to help you?
Ine : I don’t want to inconvenience you.
©LITBANG SG PUSAT 94 | P a g e
6. Arni : I guess it’s time for us to redecorate (A) What would you like to help me
our room. (B) What can I do for you
Nenti : That’s a good idea. ... ... do something (C) What do you need
to the bookshelf? (D) What will you buy
(A) What we will (D) Why do we (E) What are you look for
(B) Why don’t we (E) Will we
(C) Wouldn’t we 9. Would you like ... ...?
(A) something to help (D) some to help
7. A : You bring so many things, Madam. Are you (B) some helping (E) to be help
alone? (C) some help
B : I have bought my daily needs by myself.
A : Allow me to give you a hand. 10. Mom : What are you doing, Teddy?
B : Thanks for offering. Teddy : I’m still reviewing the lessons. I’ll
Where does the conversation probably take have a test tomorrow, Mom.
place? Mom : ... ... I think you’ll like it to boost your
(A) At the bus station (D) At a school energy.
(B) At the airport (E) At the hospital Teddy : Thanks, Mom. It’s my favorite.
(C) In the market (A) What about a plate of fried rice?
(B) Why don’t we watch a movie?
8. Shopkeeper : Good morning, Madam. ... ...? (C) You should clean your room.
Customer : Good morning. I need a pair of (D) You’d better ask your sister.
shoes for my son. He is 8 years old. (E) You should quit right now.
The following dialogue is for question number 11 – 13.
Laura :
Welcome to Beresford, how may I help you? (1)
Collin :
Yes, I need a room, please.
Laura :
What type of room are you interested, Sir? We’ve got standard room, luxurious room, and super deluxe.
Collin :
Do you have a suite? (2)
Laura :
Yes, we do. Would please wait? (3)
Collin :
Yeah.
Laura :
How would you like to make the payment, Sir? (4)
Collin :
Credit card. Here it is.
Laura :
Thank you.
Please sign here, Sir. Would you need a pen? (5)
Collin : Sure. Thank you.
Laura : Enjoy your staying, Sir. Our room boy will take you to your suite.
11. Which one shows expression of offering help? 13. It may be inferred that Laura is a ...
(A) 1 and 2 (D) 1 and 5 (A) bank teller (D) receptionist
(B) 2 and 3 (E) 3 and 5 (B) waitress (E) sales person
(C) 4 and 5 (C) secretary
12. The dialogue mostly happen at a ...

(A) Restaurant (D) Bank
(B) Department store (E) Hospital
(C) Hotel
2. ASKING FOR AND GIVING SUGGESTION

There are many ways to express suggestion, among them are:
Asking suggestion Giving suggestion
 Do you have any suggestion for me?  You’d better
 Any idea?  You could (might) …
 Will you give me some suggestions,  I suggest that you …
please?  I recommend that you …
 Shall I come back later?  Why don’t you ….?
 What should I do then?  You had better …
 My advice is to be careful in doing business with them.
 I strongly advise you to …
Accepting suggestion Rejecting suggestion
 That’s a good/nice/wonderful idea.  I don’t think so.
 Yeah, sure.  I tried that, but it didn’t work.
 Thank you. I’ll try that.  Thanks, but that won’t help because …
 Why didn’t I think of that?  I don’t want to do that because …
 I think you’re right.  That’s a good idea, but …
Emil : I’m sad. It is my last year in the university, but I haven’t completed my thesis yet. I’m afraid that I will be
considered to resign because I don’t have enough time left.
Eka : Well, what took you so long actually? You are smart; you do read a lot of books and journals too. I think
you don’t have any serious obstacle to finish it.
Emil : I have an issue, you know... It’s not that I don’t want to complete my thesis as soon as possible, but I
have to get a part-time job to pay for my tuition. I think it is because I pay more attention to my job that
I don’t have any time left for my thesis.
Eka : Hey, you have plenty of friends standing by to help you. You are not alone whatsoever. Alright then, this
is what you have to do. First, you need to put less time on your part-time job. Next, you should call your
lecturer about your financial problems and ask them if you can get a dispensation for your thesis. I
believe you can finish it in no time. We are here to support you.
Emil : I’m so blessed to have you as my friend. Thank you very much, Eka. Thank you for your kind support.
Using ‘have to’, ‘supposed to’, and ‘ought to’

HAVE TO SUPPOSED TO OUGHT TO
When you are using ‘have to/has to’ its ‘Supposed to’ may means an obligation. It ‘Ought to’ means a suggestion. You
power is in resemblance with ‘must’, that is something that you should do. It also better do something but you don’t have
means you don’t have a choice and you means what another person expects you to do it if you don’t want to.
must follow/do what is told. to do. Don’t forget to use verb after you
use “supposed to”.
 Mary has to go to work every Monday  You’re supposed to stay in the class  We ought to clean the house today.
to Friday. today. (We better be, but it is still okay if we
 The students have to study tonight.  You’re supposed to be in the don’t)
 You have to know the consequences workshop.  Phillip ought to help you with the
of your deed.  Emma is supposed to stay in her dorm homework. (Although it is completely
this night. fine he choose not to)
‘Supposed to’ may also means that you are told/have been told to do something, but you didn’t do it.
 Elly is supposed to meet her friend tonight. (In fact, she didn’t)
 All of the employees are supposed to attend today’s meeting. (In fact, they didn’t)
Sumber: Forward Grade XII
TASK 2
Choose the best answer by crossing (A), (B), (C), (D) or (E)!
1. Willy needs money to pay for his food and rent. 6. Lisa tells Nathan that he would be a good
If he doesn’t go to work, he won’t have money. manager. She suggests that he applies for a job
He must work. as a manager.
Willy ... ... ... go to work. Nathan is going to think about that.
(A) ought to Lisa thinks Nathan ... ... ... be a manager.
(B) has to (A) ought to
(C) is supposed to (B) has to
(C) is supposed to
2. Johnny should help his mother with the
housework. His mother would be happy if he did. 7. You ... ... ... do your homework on Saturday
But still, if Johnny didn’t help her, his mother morning. That way, you’ll have the rest of the
wouldn’t feel bad and still loves him. weekend free.
Johnny ... ... ... help his mother. (A) ought to
(A) ought to (B) must
(B) has to (C) might
(C) is supposed to
8. Tomorrow’s a holiday. We ... ... ... get up early.
3. Tom’s friend is waiting for him at the gym. They (A) mustn’t
made plans to meet at 6:00. (B) have to
His friend will be upset if Tom doesn’t go. (C) don’t have to
Tom ... ... ... meet his friend.
(A) ought to 9. If you go sailing, you ... ... ... wear a life jacket.
(B) has to The sea is very dangerous.
(C) is supposed to (A) must
(B) may
4. It’s not obligatory to wear a tie. You ... ... ... (C) might
(A) must
(B) have to 10. Susan wants to be a nurse, it is necessary for one
(C) shouldn’t to go to nursing school.
Susan ... ... ... go to nursing school if she wants to
5. Billy : Are you going to the party? be a nurse.
Sally : I’m not sure. I ... ... ... go. (A) ought to
(A) have to (B) has to
(B) might (C) is supposed to
(C) don’t have to
3. EXPRESSING SURPRISED AND DISBELIEVE/AMAZEMENT

Surprise Amazement/Disbelief
 What a surprise!  Really?
 That’s a surprise!  My Goodness!
 Really?  That’s amazing/extraordinary.
 What?  Wow!
 Are you joking?  Oh my God!
 I can’t see that.  Wonderful!
 I must say that …… surprises me.  Excellent!
 I find it astonishing/extraordinary.  Good heavens!
 How surprising/amazing.  I am amazed!
Emma : Your hand is bleeding Vi, what happen with you?

Vivi : I was on my way home with my mother by my car, then a truck hit my car from behind.
Emma : What? Oh, my god! Is your mother OK?
Vivi : Her forehead hit dashboard of my car, but she is fine now, because I always bring balm oil in
my first aid box. I have smeared with it.
Emma : Then why you don’t cure your wound to a doctor?
Vivi : This is no problem, the wound is not too bad. I just need iodine and bandage to cover.
Emma : Wait a minute, I’ll take them for you.
Vivi : Okay, thanks a lot.
4. ASKING FOR ATTENTION
It is used to express when someone wants to get other’s attention.

Asking for attention Showing attention
 Excuse me, I wonder if I could trouble you ...  I see. Tell me more about it.
 May I have your attention, please?  Oh, yes. Really?
 Excuse me, ...  Mmm... Oh, my God! What happens next?
 Sorry to trouble you.  Aha... And then what?
 Sorry to bother you.  How interesting! What’s next?
 Look at me!  I know what you mean. Is that all?
 Look what I’ve got here.  Oh, oh! Indeed?
 Look here.  Well, well, well.
 Look!
 Attention, please!
 Excuse me!
Tourist : Excuse me, I wonder if I could trouble you.
Local people : No matter, Sir. Anything I can help?
Tourist : I got lost in this place. Two hours ago, I was with my family going here. But, I separated
myself with them to see other interesting places alone, and now here I am. Got lost and
don’t know where to find them.
Local people : I see. You are not the one, Sir. There were three or four who lost here. So, what can I do?
Tourist : I stay in Cassandra Hotel but I don’t know which way I should go. If I may, could you bring
me to that place?
Local people : Well, Sir. Cassandra Hotel isn’t far from here. You can just go follow this way, then you’ll
find intersection. Take the right way and there stands your hotel.
Tourist : Should I take any kind of public transportation?
Local people : No, you shouldn’t. It just take 10 minutes to get there by walking.
Tourist : Indeed? Then thank you so much for your help, Sir.
Local people : You’re welcome and good luck, Sir.
TASK 3
Choose the correct answer by crossing (A), (B), (C), (D) or (E)!
1. Tina : Excuse me, are you Mr. Patlin? (A) Surprise

Jeff : No. I’m Jeff Neil. (B) Offering help
Tina : Oh, I’m so sorry. (C) Apologizing
The underlined statement is used to express... (D) Asking for attention
(E) Giving attention
2. A : Oh my God, this is impossible. I just won a 7. From the dialogue we can conclude that ...
lottery. (A) B was surprised to know about the test
B : You’re kidding. What do you get? result
A : A thousand dollar. (B) A felt pleased about the test
(C) There will be another English test
The statement that shows expression of surprise (D) A’s parents will get angry because of the test
is.... (E) A told his parents about the test
(A) I just won a lottery (D) You’re kidding
(B) What do you get (E) All correct The following dialogue is for questions number 8 – 10!
(C) A thousand dollar Henry : I can’t believe that Claire was beaten by that
new-comer.
3. Mother : Lucy, I’m home. I bought you Rowena : Well, that seventeen-year-old girl must have
something. Look! taken her practices seriously?
Lucy : Oh, mother .... Thank you so much. It’s Henry : (8) ..... She’s just seventeen?
a very interesting book. Rowena : Yes, she is. Never judge one’s ability based on
(A) Are you alright (D) Excuse me their age, will you?
(B) I’m sorry (E) This is awesome Henry : Absolutely not. (9) ...., could you hand me
(C) May I help you that pen? I need to make a note.
Rowena : Sure. Here it is.
4. Terry : Excuse me, please. I’m sorry ....?
Andy : Yes, I am. Can I help you? 8. The proper expression is....
The proper expression is ... (A) Hooray! (D) Oh, no!
(A) I am Andy (B) Yes! (E) All correct
(B) May I have your attention (C) What?
(C) Are you Andy
(D) Where is Andy 9. The proper expression is....
(E) Is this Andy (A) Excuse me
(B) I’m sorry
The following dialogue is for question number 5 – 7. (C) Attention, please
A : I just got my English test result. (D) Can I have your attention
B : How was it? (E) Hey
A : I got C.
B : (5) .... 10. From the dialogue, we may infer that ...
A : I’m very disappointed. (A) Rowena doesn’t like the new-comer
B : Well, have you told your parents about it? (B) Henry likes the seventeen-year-old new-
A : I don’t know. I’m afraid they will be angry. comer
B : (6) ....! They won’t. Tell them how hard the test was. (C) Claire is a participant of a competition
Then you’ll study hard for the next test. (D) Claire is seventeen years old
(E) Henry and Rowena are Claire’s friend
5. The proper expression is ...
(A) That’s great (D) How interesting 11. Neira : Do you remember Rita? She is now a
(B) What? (E) Nice mother of three children!
(C) Awesome Alina : ... ... she had always admired
singlehood.
6. The proper expression is ... (A) You don’t say!
(A) Excuse me (D) Help (B) Oh, I see!
(B) Listen to me (E) Allow me (C) That’s too many!
(C) Forgive me (D) What a pity!
(E) What do you mean?
CHAPTER 2
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1. Future Conditional (Type 1)
It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled in the future.
Pattern:
if + subject + Verb 1 + subject + will/shall/may/must + Verb inf.
or
if + Simple Present, will-Future
If we study hard, we will pass the test effortlessly.
2. Present Conditional (Type 2)

It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
- to express one’s expectation at present time
- to show a present unreal situation
Pattern
if + subject + Verb 2 + subject + would / could / might + Verbinf.
or
if + Simple Past, would + Verbinf
- If I got a better score, I wouldn’t feel so worried showing my test to my parents.

- If I were a bird, I would fly away.
Using present conditional means there is an implied meaning. For example:

- If I got a better score, I wouldn’t feel so worried showing my test to my parents.
Means...I get a bad score, I feel so worried to show my test to my parents.
- If I were a bird, I would fly away.
Means...I am not a bird, so I don’t fly away.
3. Past Conditional (Type 3)

It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
- to express one’s past expectation
- to show an unreal past situation
- to express a regret
Pattern
if + subject + had + Verb3 + subject + would / could / might + have Verb3
or
if + Past Perfect, would + have + past participle
- If I had eaten the meal I might have had a stomach-ache.

- If Lina had brought an umbrella she wouldn’t have got wet because of the rain.
Using present conditional means there is an implied meaning. For example:

- If I had eaten the meal I might have had a stomach-ache.
Means...I didn’t eat the meal so I didn’t have a stomach-ache.
- If Lina had brought an umbrella she wouldn’t have got wet because of the rain.
Means...Lina didn’t bring an umbrella so she got wet because of the rain.
© LITBANG SG PUSAT 100 | P a g e
4. Omitting if in Conditional Clause

IF CLAUSE OMITTED IF
Notice that the word order is normal. Notice that the word order is inverted
(subject+verb) (verb+subject)
If you should need any help, please call me. → Should you need any help, please call me.
If I were you, I would tell him about the problem. → Were I you, I would tell him about the problem.
If I had known you were coming, I’d have baked a cake. → Had I known you were coming, I’d have baked a cake.
a. Type 1
In If Clause Type 1, we only use ‘should’ instead of ‘if’. We don’t change anything in the form of first conditional at
all. Nothing changes in meaning.
 If the weather is rainy, we will stay at home.
Should the weather be rainy, we will stay at home.
 If he doesn’t hurry, he will be late. (Negative)
Should he not hurry, he will be late.
b. Type 2
In this type of inversion, we omit if and use were + subject for to be verb and were + subject + to for other verbs.
 If I had a map I would lend it to you.
Were I have a map I would lend it to you.
 If he didn’t study more, he wouldn’t pass the exam. (negative)
Were he not to study more, he wouldn’t pass the exam.
c. Type 3
We don’t use if and make the structure as “Had + Subject + Verb 3”
 If the teacher had helped me, I wouldn’t have had to go to the library.
Had the teacher helped me, I wouldn’t have had to go to the library.
 If I hadn’t got up early this morning, I would have slept more. (negative)
Had I not got up early this morning, I would have slept more.
Besides the three types of conditional sentence, there is zero conditional. It uses if or when and must be followed by the
simple present or imperative. In zero conditional sentences, we can replace ‘if’ with ‘when’ because both express general
truths. The meaning will be unchanged.
For example:
 If the weather is fine, we go to park.
 When I’m in town, I visit my aunt.
The pattern is:

If/when + Present Simple, + Present Simple
The zero conditional is used to make statements about the real world, and often refers to general truths, such as scientific
facts. In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible.
The uses of zero conditional are:

1. Rules
 If you take your cell phone into class, it must be turned off.
 If you drink alcohol, don’t drive.
2. Scientific Facts and General Truth
 If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
 When you combine oil and water, they do not mix.

3. Cause and Effect

 If you push the button, the volume increases.
 The computer turns off when you disconnect the battery.
4. Habits and Routines
 I wear my boots when I work.
 She uses glasses when she drives.
CONDITIONAL + IMPERATIVE
In the conditional clause + imperative, we can use a variety of present forms. In the result clause, there can only be the
present simple or imperative.
There are series of pattern you can use when you want to make conditional sentences.
Condition refers to Tenses use Example of conditions Example of suggestion
Future action Simple Present If you want to go tomorrow, prepare now.
If you visit Yogyakarta, go on Borobudur temple.
Action going on now Present continuous If he snoring, wake him up.
When I’m concentrating, please don’t make so much noise.
Finished action Present perfect If he has moved into his new flat, visit him.
If you’ve done that, go and have a coffee.
TASK 1
Write down a sentence using Future Conditional with the following ideas!
1. Jenny promises to visit us this weekend.
I cook for Jenny.
_______________________________________________________________
2. Our teacher asks us to do the task.
She means something good for us in the future.
______________________________________________________________
3. You are happy.
I am happy too.
________________________________________________________________
4. I don’t find anyone in the house.
I let you know.
_________________________________________________________________
5. The students join the competition.
They need extra time to practise.
______________________________________________________________
TASK 2
The following statements are all real. Write down the Present Conditional!
1. Lisa doesn’t have a car but she wants to drive along the city.
_________________________________________________________________
2. Karen studies English so she knows how to communicate using the language.
_________________________________________________________________
3. I am a student so I don’t know how it feels to be a teacher.
_________________________________________________________________
4. Ben doesn’t enjoy eating seafood so he looks discomfort right now.
_________________________________________________________________
5. Jenny is shy, she doesn’t talk much.
_________________________________________________________________

TASK 3
The following statements are all real. Write down the Past Conditional Sentences!
1. Ady didn’t call Risna last night so Risna didn’t know about what this morning’s test.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Judy didn’t say about the rocky road so we spent long hours passing the road.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. He didn’t give a lot of effort to study so he got an unsatisfied test result.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Mr. Pandi did many crimes without regrets that is why he was imprisoned.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. I was one of the event committees so I knew what happened during the event.
___________________________________________________________________________
TASK 4
Choose the right answer by crossing (A), (B), (C), (D) or (E)!
1. If it … today, I would not go to school. (C) I would have had a holiday, if I had had
(A) rained (D) rain money.
(B) rains (E) will rain (D) I want to have a holiday when I have money.
(C) had rained (E) Someday I will have a holiday with my
money.
2. If she … more confident during the interview, she
might have gotten the job she wanted. 6. “He wouldn’t have quit his job if he hadn’t been
(A) were (D) had been promoted.”
(B) would be (E) was being It means that …
(C) could have been (A) He kept his job.
(B) He would like to keep his job.
3. If I were rich, I … around the world. (C) He had to quit his job.
(A) were going (D) go (D) He lost his job.
(B) went (E) will go (E) He did not like to keep his job.
(C) would go
7. They … forgotten if I hadn’t reminded them.
4. If it hadn’t rained, I would have come to the (A) must (D) might have
meeting. (B) must not (E) might not have
This sentence means … (C) might
(A) It is raining
(B) It didn’t rain 8. “I would have bought the shoes if they had been
(C) I came to the meeting cheap.”
(D) I don’t come to the meeting This sentence means …
(E) I didn’t come to the meeting (A) I bought the shoes.
(B) I was not against the price.
5. I want to have a holiday now but I don’t have (C) I looked a more expensive pair.
money so that I can’t go. (D) The shoes were too expensive.
The situation above can be made into conditional (E) The shoes were a bargain.
sentence, …
(A) I will have a holiday, if I have money.
(B) If I had money I would have a holiday.

9. He wouldn’t have taken the bread if he hadn’t 10. If you switch the lights on, you … over the chair.
been hungry. (A) will fall (D) wouldn’t fall
The sentence means … (B) would fall (E) had fallen
(A) He takes the bread. (C) won’t fall
(B) He was hungry.
(C) He didn’t take the bread.
(D) The bread was remained.
(E) He had taken the bread.
TASK 5
Complete the sentences with the proper expression!
1. If I … … … … stronger (be), I'd help you carry the piano.

2. If we'd seen you, we … … … (stop).
3. If we … … … (meet) him tomorrow, we'll say hello.
4. He would have repaired the car himself if he … … … (have) the tools.
5. If you drop the vase, it … … … (break).
6. If I hadn't studied, I … … … (pass) the exam.
7. I wouldn't go to school by bus if I … … … (have) a driving license.
8. If she … … … (see) him every day, she'd be lovesick.
9. I … … … (travel) to London if I don't get a cheap flight.
10. We'd be stupid if we … … … (tell) him about our secret.
TASK 6 (OMMITTING IF)

Rewrite the sentence without IF.
Remember to change the word order, and don’t forget the comma!
1. If my supervisor should call, please let me know right away.

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... please let me know right away.
2. If you should get another traffic ticket, your insurance rate will increase.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... your insurance rate will increase.
3. If I were rich, I could travel all over the world.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... I could travel all over the world.
4. If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... I wouldn’t do that.
5. If you had come home earlier, you could have eaten dinner with us.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... you could have eaten dinner with us.
6. If Han-Lu had studied for the test, he would have passed.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... he would have passed.
7. If he were my teacher, I would quit school!
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... I would quit school!
8. If we should get caught telling a lie, our parents would punish us.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... our parents would punish us.
9. If the weather had been sunny, we would have gone to the beach.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... we would have gone to the beach.
10. If I had bought a lottery ticket, I might have won the lottery.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... I might have won the lottery.

TASK 7
CONDITIONAL CLAUSE + IMPERATIVE/SUGGESTION
Match the sentences with its uses.

No. Sentences Answer Choices
1. If water is heated to 100°, it boils. ( ... ... ) (A) Facts, general truth
2. If you are out of work you are entitled to unemployment benefit. ( ... ... ) (B) Rules
3. If you click on the blue button, the answers appear. ( ... ... ) (C) Scientific laws
4. If the weather’s not too bad, I cycle to work. ( ... ... ) (D) Habits and routines
5. If the traffic light changes to amber, drivers have to stop. ( ... ... ) (E) Cause and effect
TASK 8
Fill the gaps with the imperatives given.
1. If you go to London, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... a trip on the London Eye. Start
2. If you get stung by nettles, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... a dock leaf on the sting. Tell
3. If you go on holiday, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... to cancel the newspaper delivery. Call
4. If you drink, don’t ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Do
5. If I’m late for dinner, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... eating without me. Drive
Make
6. If Bill phones, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... him to meet at the cinema.
Place
7. If you’re ever in town, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... come and see us. Soak
8. If you take any medicine, always ... ... ... ... ... ... ... sure you read the instructions first. Remember
9. If you are cooking kidney beans, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... them overnight in cold water. Take
10. If you want to come, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... me before 5:00.
TASK 9
Match the sentence in the column A with the suitable sentence in the column B.
A B
1. If you want to be a professional chef, you should study at Gibson Music Course.
2. If you don’t like spicy food, you should join a good cooking academy.
3. If you go to Palangkaraya, you should wear a helmet.
4. If you ride motorcycle, you better try this salad.
5. If you want to be a professional guitarist, you should stay at The Naga Hotel.
TASK 10
Complete the sentence using options in the box.
read a lot exercise more study hard
set your alarm clock have an e-mail practice speaking often
1. If you want to go to Padjajaran University, you should ... ...

2. If you want to get fit for the next summer, you should ... ...
3. If you want to be able to speak English fluently, you should ... ...
4. If you want to be able to translate correctly, you should ... ...
5. If you want to wake up early tomorrow, you should ... ...
6. If you want to make a Facebook account, you should ... ...

CHAPTER 3
1. CAPTION (TEKS PENYERTA GAMBAR)

A caption, also known as a cutline, is text that appears below an image. Most captions draw attention to something in the
image that is not obvious, such as its relevance to the text. Captions consist of a few words of description, or several
sentences. Along with the title, the section headings, captions are the most commonly read words in an article, so they
should be succinct and informative.
Captions help readers or viewers to understand more information that might not be in photos, images or videos.
Captions also include a short title or heading of an article in a magazine or newspaper. Words shown on a cinema or
television screen to establish the scene of a story are also called captions.
There are several criteria for a good caption. A good caption:

1. Clearly identifies the subject of the picture, without detailing the obvious.
2. Succinct or brief
3. Establishes the picture’s relevance to the article
4. Provides context for the picture
5. Draws the reader into the article
Different people read articles in different ways. Some of people start at the top and read each word until the end. Others
read the first paragraph and scan through for other interesting information, looking especially at the pictures and
captions. Those readers, even if the information is adjacent in the text, will not find it unless it is in the caption. However,
it is best not to tell the whole story in the caption, but use the caption to make the reader curious about the subject.
Look at the examples below!
https://www.kompasiana.com/rudywiryadi2002/5 https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-52436590

TASK 1
Read and practice the conversation below!
A : What are you saying about a good caption?

B : Well, I think a good caption should give information about the image attached with it.
A : Do you mean it should describe the information of the image clearly?
B : No, not that thing. A caption is brief information, which will persuade the readers or viewers to read the complete
information from the text. It just need like one or two sentences.
A : I see. I mostly find images with captions while I read news in newspaper. And yes, it’s true that sometimes by reading
the caption we are curious to find the facts from the long text.
B : Of course, that’s why the writer should make the caption as interesting as possible. That’s the function of caption,
though.
A : Alright then. Let’s try to make caption from images I found in the magazines and newspapers.
1.
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....
(https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/04/25/fears-of-repression-grow-in-virus-crippled-indonesia.html)
2.

..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....
(https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/04/27/k-pops-quest-to-rule-the-world-slows-with-concert-venues-dark.html)
3.
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....
(https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/04/25/trump-agrees-to-send-indonesia-medical-supplies-following-call-with-
jokowi.html)
4.
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....
(https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/04/22/top-fashion-brands-found-making-little-progress-in-transparency-
index.html)

2. NECESSITY AND EXPECTATION
Using have to, supposed to and ought to

No. Necessity Expectation
1 have to ought to
2 must be expected to
3 need be supposed to
1. have to and must are both used to indicate obligation and are often quite similar. They are followed by the
infinitive.
They imply that you don’t have a choice. They are used for obligations.
 John has to go to work every day.
 The students have to study tonight.
*Differences between have to and must can be seen in examples below:

 I must get up early tomorrow. There are a lot of things I want to do.
 I have to get up early tomorrow. I’m going away and my train leaves at 7.30.
2. Be supposed to means an obligation. It is something that you should do, or something that another person expects
you to do. Don’t forget to use the verb be in front of supposed to.
 Sally is supposed to meet her friend tonight.
 All of the employees are supposed to attend today’s meeting.
3. ought to means a suggestion. You should do something but you don’t have to do it.
 We ought to clean the house tonight.
 Philip ought to help you with your homework.
4. need to is said when we want to talk about things that are necessary to do in order to achieve a certain goal.
 I want to go to Thailand for my vacation, so I need to get a visa.
 If you want to get a promotion, you need to work very hard.
 If your daughter wants to be a model, she needs to lose some weight.
TASK 2
Fill in the blanks with must, have to, mustn’t or don’t have to.
1. Before entering a foreign country, we ... ... ... ... ... show our passport.
2. I’m sure it will be a tiring journey. She ... ... ... ... ... come if she doesn’t want to.
3. Children under 8 years old ... ... ... ... ... be accompanied by their parents.
4. You ... ... ... ... ... finish writing the report today. Tomorrow will be OK.
5. When you come home, please be quiet. You ... ... ... ... ... wake the baby because she’s just fallen asleep.
6. Since we have to two cars, you ... ... ... ... ... wait for us.
7. People ... ... ... ... ... waste water due to lack of water in the near future.
8. I ... ... ... ... ... be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably ... ... ... ... ... take a taxi if I want to be on time.
9. You ... ... ... ... ... submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. Check that the name, address, and
background information are correct. If the form is not accurate and complete, you will be rejected and you will ...
... ... ... ... reapply at a later date.
10. You ... ... ... ... ... be so rude! Why don’t you try saying ‘please’ once in a while.
11. If you are over 18 in California, you ... ... ... ... ... take a driver training course to get a driver’s license. You can have
a friend or a family member teach you instead. But remember, you ... ... ... ... ... still get your permit before you
start practising.

12. You ... ... ... ... be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven’t got a penny to their
name.
13. Ed : My car broke down in Death Valley last week. I ... ... ... ... ... have it towed more than a hundred miles to
the nearest mechanic.
Lilly : That ... ... ... ... ... have cost a fortune!
14. While hiking in Alaska, you ... ... ... ... ... keep an eye out for bears. If you see one, you ... ... ... ... ... approach it. They
are beautiful animals; however, they are wild and unpredictable in nature. You ... ... ... ... ... be afraid of them, but
educating yourself about the dangers can help keep you safe.
15. Nate : Oh no! I completely forgot we were supposed to pick Jenny up at the airport.
Barbara : She ... ... ... ... ... still be sitting there waiting for us.
16. I’ve redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The
answer in the book ... ... ... ... ... be wrong!
TASK 3
1. Willy needs money to pay for his food and house. 5. I am ... ... ... to be in school now, but I am not
If he doesn’t go to work, he won’t have money. feeling well.
He must work. (A) ought (D) must
Willy ... ... ... go to work. (B) supposed (E) has
(A) ought to (D) need to (C) have
(B) has to (E) hasn’t to
(C) is supposed to 6. Are we ... ... ... to meet him tonight?
(A) have (D) must
2. Johnny should help his mother with the (B) supposed (E) need
housework. His mother would be happy if he did. (C) ought
But if he didn’t help her, his mother wouldn’t feel
bad. 7. Do we ... ... ... to finish this today?
Johnny ... ... ... help his mother. (A) ought (D) must
(A) ought to (D) have to (B) supposed (E) has
(B) has to (E) must (C) have
(C) is supposed to
8. If it rains, they will ... ... ... to change their plans.
3. Joan want to be a nurse. To become a nurse it is (A) supposed (D) be supposed
necessary to go to nursing school. (B) have (E) must
Joan ... ... ... go to nursing school if she wants to (C) ought
be a nurse.
(A) ought to (D) has to 9. My wife’s busy so I ... ... ... pick up my children
(B) doesn’t have to (E) is supposed to from school today.
(C) are supposed to be (A) ought to (D) need
(B) supposed to (E) don’t have to
4. Tom’s friend is waiting for him at the gym. They (C) have to
made plans to meet at 6:00. His friend will be
upset if Tom doesn’t go. 10. Children ... ... ... be able to read by the age of 7.
Tom ... ... ... meet his friend. (A) supposed to (D) must
(A) is supposed to (D) ought to (B) have to (E) has to
(B) doesn’t have to (E) has to (C) ought to
(C) was supposed to

CHAPTER 4
1. LETTER
Letter is a written message from one party to another containing information. Letters promote the preservation of
communication between both parties; they may bring friends or relatives closer together, enrich professional
relationships and provide a means of self-expression.
The purpose of the text is to communicate to someone, give information in brief.
Generic structure:
1) Place and date (address of the sender) : Place and date production of the letter.
2) Opening greeting : Greeting opening of the letter.
3) Opening : Opening of the letter.
4) Contain : Content of the letter.
5) Closing : Closing of the letter.
6) Closing greeting : Greeting closing of the letter.
7) Sign : Signature of the sender.
8) Name of sender : Name who writes the letter.
TASK 1
Read the following text to answer question number 1 – 2.
aryapamungkas@gmail.com
Do you want to be a writer? Do you want your articles to be published and get money for that?
If you do, you don’t need to wait for long. Just join our one-day seminar “Be a Writer” held on:
day/date : Sunday, July 11 2018
time : 8 a.m.
place : Garuda Hotel, Jalan Malioboro
price : Rp20,000 (students)
Rp50,000 (public)
Topic : How to write effectively
How to get your articles published
Please enrol yourself no later than Saturday, July 3, 2018. Don’t miss this precious opportunity.
Regards,
Arif Hakim
Seminar Committee
1. What is the last day to enrol the seminar? 2. Which statement is NOT TRUE based on the e-
(A) Two weeks before the seminar mail?
(B) A week before the seminar (A) One of the speakers in the seminar will talk
(C) About two days before the seminar about how to get an article published
(D) About one day before the seminar (B) The seminar is held in a hotel
(E) One hour before the seminar (C) If a student wants to join the seminar,
he/she should pay Rp50,000
(D) The seminar is held in the morning
(E) The seminar is for people who are
interested to be writers


Dear Ms Green,
I would like to apologize for the damage my daughter caused to your window. Please send me the
repair bill, so I can reimburse you. I assure you that this will not happen again.
If there is anything else I can do for you, please let me know.
Sincerely,
Betty Grimes, your neighbour
3. The letter tells about … 4. ‘I assure you that this will not happen again.’
(A) apologizing for broken window The word ‘this’ refers to …
(B) apologizing for hurting someone (A) my daughter
(C) apologizing for not knowing anything (B) the repair bill
(D) apologizing for not being able to repay the (C) the accident
bill (D) reimbursement
(E) apologizing for not accompanying her (E) damaging the window
daughter

A.N.Y. Company Ltd.
69 Any Street, Anyville, Anystate
Tel: 0123456789
Date: 2 November 2018
To Whom It May Concern
Reference for Mr. James Blond
James Blond joined the A.N.Y Company in July 2006. Since then, he has proven to be the most reliable
and effective member of the sales team.
James is a professional and efficient in his approach to work and very well-liked by his colleagues and
executive clients. He is well-presented and able to work both independently and as part of a team.
His contribution to all areas of company activity in which he has been involved have been much
appreciated.
I believe that James will make a valuable addition to any organization that he may join. We deeply
regret his decision to move on and I recommend him without hesitation.
I would gladly answer any request for further information.
Sincerely,
Penny Farthing
Managing director
Penny.farthing@a-n-y.com
5. The letter is commonly known as … 6. The following are the characteristics of Mr. James
(A) Letter of request Blond, except …
(B) Letter of invitation (A) reliable (D) self-centered
(C) Letter of reference (B) respectful (E) highly-skilled
(D) Letter of resignation (C) punctual
(E) Application Letter

7. Why was the company Director willing to write (C) Mr. James gave less contribution to the
the letter? It was because …. company
(A) Mr. James has given his appreciation to the (D) the company cannot afford higher salary for
director Mr. James
(B) Mr. James is one of the best men the (E) the company must find another person
company ever had immediately
2. APPLICATION LETTER
1. Function
Application letter is written in order for someone applying for certain position, in this case, a job of a company.
2. Structure
TASK 2
Below are terms in application letter. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words.
be suited consideration appear
requirement qualification in order to
attached to resume/CV colleague
1. Siti still cannot hide her happiness because her investigation report about high school students’ eating habit ... ... ...
... on a regional newspaper yesterday.
2. Butet frequently initiates speaking in English with her classmates because one of the ... ... ... ... appearing in job
vacancy advertisement in the internet and newspaper requires English fluency.
3. Students of XII E class made a class pledge stating their commitment to stop bullying ... ... ... ... create positive
classroom atmosphere for every class member.
4. I support Eva Tuarita to be the new head of our student association because she possesses all the ... ... ... ... to be a
good leader for us.
5. RatuTita has written a letter addressed to the principal of our school asking permission not to attend classes for 2
days because we will join an English speech competition. The letter is … … … … our completed application letter to
join the event, which is also signed by our English teacher.

6. As ... ... ... ..., our teachers visited our English teacher who has been sick for a week. Some of us also went there
together bringing our teacher’s favorite fruit.
7. Maya’s calm personality is really ... ... ... ... for her role as one of the school mediators that help conflicted students
to achieve conflict resolution.
8. Fighting? Never. Although Bejo is a great master in martial arts, he never takes fighting into his ... ... ... ... in dealing
with problems.
9. Don’t forget to attach your ... ... ... ... in your application letter and don’t forget to include all the trainings that you
have attended.
Bse/Kelas XII SMA
TASK 3
Read the following text and answer the questions 1 to 5.

MS. PASSANA PONG
The Administrative Officer
The Royal Thai Embassy in Manila
Dear Ms. Pong,

I am a Communications graduate of the University of the Philippines-Diliman with several years of working
experience gained from some of the Philippines’ reputable private firms, a non-governmental organization, and
government.
I am writing to apply for the position of Executive Assistant advertised on jobstreet.com.ph on 10 May 2018. This
position particularly interests me because it would enable me to make full use of my administrative and organizational
skills. I have well-developed written and oral communication skills that can be very useful in carrying out the duties for
the above-mentioned position.
On top of these competencies, I adhere to a work ethic and can effectively interact with people across all levels
of the organizational structure. I believe I can be an asset to your organization.
My resume is enclosed with this cover letter. It shows my overall expertise and experience in the field. I would
welcome the opportunity to discuss my suitability for the position and comply with your other requirements. I can be
contacted during working hours at (632) 857-0100 local 1101.
Thank you very much.
Sincerely,
ADE IWAN
1. The writer is applying as a/an.... 2. The reason why the writer apply for the job is....
(A) Administrative officer (A) Because he wants to enable her background
(B) Governmental employee as communication graduate
(C) Executive assistant (B) Because he wants to improve her
(D) Private assistant communication and administrative skill
(E) Public relation officer (C) Because he wants to carry out the duties of
the job
(D) Because he wants to develop her written
administrative and oral communication skill
(E) Because he wants to enable herself and
make use of her administrative and
communication skill

3. “I adhere to a work ethic and can effectively (D) The applicant feels confident that his skill
interact with people.” fits the job
The underlined word means.... (E) The job vacancy is within a governmental
(A) enjoy (D) follow organization
(B) attach (E) obey
(C) join 5. The following statements are true, except....
(A) Ms.Passana Pong is the administrative
4. According to the text, we may infer that.... officer
(A) The applicant is still working at a (B) The applicant studied communication in a
government organization University
(B) The job needs a person who graduates from (C) The applicant wants to apply as an executive
communication school assistant
(C) The applicant isn’t available during working (D) The job application also mentions the
hours applicant resume
(E) The applicant’s resume is attached
3. BUSINESS LETTER
A business letter is usually a letter from one company to another, or between such organizations and their customers,
clients and other external parties. It refers to any written communication that begins with a salutation, ends with a
signature and whose contents are professional in nature. Historically, business letters were sent via postal mail or courier,
although the Internet is rapidly changing the way businesses communicate.
American Style British Style
The heading is usually placed in the top right
According to the format but usually aligned to
Heading corner of the letter.
the left
(sometimes centered)
October 19, 2015 (month-day-year) 19 October 2015 (day-month-year)
Date According to the format but usually aligned to Usually placed directly (or 1 blank line)
the left (two lines below the heading) Below the heading.
Dear Mr./Ms. Smith: Dear Mr./Mrs. Smith,
Dear Sir or Madam: Dear Sir or Madam,
Salutation
Gentlemen: Dear Sirs,
After the salutation there is a colon (:) After the salutation there is a comma (,)
Sincerely, Sincerely,
Complementary
Sincerely yours, Yours sincerely,
close
Yours truly, Yours faithfully,
TASK 4
Match the parts of business letters in the box with their definitions. Write the answers on the provided lines.
Date Inside
Body Salutation
Close Sender’s
Enclosures Signatures and Writer’s identification
It usually is included in the letterhead. If you are not using a letterhead, include it at the
_________________
1 top of the letter one line above the date. Do not write the sender’s name or title, as it is
included in the letter’s closing. Include only the street, city, and zip code.
It is used to indicate when the letter was written. However, if your letter is completed
_________________ over a number of days, use the time it was finished in the date line. When writing the
2
companies within the United States, use the American date format. Write out the month,
day and year two inches from the top of the page.
It is where you explain why you’re writing. It’s the main part of the business letter. Use a
new paragraph when you wish to introduce a new idea or element into your letter. In the
first paragraph, consider a friendly opening and then a statement of the main point. The
_________________
3 next paragraph should begin justifying the importance of the main point. In the next few
paragraphs, continue justification with background information and supporting details.
The closing paragraph should restate the purpose of the letter and, in some cases, request
some type of action.
It is the recipient’s. It is always best to write to a specific individual at the firm to which
you are writing. Include a personal title such as Ms., Mrs., Mr., or Dr. Follow a woman’s
_________________
4 preference is being addressed as Miss, Mrs., or Ms. It begins one line below the sender’s
or one inch below the date. It should be left justified, no matter what format you are
using.
It normally begins with the word ‘Dear’ and always includes the person’s last name. If you
_________________
5 do not know the name or the sex of your receiver, address it to Dear Madam/Sir (or Dear
Human Resources Director).
It ends always with a comma. The traditional rule of etiquette in Britain is that a formal
_________________
6 letter starting “Dear Sir or Madam” must end “Yours faithfully”, while a letter starting
“Dear” must end “Yours sincerely”.
7 _________________ It is the last part of the letter.
If you have attached any documents along with the letter, such as a resume, you indicate
8 _________________
this simply by typing
There are many standard types of business letters, and each of them has a specific focus. It can be to request direct
information or an action, to order supplies from a supplier, to point out a mistake by the letter’s recipient, to reply
directly to a request, to apologize for a wrong, or to convey goodwill.
TASK 5
Match the types of business letters in the box with their definitions. Write the answer on the provided lines.
Acknowledgement Letter Inquiry Letter
Adjustment Letter Letters of Recommendation
Complaint Letter Letter of Resignation
Cover Letter Order Letter
Follow-up Letter Sales Letter
1 ____________________ Letters asking for information about a product, service, or procedure.

Letters written to persuade the reader to buy a product, try a service, support a cause,
2 ____________________ or participate in an activity, usually a part of a direct-mail marketing campaign and
often accompanied by packets, brochures, illustrations and/or catalogues.
3 ____________________ Letters responding to complaint letters.
Letters in which a purchase is authorized. They list items being ordered vertically and
4 ____________________
typically include the quantity, order number, description and unit price of each item.
Letters usually sent after some type of initial communication. These could be a sales
department thanking a customer for an order, a businessman reviewing the outcome
5 ____________________
of a meeting or a job seeker inquiring about the status of his application. In many
cases, these letters are a combination of thank you note and sales letter.
Letters usually from a previous employer or professor; and describing the sender’s
6 ____________________
relationship with and opinion of the job seeker.
Letters acting as simple receipts. Businesses send them to let others know that they
7 ____________________
have received a prior communication, but action may or may not have taken place.
Letters usually accompany a package, report or other merchandise. They are used to
8 ____________________ describe what is enclosed, why it is being sent and what the recipient should do with
it, if there is any action that needs to be taken.
When an employee plans to leave his job, a letter of resignation is usually sent to his
immediate manager giving him notice and letting him know when the last day of
9 ____________________
employment will be. In many cases, the employee also will detail his reason for leaving
the company.
Letter normally written to deal a problem situation when other attempts (i.e. phone
contacts, e-mails, etc.) have failed to rectify the situation. These letters formalize a
10 ____________________
problem situation by putting them into writing and are usually the last resort to try to
get a situation resolved.

CHAPTER 5
PASSIVE VOICE
PASSIVE PATTERN: To be + V3 (past participle)
1. Pengertian
Passive voice, yang di dalam bahasa Indonesia disebut juga kalimat pasif, adalah bentuk kalimat yang lebih
menekankan objek (nomina penderita) daripada subjek (pelaku). Ketika diterjemahkan, kalimat ini diawali dengan
awalan di-/ter- yang berlawanan dengan kalimat aktif, berawalan me- atau ber-.
Pola : To be + V3 (past participle)
2. Tabel rumus kalimat pasif

Subject to be Past participle Rest of sentence
Simple Present The cake is eaten.
Present Continous The cake is being eaten at the moment.
Present Perfect The cake has been eaten since you left.
Simple Past The cake was eaten yesterday.
Past Continous The cake was being eaten when I entered the room.
Past Perfect The cake had been eaten before I came.
will be
Simple Future The cake eaten this afternoon.
is going to be
Future Continous The cake will be being eaten on my birthday.
Future Perfect The cake will have been eaten before three.
Present Conditional The cake would be eaten if it was mine.
Past conditional The cake would have been eaten if it had been sweet.
Infinitive The cake must be eaten before June 11th.
3. PERUBAHAN BENTUK DARI KALIMAT AKTIF MENJADI PASIF

No Tenses KalimatAktif KalimatPasif
1 simple present Someone eats the cake. The cake is eaten.
Someone is eating the cake at the
2 present continuous The cake is being eaten at the moment.
moment.
Someone has eaten the cake since you
3 present perfect The cake has been eaten since you left.
left.
4 simple past Someone ate the cake. The cake was eaten yesterday.
Someone was eating the cake when I The cake was being eaten when I
5 past continuous
entered the room. entered the room.
Someone had been eaten the cake
6 past perfect The cake had been eaten before I came.
before I came.
Someone will eat the cake this
The cake will be eaten this afternoon.
afternoon.
7 simple future
Someone is going to eat the cake this The cake is going to beeaten this
afternoon. afternoon.
Someone will be eating the cake on my The cake will be being eaten on my
8 future continuous
birthday. birthday.
Someone will have eaten the cake before The cake will have been eaten before
9 future perfect
three. three.

TASK 1
Change the sentences from the active to the passive.
1. They grow coffee in Kenya.
____________________________________________
2. They publish The Times newspaper in London.
____________________________________________
3. They make shoes in Cibaduyut.
____________________________________________
4. They transport oranges from Valencia to Germany in special crates.
____________________________________________
5. They are sending the parcel by sea.
____________________________________________
6. They are destroying the forests in Indonesia.
____________________________________________
7. The shark ate the man.
____________________________________________
8. The arsonist started the fire.
____________________________________________
9. The police took him away.
____________________________________________
10. They've treated him very well.
____________________________________________
11. They haven't cleaned the kitchen yet.
____________________________________________
12. They didn't punish him for what he did.
____________________________________________
TASK 2
Choose the correct answer.
1. A : Look! The girl is crying. What happened to 4. You don’t have to collect the books we ordered
her? because they … to school.
B : While playing with her brother, she … (A) be delivered
(A) kicks (D) was kicking (B) have delivered
(B) kicked (E) was kicked (C) have been delivering
(C) will kick (D) have been delivered
(E) have to deliver
2. The books in the library … in alphabetical order
every time. 5. “Were all the people in that house killed in the
(A) are arranged (D) have arranged fire?”
(B) was arranged (E) has arranged “…”
(C) have been arranged (A) The only person could be rescued
(B) Only one person could be rescued
3. We promise to send you all the photos … by Arief (C) One person could only be rescued
yesterday. (D) One person could be rescued only
(A) take (C) takes (E) Could be rescued was only one person
(B) took (D) taken
(C) taking

6. ‘Where are the old magazines?’ (D) The boys have told the good news
‘They …in the closet.’ (E) The good news about the boys has been
(A) be kept (D) are kept told
(B) are keeping (E) kept
(C) keep 13. The shipment of logs … because of the bad
weather.
7. “I’m sorry but you can’t swim today. The pool …” (A) they have been postponed
(A) be cleaned (D) is cleaning (B) being postponed
(B) it cleans (E) cleaning (C) been postponed
(C) is being cleaned (D) has been postponed
(E) to be postponed
8. A : Can I use your car for a moment?
B : Sure, where’s yours? 14. “Why are those people panic?”
A : ... “Their semi-permanent houses …”
(A) It is repairing (A) demolished
(B) It was repairing (B) are demolishing
(C) It is repaired (C) to be demolished
(D) It was repaired (D) to demolish
(E) It is being repaired (E) are being demolished
9. “The stewardess is now serving coffee to the 15. Mary was not promised a prize by her father,
passengers.” means:
The passive form of the above sentence is: (A) Mary did not promise to give a prize to her
(A) The passengers are serving coffee. father.
(B) The passengers are now served coffee. (B) Mary was not given a prize by her father.
(C) Coffee is now served by the passengers. (C) Her father was not promised a prize.
(D) Coffee is now being served to the (D) Mary was not given a prize promised by her
passengers. father.
(E) Coffee is now served to the passengers. (E) Mary’s father did not promise her a prize.
10. The people … during the war were mostly young 16. “Have they taken the injured boy to the
soldiers. hospital?”
(A) killing (D) were killing The PASSIVE FORM of the above sentence is “…?”
(B) killed (E) be killed (A) Will the injured boy be taken to the hospital
(C) were killed (B) Has the injured boy been taken to the
hospital
11. “They did not allow us to take the books home.” (C) The injured boy is being taken to by them to
The PASSIVE FORM of the underlined words is: the hospital
“… to take the books home.” (D) Is the injured boy taken to the hospital
(A) We hadn’t been allowed (E) The injured boy has been taken to the
(B) We weren’t being allowed hospital
(C) We had to be allowed
(D) We weren’t allowed 17. “You’re not driving your car.”
(E) We were not to be allowed “No, …”
(A) it’s repaired
12. “The boys have been told the good news” means; (B) it’s being repaired
(A) The good news was told to the boys (C) it was repaired
(B) Somebody has told the boys good news (D) it’s been repaired
(C) The good news has been told by the boys (E) it will have been repaired
CHAPTER 6
NEWS ITEM
1. Definition
Text which contains news is categorized as news item text. This text supplies you the up-to-date information or the
hottest issue of the day since media like newspaper are published daily.
2. Purpose of the text

To inform the reader about important and news worthy events
3. Generic Structure:
1) Newsworthy event
It tells the main event which is considered newsworthy in a summary form.
2) Background event
It elaborates what happened or tell the detailed information of what causing the incident.
It can include the background, participant, time, and place relating to the news.
3) Source of information
It contains comments which can be form the participants, witness, the official authorities, or experts in the
events.
4. Language Features
1) Headline, brief information about the news
2) Using ‘action verbs’ (hit, attack)
3) Using ‘saying verbs’ (said, added, claimed)
4) Using passive sentences (Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)
5) Using adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured.)
6) Using past tense. It is logical as the consequences of telling thing which happens in the past.)
Title Town Contaminated

Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe,
Newsworthy event
which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.
Yelena Vazrsavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a
nuclear submarine at the naval base of Shkotovo – 22 near Vladiovostok. The accident, which
occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base
Background event
and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the
explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and
not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean-up operation to remove more than
600 tons of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.
A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the
Source of information
Soviet Navy

TASK 1
Read the following text. Identify the generic structure and the language feature.
TNI Shows Off in Front SBY and Jokowi during Anniversary
WahyoeBoediwardhana, The Jakarta Post, Surabaya, East Java | Headlines | Wed, October 08 2014, 9:46 AM
The Indonesian Military (TNI) showed off its most sophisticated primary weaponry system (Alutsista) on Tuesday to impress its
outgoing and incoming supreme commanders as part of its 69th anniversary celebration at the Navy’s Most Eastern Region
Fleet (Armatim) Command.
Thousands of invitees attending the ceremony witnessed a parade that included the TNI’s new combat equipment, the Main
Battle Tank (MBT) Leopard bought from Germany and three Multi Role Light Frigates (MRLFs) bought from the UK, namely KRI
Bung Tomo-357, KRI John Lie-358, and the KRI Usman Harun-359.
The Army paraded the likes of Marder tanks, mistral rockets, and a French-made Caesar 155mm cannon. The Air Force
paraded sophisticated fighters, including CN-235 MPA, T-50i Golden Eagle, Sukhoi SU-30 MK2, CN-295, F-16 Fighting Falcon,
Hercules C-130, and Super Tucano. In total, the Army paraded 192 Alutsista units, the Navy 195 units, and the Air Force 139
fighters.
The parade, which cost Rp20 billion, also included military martial arts, 18,580 troops, fighters flying overhead and warships
sailing past. In his address, Yudhoyono advised Jokowi to follow in his steps to develop the TNI.
“The TNI has to be capable and ready to maintain the sovereignity and integrity of the NKRI (Unitary State of the Republic of
Indonesia) as well as deal with non-traditional security threats, such as natural disasters, pirates, terrorism, transnational crime,
cyber-attacks, and people smuggling,” the President said.
He said modern and comprehensive weaponry development would improve the TNI’s posture and improve the nation’s
dignity and independence. “Since 2006, we have improved the national defense industry to fulfill the TNI Alutsista needs,”
Yudhoyono said. He said that during his first five years in office, th focus was on revitalizing Alutsista, which could no longer
function well. During the next five years, he said, the focus was on increasing the size of Alutsista and modernizing it.
Generic Structure
1. Newsworthy event :
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Background event :
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Source :
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Language Feature
1. Action verbs :
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Saying verbs :
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Passive Sentence :
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Adverbs in passive sentence :
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Past Tense :
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
TASK 2
Match the headline with the main article
1. TNI shows off in front of SBY and Jokwi during anniversary. ( ... )
2. Malaysian gold medal winner expelled for doping. ( ... )
3. Messi and Neymar lead Barcelona to 2-0 win at Rayo. ( ... )
4. Kashkha’s colorful celebration. ( ... )
5. RI to bring home Mayang’s remains. ( ... )
(A) The festive season is certainly a colorful time. Dubai-based women’s Muslim fashion line, Kashkha, just launched
a new collection that promises to lift the spirits for the festive season.
(B) Asian games organizers on Tuesday expelled Malaysia’s wushu gold medal-winner Tai CheauXuen after she
became the third doping failure of the giant event.
(C) A minute later, Neymar added his seventh league goal in as many rounds, giving the strike pair a combined 13 of
Barcelona's 19 goals in league play.
(D) The Foreign Ministry is working to bring home the body of Mayang Prasetyo, an Indonesian who was allegedly
murdered by her boyfriend in Brisbane, Australia, last week.
(E) The Indonesian Military (TNI) showed off its most sophisticated primary weaponry system (Alutsista) on Tuesday
to impress its outgoing and incoming supreme commanders as part of its 69th anniversary celebration.
TASK 3
Read the following text to answer questions number 1 – 3.
TEMPO.CO, Jakarta – Coordinating Minister for Politics, Legal and Security Affairs,Wiranto stated that the government
is currently coordinating with several Asian countries to process the repatriation of the people of Rohingya from
Bangladesh to Rakhine State, Myanmar.
He claimed that such a coordination is required to anticipate infiltration of a terrorist group to Myanmar.
“We want them to return to Myanmar to establish peace. If terrorism infiltrates, it will cause terror, meaning
that they will have to again go against Myanmar security officers,” Wiranto said in Jakarta on Friday, Dec. 15.
However, Wiranto explained that Indonesia will not intervene the repatriation process of the Rohingya to
Myanmar. The reason is, he continued, coordination is needed to maintain the stability of South East Asia from
terrorism.
“It is the same as what we did for the Philippines to neutralize ISIS base in Marawi,” he added.
The minister also urged South Asian countries to remain vigilant to anticipate the potentials of a terrorist base
establishment.
1. What does the writer tell us about? (E) The repatriation process of the people of
(A) Indonesia’s effort to help establish peace in Rohingya to Myanmar.
Myanmar.
(B) The coordination among ASEAN countries 2. From the text we know that …
led by Indonesia. (A) All South East Asia countries are infiltrated
(C) Indonesia’s assistance for the people of by terrorism.
Rohingya’s repatriation. (B) Few people of Rohingya prefer to stay and
(D) The anticipation of the infiltration of a live in Bangladesh
terrorist group to Myanmar. (C) Indonesia involves actively in the
repatriation process of the Rohingya

(D) The people of Rohingya refuse to return to 3. “… South Asian countries to remain vigilant to
Rakhine State, Myanmar anticipate the potentials …” (last paragraph)
(E) Indonesia takes important roles in The underlined word is similar in meaning to …
establishing peace in South East Asia. (A) Silent (D) Aggressive
(B) Curious (E) Cautious
(C) Anxious
This text is for questions 4 to 6.

Weapon to Fight Global Warming: Clouds
18th November 2015 – 12:32 p.m.
US scientists are working on what could one day become a controversial weapon to battle global warming:
clouds.
Misting ocean clouds with saltwater, the theory goes, could make them reflect more sunlight away from the
earth.
“If you can reflect away a little of that radiation and not allow it to be absorbed, you will cool the planet,” says
University of Washington atmospheric scientist Tom Ackerman.
The phenomenon has been observed over cargo ships, as microscopic particles in smokestack effluent collect
water droplets, leaving trails of “brightened” clouds in their wake.
Ackerman’s team believes the effect could be recreated using tiny salt particles to reduce solar radiation
absorbed by the ocean. However, Ackerman says no investor is willing to support field tests and environmental activists
have threatened to disrupt them.
Other researchers in the US, United Kingdom and Germany working in high-tech climate hacks from dimming the
sun’s ray with stratospheric aerosols to growing phytoplankton to suck carbon dioxide from the seas have hit similar
barriers.
The point of contention isn’t whether humanity could one day use so-called geoengineering to cool Earth—but
whether we should.
“People have this sort of innate response that we’re tinkering with Mother Nature and we shouldn’t be,”
Ackerman told DPA—even though, he points out, by burning fossil fuels “we are already adding carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere.”
Earth’s temperature is currently on course to rise at least 4°C this century as a result of increasing carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere.
4. What are US scientists doing? (C) Problems in growing phytoplankton to suck

(A) Creating clouds to make rains. carbon dioxide.
(B) Promoting a campaign on how to save Earth. (D) No equipment supporting the experiment.
(C) Creating clouds to reduce the effects of (E) Difficulties in sensitizing people to reduce
global warming. the discharge of carbon dioxides.
(D) Holding a seminar about the danger of global
warming. 6. What will happen if Earth’s temperature rises by
(E) Promoting a campaign on the impact of the up to 4°C?
greenhouse effect. (A) Drought lasts longer and many people will
die due to the unbearable heat.
5. What is the big problem in doing the research? (B) Ice at the South Pole will freeze too quickly.
(A) No investor and environmental activists’ (C) Heavy rain will occur frequently.
threat. (D) More and more people will discharge carbon
(B) Difficulties in creating clouds to suck carbon dioxide.
dioxide. (E) A lot of people will be healthier due to the
abundant supply of oxygen.


ASEAN private companies and their dialogue partner countries are expected to be more actively engaged in the
region’s economic integration process, says ASEAN deputy secretary-general PushpanathanSundram. “We have
provided several channels for ASEAN public officials and private sectors, such as regular consultations and business
dialogues with industry associations and business council from ASEAN and partner countries,” he said during his
presentation at the ASEAN Trade Facilitation Forum in Manado, north Sulawesi, on Saturday. He explained that it was
important for ASEAN to pay close attention to responses and feedback from the private sector on the implementation
of measures stipulated in the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) blueprint.
The forum was jointly held by the Indonesian trade Ministry, the US Mission to ASEAN and the US Agency for
International Development (USAID) on the sidelines of the 43 rd ASEAN Economic Ministers’ Meeting (AEMM). Sundram
revealed that despite positive progress of the EAC blueprint measure implementation, several challenges remained in
place, such as coordination at national and regional levels.
7. How can private companies and public officials 8. Which ministers of ASEAN countries most
from ASEAN countries participate in the region’s probably attended the ASEAN Trade Facilitation
economic integration process? Forum?
(A) By participating in ASEAN Trade Facilitation (A) The Ministers of Foreign Affairs.
Forum. (B) The Finance Ministers.
(B) Through consultations and dialogues. (C) The Tourism Ministers.
(C) By paying close attention to responses and (D) The Trade Ministers.
feedback from private sectors. (E) The Information Ministers.
(D) Through intensive partnership with partner
countries.
(E) By conducting meetings and conferences.

PHILIPPINES is the ‘firmly entrance’ of the bird flu virus in Asia and it’s a pandemic among humans remains possible, a
World Health Organization expert warned Wednesday.
While Asian countries are more prepared to react to any outbreaks than before and have vaccine stockpiles,
deaths and infections have continued, noted Takeshi Kasai, the WHO’s regional adviser for communicable disease
surveillance and response.
“The virus has firmly entranced in this region, I’m afraid,” Kasai told reporters during an exercise to test the
Philippines’ preparations against the disease.
“The virus itself keeps changing, so the risk of pandemic persists.”
Experts fear the virus, which is usually spread directly from birds to humans, could mutate into a form easily
transmissible between people, sparking a deadly global pandemic.
9. What is the text about? 10. What does Takeshi Kasai do? He is an/a ...
(A) Experts struggle to fight against the virus. (A) Asian reporter
(B) The virus has ‘firmly entranced’ the world. (B) WHO’s adviser
(C) Some preparations to fight the disease has (C) WHO’s reporter
been done. (D) WHO’s surveillance
(D) The bird flu virus comes to Asia as a (E) WHO’s regional adviser
pandemic among humans.
(E) Deaths and infections caused by the virus
have continued to spread.

11. Which of the following is stated in the text? (C) Asian countries can create vaccine to cure
(A) Expert predict that the virus could not the victims.
transmit between people. (D) Pandemic of bird flu is impossible.
(B) Bird flu virus seldom spread directly from (E) Bird flu virus has spread in Asia.
birds to humans.
The text is for questions 12 to 14.

TEMPO.CO, Jakarta – The Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) utilizes digital media as a means to make
public aware of any information about corruption and the agency itself.
The anti-graft agency uses the digital media, among others, to publish annual report submitted to the president
and the House of Representatives (DPR), inform the result of a financial audit conducted by the Supreme Audit Agency
(BPK), as well as a public accountability conducted through mainstream media, whether online, print, or radio.
KPK also uses social media, such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Youtube. “We maximize the use of all
media. We have quite a lot of followers on Twitter, at around 2.5 million accounts,” said the KPK spokesman
FebriDiansyah at Bidakara Hotel, Jakarta, Wednesday, December 5.
The anti-graft body is maximizing the use of social media to invite many parties to get involved or at least
understand about corruption, how to be involved in preventing corruption, and how to avoid corruption. “We have
planned the material to be published every day,” he said.
12. What does the writer tell us about? 13. What does KPK do after having a financial audit
(A) KPK teaches public to know how to avoid by BPK?
corruption. (A) Publish the result of the financial audit.
(B) KPK uses social media to upload articles (B) Invite public to open KPK’s social media.
about corruption. (C) Promote the result of the audit to the
(C) KPK tries hard to prevent any forms of president.
corruption to happen. (D) Hand in the result of the audit to the
(D) KPK educates people to be aware of any president.
forms of corruption. (E) Plan the material to be published in its social
(E) KPK uses digital media to raise public’s media.
awareness about corruption.

CHAPTER 7
REPORTED SPEECH
1. Pengertian
Indirect Speech atau biasa juga disebut reported speech adalah kalimat tidak langsung atau kalimat orang lain yang
diulangi dalam bentuk lain oleh pembicara, tanpa menggunakan bentuk yang sama (the exact word of the speaker),
tapi masih mempertahankan maksud atau isi kalimat aslinya.
2. Bentuk-bentuk Indirect Speech

Bentuk kalimat Indirect Speech terdiri dari dua kelompok:
a. Bentuk kalimat tidak langsung yang kata pengantarnya dalam bentuk Present Tense (says, tells, explains, dst),
maka kalimat tidak langsungnya tidak mengalami perubahan tense.
Contoh:
 Lindy explains, “I am sure I don’t do any mistakes.”
Lindy explains (that) she is sure she doesn’t make any mistakes.
Note: Dalam kalimat tidak langsung yang kata kerja pengantarnya bentuk present, maka yang berubah adalah
kata ganti orang, namun tense-nya tidak berubah.
b. Bentuk kalimat tidak langsung yang kata pengantarnya dalam bentuk Past Tense (asked, said, ordered, warned,
dst), maka kalimatnya mengalami perubahan, yakni tense, kata ganti orang, serta keterangan waktu atau
tempat.
Lindy explained, “I am sure I don’t do any mistakes.”
Lindy explained (that) she was sure she didn’t do any mistakes.
3. Perubahan Tenses
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Simple present  Simple past
Present Continous  Past Continous
Present perfect  Past perfect
Present perfect continous  Past perfect continous
Simple Past  Past perfect
Past continous  Past perfect continous
Past perfect  Past perfect
Past perfect continous  Past perfect continous
4. Perubahan Keterangan Waktu

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Today That day
Yesterday The day before
Tomorrow The next/the following day
Ago Before
Last week/month/year The previous week/month/year
Next week/month/year The following week/month/year
This (for time) That
Here There

Kata kerja modal juga biasanya berubah seperti berikut.

Direct sentence Indirect sentence
will  would
can  could
must  had to
shall  should
5. Perubahan Kalimat Direct ke Indirect Speech

a. Reported Speech yang berbentuk statement (pernyataan)
Sebuah kalimat pernyataan menggunakan kata pengantar: said, informed, explained, told
Bila pembicara melaporkan atau menceritakan kembali apa yang dibicarakan oleh orang lain, maka kata benda
dalam kalimat tersebut harus berubah.
- Ann, “I am busy now.” - Ann said that she was busy then.
- Tom, “I study hard.” - Tom said that he studied hard.
- Lisa, “I didn’t do anything.” - Lisa said that she hadn’t done anything.
- Dini, “I have gone to the party.” - Dini said that she had gone to the party.
b. Reported Speech yang berasal dari Interrogative Sentence (kalimat tanya)

Bentuk kalimat Reported Question (kalimat tanya tak langsung) dibagi menjadi dua kelompok:
a) YES/NO Question
Bila pertanyaan mulai dengan kata kerja bantu maka kalimat tidak langsungnya menggunakan rumus:
If/ Whether + S + Auxiliary Verb + Object
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

- Liz, “Are you busy?” - Liz asked me if/whether I was busy.
- Tommy, “Can I help you?” - Tommy asked me if/whether he could help me.
- Dini, “Have you been to Bali?” - Dini wanted to know if/whether I had been to Bali.
b) “WH” Question (What, Who, Whom, Which, Whose, How, dst).

Bila pertanyaan mulai dengan “Wh” Question maka kalimat tidak langsungnya (Reported Speech)
menggunakan rumus:
“Wh” Question + S + Verb
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

- She said, “Where do you live?” - She asked me where I lived.
- He said, “Why did you go yesterday?” - He asked me why I had gone the day before.
c. Reported Speech yang berubah dari sebuah Reported Imperative (kalimat perintah)
Kata kerja pengantar dalam bentuk ini adalah:
Told
Ordered to + Verb1 (positive imperative)
Asked
Begged
Advised not to + Verb1 (negative imperative)
Requested

Positive Imperative
Go away, please! He told me to go away.
Come in, please! He ordered us to come in.
Be quiet, children! He asked the children to be quiet.
Read this letter, please! He requested me to read that letter.
Negative Imperative
- “Don’t make mistake!” she said. - She ordered me not to make mistake.
- “Don’t be late!” he said. - He warned them not to be late.
- “Don’t go away!” he said. - He ordered us not to go away.
- “Please don’t be angry!” he said. - He told her not to be angry.
Note:
 Kalau bentuk permohonan menggunakan kata “Please”, maka dalam kalimat tidak langsungnya kata
“Please” dihilangkan.
 Perubahan dalam bentuk kalimat perintah tidak langsung hanya terjadi pada keterangan waktu (adverb
of time) dan keterangan tempat (adverb of place); namun tidak mengalami perubahan tense.
TASK 1
Turn the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. ‘What do you want?’ she asked him.
____________________________________________
2. ‘Are you coming with us?’ he asked me.
____________________________________________
3. He asked, ‘When do you intend to make the payment?’
____________________________________________
4. ‘Do you come from China?’ said the prince to the girl.
____________________________________________
5. The poor man exclaimed, ‘Will none of you help me?’
____________________________________________
6. ‘Which way should I go?’ asked the little girl.
____________________________________________
7. Aladdin said to the magician, ‘What have I done to deserve so severe a punishment?’
____________________________________________
8. ‘Don’t you know the way home?’ I said to her.
____________________________________________
9. ‘Do you write a good hand?’ the teacher said to the student.
____________________________________________
10. ‘Have you anything to say on behalf of the accused?’ said the judge finally.
____________________________________________
11. ‘Have you anything to tell me, little bird?’ asked Ulysses.
____________________________________________
12. ‘Who are you, Sir, and what do you want?’ they asked.
____________________________________________
13. The king was impressed with the magician and asked, ‘What can I do for you?’
____________________________________________
14. She asked, ‘What is it that makes you stronger and braver than other men?’
____________________________________________
http://www.englishpractice.com/grammar/direct-indirect-speech-exercise-ii/
TASK 2
1. Headmaster : Why didn’t you clean this room 6. “Don’t make noise, children!” she said.
this morning? In other words we can say …
Jani : I am sorry. I had a headache. (A) She told the children don’t make noise.
The headmaster asked her why … the room this (B) She said the children didn’t make noise.
morning. (C) She didn’t say the children should make
(A) I hadn’t cleaned noise.
(B) he does not clean (D) She told the children not to make noise.
(C) he hasn’t cleaned (E) She didn’t say the children to make noise.
(D) he hadn’t cleaned
(E) he would not clean 7. Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?
Jenifer : What did the teacher want to
2. A : Is Doni coming to the party tonight? know, Ferdy?
B : Yes, he asked me … Ferdy : He wanted to know …
(A) if he could go with us (A) if Mary was absent
(B) can he go with us? (B) why Mary was absent
(C) he went with us (C) why was Mary absent
(D) going with us (D) that Mary has been absent
(E) whether he goes with us (E) why Mary had been absent
3. Father said, “Finish your work!” 8. Becky : Did you know what Figo said yesterday?
The indirect form is: Father told me … Raul : Of course. He said … the previous day.
(A) finish your work (A) he had gone to his country
(B) finished your work (B) he has gone to his country
(C) that I finish my work (C) he will go to his country
(D) to finish your work (D) he went to his country
(E) to finish my work (E) he goes to his country
4. Mother : Clean your room, Siska! 9. Which of the following sentence has the correct
Siska : Yes, Mom. punctuation?
Winda : What did your mother tell you, Siska? (A) The teacher told the students, “Don’t use
Siska : She told me … pencils in exams!”
(A) cleaned my room (D) clean my room (B) The teacher told the students: don’t use
(B) to clean your room (E) clean your room pencils in exams!
(C) to clean my room (C) The teacher told the students, don’t use
pencils in exams.
5. A : What was the last thing you said to the (D) The teacher told the students don’t use
students just now? pencils in exams!
B : … in the class. (E) The teacher told the students; don’t use
(A) Not to wear sandals pencils in exams.
(B) You don’t wear sandals
(C) They don’t wear sandals 10. As the road had become very slippery after the
(D) For not wearing sandals rain. I told the bus driver ______.
(E) Wearing no sandals (A) do not speed (D) not speeding
(B) not to speed (E) he does not speed
(C) let us not speed

CHAPTER 8
1. PROCEDURE
1. Definition
A text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains
how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps.
2. Purpose
1) To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.
2) To tell the reader how to do or make something. The information is presented in a logical sequence of events
which is broken up into small sequenced steps. These texts are usually written in the present tense. The most
common example of a procedural text is a recipe. Not only recipe, procedural text can be manual instruction
and tips.
3. Text Organization
1) Goal : The final purpose of doing the instructions
2) Materials : Ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions
3) Steps : Set of instructions to achieve the final purpose
4. Language Features used in procedure text:
1) Imperatives : cut, slice, put, pour, don’t, boil water, pour some salt, turn off the light
2) Action verbs : turn, put, mix,pour
3) Temporal conjunction : next, then, finally
4) Adverbial phrases : for five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top,after 25 minutes
5) Numbering : first, second step, fourth way
6) Simple present tense
Example:
Title How to Make Ice Cream Without Machine
Goal Making Ice Cream without Machine
Ingredients : Ice cream mixture
Material
Equipment : Ice bath, Baking dish, Freezer, Spatula or whisk
First of all. Prepare your ice cream mixture, then chill it over an ice bath. Then, pour your custard
mixture in a deep baking dish and put in the freezer. After forty-five minutes, remove it from the
Steps freezer and stir it vigorously with a spatula or whisk. Continue to check the mixture every 30 minutes,
stirring vigorously as it’s freezing. Keep checking periodically and stirring until the ice cream is frozen.
The last step, transfer the ice cream to a covered storage container until ready to serve.
TASK 1
Read the following text and answer the questions 1-3. Utensils
Frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl, plate.
Omelette is one of today’s delicacy as it is easy to make
and, of course, tasty. Here is how we make an omelette Steps
(1) Crack an egg into a bowl
Materials (2) Whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth
Ingredients (3) Add milk and whisk well
1 egg, 50 g cheese, ¼ cup milk, 3 tablespoons cooking, (4) Grate the cheese into the bowl and stir
oil, a pinch of salt and pepper. (5) Heat the oil in a frying pan
(6) Pour the mixture into the frying pan (6) To make, tap on the empty slot then browse the
(7) Turn the omelette with a spatula when it browns picture. When you see the desired photo on the
(8) Cook both sides workspace, select the area that you need to be as a
(9) Place on a plate; season with salt and pepper sticker. Once you feel okay, tap on ‘Yes, Save
(10) Eat while warm. Sticker’. Repeat the process for 3 others (1 tray icon
+ 3 stickers).
1. The purpose of the text is.... (7) Add your stickers to your chatting application by
(A) To describe what omelette is tapping on green button at the right bottom, and
(B) To show the ingredients for making an the created stickers will be added to chatting
application instantly.
omelette
(8) Open your messenger then tap on Smiley icon then
(C) To explain how to make an omelette
again tap on the sticker icon. You will see the tray
(D) To describe how to prepare ingredients for
icon and the created stickers inside. Just pick one to
making an omelette
send. That’s it.
(E) To share information about how to make an
omelette 4. What is the text about?
(A) How to use a chatting application.
2. The following are the utensils needed to make (B) How to send a sticker via chatting
the omelette, except.... application.
(A) Pan (D) Mixer (C) How to download sticker maker application.
(B) Fork (E) Bowl (D) How to install an application in an Android
(C) Grater smartphone.
(E) How to make a chatting application sticker
3. Before we cook the omelette on the fry pan we... using our own picture.
(A) serve the omelette
(B) crack eggs 5. What should we do to make a small sticker icon
(C) make the mixture at the smiley section appear?
(D) whisk eggs and grate cheese (A) Download a sticker maker application.
(E) crack egg and add milk (B) Download the applications.
(C) Download a chatting application in our
Read the following text and answer the questions 4-8. smartphone.
People with a smartphone can make custom (D) Buy a new smartphone with sophisticated
stickers for a chatting application. Here are steps that
application.
you need to follow to make a chatting application
(E) Update our chatting application to the very
stickers from your own pictures in details.
latest version.
(1) Update your chatting application to the very latest
version.
6. What will happen if we don’t tap on green button
(2) When you have the newer version of the app, you
will see a small sticker icon at the smiley section. at the right bottom?
(3) Download a sticker maker application then install it (A) We cannot write on our sticker packs.
on your smartphone. (B) We cannot save the sticker with our own
(4) Open the sticker maker application then tap on pictures.
‘Create a new Sticker Pack’. Name your sticker pack (C) We will not find 30 slots to make our own
and the author. You can write anything here and stickers.
have many sticker packs. (D) The small sticker icon at the smiley section
(5) Open the created pack and here you will find a tray will not appear.
icon and 30 slots to make your own stickers from (E) Our created sticker will not be added to our
photos. A tray icon is a preview icon to identify the chatting application.
whole sticker pack. You must have a tray icon
followed by 3 stickers to save one sticker pack.

2. GERUND, BARE INFINITIVE, TO INFINITIVE
1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding “-ing”

Because gerund functions as a noun, it can be attached to adjective and possessive adjective.
 Your smiling is my happiness.
 Thank you for your coming to my party.
a) Gerund as the subject of the sentence

 Hunting tigers is prohibited by the government.
 Smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases.
b) Gerund as the complement of the verb ‘to be’
 One of his duty is attending meetings.
 The hardest thing about learning English is understanding the word meaning.
c) Gerund after prepositions
of, on, with, without, at, for, after, before, to, about, for, by, in
 We arrived in Madrid after driving all night.
 She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road.
d) Gerunds after phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs are composed of a verb + preposition or adverb
 She always puts off going to the dentist.
 Jim ended up buying a new TV after his old one broke.
 The boy kept on asking for money.
There are some phrasal verbs that include the word ‘to’ as a preposition for example to look forward to, to take
to, to be accustomed to, to get around to, and to be used to.
It is important to recognise that the word ‘to’ is a preposition in these cases because it must be followed by a
gerund. It is not part of the infinitive form of the verb.
You can check whether ‘to’ is a preposition or part of the infinitive. If you can put the pronoun ‘it’ after the word
‘to’ and form a meaningful sentence, then the word ‘to’ is a preposition and must be followed by a gerund.
 I look forward to hearing from you soon.
 I am used to waiting for buses.
 When will you get around to mowing the grass?
 She gets used to living near the airport.
 Galihis accustomed to wearing a tie during his work.
‘Used to’ and ‘be + used to’
a. ‘Used to’ digunakan untuk menunjukkan kejadian atau kebiasaan di masa lalu dan tidak dilakukan
lagi sekarang. Bentuk ini diikuti dengan ‘V1’.
Contoh:
 We used to swim in the river when we were children.
 ‘Do you remember? There used to be fields of clover where those houses now.’
 ‘I never used to smoke, but now I smoke twenty a day.’
 ‘I used to buy really expensive make-up, but that was when I was working full-time.’
b. ‘be + used to’ digunakan untuk menunjukkan kebiasaan yang sedang atau masih dilakukan
sekarang, atau di masa depan. Bentuk ini diikuti dengan ‘Ving’.
Contoh:
 ‘These are very high heels, I know, but I’m sure you’ll get used to wearing them.’
 Don’t worry; you will be used to being in this hot weather.
 I am used to using email and sending text messages but my grandparents are clueless when it
comes to that stuff.

e) Gerunds after possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, our, their, Amir’s)
 His staring frightens me.
 His coming makes me happy.
f) Gerunds in compound nouns
 I am giving my son a driving lesson.
 They have a swimming pool in their backyard.
 My grandfather uses a walking stick for helping him walking.
g) Gerunds after some expressions
The gerund is necessary after the expression can’t help, can’t stand, to be worth, it’s no use
 She couldn’t help falling in love with him.
 I can’t stand being stuck in traffic jams.
 It’s no use trying to escape.
 It might be worth phoning the station to check the time of the train.
h) As a passive form
 I have three shirts that needwashing. (need to be washed)
 This letter requiressigning. (needs to be signed)
 The house wantsrepainting. (needs to be repainted)
2. An Infinitive is the ‘to’ form of the verb. Infinitive can be used as the subject, the complement, or the object of a
sentence.
1. As subject
 To learn English is important.
2. As complement
 The most important thing is to learn English.
 It is difficult to adapt in a new environment. (impersonal it complement)
3. As object
 He wants to learn English.
Note:
As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to choose between a gerundoran infinitive. In such situations,
gerunds and infinitives are not normally interchangeable.
Usually, the main verb in the sentence determines whether it uses a gerund or an infinitive.
 He enjoys swimming. ‘enjoy’ requires a gerund
 He wants to swim. ‘want’ requires an infinitive
Below is the list of verbs followed by gerunds

admit can’t stand dislike keep practice require
advise cease don’t mind like prefer resent
allow complete dread love propose resist
anticipate consider encourage mention quit risk
appreciate continue enjoy mind recall start
avoid defend finish miss recollect stop
begin delay forget need recommend suggest
can’t bear deny hate neglect regret tolerate
can’t help despise imagine permit remember try
can’t see discuss involve postpone report understand

Below is the list of verbs followed by infinitive

agree cease expect learn prepare swear
appear choose fail like pretend strive
arrange claim forget love promise tend
ask continue get (be allowed to) manage propose threaten
attempt decide happen need refuse try
begin demand hate neglect regret vow
can’t bear deserve hesitate offer remember wait
can’t stand desire hope plan seem want
care dread intend prefer start wish
Some verbs have different meanings when they are followed by a gerund or an infinitive.
forget He will never forget spending so much Don’t forget to spend money on the tickets.
money on his first computer. (looks into the future)
(looks back in the past)
regret I regret being late for school. We regret to inform you that the flights has been
(you did something in the past and you delayed for another two hours.
are not happy about it) (to tell bad news and you are not happy about it)
remember I remember switching off the lights Remember to switch off the lights when you go
when I went on holiday. on holiday.
(looks back in the past) (look into the future)
stop I stopped smoking. I stopped to smoke.
(to stop with an activity) (to stop in order to do something)
try I tried taking an aspirin but it didn’t help. Try to be quiet when you come home late.
(to test something) (to do something that is not easy)
These verbs can be followed by a gerund and an infinitive without changing their meaning.
Verb Sentences Verb Sentences
He began talking. Love She loves painting.
Begin
He began to talk. She loves to paint.
They continue smoking. Prefer Nat prefers walking home.
Continue
They continue to smoke. Nat prefers to walk home.
Do you hate working on Start They start singing.
Hate Saturdays?
Do you hate to work on Saturdays? They start to sing.
I like swimming.
Like
I like to swim.
TASK 2
Fill in the blank with gerund or to infinitive from the word in the bracket.
1. The models practiced ... ... ... ... ... ... (walk) with a book balanced on their heads.
2. I don’t know what she wants ... ... ... ... ... ... (do) tonight. Why don’t you ask her?
3. Witnesses reported ... ... ... ... ... ... (see) the bank robber as he was climbing out of the second-story window.
4. Where did you learn ... ... ... ... ... ... (speak) Spanish? Was it Spain or in Latin America.
5. You’ve never mentioned ... ... ... ... ... ... (live) in Japan before. How long did you live there?
6. If he keeps ... ... ... ... ... ... (come) to work late, he’s going to get fired.
7. Cheryl suggested ... ... ... ... ... ... (see) a movie after work.
8. ... ... ... ... ... ... (read) is a great way to relax. I love to sit back and enjoy a good book.
9. The nurse risked ... ... ... ... ... ... (get) the disease from her patient, but she continued to treat him until he had fully
recovered.
10. Dad, you promised ... ... ... ... ... ... (take) us to the beach today. When we are going to go to the beach?
TASK 3
1. ‘Is it a good idea to go hiking this weekend?’ 8. The new president, who was not used to …
‘I wouldn’t advise … these days for we have got different arguments, was quite skeptic looking at
to prepare our exams.’ the criticisms about her.
(A) go (D) going (A) having (D) be had
(B) to go (E) you go (B) have (E) being had
(C) to be going (C) be having
2. Your hand writing is almost impossible … 9. ‘Why are so late?’

(A) my reading it (D) be read ‘We had to stop on the way … some gasoline.’
(A) to buy (D) we had to buy
(B) to read (E) reading
(B) we bought (E) buying
(C) for reading it
(C) must buy
3. ‘Has there been a new policy about sick leaves?’

10. ‘What are your mother’s hobbies?’
‘I don’t know, I don’t remember … about it.’ ‘Growing orchids and … antique jewelry.’
(A) was being told (D) to be told (A) collect (D) is collecting
(B) being told (E) be told (B) collecting (E) to collect
(C) I was being told (C) she collect
4. ‘I found too many typos in your paper. I think it 11. ‘What has the donated fund been used for?’
needs …’ ‘… a school for the needy.’
(A) to revise (D) revise (A) We set up (D) In setting up
(B) revising (E) be revised (B) Setting up (E) Sets up
(C) revised (C) It is set up
5. When I received my salary last month, I avoided 12. All new students at this University are required …
… to the mall; otherwise, I would have spent all an English proficiency test.
my money. (A) taking (D) will take
(A) going (D) having gone (B) having to take (E) to take
(B) to go (E) I go (C) take
(C) to have gone
13. Has the chairman of the organization considered
… new members?
6. Some people use music or clothing or certain
(A) accept (D) to be accepting
hairstyles … them in connection with a certain
(B) to accept (E) accepting
pieces of music for instance other, teenagers like
(C) accepted
them are examples of this use of music.
(A) help (D) to help 14. We didn’t know how … him stop drinking.
(B) helping (E) they help (A) make (D) to be made
(C) helped (B) made (E) making
(C) to make
7. He was sentenced to two years’ imprisonment
after he confessed … 15. The acids, salts and vitamins that fruits furnish
(A) steal the jewels are very helpful ______ a balanced and healthful
(B) he stole the jewel diet.
(C) to be stealing the jewels (A) to keep (D) they keep
(D) when stealing the jewels (B) kept (E) for keeping
(E) to having stolen the jewels (C) keeping

CHAPTER 9
A. SONG
Based on Wikipedia.org, a song is a musical form of expression based on sound and silence, generally considered a single
(and often standalone) work of music intended to be sung by the human voice with distinct and fixed pitched, patterns,
and form.
Lyric is written words created specifically for music or for which music is specifically created.
Elements in song lyric:

1. Introduction : Introduction in lyric is a unique section that comes at the beginning of the piece. Generally
contains just music and no words.
2. Verse or stanza : The verse is the part of the song that tells a story. It gives listeners more insights leading to
the main message of the song and it moves the story forward. A song may have a number of
verses, depending on the form, consisting of several lines each.
3. Refrain : A refrain is a line (also can be the title) that is repeated at the end of every verse.
4. Pre-chorus or climb : This part of the song differs melodically and lyrically from the verse and comes before the
chorus. The reason why it’s called climb is because it heightens the anticipation of the
listeners for the coming climax which is the chorus.
5. Chorus : Chorus is the part of the song that often sticks to the mind of a listener because it contrasts
with the verse and is repeated several times.
The main theme is expressed in the chorus; the title of the song is usually included in the
chorus too.
6. Bridge : It is shorter than the verse and should offer a reason why the final chorus needs to be
repeated.
7. Conclusion or coda : It is the additional lines of a song which brings it to a close. The coda is an optional addition
to a song.
Differences between refrain and chorus:

Although both have lines that are repeated and may contain the title, the refrain and chorus vary in length. The refrain is
shorter than the chorus; often the refrain is composed of 2 lines while the chorus can be made up of several lines.
The chorus is also melodically, rhythmically and lyrically different from the verse and expresses the main message of the
song.
B. POETRY
Poetry (ancient Greek: poieo= (I create)) is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities. It
consists largely of oral or literally works in which language is used in a manner that is felt by its user and audience to differ
from ordinary prose.
Poetry uses devices as assonance and repetition like in a song, figurative language such as metaphor, simile,
personification and alliteration.
When figurative language provides a picture that evokes any of the senses, it is called imagery. Imagery used to draw
readers into a sensory experience. Images will often provide us with mental snapshots that appeal to our senses of sight,
sound, taste, touch and smell.
There are five types of imagery:
(a) Visual (sight)
‘The bloody Sun, at noon,
Right up, above the mast did stand,No bigger than the Moon.’
(b) Auditory (sound)
These waters, rolling from their mountain – springs
With a soft inland murmur.
(c) Tactile (touch)

The fair breeze blew my face.
(d) Olfactory (smell)
I was awakened by the strong smell of a freshly brewed coffee.
(e) Gustatory (taste)
Sandalwood, cedar wood, and sweet white wine
Here are some examples of words specific to the five sensory system
Visual Auditory Tactile Olfactory Gustatory
Picture Scream Feel Pungent Sweet
Flash Shout Warm Fragrant Sour
Bright Listen Grasp Sweet Salty
Sharp Tone Sharp Dank Bitter
Clear Whisper Peaceful Rich aroma Fresh
See Ring Cold Stinky Juicy
Light Utter Rugged Musty Bland
Dark Nasal Joyful Rotten Burnt
Large Squeal Fuzzy Odor Zesty
Blue Quiet Hard Essence Tangy
Personification Hyperbole Metaphor

Giving something, nonhuman or an An exaggeration so dramatic A statement that is a comparison of two
object, human characteristics. that no one would believe it’s things that are not alike.
 The sun greeted me this morning. true.  Time is money.
 The radio stopped singing and  You snore louder than a  He has a heart of stone.
stared at me. freight train.
 You could have knocked me
over with a feather.
Alliteration Rhyme
When a set of words uses the same When words sound the same in the last
sound or letters repeatedly. syllable (repetition of end sound)
 The wild and woolly walrus waits FIGURATIVE  Baa baa black sheep, have you any
and wonders when we’ll walk by. LANGUAGE wool?
 Wide-eyed and wondering while Yes sir, yes sir, three bags full!
we wait for others to waken. Figurative language means One for the master, one for the
language in which figures of dame,
speech are used to make it And one for the little boy who lives
effective, persuasive and down the lane.
Consonance impactful. Idioms
Repetition of sounds in quick A set of words that can have more than
succession produced by consonants one meaning behind them.
within a sentence or phrase.  She sings at the top of her lungs.
 He struck a streak of bad luck.
Onomatopoeia Simile Assonance
Sound words A comparison of two things that Repetition of sounds produced by
 The burning wood hissed and are not alike, uses “like” or “as” vowels within a sentence or phrase.
crackled.  It was easy as a shooting fish  A long song
in a barrel.  Date and fate
 He is as brave as a lion.

Kind of rhyme:
a) Tail rhyme: It occurs in the final syllable of e verse or line.
“Twinkle, twinkle little star
How I wonder what you are”
b) Internal rhyme: It occurs when a word at the end of a verse rhymes with another word in the same line.
“Don’t stop believin’, hold on to the feelin’, streetlight people”
c) Cross rhyme: matching sounds at the end of intervening lines.
“I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high over vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host of golden daffodils;”
TASK 1
Find the Figurative Language and Poetic Devices in song lyric Firework by Katy Perry
Identify, label, and explain the type of figurative language or poetic device used in the song lyrics.
Examples may include: imagery devices such as metaphors, similes, personification, hyperbole; sound devices such as
alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, rhyme.
“Firework” by Katy Perry Figurative language found in lines
1 Do you ever feel like a plastic bag  Do you ever feel like a plastic bag
2 Drifting through the wind Simile: you = bag
3 Wanting to start again  Drifting through the wind
Wanting to start again
Alliteration: wind, wanting
4 Do you ever feel, feel so paper thin
5 Like a house of cards
6 One blow from caving in
7 Do you ever feel already buried deep
8 Six feet under scream
9 But no one seems to hear a thing
10 Do you know that there’s still a chance for you
11 ‘Cause there’s a spark in you
12 You just gotta ignite the light
13 And let it shine
14 Just own the night
15 Like the Fourth of July
[Chorus]
16 ‘Cause baby you’re a firework
17 Come on show ‘em what you’re worth
18 Make ‘em go “Oh, oh, oh!”
19 As you shoot across the sky
20 Baby you’re a firework
21 Come on let your colors burst
22 Make ‘em go “Oh, oh, oh!”
23 You’re gonna leave ‘emfallin’ down
24 You don’t have to feel like a waste of space
25 You’re original, cannot be replaced
26 If you only knew what the future holds
27 After a hurricane comes a rainbow
28 Maybe you’re the reason why all the doors are
closed
29 So you can open one that leads you to the perfect
road

30 Like a lightning bolt, your heart will blow

31 And when it’s time, you’ll know
32 You just gotta ignite the light
33 And let it shine
34 Just own the night
35 Like the Fourth of July
[Repeat Chorus]
www.traceeorman.com
TASK 2
Choose the correct answer by crossing (A), (B), (C) or (D)!
And you calling me colored?? 1. The best message of the song would be ...
When I born, I black. (A) we are all equal
When I grow up, I black. (B) there is a bully in every one of us.
When I go in sun, I black.
(C) Nobody’s perfect
When I scared, I black.
(D) People hate in others what they in themself.
When I sick, I black.
And when I die, I still black.
And you white people. 2. What does it tell about bullies?
When you born, you pink. (A) Bullies hate all people
When you grow up, you white. (B) Bullies hate all people who are different
When you go in sun, you red. from them.
When you cold, you blue. (C) Bullies have low self-esteem.
When you scared, you yellow. (D) Bullying is really cool.
When you sick, you green
And when you die, you grey…
And you calling me colored??
TASK 3
Read the following article and do the task!
“(Everything I Do) I Do It for You” is a hugely-successful song co-written and performed by Bryan Adams, featured on his
1991 album Waking up the Neighbors and on the soundtrack for the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991). It was an
enormous chart number one in the United States’ Billboard Hot 100, sixteen consecutive weeks at number one on the UK
Singles Chart (the longest in British chart history), and nine weeks atop the RPM singles chart in Canada. The record won a
Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television at the Grammy Awards of 1992 and
was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song. Subsequently, the song has been covered by numerous singers
around the world. The song ranked at #16 on Billboard’s All Time top 100.
1. When and in what album did Bryan Adams write the song we are studying?
2. To what movie was the song belonged?
3. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’:
( ... ) Everything I do was a great success only in the USA;
( ... ) The song was written in 1991;
( ... ) It makes a big success in Britain;
4. The song was:
( ... ) covered for many singers all around the world;
( ... ) It belongs to soundtrack of the movie “Robin Hood” – the Prince of the Thieves
( ... ) It was a successful only in Britain.

TASK 4
The song lyric is for number 1-6. (A) walked (D) roamed
(B) played (E) travelled
Once there were green fields kissed by the sun (C) jumped
Once there were valleys where rivers used to run
Once there were blue skies with white clouds high above 6. “Once there were parts of an everlasting love.”
Once there were parts of an everlasting love
(The first verse)
We were the lovers who strolled thro’ green fields
The underlined word means ...
Green fields are gone now parched by the sun
Gone from the valleys where rivers used to run (A) true (D) forbidden
Gone with the cold wind that swept into my heart (B) lovely (E) endless
Gone with the lovers who let their dreams depart (C) false
Where are the green fields that we used to roam?
I’ll never know what made you run away This song lyrics is for questions number 7-10.
How can I keep searching when dark clouds hide the day The Final Countdown
I only know there’s nothing here for me (Europe)
Nothing in this wide world left for me to see We’re leaving together
But I’ll keep on waiting ‘til you return But still it’s farewell
I’ll keep on waiting until the day you learn And maybe we’ll come back
You can’t be happy while your heart’s in the room To earth, who can tell?
You can’t be happy until you bring it home I guess there is no one to blame
Home to the green fields and me once again We’re leaving ground (leaving ground)
Will things ever be the same again?
1. What is the most suitable title of the song? It’s the final countdown
(A) Blue sky (D) White clouds The final countdown
(B) Cold wind (E) Running rivers We’re heading for Venus and still we stand tall
‘cause maybe they’ve seen us and welcome us all
(C) Green fields
With so many light years to go and things to be found (to be
found)
2. The main idea of the second verse is that ... I’m sure that we’ll all miss her so
(A) There are no green fields anymore It’s the final countdown
(B) The lovers lose their hearts The final countdown
(C) The cold wind swept the lover’s heart The final countdown ...
(D) The sun heats the valleys
(E) The rivers do not run anymore 7. The song is about ...
(A) love (D) death
3. What makes the green fields disappear? (B) youth (E) peace
(A) The valleys (D) The wind (C) time
(B) The clouds (E) The sun
(C) The rivers 8. What is the message of the song?
(A) We should be ready for coming of an age
4. The writer’s lover is now ... (B) We should not waste our time in dreaming
(A) beside him (C) We should not declare war
(B) away from (D) We should undoubted the advanced
(C) waiting for him technology for goodness
(D) dreaming of the green fields (E) We should discover the new space
(E) running over the valley
9. The word ‘heading for’ (verse 2) means ...
5. “We were the lovers who strolledthro’ green (A) being ready for (D) leaving
fields.” (The first verse) (B) facing (E) searching for
The underlined word means ... (C) landing on

10. The word ‘her’ (verse 2) refers to ... A tree that may in summer wear
(A) Light years (D) Ground A nest of robins in her hair
(B) The Earth (E) The Venus Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain
(C) Countdown
Poems are made by fools like me,
But only God can make a tree.
The poetry is for number 11 – 14.
The Eagle
15. The text tells us ...
He clasps the crag with crooked hands; (A) Why God creates a tree
Close to the sun in lonely lands, (B) How a tree looks at its God
Ringed with the azure world, he stands; (C) How a tree is grateful to God
The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; (D) Why the writer is surprised at the tree
He watches from his mountain walls, (E) How perfect and beautiful a tree with all its
And like a thunderbolt he falls. functions is
crag= steep rock

16. “And lifts her leafy arms to pray.”
azure= sky blue
The word ‘her’ refers to...
(A) the tree owner (D) a tree
11. Which other line of this poem uses alliteration?
(B) the author’s friend (E) the other
(A) Line 1 (D) Line 4
(C) the robin’s owner
(B) Line 2 (E) Line 5
(C) Line 3
17. Poems are made by fools like me, But only God
can make a tree.
12. Which other line of this poem uses
From the two sentences above we can conclude
personification?
that...
(A) Line 2 (D) Line 5
(B) Line 3 (E) Line 6
(A) the author is very foolish
(C) Line 4
(B) God is clever enough to create a tree
(C) the author is too foolish to make a poem
13. The visual imagery in the poetry makes the
(D) the author admires God’s creation very
reader think of the eagle as ...
much
(A) A weak, timid creature
(E) God asks the writer to pray like that tree
(B) An unpredictable creature
(C) A romantic creature
18. ‘Upon whose bosom snow has lain.”
(D) A slow and awkward creature
The word ‘bosom’ means...
(E) A powerful, fast creature
(A) Arm (D) back
(B) Hair (E) breast
14. Line 6, ‘And like a thunderbolt he falls’ uses
(C) Neck
which of the following poetic devices?
(A) personification (D) metaphor
19. “A poem lovely as a tree” is a ...
(B) simile (E) personification
(A) simile (D) euphemism
(C) irony
(B) metaphor (E) metonymy
(C) personification
The poetry is for number 15 – 20.
20. “A tree that may in summer wear – A nest of

I think that I never see
A poem lovely as a tree robins in her hair” is ...
A tree whose hungry mouth is priest (A) Simile (D) euphemism
Against the earth’s sweet flowing breast; (B) Metaphor (E) metonymy
A tree that looks at God all day (C) Personification
And lifts her leafy arms to pray;

CHAPTER 10
FACTUAL REPORT
Definition
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and
analysis. The information given in a report text is very general information.
Purpose
To describe the way things whether natural or made: mammals, planets, rocks, plants, countries of region, transportation,
and so on.
Factual reports analyse and describe a situation or object that include a large amount of accurate data. It contains facts
rather than giving theories or personal interpretations.
Text Organization
1) General Classification
A general classification is a part that state classification of general aspect of things, such as: animals, public places,
plants, etc. It will be discussed in general.
2) Descriptions
This part gives describing of the things which will be discussed in detail, in terms of: parts (and their function),
qualities, habits and behavior.
Language Features
1) The use of general nouns : Reptiles in Komodo Island
2) The use of relating verbs (are, is) : Reptiles are scaly animals.
3) The use of presents tenses : Komodo dragon usually weighs more than 160 kg.
4) The use of behavioral verbs : Snakes often sunbathe in the Sun
5) The use of technical terms) : Water contains oxygen and hydrogen.
Example:
Title Ecosystems
An ecosystem is a group of animals and plants living in a specific region and interacting
General Classification
with one another and with their physical environment.
Ecosystems include physical and chemical components, such as soils, water, and nutrients
that support the organisms living there. These organisms may range from large animals to
microscopic bacteria. Ecosystem also can be thought of as the interactions among all
organisms in given habitat; for instance, one species may serve as food for another. People
Description are part of the ecosystems where they live and work. Human activities can harm or destroy
local ecosystems unless actions such as land development for housing or businesses are
carefully planned to conserve and sustain the ecology of the area. An important part of
ecosystem management involves finding ways to protect and enhance economic and social
well-being while protecting local ecosystem.
TASK 1
Read the following text and answer the questions 1-5.

Earthquake often happens around us. It brings great damages and is hard to be predicted and that may result in a
lot victim. Actually there are three kinds of earthquake commonly based on the factor and geological area where the
earthquakes happen. These three kinds of earthquake are tectonic, volcanic and explosion.

A tectonic earthquake is the most common one. This kind of earthquake happens while earth’s crust rocks break
because of the geological strength created by moving of the earth’s plates.
Volcanic earthquakes happen exactly with volcanic activity. Volcanic earthquakes are when the volcano produces
acidic lava, which dries quickly. As it dries up, it blocks the top of the volcano. This make no more magma can escape.
Pressure starts to build up and eventually the acidic lava can no longer stand the pressure. So the volcano is free to
explode, the pressure is released so fast that an earthquake is caused. A volcanic earthquake is usually kept within 10-20
miles of the volcano.
The third type of earthquake is the explosion earthquake. These are the result of the collapsed earthquakes which
are small earthquakes occurring in underground mines and caves.
Partly taken from:
www.ngdir.ir/sitelinks/kids/html/earthquake_Kinds%20of%20earthquake.htm
1. The text mainly describes about.... 3. A volcanic earthquake occurs because....

(A) The definition of earthquake (A) There is a volcano eruption
(B) The types of earthquake (B) Dried lava covers the volcano’s top
(C) The most common earthquake (C) The volcano’s magma escapes
(D) Earthquake that happened (D) The earth’s rocks break
(E) What makes earthquakes happen (E) A group of collapsed earthquake occurs
2. The following are the types of earthquake, 4. A group of collapsed earthquake is called....
except.... (A) volcano eruption
(A) Volcano earthquake and tectonic (B) tectonic earthquake
earthquake (C) volcano earthquake
(B) Explosion earthquake and volcano (D) natural disaster
earthquake (E) explosion earthquake
(C) Volcano earthquake and explosion
earthquake 5. “As it dries up, it blocks the top of the volcano”
(D) Tectonic earthquake and explosion The underlined word has the same meaning
earthquake with....
(E) Geological earthquake and meteorological (A) conceals (D) covers
earthquake (B) releases (E) hinds
(C) escapes

There are millions of plants and animals living in the sea. Most of the plants and animals living in the oceans are
extremely small and float near the surface of the water. They are food for huge numbers of small animals that also live
near the surface. Together, they are all known as plankton.
Many fish feed on this plankton, including one of the largest, the whale shark. Despite their great size, certain
whales live entirely on plankton. The blue whale is the largest animal ever to live. It grows to a length of over 100 feet.
The humpback whale is a smaller kind and has long flippers. It can jump right out the water. The Californian grey whale
makes long migrations every year – it spends the summer feeding in the Arctic but swims south to the warmer waters off
the coast of Mexico in the winter. The females give birth in the shallow, warm water there.
Many of the fish in the sea may be eaten by other meat-eaters. Sharks, for example, are some of the fastest
hunters, although not all of them eat other fish.
Deep down in the oceans live many strange fish. It is so dark down there that many of these fish have “light” on
them, which are used for attracting smaller fish for the larger ones to eat.
Jellyfish are peculiar-looking creatures ranging in size from a fraction of an inch to 6 feet across. They don’t really
swim but drift in the currents of the open oceans. Although they contain a powerful sting, they are often eaten by turtles.
Turtles are reptiles that spend most of their eggs on sandy beaches.

6. The text mainly describes about.... (D) Turtles are resistant toward jellyfish sting
(A) The living creatures under the sea (E) The blue whale is largest whale as it has a
(B) Types of animals living in ocean flipper
(C) Marine living animals
(D) The life under the sea 9. “Jellyfish are peculiar-looking creatures”
(E) Type of fish ever leaving under the sea The underlined word has a similar meaning
with....
7. The main idea of paragraph 2 is.... (A) attractive (D) regular
(A) Fish fed from plankton (B) unusual (E) different
(B) whales (C) common
(C) types of whales
(D) how whales live 10. We may conclude that....
(E) whales fed on plankton (A) There is only one size for jellyfish
(B) Turtles are considered as marine animals
8. The following statements are true, except.... (C) Some fishes use light to help them moving
(A) There are other marine animal fed from (D) Small fishes are often attracted by the light
plankton of deep sea fishes
(B) Baby whale needs a warm water (E) Marine living creatures depend their life on
(C) Jellyfish is considered strange plankton

Human body is actually a living machine and is like all other machines. This living machine needs fuel to supply it
with energy. The fuel is provided by the food which we eat. However do we know how much we need to stay healthy?
The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat which is required to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number of calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the
activity which the people are involved in. For example; people will need more calories for standing than for sitting, people
need more for running than for walking, etc.
The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical substances. They are carbohydrate,
protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories per gram (cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0 cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm.
Each food contains different proportion of these substances. These three chemical substances are all important for body
staying healthy.
11. The topic of the text above is ... 13. The following statements are true, EXCEPT ...
(A) How to keep our body healthy (A) human body is a living machine.
(B) why we need to stay healthy (B) human body needs food to stay healthy.
(C) why our body works like a machine (C) one’s amount of calories differs from
(D) the amount of calories one needs to stay other’s.
healthy (D) walking may require more calories than
(E) how human body needs food for energy running.
(E) in order to stay healthy, body needs
12. Why does the text mention “machine”? carbohydrate, protein, and fat.
(A) To explain why machine needs fuel
(B) To compare with human body which also 14. “It depends on the activity which the people are
needs fuel involved in.”
(C) To show how fuel is useful for human body The word “it” refers to ...
(D) To contrast how machine needs fuel and (A) The variations of calories needed per day
human body needs food (B) The amount of calories taken in a day
(E) To tell how much we need to stay healthy (C) The number of calories needed in a day
(D) The food needed each day
(E) The whole number of calories within a food
15. If a person needs 100 calories per day, how many (C) 4 gr of carbohydrates, 5 gr of protein, and 4
carbohydrates, protein and fat that person may gr of fat
take? (D) 4 gr of carbohydrates, 4 gr of protein, and 4
(A) 5 gr of carbohydrates, 4 gr of protein, and 5 gr of fat
gr of fat (E) 5 gr of carbohydrates, 4 gr of protein, and 4
(B) 5 gr of carbohydrates, 5 gr of protein, and 5 gr of fat
gr of fat

Penguin is a kind of birds. Penguins can be found along the coast of Antarctica and on several Antarctica Island.
Penguins are well adapted to cold weather. Their short, stiff feathers form a dense waterproof coat that prevents excess
heat loss.
Male and female penguins are similar in appearance, although males usually weigh more than females. There are
also small differences in bill size between the sexes. All penguins have a black back and head and a white breast, but
individual species can be distinguished by certain physical characteristics. Penguin bills can be black or red, ranging in
shape from short and stout to long and curved.
Penguins spend most of their lives in water. They are well-known as excellent swimmers. Penguin feet are webbed
with three toes. They use their webbed feet as rudders when they travel long distances underwater. They commonly leap
out of the water to breathe.
All penguins eat only when they are in the water. They eat fish, squid, and crustaceans. Penguins search for food
while swimming near the water’s surface and then swiftly dive to pursue their prey.
Penguin colonies are breeding in areas where large numbers of penguins gather to mate, breed, and raise their
young. Penguins always return to the colony where they were born.
16. What is the function of penguin’s short stiff 18. Why do penguins usually leap out of the water?
feathers? (A) To eat their food
(A) To make a coat. (B) To travel long distance
(B) To swim underwater. (C) To waddle
(C) To prevent excess heat loss. (D) To breathe
(D) To adapt to hot weather. (E) To pursue their prey
(E) To help them hop.
19. The following are the penguins do in the penguin
17. All penguins look similar. How can we colonies, except ...
differentiate them from? (A) To gather with other penguins
(A) The weight and height (B) To pursue their prey
(B) The height and species (C) To mate
(C) The height and size (D) To raise their young
(D) The weight and bill size (E) To breed
(E) The sexes and height

Teak is a tall evergreen tree. It has yellowish blonde to reddish brown wood. It attains a height of about 30 meter.
The fruit is a drupe. It has bluish to white flowers. It produces a large leaf, similar to a tobacco leaf. The bark is whitish
grey in colour. It generally grows straight with an uneven texture, medium lusture and an oily feel. The upper surface of
the tree is rough to touch and the inner surface has hairs. The fruit is enclosed by a bladder like calyx, which is light
brown, ribbed and papery.
New plants can also be propagated from cuttings, usually planted from four to six weeks old. The land is ploughed
thoroughly and levelled. The best season to plant teak is monsoon, most probably after the first shower. Weeding
operations are carried out regularly. Teak requires loamy soil rich in humus, with the right content of moisture and good

drainage. It grows well in hilly and dry areas. It requires a dry tropical climate for its growth. It flowers in February and
March.
Teak also has the medicinal value. The bark is bitter tonic and is considered useful for fevers. It is also useful for
headaches and stomach problems. Digestion may be enhanced by the teak wood or bark. Teak is commonly used for
furniture making, boat decks and indoor flooring. It is widely used to make house doors and windows. It is resistant to
attack by termites. Its wood contain scented oil which is repellent to insects. The leaves yield a dye, used for colouring
clothes and edible. Teak is probably the best protected commercial species in the world.
20. Paragraph one tells us about ... (D) Teak needs weeding operations regularly
(A) The kind of teak (E) Teak needs soil rich in humus and with the
(B) The benefit of teak suitable moisture
(C) The description of teak
(D) The form of teak flowers 22. What are the uses of teak?
(E) The quality of teak wood (A) Bleach
(B) Furnishings
21. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? (C) Anti-termites
(A) The land is ploughed thoroughly (D) Cough medicine
(B) Teak is propagated from its leaves (E) Mosquitoes repellent
(C) Teak is planted in hilly and dry areas

Paddlefish is the common name for the ray-finned fish comprising the family Polyodontidae of the Order
Acipenseriformes. It is characterised by an elongated, paddle-like snout with minute barbels, large mouth with minute
teeth and long gill rakers. The paddlefish family, Polyodontidae, is characterized by an elongated, spatula-like snout,
called a rostrum, which is longer than the rest of the head.
There are only two modern species of these fish, i.e. the plankton-feeding American paddlefish
(Polyodonspathula), found in the Mississippi River drainage system, and the piscivorous Chinese paddlefish
(Psephurusgladius), found in the Yangtze River.
Paddlefish are not closely related to sharks, which are in a different taxonomic class, but they do have several body
parts that resemble those of sharks such as their skeletons, primarily composed of cartilage and their deeply forked
heterocercal tail fins. As in many of the distantly related shark class, the paddlefish’s rostrum contains electroreceptors
that can detect weak electrical fields.
Paddlefish provide important economic, ecological and aesthetic values. During the last century, paddlefish and
sturgeon have been commercially exploited for their eggs (roe) called caviar. Paddlefish and sturgeon are two of the most
important fish for freshwater caviar. The large number of eggs produced by females also means they can be important in
food chains, with the young providing a food resource for predators. Their unique shape and large size also adds to the
joy of nature for humans, including sport fishing. However, exploitation and habitat changes, among other factors, have
significantly reduced the populations of paddlefish, with the Chinese paddlefish not having a confirmed sighting since
2007 and the American paddlefish no longer found in the Great Lakes region.
23. Which of the following statements is TRUE about 24. From the text, we know that the Chinese
paddlefish? paddlefish has been ...
(A) It has a small and long mouth. (A) Found (D) Bred
(B) It is mostly exploited for its meat. (B) Extinct (E) Killed
(C) It has a similar body shape as sharks. (C) Preserved
(D) Its rostrum can detect strong electrical fields
only.
(E) Its rostrum is shorter than the rest of its
head.

CHAPTER 11
DEPENDENT CLAUSE
Dependent clause adalah clause (anak kalimat) yang menerangkan/memperjelas main clause.
Ada tiga jenis dependent clause, yaitu:

A. Noun clause
Noun Clause adalah anak kalimat yang menggantikan fungsi noun (kata benda) di dalam sebuah kalimat.
Peran noun clause dalam kalimat:
 A noun clause can be a subject of a verb.
What Billy did shocked his friends.
 A noun clause can be an object of a verb.
Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.
 A noun clause can be a subject complement.
Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.
 A noun clause can be an object of a preposition.
Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.
Kita dapat menggabung dua independent clause dengan merubah salah satunya ke dalam bentuk noun clause.
 Statement menjadi noun clause gunakan THAT
I know + Billy made a mistake.
→ I know that Billy made a mistake.
 Yes/No question menjadi noun clause gunakan IF/WHETHER
George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook?
→ George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.
 Wh-question menjadi noun clause gunakan WH- WORD
I don’t know + Where is George?
→ I don’t know where George is.
Noun clause dapat dikenali apabila terdapat penanda/markers:

 that
 if, whether
 Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why
 Wh-ever words; however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever
Pada noun clause dengan kata penanda di atas tidak dapat dihilangkan, kecuali untuk kata that.
Tetapi apabila that berada di awal kalimat, maka tidak dapat dihilangkan.
Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim. √
→ Billy’s friends didn’t know he couldn’t swim. √
Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lesson. √
→ Billy’s mistake was he refused to take lesson. √
That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone. √
→ Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone. Χ
Kalimat pernyataan selalu berbentuk noun clause meskipun main clause nya adalah kalimat tanya.
Do you know what time is it? Χ Everybody wondered where did Billy go. Χ
Do you know what time it is? √ Everybody wondered where Billy went. √

Aturan penggunaan TENSES dalam noun clause:

1. If the main clause is in the present or future, then the verb in the noun clause can be in any tense.
Main clause is in the Present

or Future Noun Clause is in any tense
Examples:
 The prime ministers agree that the global warming is a serious world problem.
 Measurements have indicated that the average temperature on the earth has risen in the past one
hundred years.
 Further research will prove that carbon dioxide is largely responsible.
2. If the main clause is in the past tense, the verb in the noun clause is usually in the past form, except for the
cases when the noun clause reports a general truth.
Main clause is in the Past Noun Clause is in the Past
Examples:
 The prime ministers agreed that the global warming was a serious world problem.
 Measurements indicated that the average temperature on the earth had risen in the past one hundred
years.
Exception:
We knew that New York is bigger than London.
The noun clause reports a general truth.)
TASK 1
Choose the suitable noun clause in the right column.
what I’m telling you
1. Why do you find it so hard to believe ... ...?
what am I telling you
what had he asked her
2. She couldn’t believe ... ...
what he had asked her
if he feels
3. I’m not sure ... ... the same way about me.
does he feel
Where I go
4. ... ... is no one’s business but my own.
Where do I go
what are we supposed to do
5. The lecturer will tell us ... ...
what we are supposed to do
how could she have found out
6. I really don’t know ... ...
how she could have found out
where we should leave
7. The teacher told us ... ... our finished exams.
where should we leave
is he
8. I wonder if ... ... from Indonesia.
he is
what should you do
9. I’m not going to tell you ... ...
what you should do
what our children say
10. We are not responsible for ... ...
what do our children say

B. Adverb clause
Adverb clause merupakan anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan/menjelaskan kata kerja (verb), kata
sifat (adjective) dan kata keterangan (adverb) pada kalimat Main Clause. Pada dasarnya adverb clause
menggunakan bentuk-bentuk conjunction (kata penghubung). Adverb clause dapat diletakkan di awal atau di akhir
kalimat. Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut ini:
Because I had free time, I visited your house. (di awal kalimat)
I visited your house because I had free time. (di akhir kalimat)
Adverb clause dibagi menjadi beberapa jenis, yaitu:

Clause Common Conjunction Function Example
when, before, after,
to say when something happens Her goldfish died when she was
clause of time since, while, as, as long
by referring to a period of time young.
as, until
to talk about a possible or If they lose weight during an
clause of condition if, unless, at least counterfactual situation and its illness, they soon regain it
consequences afterwards.
They had to take some of his land
in order to, so that, in to indicate the purpose of an
Clause of purpose so that they could extend the
order that action
churchyard.
to indicate the reason for I couldn’t feel anger against him
clause of reason because, since, as, given
something because I liked him too much.
clause of to make two statements, one of I used to read a lot although I
concession although, though, while which contrasts with the other don’t get much time for books
(contrast) or makes it seem surprising now.
where, wherever, to talk about the location or He said he was happy wherever
clause of place
anywhere, everywhere position of something he was.
clause of Johan can speak English as
as state comparison
comparison fluently as his teacher.
to talk about someone’s
behavior or the way something I was never allowed to do things
clause of manner as, like, the way
is done, answering the question as I wanted to do them.
‘How?’
My suitcase had become so
to indicate the result of
Result clause so … that, such … that damaged on the journey home
something
that the lid would not stay closed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause
TASK 2 (Adverb clause)

1. ... ... he doesn’t speak Italian, he always goes to 3. You will have to pay higher insurance ... ... you
Italy on holiday. buy a sports car.
(A) Since (D) Because (A) if (D) so that
(B) Although (E) So that (B) before (E) although
(C) If (C) while
2. You shouldn’t drive ... ... drinking alcohol. 4. ... ... he always did well on his English test, his
(A) after (D) if parents were not surprised that he got an A.
(B) in order that (E) even though (A) When (D) Since
(C) whether (B) While (E) Although
(C) Before
5. You should give the iron time to heat up ... ... you 8. Hockey players wear lots of protective clothing ...
iron your clothes. ... they don’t get hurt.
(A) although (D) because (A) after (D) in order that
(B) before (E) so that (B) because (E) though
(C) after (C) although
6. I will show you how to prepare this dish ... ... you 9. The five-hundred-rupiah coin looks very
can prepare it for your family. Indonesian ... ... it has a picture of Garuda on it.
(A) because (D) although (A) so that (D) since
(B) so that (E) while (B) though (E) before
(C) before (C) until
7. You need proper shoes to go hiking in the 10. ... ... they saw him turning the corner, they knew
mountains ... ... the ground is rough and hard. that he was going to win the race.
(A) because (D) before (A) Unless (D) After
(B) even though (E) so that (B) Before (E) If
(C) meanwhile (C) Since
TASK 3
This text is for questions 1 to 3. 2. The little fly kept flying and buzzing around the
There was once a little fly who thought he was bull’s ear. ... ..., the bull kept on chewing grass.
very important. He felt proud of himself. One sunny (A) Unless (D) However
morning, he flew around looking for someone to talk to. (B) If only (E) Otherwise
He saw a bull grazing in a field. He decided to fly down (C) Although
to talk to him.
The little fly flew down and buzzed around the 3. The fly did many ways to annoy the bull, ... ... the
bull’s head. The bull was not bothered. He went on bull remained silent.
chewing grass. (A) or (D) since
The fly then buzzed right inside the bull’s ear. (B) and (E) though
The bull continued chewing grass. The fly thought, (C) but
“What a stupid animal!”
Now the fly decided to land on the bull’s face to This text is for questions 4 and 5.
attract the bull’s notice. He waited for the bulls to say In rapidly advancing world in which people now
something, but the bull kept quiet. have access to life-prolonging medicines and mass
The fly then shouted angrily, “Oh, Bull, if you find produced food, modern cities have become the centers
that I am too heavy for you, let me know and I’ll fly for these scientific and technological advancements.
away!” This has led to skyrocketing population growth in urban
The bull laughed and said, “Little fly, I don’t care centers.
if you stay or leave. You are so tiny that your weight Guess, what is the most populated cities in the
does not make any difference to me, so please be quiet world? It is Tokyo, Japan. Although its population is
and leave me alone.” predicted to begin declining, Tokyo is still projected to
hold the top spot as the most populated city on earth
1. The little fly was arrogant ... ... he thought he was until 2030. Modern, stylish and full of culture, Tokyo is
very important. one of the most captivating cities to live but also the
(A) and (D) though most tightly packed. In a city of approximately
(B) but (E) therefore 38,140,000 people, you are sure to have a hard time
(C) since pushing through the crowds to get to your destination.

4. Tokyo ... ... be the most populated city in the 5. Tokyo is a modern, but highly populated city. ...
world until 2030. ..., you are sure to have a hard time pushing
(A) can (D) has to through the crowds while walking.
(B) will (E) could (A) Furthermore (D) Therefore
(C) Might (B) Nevertheless (E) Even though
(C) However
C. Adjective/Relative Clause
Relative Clause adalah klausa/anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai adjective (menerangkan kata benda)
1. Who/that
Digunakan untuk pengganti orang sebagai subyek.
 The boy broke the school rules. He lives next to my house.
S
The boy who lives next to my door broke the school rules.
 That girl is my little sister. She is playing underground.
S
That girl who is playing underground is my little sister.
2. Whom/that
Digunakan untuk pengganti orang sebagai obyek.
 The girl fell in love with the man. I met him last week.
O
The girl fell in love with the man whom I met last week.
 The man is my teacher. You saw him at the parking lot this morning.
O
The man whom you saw at the parking lot this morning is my teacher.
*Relative pronoun whom dapat divariasi dalam berbagai bentuk seperti by whom, with whom, from whom.
 This is the musician by whom some of those songs were arranged.
(This is the musician. Some of those great songs were arranged byhim.)
O
 She is a nice friend with whom you can share your problems.
(She is a nice friend. You can share your problems withher.)
O
 The guide from whom you can get all the information is a professional one.
(The guide is a professional one. You can get all the information fromhim.)
O
3. Whose
Digunakan untuk mengganti kata ganti kepunyaan; my, your, our, his, her, their, its.
 Here is the artist. The artist’s son was imprisoned due to drug abuse.
Here is the artist whose son was imprisoned due to drug abuse.
 The doctor is my neighbor. His wife is pretty and smart.
The doctor whose wife is pretty and smart is my neighbor.
4. Which/that
Digunakan untuk menggantikan kata ganti benda.
 My girlfriend likes the Teddy bear. I bought it for her birthday.
My girlfriend likes the Teddy bear which/that I bought for her birthday.
 I don’t like the stories. They are printed in English.
I don’t like the stories which/that are printed in English.

5. Of which
Digunakan untuk mengganti kata ganti kepunyaan/possessive untuk benda/binatang.
 I sent the table back to the store. Its surface is not smooth.
I sent the table of which surface is not smooth back to the store.
* Selain itu ada juga relative adverb (adjective) yang dapat menggabungkan dua klausa yang maknanya menjelaskan
waktu, tempat dan alasan.
relative adverb makna penggunaan contoh

when in/on which refers to a time expression the day when we met him
where in/at which refers to a place the place where we met him
why for which refers to a reason the reason why we met him
TASK 4(Adjective clause)

1. Playing fetch, our dogs, ran after the tennis ball 6. The bad weather is the reason ... ... I was late for
... ... bounced across the kitchen floor. class yesterday.
(A) that (C) which (A) whom (C) why
(B) whose (D) who (B) when (D) who
2. The family ... ... house was decorated the most 7. At the end of this month scientists will conduct
beautifully for the holidays receive a trophy. an important experiment, the result ... ... will be
(A) which (C) whom published within 6 months.
(B) whose (D) why (A) when (C) of whom
(B) of which (D) which
3. The old words you see on the board, most ... ...
were becoming obsolete, are now trending 8. At the conference, professor will describe the
again. basic process ... ... cotton thread is made.
(A) where (C) at which (A) why (C) by which
(B) of which (D) that (B) which (D) where
4. A group of Green Peace members, many ... ... 9. I left my son at the campus day-care, ... ... is
love nature, are having a fundraiser for their available to all full-time students with young
cause. children.
(A) of whom (C) who (A) when (C) that
(B) which (D) that (B) where (D) which
5. Flying squirrels ... ... live in tropical rain forests 10. The pyramids of Egypt, ... ... were constructed
spend most of their time on the trees. more than 2,000 years ago, are listed as one of
(A) in which (C) where the seven wonders of the world.
(B) that (D) which (A) of which (C) which
(B) that (D) where

TASK 5
1. ‘What did the speaker say at the seminar?’ 6. Which one of the following sentences is
‘… … while they are watching TV is very CORRECT?
important.’ (A) Ati usually writes on my birthday a long
(A) That you should accompany your children letter
(B) You should accompany your children (B) Usually Ati on my birthday writes me a letter
(C) That accompanying your children (C) Ati usually writes me a long letter on my
(D) Accompanying your children birthday
(E) You are accompanying your children (D) A long letter usually Ati writes me on my
birthday
2. ‘What is annoying your mother so much?’ (E) Usually a long letter Ati writes me on my
‘… … in the bedroom.’ birthday
(A) My father is smoking
(B) It is my father who smokes 7. ‘How could Juli afford to go abroad at least twice
(C) My father smokes a year?’
(D) The smoking of my father ‘I am also wondering ______.’
(E) My father’s smoking (A) that she has earned her living
(B) what she was earning living for
3. According to the latest issue of the journal of (C) why does she earn her living?
American Medical Association, _____ can reduce (D) how she earns her living
the risk of sudden cardiac death in men. (E) does she earn a living
(A) fish being eaten every week
(B) if we eat fish once a week 8. Lands and houses are often the largest single
(C) to eat weekly fish investment that most ____.
(D) fish to be eaten weekly (A) will make families ever
(E) eating fish just once a week (B) families will ever make
(C) will make ever families
4. ‘What about eating out? I don’t feel like cooking (D) families make ever will
dinner.’ (E) ever families will make
‘OK. Just let me know ______.’
(A) where do you want to go 9. Do you have any idea ______?
(B) where you want to go (A) how many students are there in the class
(C) whether you want to go (B) how many students there are in the class
(D) how do you want to go (C) there are how many students in the class
(E) why do you want to go (D) how many students in the class there are
(E) how many students in the class are there
5. ‘Are we going to visit the doctor now, Mother?’
‘Yes. Be sure to tell him _____.’ 10. Even though you are angry at me, can you just
(A) where does it hurt tell me ... ... ...
(B) whether it hurts (A) where is my car key
(C) when you hurt (B) how did you get in here
(D) where it hurts (C) what are you doing here
(E) how does it hurt (D) what should I do to get there
(E) who took the money from my saving box

CHAPTER 12
1. CLOZE PROCEDURE
Cloze procedure adalah suatu kegiatan mengisi teks rumpang, yaitu teks yang sudah dihilangkan beberapa bagian kata
atau kalimat dengan sengaja. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah siswa dapat mengerti dan memahami apa yang
disampaikan dalam teks tersebut.
Cloze procedure erat kaitannya dengan vocabularies, conjunctions, phrase building, dan derivations (pembentukan kata
turunan). Untuk dapat mengerjakan teks rumpang, harus dapat menyesuaikan dengan konteks yang diberikan.
a. Untuk menjawab soal conjunction, setiap opsi yang semakna dengan opsi lainnya harus dianggap salah; carilah opsi
yang memiliki arti paling berbeda—tidak memiliki kesamaan arti dengan opsi lainnya.
b. Untuk soal vocabulary, opsi yang memiliki kesamaan arti dengan opsi lain dianggap salah.
c. Untuk phrase building, lihaltlah kata/preposisi yang terletak setelah titik-titik soal untuk menentukan kata apa
sebagai jawaban.
d. Systematic related word, kata yang ditentukan oleh konteks kalimat dan atau sebelum kalimat/frase di mana soal
itu berada. Maka lihatlah kalimat/frase sebelum dan atau sesudahnya untuk menentukan kata yang tepat dalam
mengisi soal.
TASK 1
Choose the correct answer by crossing (A), (B), (C), (D), or (E)!
Fill in the blank sentence to complete the paragraph. 3. …

No one knows who invented mechanical, clocks. (A) stated (D) mentioned
However, the clock __(1)__ can be traced back to the (B) assumed (E) indicated
Middle ages in Europe. The earliest clocks were actually (C) predicated
made by blacksmiths. The main principles in the design
of these clock, __(2)__, are still used in mechanical 4. …
clocks today, though modern clocks are much more (A) called (D) noticed
accurate. (B) known (E) grown
Early clock had no dial, and __(3)__ the time (C) used
simply by striking a bell. The word ‘clock’, in fact, means
bell. Before the invention of clock, a man __(4)__ as a 5. …
clock-jack used to ring a large bell in a castle or (A) estimate (D) estimated
monastery to tell everyone the time. This man was able (B) estimation (E) estimating
to __(5)__ the time by means of a sundial or a glass (C) estimator
containing sand.
Fill in the blank sentence to complete the paragraph.
1. … In canning, heart can be used to destroy bacteria and
(A) industry (D) installation halt enzymic activity in food. Bacterial ___6___ from
(B) company (E) procedure external sources is prevented by sealing the food in a
(C) fabrication can. The can is then heated to a temperature ___7___
to sterilize the contents. The length of time and the
temperature ___8__ to ensure sterilization depend on
2. …
the product and on the type of bacteria to be destroyed.
(A) moreover (D) however
It is important that the contents of the can are heated
(B) besides (E) consequently
___9___. An experimental check can be made on the
(C) therefore
exact temperature in any part of a sample can ___10___
it is being heated by inserting a thermocouple into the
can.
6. … 11. …
(A) influence (D) excess (A) disappointed (D) surprised
(B) effect (E) infectiousness (B) scared (E) bewildered
(C) contamination (C) touched
7. … 12. …
(A) regular (D) sufficient (A) so (D) because
(B) convenient (E) complete (B) but (E) in order that
(C) operative (C) although
8. … 13. …
(A) require (D) requisition (A) for (D) at
(B) requirement (E) required (B) to (E) on
(C) requisite (C) with
9. … Fill in the blank sentence to complete the paragraph.

(A) unity (D) uniformly Here is how to use a toaster.
(B) uniform (E) uniformed First, plug the toaster into an electric socket so that it
(C) uniformity can work. Then, (14) … … the sliced bread into the slots
on the top of the toaster.
10. … Next, find the toast setting and (15) … … the desired
(A) while (D) since wellness of the toast. You can select the darkness of the
(B) because (E) so that bread to be toasted, using the adjustment knob. After
(C) whereas that, push down the lever to move the slices of bread
down into the toaster between the heating elements.
Fill in the blank sentence to complete the paragraph. When the toast is finished, the slices (16) … …
Once upon a time, a rich man was suffering from automatically. Finally, take the toasted bread out of
a serious illness. He thought he was going to die soon, toaster and spread jam, honey or anything else you may
so he was (11) … … about who would keep his assets. He like to add to it. You can now eat the delicious toast you
didn’t have any children. Then, he had an idea to find an have made.
honest person who would inherit his property. To test
people’s honesty, he would give everyone a cake with a 14. …
gold ring in it. The one who returned the ring was the (A) insert (D) be inserted
person he was looking for. (B) inserting (E) inserted
A few days later, the man’s guard distributed the (C) to insert
cakes to people. Every person was very happy finding a
ring in the cake. They thought it was the man’s gift, (12) 15. …
… … they didn’t return it. A poor girl also received the (A) pull (D) display
cake and brought it home to share (13) … … her brother. (B) add (E) push
To her surprise, she found a ring in it. Her brother asked (C) adjust
her to sell the ring to cure their sick mother, but the girl
rejected. She returned the ring to the man. Knowing the 16. …
girl’s honesty, the man was very happy, he had found (A) popping up (D) to pop up
the one he was looking for. He asked the girl and her (B) will pop up (E) pop up
family to stay in his house. (C) popped up

2. OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION
Prepositions are words which begin prepositional phrases.

Object of a preposition is a noun, noun phrase or pronoun that follows a preposition and completes its meaning.
A word group made up of a preposition, its object, and any of the object’s modifiers is called a prepositional phrase.
A preposition sits in front of its object.
The following words are the most commonly used prepositions:

about before despite in spite of outside underneath
above behind down instead of over until
across below during into past up
after beneath except like regarding upon
against beside(s) excepting near since up to
along between for of through with
among beyond from off throughout within
around but in on to without
at by in front of onto toward with regard to
because of concerning inside out under with respect to
object of object of
preposition preposition preposition preposition
After several minutes we located the key for the door.
prepositional phrase prepositional phrase
preposition object preposition

preposition object object
The flock of tiny swallows flew over the trees near the lake.
prepositional prepositional prepositional

phrase phrase phrase
TASK 2
Identify the object of preposition.
1. The boy ran down the street. 4. During class, the teacher returned the exams.
(A) boy (C) down (A) exams (C) teacher
(B) ran (D) street (B) returned (D) class
2. She kicked the ball to me. 5. I am going there with my sister.

(A) me (C) kicked (A) I (C) with
(B) ball (D) she (B) am (D) sister
3. The squirrel ran up the tree. 6. For example, two plus two is four.
(A) squirrel (C) tree (A) for (C) two
(B) ran (D) up (B) example (D) four

7. The man hiked up the hill. 12. The frog jumped out of the lake.
(A) hill (C) the (A) lake (C) out
(B) up (D) man (B) frog (D) jumped
8. He parked his car by the beach. 13. I am from California.

(A) car (C) he (A) from (C) am
(B) beach (D) his (B) I (D) California
9. Let’s go to the store. 14. He got the autographs of two basketball stars.
(A) store (C) to (A) he (C) basketball
(B) the (D) let’s (B) stars (D) autographs
10. He ran around the track. 15. Since the flood, they have had a hard time
(A) he (C) around farming.
(B) ran (D) track (A) since (C) time
(B) flood (D) farming
11. He sailed his ship through stormy weather.
(A) sailed (C) weather
(B) ship (D) through
3. COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS
There are pairs in English which often present confusion. Below are some of these pairs of words.
a. It’s vs. Its
It’s is the contracted form of it is. It is a subject-predicate construction. Its, however, is the possessive pronoun of it.
 It is a good book. It’s a good book.
 The moose broke one its legs.
Its legs are broken. Its legs = the legs of the moose.
b. Then vs. than

Then is an adverb of time or time sequence. Than is a comparative conjunction used in a sentence comparing two
things. It is related to the –er or more constructions.
 It was a dark night then. We crossed the road and then jumped over the fence.
 Aunt Nancy is older than we think she is.
 Aunt Nancy is more generous than Aunt Lucy.
c. Because vs. because of

Because is a conjunction. It is followed by an adverb clause of reason. Because of is a preposition. It is followed by a
noun/pronoun or by a noun phrase.
 The woman was sad becauseshe lost her husband in the war.
Clause
 The woman was sad because of him. The woman was sad becauseofher husband’s death.
Pronoun Noun Phrase

d. Between vs. among
Both between and among are prepositions. While between is used with two noun heads, among is used with more
than two noun heads.
 You must share the room between the two of you.
 Betweenyou and me, there should not be a secret.

 Among the three girls, Sofia is the tallest.
 Share the computer set among the members of the class.
e. Quite vs. quiet

Quite is an intensifying adverb meaning “considerably”. Quiet is descriptive adjective meaning “not talkative” or “not
noisy”.
 We feel quite comfortable studying in this room.
 Everybody studies quite comfortably in this room.
 Be quiet! The children are sleeping.
 She is quiet child. She doesn’t talk a lot.
f. Weather vs. whether

Weather is a noun denoting climatic conditions. Whether is a relative conjunction for verbal indirect sentences.
 The weather is very unpredictable here.
 We have nice, warm weather in this place.
 They asked whether we wanted to leave early or not.
 Whether or not they will come is still a big question.
g. There vs. their

There is an adverb denoting location, just like here. It is also used as an impersonal (or formal) subject. I the
possessive pronoun for the third-person plural. It is a determiner and is followed by a noun.
 There is a lot of news around about the new city plan.
 We passed their house on our way home.
 Their house is located somewhere along this road.
h. Lay vs. lie

Lay is a transitive verb. It is followed by an object in the sentence. Its three verbal forms are: lay – laid – laid – laying.
In Bahasa Indonesia, it means ‘meletakkan, membaringkan’. However, lie is intransitive. It is not followed by an
object. Its forms are: lie – lay – lain – lying. In Bahasa Indonesia, it means ‘terletak, berbaring, terbaring’.
 He reminded the workers to laythe bricks carefully. I laidthe book on the table this morning.
objectobject
 He wanted to stop and lie down a little bit. Feeling tired, he lay down on the sofa and fell asleep.
no object no object
i. Raise vs. rise

Just like the above, raise is transitive. Its verbal forms are raise – raised – raised – raising. In Bahasa Indonesia, it
means ‘menaikkan, meningkatkan, menambah’. Rise is intransitive. Its verbal forms are rise – rose – risen – rising,
and it means ‘naik, terbit, muncul’.
 The Proclamation Troupe raisedthe flag. The government plans to raise the national income.
object object
 The rises in the east. The soldiers rose from the bush and charged the enemy soldiers.
no object no object

TASK 3
Use the correct word!
1. (It’s/Its) the captain again who scores the goal.
2. He (then/than) controls the ball and passes it to the right fielder.
3. The man enlisted (because of/because) he was out of work.
4. Where do you want to (lie/lay) the cake?
5. The registrar’s office is (among/between) two tall buildings.
6. We had to drive very slowly (because of/because) the heavy fog.
7. The water begins to (raise/rise) when the moon appears.
8. People seem to be (quiet/quite) satisfied with the government’s work.
9. What kind of (weather/whether) do you have in your hometown?
10. This broken chair has (lain/laid) here for years.
11. (There/Their) is a rule that students must have at least 70% of attendance.
12. (Rise/Raise) your hand and ask your question.
13. They were not sure (whether/weather) they would be able to meet the deadline.
14. (Between/Among) the busy streets in the city Diponegoro Street is the busiest.
15. The dragon monster (rose/raised) from under the water and flew to the sky.
16. Balls of fire came out of (its/it’s) mouth.
17. We have much better facilities now (than/then) we did, say, five years ago.
18. The soldier saw dead bodies (lying/laying) all over the field.
19. Please, be (quite/quiet); the students are having a test.
20. (There/Their) card box houses have a high risk of catching fire.
TASK 4
Identify the incorrect item.
1. Its persistent in hard work than intelligence which makes students more successful in pursuing their study.
A B C D E
2. Just between you and me, I am not sure that he will make it to the university because of he does not work
A B C D
hard enough.
E
3. Weather you will be able to finish your study on time depends on how well you can manage your time among the
so
A B C D
many activities.
E
4. In order to be able to see whether the fight between the bull and the lion had begun, the two Indians laid down on
A B C D E
their stomach.
5. The company required that each of it’s branchesbe supplied withenough fire extinguishers for safety purposes.
A B C D E
6. The personnel manager tried to make the striking employeesunderstand that the company cannot risetheir
salaries
A B C D
yetbecause of the prolonged recession.
E
7. It’s important to ask whether you can take more then 20 credit hours in the negotiation sessionbetween you and
A B C D E
your advisor.
CHAPTER 13
A. FACT AND OPINION
Sometimes, we are asked to say whether a certain statement is a fact or an opinion. However, three items of guides
below can be used to help you for this purpose.
Fact Opinion Example
Based on perception, feelings, Fact The pencil in the glass is intact.
Based on observation
or judgements Opinion The pencil in the glass is broken.
Our classroom has 20 desks, 2 tables, and
Fact
Can be proved by evidences 2 filing cabinets.
Cannot be proved by evidence
(e.g. research data) Our classroom has better furniture than
Opinion
the other classes in our school.
In 1637, Rene Descartes established a
Fact theory which became the best approach
General statements about Statements for the future, or
at that time.
the past or present predictions
In ten years, the Matrix-25 will be the
Opinion
best computer program in the world.
Read the text below!

Some History of Rock
Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as “rock and roll” in the United States in the 1950s, and
developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States.
It has its roots in 1940s’ and 1950s’ rock and roll, itself is heavily influenced by rhythm and blues and country music. Rock
music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as blues and folk, and incorporated influenced from jazz,
classical and other musical sources.
Some says that rock is a timeless genre. As a loud and hard genre, rock will always be the voice of young, energized
people. It is also said that rock is a color of music the world will never able to survive without. There are many types of
rock, such as classic rock, progressive rock, and glam rock. Its lyrics often contain rebellious attitude and freedom theme.
1960 and 1970 is considered by many as the golden age of rock.
Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major sub-
cultures including mods and rockers in the UK and the hippie counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in US in
the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive ‘goth’ and ‘emo’ subcultures. Inheriting the folk
tradition of the protest song, rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes
to race, sex and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity.
TASK 1
Find some facts and opinions found throughout the text.
Facts
1. _______________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________________

Opinions
1. _______________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________________
TASK 2
Each pair of statements below consists of a fact and a statement. Identify them by giving checklist (√) in the right
column.
No Sentences Fact Opinion

1 a) It’s very hot here. Look the needle shows to almost 30 degrees.
b) It’s very hot in our classroom. We cannot study very well.
2 a) Men are better drivers than women.
b) Boys are more sensitive to diseases than girls because boys only have one X
chromosome while girls have two.
3 a) Ben’s family is very careless because they spend almost all their income on lavishly so
that they cannot save some month each month.
b) Ben’s family spends almost three quarter of their income on daily needs and the rest on
additional needs. At the end of the month they have no money to save.
4 a) He was a simple man who was able to practice tolerance without having much formal
education.
b) He was an uneducated person and what he did never pleased anybody in the
neighbourhood.
5 a) The language of information is English. Without English, people will not live
comfortably.
b) More than 80 percent of all information in more than 100 million computers is in
English.
6 a) In 1995, there were less than 10 million refugees in the world. Today there were more
than 20 million.
b) Life has become worse and worse. The world will not be able to solve the problems
concerning more than 20 million refugees all around the globe.
7 a) Cigarettes contain nicotine, a substance that may cause lung cancer.
b) Smoking can cause cancer, heart attack, and pregnancy problems.
8 a) Chocolate pudding tastes terrible.
b) My sister makes chocolate pudding from flour, instant cocoa, milk, and water. It tastes
terrible.
9 a) Chili pepper was still the most expensive up to this morning.
b) I never like chili pepper because it’s too expensive.
10 a) The aim of a scientific inquiry is to find out how the world works.
b) The scientist of the world have purposes which are too ambitious.

TASK 3
1. Which of the following best describes a fact? (C) Andrew was exhausted, but excited about
(A) The feelings of the main character. the tournament.
(B) Something that can be proven. (D) Andrew’s team won all of their games in the
(C) Something that can’t be proven. tournament.
(D) How much the main character likes
something. 6. Which of these sentences is an opinion stated in
the paragraph?
2. Which of the following best describes an (A) Andrew was exhausted, but excited about
opinion? the tournament.
(A) A person who can prove something. (B) Andrew’s parents unloaded the van after the
(B) Making a good choice. tournament.
(C) A person’s thoughts or feelings about (C) Andrew called his grandparents to tell them
something. about the tournament.
(D) Something that can be proven. (D) Andrew’s team won the tournament.
3. Which of the following is an opinion? Read the following paragraph to answer questions 7 to
(A) Todd is wearing a blue tie. 8.
(B) Gary was unhappy that his team lost.
(C) Sheila woke up at 7:30 in the morning. Steve, Raphael, Karen and I all went to the movies last
(D) Jose won the race at field day. Friday night. Steve had picked the movie, because it was
his birthday. He really likes comedies, so we chose one
4. Which of the following is a fact? that starred his favourite comedian. We made it just in
(A) I’m the smartest student in the fifth grade. time, because the movie was starting in fifteen minutes.
(B) I received a 98% on the reading test. We got really great seats. They were in the middle of
(C) Reading is very easy. the theatre, fourteen rows from the front. Steve and
(D) Gary Paulsen is my favorite author. Karen laughed through the entire movie. They just loved
it! Raphael and I didn’t think it was funny at all. The only
Read the following paragraph to answer questions 5 -6. thing Raphael and I thought was funny was when Steve
laughed so hard that he spilled his popcorn all over
Andrew’s mother and father unloaded the van after the Karen.
family returned from the soccer tournament. Andrew
was exhausted from playing in all eight games over the 7. Which of the following is NOT a fact stated in the
weekend. Andrew wasn’t helping, because he ran inside paragraph?
the house to call his grandparents to tell them about the (A) Steve spilled his popcorn on Karen.
games. He had won a trophy for being the most (B) Steve, Raphael, Karen and I went to the
valuable player, and his team had won all of their movies last Friday night.
games. He scored at least two goals in each of the (C) We has seats in the front row of the theatre.
games. He was extremely excited. (D) It was Steve’s birthday, so he chose the
movie.
5. Which of these sentences is NOT a fact stated in
the paragraph? 8. Which of the following is an opinion stated in the
(A) Andrew won a trophy at the soccer paragraph?
tournament. (A) Steve’s favorite comedian was in the movie.
(B) Andrew scored at least 2 goals in every (B) Steve spilled his popcorn on Karen.
game. (C) It was Steve’s birthday, so he chose the
movie.
(D) Steve and Karen loved the movie.

TASK 4
Decide whether the sentence is Fact or Opinion!
1. “On Tuesday, Ms. Mary Barra, 51, completed a remarkable personal odyssey when she was named as the next
chief executive of G.M.—and the first woman to ascend to the top job at a major Auto Company.”
____________________
2. “A big reason America is falling behind other countries in science and math is that we have effectively written off a
huge chunk of our population as uninterested in those fields or incapable of succeeding in them.”
____________________
3. “Last month the N.B.A issued 21 fines and suspensions—a punitive spree that amounted to about $602,882.”
____________________
4. “The inspiration for the original “Anchorman” came one evening more than a decade ago when Mr. Ferrell was
watching a television documentary about Jessica Savitch, one of the first women to anchor news telecasts.”
____________________
5. “Cowbirds are brood parasites, meaning they lay their eggs in the nests of other bird species, thus unloading the
messy and demanding business of chick-rearing.”
____________________
6. “Instead of striving to make work fun, managers should concentrate on creating the conditions in which a variety
of personality types, from the excitable to the naturally downbeat, can flourish.”
____________________
7. “In the first step to formally eradicating a thrilling but dangerous staple of the game – and an emphatic response
to the concussion crisis that has gripped other sports – major League Baseball’s rules committee voted Wednesday
to eliminate home-plate collision.”
____________________
http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/13/skills-practice-distinguishing-between-fact-and-opinion/?_r=0
B. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
A phrase is a group of words, without a subject or a verb, that functions in a sentence as a single part of speech. It cannot
stand alone as an independent unit. A phrase can function only as a part of speech.
A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun. This noun or
pronoun is called the ‘object of the preposition’.
a) An adverbial phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.

To find out if a prepositional phrase is functioning as an adverbial phrase, see if it answers one of these questions:
“Where?” “When?” “In what manner?” “To what extent?”
 The rock climber arrived late at night.

The adverbial phrase ‘at night’ modifies the adverb ‘late’
 The boss was thrilled at their attitude.
The adverbial phrase ‘at their attitude’ modifies the adjective ‘thrilled’
b) An adjectival phrase is a prepositional phrase serves as an adjective.

It describes a noun or a pronoun.
 The manager with the pink slips terrorized the employees.
The adjectival phrase ‘with the pink slips’ describes the noun ‘manager’
 The price of the promotion was much too steep.
The adjectival phrase ‘of the promotion’ describes the noun ‘price’

TASK 5
Identify the adjectival and adverbial prepositional phase in the sentences below!
Number one has been done for you.
1. I bought the dress with the blue stripesfor the party.
adjectival adverbial
2. The man with the moustache raises horses on his farm
3. The dolphins in that park were born in captivity.

1.
4. Before the next storm, we need to cut the damaged branches in that tree.
2.
5. The snow on the trees turned the forest into a wonderland.

3.
4.
6. The little brick house between the skyscrapers was built in the 1800s.
5.
7. The questions on that test were taken from student suggestions.

6.
8. The car with the damaged bumper is owned by the manin the yellow house.
7.
9. The players on each team gathered in their locker rooms.

8.
10. After breakfast we will go to the store.

9.

CHAPTER 14
1. SIMPLE PAST TENSES
1. Pattern of Simple Past Tense

(+) S + Verb 2 + O + Adv. of time (past)
S + was/were + Non Verb
(-) S + did not + Verb 1
S + wasn’t/weren’t + NonVerb
(?) Did + S + Verb1 + O?
Was/Were + S + Nonverb?
2. The use of Past Tense
 When the time period has finished
She finished her university studies at the age of twenty.
She visited me last month.
 When the time period is definite
We saw a good film last week.
She finished her work at seven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
 With for, when the action is finished
I worked with the FBI for two months.
 Repeated activity in the past
His mother wrote to him every day.
I often sent him letter last year.
 To explain habitual activity in the past but no longer in the present (USED TO + V1)
I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago.
Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now, since his promotion, he doesn’t.
I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.
We also use it for something that was true but no longer is.
 There used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn’t.
(Dulu, ada sebuah bioskop di kota tapi sekarang tidak ada lagi.)
 She used to have really long hair but she’s had it all cut off.
(Dia dulu memiliki rambut yang sangat panjang tetapi dia sudah memotongnya.)
 I didn’t use to like him but now I do.
(Saya dulu tidak menyukainya tetapi sekarang saya menyukainya.)
2. PAST CONTINOUS TENSE
1. Pattern of Past Continous Tense

(+) S + was/were + Verb-ing
(-) S + was/were + not + verb ing
(?) Was/were + S + Verb ing?
2. The use of Past Continous Tense
 Describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still going on at the time of
speaking
What were you doing at 8:00 o’clock last night? (Apa yang sedang kamu lakukan pada pukul 8 semalam?)
I was watching TV. (Saya sedang menonton TV – pada waktu itu)
 Interrupted action in the past

S1 + was/were + Verb-ing + when + S2 + Verb-2
 When the telephone rang, I was taking a shower. (Ketika telepon berbunyi, saya sedang mandi.)
 I was washing dishes when my father came home. (Saya sedang mencuci piring ketika ayah saya
pulang.)
S1 + Verb-2 + while + S2 + was/were + Verb-ing

 While I was studying, I fell asleep.
 I suddenly cut my finger while I was slicing the onions.
 Parallel Action
S1 + was/were + Verb-ing + while + S2 was/were +Verb-ing
 I was watering the flower while my father was cutting the grass.
 While I was studying, he was reading a newspaper.
3. PAST PERFECT TENSE
1. Pattern of Past Perfect Tense

(+) S + had + Verb-3 + Object
(-) S + had + not + Verb 3 + Object
(?) Had + S + Verb 3 + Object
2. The use of Past Perfect Tense
 One event happened before another in the past
By lunch time yesterday, she had written three letters. (Sebelum saat makan siang kemarin, dia telah
menulis tiga surat.)
Pattern 1 : S1 + past perfect + before + S2 + past simple
Mr Abihad gone to the movie before his son came home.
or
Before + S1 + Simple Past, + S2 + Simple perfect
Before my mother cooked, she had cleaned the house.
Pattern 2 : After + S1 + Past Perfect, + S2 + past simple
After I had had my delicious meal, I went to sleep.
or
S1 + past simple + after + S2 + past perfect
I went to sleep after I had had my delicious meal.
4. PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE
1. Pattern of Past Perfect Continous Tense

(+) S + had been + Ving
(-) S + had + not + been + Ving
(?) Had + S + been + Ving
2. The use of Past Perfect Continous Tense
 Talk about actions or situations that were in progress before some other actions or situations.
Arlina had been studying for Beta’s English course for three years before she moved to America.
My father had been watching TV when I phoned him.
My sister had been taking a bath when her boyfriend sent her short message service.
 Show cause of an action or situation in the past.
The road was wet because it had been raining.
I had to go on a diet because I had been eating too much sugar.

TASK 1
Fill the blanks with Simple Past or Past Perfect by given words in the bracket.
I can’t believe I (1. get) ______________ that apartment. I (2. submit) _____________ my application last week,
but I didn’t think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I (3. show) ______________ up to take a look around, there
were at least twenty other people who (4. arrive) ______________ before me. Most of them (6. fill,
already)______________ out their applications and were already leaving.
The landlord said I could still apply, so I did. I (7. try) ______________ to fill out the form, but I couldn’t answer
half of the questions. They (8. want) ______________ me to include references, but I didn’t want to list my previous
landlord because I (9. have) ______________ some problems with him in the past and I knew he wouldn’t recommend
me. I (10. end)______________ up listing my father as a reference. It was total luck that he (11. decide) ______________
to give me the apartment. It turns out that the landlord and my father (12. go) ______________ to high school together.
He decided that I could have the apartment before he (13. look) ______________ at my credit report. I really lucked out!
TASK 2
Simple Past/ Present Perfect / Past Perfect
Complete the text below with the appropriate tenses!
1. When I (arrive) ____________ home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare) __________ a beautiful candlelight
dinner.
2. Since I began acting, I (perform) ____________ in two plays, a television commercial and a TV drama. However, I
(speak, never even) ____________ publicly before I came to Hollywood in 1985.
3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already) _________without me. My boss (be) __________
furious with me and I (be) ___________fired.
4. When I (turn) ____________the radio on yesterday, I (hear) ___________a song that was popular when I was in
high school. I (hear, not) ___________the song in years, and it (bring) ___________back some great memories.
5. Last week, I (run) _________ into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We (see, not) ___________each other in years, and
both of us (change) ____________ a great deal. I (enjoy) ___________talking to her so much that I (ask)
___________ her out on a date. We are getting together tonight for dinner.
6. When Jack (enter) __________ the room, I (recognize, not) ____________him because he (lose) ___________ so
much weight and (grow) __________a beard. He looked totally different!
7. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear,
virtually) __________by the time Europeans first (arrive) ___________in the New World.
8. I (visit) _____________so many beautiful places since I (come) ____________ to Utah. Before moving here, I (hear,
never) ___________ of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Arches, or Canyon lands.
9. I was really angry at Tom yesterday. By the time he finally arrived, I (wait) ____________for over an hour. I almost
left without him.
10. I (see) ____________ many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures of the monuments are very
misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small.

TASK 3
1. James : Why didn’t you answer my call? 7. Hari started learning to play chess when he was
Peter : Sorry. … only five years old and won his first national
(A) I was feeding my cattle. chess competition when he was ten.
(B) I have fed my cattle. This means that Hari … to play chess very well by
(C) I fed my cattle. the time he was 10 years old.
(D) I had fed all my cattle. (A) had learned (D) would learn
(E) I’ll feed my cattle. (B) was learning (E) has learned
(C) will have learned
2. X : Since when hasn’t she been feeling well?
Y : Since she … from Singapore. 8. Elli : “What was your sister doing when you
(A) returned (D) was returning arrived home last night?”
(B) has returned (E) had returned Joe : “She … in the kitchen.”
(C) has been returning (A) cooks (D) has been cooking
(B) is cooking (E) was cooking
3. A :“Why were you absent from the English class?” (C) has cooked
B :”Because I … my homework.”
(A) don’t do (C) won’t do 9. I … the street when it began to rain.
(B) haven’t done (D) am not doing (A) am walking down
(C) hadn’t done (B) would walk down
(C) was walking down
(D) have been walking down
4. Lira : “I wonder why Agus is absent. He might
(E) have walked down
be sick.”
Ina : “He isn’t. I saw him when I … for the
10. ASEAN trade ministers … the possibility of
bus.”
developing economic cooperation before they
(A) wait (D) is waiting
attended the summit meeting last month.
(B) was waiting (E) have waited
(A) discuss (D) were discussing
(C) had waited
(B) discussed (E) would discuss
(C) had discussed
5. Professor Furham concluded that it was not
advertising that … children, but irresponsible
11. A : “We haven’t heard about Fitri for such a
parenting.
long time.”
(A) harmed (D) was harming
B : “We haven’t either, since she … to Dili.”
(B) is harming (E) had harmed
(A) moves (D) has moved
(C) has been harming
(B) moved (E) had moved
(C) was moving
6. A : “How long has the U.S has been fiercely
fighting terrorism?” 12. “While living in Bogor, we always went to school
B : “Since the bombing of the World Trade on foot.”
Center which … hundreds of Americans.” This means that we … on foot while we were
(A) is killing (D) was killed living in Bogor.
(B) had killed (E) was killing (A) go to school
(C) killed (B) are used to going school
(C) are going to school
(D) liked going to school
(E) used to go to school

CHAPTER 15
NARRATIVE
1. Definition
Narrative deals with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind (climax), which in turn
finds a resolution.
2. Purpose
 To entertain the readers; or to amuse the readers.
 To amuse/entertain readers with a story that deals with complications or problematic events which lead to a
crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution
3. Text organization
1) Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants, introduce characters, time and place
2) Complication : a crisis arises
3) Resolution : the crisis is resolved (better or worse)
4. Language features
1) Use of past tenses : We went to the batik exhibition last Sunday.
2) Time Connectives and conjunctions : then, before, that, soon, after
3) Adverb and adverbial phrase : here, in the afternoon, happily ever after
4) Action verbs in the past : stayed, went, climbed, cut
5) Saying Verbs : told, said, promised
6) Thinking Verbs : thought, understood, felt
7) Adjectives (Noun Phrase) : long black hair, two red apples
8) Noun : stepsisters, housework
5. Typical Features of the Narrative Text
1) Romance (Romansa) 5) Legend (Legenda)
2) Historical Fiction (Sejarah Fiksi) 6) Fable (Cerita binatang)
3) Fantasy (Khayalan) 7) Folktale (cerita rakyat)
4) Science Fiction (Fiksi Ilmiah) 8) Fairy tale (dongeng)
Read the text and then answer the questions 1 to 5!

Why the Cat Kills Rats
Long time ago, there lived Ansa. He was the king of Calabar for fifty years. He had a very faithful cat a housekeeper,
and a rat was his house–boy. The king was an obstinate, head strong man, but was very fond of the cat, who had been in
his store for many years.
The rat that was very poor, fell in love with one of the king’s servant girls, but was unable to give her any presents, as
he had no money.
At last he thought of the king’s store, so in the night time, being quite small, he had difficulty, having made a hole in
the roof, in getting into the store. He then stole corn and native pears and presented them to his sweetheart.
At the end of the month, when the cat had to render her account of the things in the store to the king, it was found
that a lot of corn and native pears were missing. The king was very angry at this and asked the cat for an explanation. But
the cat couldn’t account for the lost, until one of her friends told her that the rat had been stealing the corn and giving it to
the girl.
When the cat told the king, he called the girl before him and had her flogged. The rat handed over to the cat to deal
with, and dismissed them both from his service. The cat was so angry that she killed and ate the rat, and ever since that
time, whenever a cat sees a rat. She kills and eats it.
1. Which statement is NOT TRUE according to (D) The cat couldn’t account the lost
paragraph 1? (E) The lost of corns and pears
(A) The rat fell in love with the cat.
(B) Ansa ruled Calabar for a long time. 4. “… when the cat had to render her account of the
(C) The cat was Ansa’s servant. things in the store to the king, it was found that a
(D) The king was keen on cat. lot of corn and native pears were missing.”
(E) The king was a stubborn man. (Paragraph 4)
The underlined word has the closest meaning to
2. What does the text tell us about? …
(A) A stubborn king and his servants (A) sum (D) write
(B) The love story of a rat (B) deliver (E) check
(C) The origin of dispute between cat and rat (C) send
(D) The stealing of king’s wealth
(E) Cat and rat 5. What is the moral lesson we can get from the
story?
3. “The king was very angry at this and asked the (A) Love is blind.
cat for an explanation.” (Paragraph 4) (B) Because of one’s mistake, innocent one got
The word this refers to... the impact.
(A) The cat (C) When there’s a will, there will a way.
(B) The rat (D) Never give up until you get what you want.
(C) His servant girl (E) Behave honestly wherever you are.
Read the following text to answer question number 6 to 10.

Jantur and Menur
Jantur and Menur were twins. Jantur was a boy and Menur was a girl and they had different personalities. Jantur
was lazy, he got angry easily. He always said bad words when he was angry. However, Menur was a very kind, diligent,
patient and always helped their parents. She always reminded her brother to behave well.
“Menur! Where are you? I’m hungry! Give me some food!” said Jantur. “Be patient Jantur I’m still cooking, the food
is not ready yet. Why don't you help me mop the floor? Father and mother will be home soon,” said Menur. “Arrrgggh!
What took you so long? I’m hungry, you are so slow!” said Janur. And he said bad words to Menur.
Menur was very sad. She cried. When their parents went home, Menur told them about Jantur’s bad behavior. Her
father then advised him. However, Jantur did not want to listen to him. He ignored him, and it was getting worse.
Jantur asked his parents and his sister to leave the house. They were very sad. They never thought that Jantur would
ask them to leave the house. After his parents and his sister left her house, Jantur lived alone. At first he felt very happy
because no one disturbed him. He could do anything he wanted. He even spent his parents’ money for bad things. When all
the money was gone, he sold his parents animals, cows, goats, cocks and hens.
Meanwhile, Menur and her parents lived in another place. When they left home, they did not bring anything.
Because they worked very hard, they could build a new home and they had new animals. They were rich.
How about Jantur? Soon all his parents’ wealth was gone. Jantur was lazy, he did not want to work. He wanted to
have much money in an easy way. So he sold the last wealth, it was the house. After Jantur sold the house, again, he spent
the money foolishly. It was not surprising that Jantur became poor again.
He did not have any money and he did not have a house. His body was very thin. He suffered skin disease; his skin
was full of black dots.
Jantur did not have a way to go, he just walked and walked. Finally, he arrived at his parents’ house. Menur was in
front of the house sweeping the floor. At first, they did not recognize each other. Menur thought that Jantur was a beggar.
“Are you hungry? Here, I have some food,” said Menur. Jantur was happy. He was so hungry that he did not
recognize his sister. However Menur knew him. “Jantur? Is that you brother? Father, mother, Jantur is here!!” screamed
Menur. “Jantur my son, what happened to you?” said his mother. Jantur was surprised. “Mother, is that really you? Father,

mother, and Menur! Please forgive me. I was punished by God. I suffer an illness, I’m poor, and I don’t have a house to live.
I have done bad things to you all. I promise I will be good,” promised Jantur.
The family now reunited. They have already forgiven Jantur and amazingly Jantur was cured. And as he promised,
Jantur became a very good man.
6. What is the main idea of the 1st paragraph? 9. Paragraph 9 tells us that …
(A) Menur and her parents were expelled from (A) Menur and Jantur didn’t recognize each
their house other
(B) Jantur became very poor (B) Jantur accidentally found his family on his
(C) Menur and her family built a new home in loneliness
different place (C) Their parents didn’t want to receive Jantur
(D) Jantur and Menur were twins with different anymore
characters (D) Jantur was suffered from skin disease
(E) Jantur sold his home to fill his life needs (E) Jantur lost all his wealth
7. The following statements are TRUE, except … 10. What moral value can we get from the story
(A) Jantur and Menur were twins above?
(B) Jantur and Menur left their house to earn (A) Always people who are humble and
money obedient are only respected by others.
(C) Menur was a diligent, patient, and well- (B) Don't be sad for any loss. Whatever
behaved girl happens, it is for our own good.
(D) Their family finally reunited (C) Everybody is different in someway or other.
(E) Jantur’s life became poor after he sold his It takes all kinds to make up a family.
parent’s home (D) Anger is one’s greatest enemy. Coming
under anger one can do any great mistake,
8. Which word in the story that has the opposite hence one must always be away from it.
‘split’? (E) Through hard work and strong
(A) recognize (D) advised determination, one can magically achieve
(B) arrived (E) screamed anything.
(C) reunited

The Tyrant who became a Just Ruler
In the olden times there was a king who was so cruel and unjust toward his subjects that he was always called the
Tyrant. So heartless was he that his people used to pray night and day that they might have a new king.
One day, much to their surprise, he called his people together and said to them, “My dear subjects, the days my
tyranny are over. Henceforth, you shall live in peace and happiness, for I have decided to try my rule henceforth justly and
well.”
The King kept his words so well that soon he was known throughout the land as the Just King. By and one of his
favorites came to him said,” Your Majesty I beg you to tell me how it was that you had this change of heart towards our
people,”
And the King replied, “As I was galloping through my forests one afternoon, I caught sight of a hound chasing a fox.
The fox escaped into his hole, but not until he had been bitten by dog so badly that he would be lame for life. The hound,
returning home, met a man who threw a stone at him, which broke his leg. And the horse, starting to run, fell into a hole
and broke his leg. Here I came to my senses, and resolve to change rule.” For surely, “He who does evil will sooner later be
overtaken by evil.”

11. Which one of these statements is TRUE? (B) showed his surprise to his subjects
(A) The King was chased by a fox (C) decided to rule his subjects unjustly
(B) The King’s behavior never changed (D) warned his subjects to obey his rules
(C) The man was thrown with a stone by a (E) changed his behavior and became a just rule
hound
(D) The King’s subject hated him when he was a 13. To show the real words of the speakers, the
tyrant writer uses …
(E) In the olden time the King was loved by his (A) passive voice
subjects (B) direct speech
(C) reported speech
12. Paragraph two tells us the King… (D) simple past tense
(A) never ended the day of his tyranny (E) simple present tense

A beggar found a leather purse that someone had dropped in the market place. Opening it, he discovered that it
contained 100 pieces of gold. Then he heard a merchant shout, “A reward! A reward will be given to the one who finds my
leather purse!”
Being an honest man, the beggar came forward and handed the purse to the merchant saying, “Here is your purse.
May I have the reward now?”
“Reward?” scoffed the merchant, greedily counting his gold. “Why the purse I dropped had 200 pieces of gold in it.
You’ve already stolen more than the reward! Go away or I’ll tell the police.”
“I’m an honest man,” said the beggar defiantly. “Let us take this matter to the court.”
In court, the judge patiently listened to both sides of the story and said, “I believe you both. Justice is possible!
Merchant, you stated that the purse you lost contained 200 pieces of gold. Well, that’s a considerable cost. But, the purse
this beggar found had only 100 pieces of gold. Therefore, it couldn’t be the one you lost.”
And, with that, the judge gave the purse and all the gold to the beggar.
14. The passage mainly tells about … 17. Which paragraph told that the merchant was
(A) a beggar deceiving?
(B) a stolen purse (A) Paragraph 1 (D) Paragraph 4
(C) an honest beggar (B) Paragraph 2 (E) Paragraph 5
(D) a reward of stolen purse (C) Paragraph 3
(E) a beggar and a merchant
18. Which of the following statement is TRUE?
15. What is the character of the merchant? (A) The beggar got 100 pieces of gold.
(A) Deceitful (D) Smart (B) The purse contained 200 pieces of gold.
(B) Honest (E) Calm (C) The merchant admitted losing 100 pieces of
(C) Clever gold.
(D) The beggar wanted to hide the purse in the
16. Why did the beggar return the purse to the market place.
merchant? Because he …. (E) The court couldn’t solve the problem
(A) had counted the 100 pieces of gold between the beggar and the merchant.
(B) heard the merchant saying
(C) wanted to get the reward
(D) had opened the purse
(E) was an honest man

19. Therefore, it couldn’t be the one you lost. (par.5). 21. From the text, we know that …
The underlined word refers to …. (A) the beggar was very greedy
(A) the court (B) the purse belonged to the merchant
(B) the purse (C) the merchant was a very good person
(C) the beggar (D) the court could solve the problem wisely
(D) the merchant (E) the court concluded the purse belonged to
(E) the 100 pieces gold the merchant
20. “… hediscovered that it contained 100 pieces of 22. What is the moral value of the passage?
gold.” (par.1) (A) Be a humble man.
The underlined word means …. (B) Don’t beg to a mean person.
(A) funded (D) took (C) Deceiving makes more benefits.
(B) found (E) put (D) Honesty brings more advantages.
(C) fixed (E) Being a beggar is valuable for living.

Long ago there lived a king who was ill and had only one way for him to recover; he had to stay on the top of a
mountain where he could inhale fresh air and live peacefully. Knowing this, the king delegate his duties to the minister as
the prince, Prince Agung, was still too young to become a ruler. He would return to the kingdom when he was healthy.
Time passed. Feeling comfortable as a ruler, the minister had a wicked thought. “If I can get rid of the king, I will be
the king,” the minister thought, “my family will live happily.”
To facilitate his plan, he sent his loyal fellow to meet the king to get rid of him. The minister laughed happily,
dreaming of becoming the next king.
The minister’s fellow had arrived at the inn where the King, Queen and their people stayed. He greeted them and
told them of his intention. “Good afternoon, Your Majesty. The minister asks me to meet you and ask your condition. He
always prays for your health.” The king was happy knowing his minister was attentive. After chatting for a while, he
allowed the man to have a rest and stay in a tent not far from his room. He asked his servants to serve the man well.
When night arrived, the man got out from the tent and approached the king’s room. He successfully entered the
room, but he was speechless knowing his kind and wise king slept soundly. “How could I kill this good man?” the man
thought. “No, I won’t. I’m going to tell him about the minister’s real motive. I hope the king will forgive me.” He left the
king’s room immediately.
The following morning, the man met the king and informed him accordingly. However, the king wasn’t shocked as
he had already predicted. The king told the man that, in fact, he was all right. He just wanted proof that the minister had
bad intentions. He had been asking the commander and the prince to keep an eye on him. They would arrest the minister
with their own hands.
23. What was the king’s motive to act as if he was ill? 24. How did the king rule the kingdom?
(A) He was old enough to rule the kingdom. (A) Badly (D) Healthily
(B) He trusted his minister to rule the kingdom. (B) Greedily (E) Wisely
(C) He would like to inaugurate the prince as the (C) Ruthlessly
next king.
(D) He wanted to know his minister’s real 25. “... he sent his loyal fellow to meet the king to
character. get rid of him.” (Paragraph 3)
(E) It was the time for him to leave earthly life. The underlined phrase can be best replaced by ...
(A) Contaminate (D) Accelerate
(B) Dominate (E) Accommodate
(C) Eliminate

CHAPTER 16
1. EXPRESSING REQUEST
Expressing request
 Would you mind please?  Would you please be quiet?
 Can/could/will/would you …?  Will you open that door for me please?
 Please …  Might I have a try at your computer game?
 I wonder if you …  Could I see the rest of your house?
Accepting request Refusing request
 Certainly.  I’m sorry, but I’m using it.
 No problem.  I don’t think so.
 Sure, I’d be glad to …  I’d love to, but …
 Of course.  It sounds great, but …
 Sure. Just a moment.  Sorry to say that …
Dona : Have you heard the recent news about new structure of OSIS committee?
Laras : No, I haven’t. Had them been decided by voting?
Dona : I don’t know for sure. Lenna told me this afternoon when I met her at the supermarket.
Laras : Really? Can you give me the detail name of the committee?
Dona : Sure. I will send it through email.
Laras : Thank you.
2. POSSIBILITY AND IMPOSSIBILITY

Asking possibility Expressing Possibility
 Is there any chance they will meet and marry?  There’s a chance.
 Is it possible for him to win the game?  There’s a good possibility.
 Will you be able to stop by the post office and mail this  Perhaps.
letter?  Of course. We can do it.
 Is there any possibility of selling all these sandals? Expressing Impossibility
 What’s the possibility of …?  There’s no chance that …
 What are the chances of …?  There’s no possibility (that) …
 What do you think the chances are for …?  There’s no way (that) …
 What is the likelihood of …?  I don’t think that will happen.
 The chances are pretty slim.
Dony : Are you ready for science Olympiad?

Mike : No, I’m not ready.
Dony : Why?
Mike : I don’t have enough preparation. It’s impossible I will beat the competitors.
Dony : You must do as best you can.

TASK 1
Read the text and then answer the questions!
1. Which is the most appropriate expression of 6. Clara : I think Jake likes you, Helen.
request said by a son to his mother? What do you think about him?
(A) Mom, take my pencil on the table, please. Helen : What? Why you asked me about it?
(B) Mom, please take my pencil on the table. Clara : Well, I think Jake is cute, and you may
(C) Mom, would you like to take my pencil on have a chance to go out with him.
the table, please? Helen : What? I think there’s no way I will be
(D) Mom, take my pencil on the table. going out with him.
(E) Mom, take my pencil on the table, OK. Clara : Why not? You’re pretty.
Helen : Thanks but, no thanks.
2. Mother : Sophie, … the salt for me?
Sophie : Certainly, Mum. Here you are. From the dialogue we know that Helen shows
(A) you must pass a/an _____ about her going out with Jake.
(B) I want you to pass (A) chance (D) impossibility
(C) would you pass (B) ability (E) uncertainty
(D) it’s better for you to (C) certainty
(E) could you to pass
7. Student : Is man able to find an efficient way
3. Deny : Would you please lend me your pen? to convert the heat of the sun into
Dona : … I’m still using it. energy?
The most possible response is … Teacher : Because a lot of experiments have
(A) Certainly (D) I’m sorry been done, and the result is quite
(B) I doubt (E) With pleasure positive.
(C) I will (A) It’s quite improbable.
(B) It’s out of the question.
4. Zeta : It’s very hot here; I guess the air (C) I don’t think it is possible.
conditioner isn’t working. … … opening (D) There is always a chance.
the window? (E) There’s no certainty of it.
Yeny : Sure, not.
(A) Is it okay if I (D) May I 8. A : “Oh, My god, where is she?”
(B) Would you like to (E) Will you B : “Relax, she’s … still on her way and there
(C) Do you mind … is a severe traffic jam.”
(A) sure – sure
5. A : Would there be any possibility for our (B) certain – sure
soccer team to participate in the next (C) probably – sure
world cup championship in Africa? (D) certain – certain
B : ………… if our soccer team is still in its (E) probably – probably
present condition and doesn’t improve.
You know that world cup is a very big 9. A : Is it possible for us to get scholarship to
competition. Japan?
(A) I don’t think it is possible B : ……… if we have willingness and study hard
(B) I think there is a little possibility (A) I don’t think so
(C) There will be always possibility (B) It’s always a chance
(D) I believe that (C) It’s an impossible thing
(E) I’m very sure (D) It’s not possible for us
(E) We won’t get it

3. CAUSATIVE
Causative adalah kata kerja utama yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa seseorang menyuruh atau menyebabkan
orang lain melakukan sesuatu.
Kalimat causative verb terbagi menjadi 2 macam, yaitu active (aktif) dan passive (pasif).
Pada kalimat causative aktif, si pelaku atau subject yang mengerjakan diketahui, sedangkan pada causative pasif tidak
disebutkan.
Let, make, havedangetmerupakan causative verb yang umumdigunakan.
Rumus dan fungsi causative secara umum:

Verb Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Membiarkan seseorang Active:  My father lets me choose my own future carrier.
Let
melakukan sesuatu S + let + agent + Verb 1  The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the meadow.
Memaksa atau sangat  The woman made her daughter eat up the tomatoes.
meyakinkan seseorang Active:  The manager makes her staff work hard.
Make
untuk melakukan S + make/made + agent + Verb 1
sesuatu
Active:  Lalahad her friend take her result test.
Menginginkan S + (have/had) + agent + Verb 1 +  The student had the teacher speak slowly.
seseorang mengerjakan Object
Have
sesuatu untuk subjek Passive:  I had my house renovated last week.
S + (have/had) + object + Verb 3  He had his book returned as soon as possible.
Active:  She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.
Mirip dengan have
S + get/got + agent + to infinitive  The boy got his cat to chase a mouse.
Get namun dengan struktur
Passive:  Teddy got the money saved in the bank.
kalimat yang berbeda
S + got + object + Verb 3  Yuliagot her bedroom cleaned.
Causative have dan get digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan yang dilakukan orang lain untuk si subjek.
Causative have berarti menyuruh/memerintahkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu, sedangkan causative get berarti
meminta (dengan persuasive) seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Baik causative have maupun get memiliki bentuk aktif dan
pasif.
S + have [tergantung tenses] + objek pelaku + V1 + objek penderita

AKTIF S + get [tergantung tenses] + objek pelaku + to V1 + objek penderita
Contoh: Pada kalimat aktif, subjek meminta agar orang lain melakukan sesuatu
 I had the mechanic check the brakes yesterday. baginya.
Saya meminta mekanik memeriksa rem kemarin.
 I got a barber to cut my hair yesterday.
Saya meminta tukang cukur untuk mencukur rambut saya kemarin.
S + have [tergantung tenses] + objek penderita + V3

PASIF S + get [tergantung tenses] + objek penderita + V3
Contoh: Pada kalimat aktif, subjek meminta agar pekerjaannya dilakukan oleh orang
 They had their car
lainrepaired last Sunday.
(tidak peduli siapa yang melakukan, yang penting pekerjaannya selesai).
Mereka meminta (orang lain) untuk memperbaiki mobil mereka.
 I got my hair cut (by a barber) yesterday.
Saya meminta rambut saya dipotong (oleh pemangkas rambut) kemarin.

TASK 2
Circle the correct word in the bracket!
1. We should get Ben (to buy / buy) us some concert tickets when he goes to get his.
2. Instead of buying a new bicycle, why don't you have your old one (to fix / fix / fixed / fixes)?
3. We got the computer guy (to install / installing / installed / install) the new software for us.
4. Your car engine is making some strange sounds. Why don't you have a mechanic (to look / looking / looked / look)
at it?
5. We had our landlord (to fix / fixing / fixed / fix) the broken window.
6. We've got to get our neighbours (stopping / to stop / stop / stopped) having loud parties every weekend.
7. She had her hair (cutting / to cut / cut / cutted) at QuickCuts for only $25.
8. We had our house (painted / paint / to paint / painting) last year.
9. The teacher had everyone (write / to write / wrote / has written) a story about a special childhood experience.
10. Just wait here. I'll have someone (bring / to bring / brought / has brought) your suitcases up to your room.
TASK 3
1. I fixed the light in the bathroom yesterday, but it (C) should we have cleaned it
went out again today. (D) should we have it cleaned
Why don’t you have an electrician … it. (E) would we have it cleaned
(A) checking (D) check
(B) checked (E) checks 6. When do you want to have the flowers … to your
(C) to checked house?
(A) to deliver (D) delivered
2. The fact that he was put into prison for (B) be delivering (E) deliver
something he had not done made his wife … (C) delivering
(A) cry (D) to cry
(B) to be crying (E) crying 7. “I can’t do it. I … someone … me.”
(C) cried (A) will have – helping (D) will get – to help
(B) will get – help (E) will get – help
3. Since her handwriting is very bad, we will have (C) will help – helps
someone … her composition.
(A) types (D) type 8. We have our neighbor check our house
(B) typed (E) to type whenever we go on vacation. This means that
(C) typing every time we go on vacation, …
(A) we first check the house with our neighbor
4. I’m having trouble with my computer again, I’ve (B) we don’t let our neighbor check our house
done everything I can but it doesn’t work (C) our neighbor comes to check our house
properly. (D) we have checked our neighbor’s house
Why don’t you have Darno … it? (E) we ask someone to check our neighbor’s
(A) to fix (D) fix house
(B) fixing (E) fixed
(C) he fixed 9. X : “How should I park my car? I can’t drive.”
Y : “Well, …!”
5. X : “Wow, what a messy room!” (A) you get it parked (D) you park it
Y : “Well, ... ? So that we won’t be over tired.” (B) get park it (E) get it parked
(A) will we have cleaned it (C) you get to park it
(B) shall us clean it

10. After I finished my article, I had it edited. (A) left (D) leaving
This means that … (B) leave (E) leaves
(A) I had edited my article (C) to leave
(B) My article would be edited
(C) Somebody edited my edited 16. A : “What are the men doing in your garden?”
(D) I was asked to edit my article B : “Oh, I … … “
(E) I had to edit my article myself (A) am having a gazebo built
(B) am building a gazebo
11. I will have my secretary … an appointment with (C) have built gazebo
Mr.Setiawan for next week. (D) have to build a gazebo
(A) makes (D) to make (E) have been building a gazebo
(B) made (E) making
(C) make 17. If I do not come to class today, the teacher will
have me write the poem ten times.
12. As I found out that not all of the workshop The underlined words mean …
participants knew about this week’s schedule, I (A) the teacher has written the poem ten times
got my secretary … it right away. (B) the teacher will write the poem for me ten
(A) distributing (D) to distribute times
(B) distributed (E) in distributing (C) I will have to write the poem ten times
(C) she distributes (D) I have written the poem ten times
(E) I will ask the teacher to write the poem ten
13. This project is a huge construction project which times
needs the use of high technology; it is therefore
most likely that the government will have an 18. Mr.Farel had his secretary get tickets for the
established foreign company do the job. football game.
The sentence means …
From the above sentence we may conclude that (A) Mr.Farel was asked by his secretary to get
… tickets
(A) the government seems to be incapable of (B) The secretary had to get tickets for Mr.Farel
doing the job (C) Mr.Farel went with his secretary to get
(B) the construction project should be tickets
completed within a short time. (D) The secretary had got tickets for Mr.Farel
(C) there are not enough technicians to be (E) Mr.Farel got tickets for his secretary
involved in the project
(D) the government may not have the necessary 19. My mother has all her dresses made because … …
financial resources (A) she cannot sew at all
(E) the project is performed based on a 40 – 60 (B) she likes sewing
share (C) she is a dress maker
(D) she cannot afford to pay a dressmaker
14. We had our house … … last year. (E) she does not have a good dressmaker
(A) painted (D) to paint
(B) paint (E) paints 20. My daughter wants us to let her … … overnight at
(C) painting her friend’s place.
(A) to stay (D) stay
15. The teacher had students who didn’t bring their (B) staying (E) stays
identification cards … the auditorium where the (C) stayed
exams were held.

CHAPTER 17
1. EXPLANATION
1. Definition
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena.
Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography
and history text books.
2. Social Function/Purpose
To explain how or why things happen; to explain the process involved in the evolution of natural and social
phenomena, or how something works.
3. Text Organization
1) General statement: stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
2) Sequenced explanation of why/how something occurs (usually a series of logical steps in the process)
4. Language Features
1) Present tense, misalnya: Soils provide water and nutrients.
2) Technical words atau istilah khusus, misalnya acid, pH, crops,, dsb.
3) Passive sentence
4) General and abstract nouns
5) Cause and effect sentence atau kalimat sebab akibat, misalnya; This happens because the earth tilts back and
forth as it goes around the sun.
6) Chronological connection; to begin with, next
Example:
Structure How do seasons happen?
Seasons come to us regularly. We have probably noticed that it gets warmer in the
General statement summer or dry season while it gets colder in the winter or wet season. However, do we
know how these seasons change?
Seasons happen and change every year. This happens because the earth tilts back and
forth as it goes around the sun. During the summer, the earth tilts toward the sun. It
Explanation: show the
makes half of the earth hotter. This condition is what we call summer. During the other
process
half of the year, the earth tilts away from the sun. As a result, it makes that half of the
earth colder. This cool condition is then what we call winter.
TASK 1
Read the text and then answer the questions 1 to 3.
How Spider’s Web Forms
A spider web looks delicate but it is very strong. It can hold 4000 times a spider’s weight. But how does it form?
First, the spider spins a thread of silk. The thread gets blown over to a branch by the wind. Then, she makes
another two threads and makes a Y shape. Next, she makes more threads and they look like spokes off a wheel. Then, the
spider goes in a spiral, out and back in, sit in the middle.
1. What is the communicative purpose of the text? (C) To persuade readers to conserve spider
(A) To tell the reader the formation of a spider’s (D) To entertain reader with a story of a spider
web. (E) To retell the activities of a spider
(B) To explain the reader how a spider
makesspider’s web.

2. What make the thread gets blown over to a 3. “A spider’s web looks delicate but it is very
branch? strong.”
(A) The spider (D) The wind The underlined word has the similar meaning
(B) Human’s influence (E) Its weight with …
(C) A wheel (A) ferocious (D) thin
(B) fragile (E) complicated
(C) big

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Trapped heat in the atmosphere of the earth results in the greenhouse effect, but how does it happen? First, the
sun warms the earth, and then heat is trapped by certain gases in the atmosphere that act like the glasses in a
greenhouse. Usually this heat is essential to prevent freezing temperature on earth, but as the levels of these gases are
increased, more heat is created than is necessary. Yet that is exactly what is happening on earth today. The rising level of
gases comes from the major man-made sources: chlorofluorocarbons (a gas that escapes from refrigerators, air
conditioners, plastic foams, and spray cans) and carbon dioxide (a gas that comes from burning fossil fuels like coal and
automobile gasoline emissions). The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has grown more than 25% since the
Industrial Revolution, and over 11% since 1958. As a result of the raised level of these two gases, “global warming” is
occurring; the earth is getting warmer.
Written by Sosa Abraham
“The Process of Paragraph Writing”
4. Chlorofluorocarbon is not resulted from… (C) To entertain the readers with greenhouse
(A) Fridge (D) Fossil effect
(B) Air conditioners (E) Spray cans (D) To persuade the readers about greenhouse
(C) Plastic foams effect
(E) To explain about why and how greenhouse
5. Why is heat important? effect occurs
(A) To grow carbon dioxide
(B) To prevent chlorofluorocarbons 7. “The rising level of gases comes from the major
(C) To rise gases man-made sources …”
(D) To burn fossil The underlined word is antonymic with …
(E) To avoid freezing temperature (A) Main (D) Top
(B) Slight (E) Principal
6. What is the purpose of the text? (C) Prime
(A) To describe greenhouse effect
(B) To describe the way greenhouse effect is

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans in recent
decades and its projected continuation. The global average air temperature near the Earth's surface rose 0.74 ± 0.18 °C
(1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 100 years ending in 2005.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes "most of the observed increase in globally
averaged temperature since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic
greenhouse gas concentrations" via the greenhouse effect. Natural phenomena such as solar variation combined with
volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect from 1950
onward. These basic conclusions have been endorsed by at least 30 scientific societies and academies of science,
including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries. While individual scientists have
voiced disagreement with some findings of the IPCC, the overwhelming majority of scientists working on climate change
agree with the IPCC's main conclusions.
Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average global surface temperature will likely rise
a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the 21st century. The range of values results from the use of differing
scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions as well as models with differing climate sensitivity. Although most studies
focus on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise are expected to continue for more than a thousand years even
if greenhouse gas levels are stabilized. The delay in reaching equilibrium is a result of the large heat capacity of the
oceans.
Increasing global temperature will cause sea level to rise, and is expected to increase the intensity of extreme
weather events and to change the amount and pattern of precipitation. Other effects of global warming include changes
in agricultural yields, trade routes, glacier retreat, species extinctions and increases in the ranges of disease vectors.
Remaining scientific uncertainties include the amount of warming expected in the future, and how warming and
related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. Most national governments have signed and ratified the
Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but there is ongoing political and public debate worldwide
regarding what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse future warming or to adapt to its expected
consequences.
Taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
8. Why does global warming occur? 10. “… and how warming and related changes will
(A) Because of climate change. vary from region to region around the globe.”
(B) Because of global temperature. The synonym of the underlined word is …
(C) Because of greenhouse gas (A) differ (D) very
(D) Because of the increasing of sea level. (B) same (E) similar
(E) Because of climate sensitivity. (C) Identical
9. Which of these following is not the effect of 11. These statements are true, except?
global warming? (A) The global average air temperature near the
(A) Increase of sea level. Earth's surface rose.
(B) Increase of the intensity of extreme weather (B) Solar variation combined with volcanoes
events. had a little warming effect.
(C) Constant in agricultural yields. (C) All scientists have the same opinion with
(D) Species extinctions. IPCC about global warming.
(E) Increases in the ranges of disease vectors. (D) Heat capacity of oceans influences the
postponement in reaching equilibrium.
(E) Global warming influences trade routes.

How Chocolate is Made?
Have we wondered how we get chocolate from? Well this time we will enter the amazing world of chocolate so we
can understand exactly we are eating.
Chocolate starts a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in place such as South
America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. Inside the fruits are
the tree’s seeds. They are also known as cocoa beans.
Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun. After that they are shipped to the chocolate
maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places
have different qualities and flavour. So, they are often shorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix.
The next process is winnowing. The roasted beans are winnowed to remove the meat nib of the cacao bean from
its shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor.
It tastes bitter.
All seeds contain some amount of fat and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which
is why the ground nibs from liquid. It is pure bitter chocolate.
Source: www.understandingtext.blogspot.com
12. What is the topic of the text? (C) to convince the reader to make chocolate
(A) Chocolate is a wonderful thing (D) to argue about the process of making
(B) How to grow cacao tree chocolate
(C) The content of chocolate (E) to amuse the reader with a narration about
(D) The process of producing chocolate making chocolate
(E) Chocolate is nutritious
15. Which of the following statement is true
13. From paragraph 3, we can infer that … according to the text?
(A) Fermentation of bean is done in a few (A) Pure chocolate is very tasty
moments (B) Cacao trees grow in every part of the world
(B) The wet beans are sent to chocolate maker (C) Roasting is used to remove the meat nib of
(C) Various beans have similar taste the cacao bean from its shell
(D) Sun ray plays an important role in making (D) Chocolate bean is the seed of cocoa tree
chocolate (E) Chocolate fruit is as small as a marble.
(E) The first process in chocolate maker is the
fermentation of the beans. 16. “The chocolate maker starts by roasting the
beans to bring out the flavour.”
14. The writer’s purpose in writing the text is … The underlined word has the similar meaning
(A) to persuade the reader that making with …
chocolate should be a complex process (A) baking (D) wrapping
(B) to describe how chocolate is produced (B) drying (E) selecting
through a sequence of processes (C) fermenting
2. EXPRESSING PLEASURE AND DISPLEASURE

There are many ways to show pleasure. Pleasure is also closely related to satisfaction and happiness. Basically,
they all have the same purpose, which is to response some good things. Meanwhile, displeasure has similar
meaning with dissatisfaction or disappointment.
Showing Pleasure Displeasure Responses
 It’s really great. I am so happy.  I’m very displeased.  What’s up?
 I can’t say how pleased I am.  That’s annoying  Nice to hear that.
 It’s a sensational trip.  I’m very disappointed.  Great
 It’s lovely.  That’s terrible/horrible.  Wonderful.
 What a marvelous place I’ve ever seen.  I’m dissatisfied.  You are lucky.
 Smashing! (British, informal)  That’s really frustrated.  Hey, that’s terrific.
 Hooray! (informal)  I can’t stand.  Oh, really?
 Fantastic! (informal)  Of course.
 I’m pleased that you …  Yes.
 I’m so glad that you …
 I’m so satisfied that you …
 It gives me pleasure that …
Yuni : Hello, who I’m speaking to?
Tina : Hello, Yuni. This is Tina.
Yuni : What’s up Tina?
Tina : I have to say thanks to you.
Yuni : For what?
Tina : It is about the gift that you gave to me. It is wonderful. I’m very pleased with it.
Yuni : I’m very delighted to hear that. It is very nice to talk with you, but I have to go now.
Tina : No problem. I will call you later. Bye.
Yuni : Bye.

3. CAPABILITY/INCAPABILITY
Inquiring about Showing capability Showing Incapability
- Can you …? - I can/could - I can’t/couldn’t.
- Are you able to …? - I can/could … - I can’t/couldn’t …
- Are you capable of … ing? - I am/was able to … - I won’t be able to …
- Do you know how to …? - I am/was capable of … ing. - I am not going to be able to …
- Would you be able to …? - I am (very) good at …ing. - I am/was not able to …
- Is there any chance you could - I have had a lot of. - I am/was not capable of … ing.
…? - Experience in … ing - I can’t make it on …
- I am tied up on …
- I’d like/love to, but I’m afraid I
can’t.
- There’s nothing I can do about it.
- There’s no way I can get out of it.
- I can’t get out of it.
- I am/was in capable of … ing.
A : May I help you, Mam?
B : I need a button sewn on a shirt. Can you do it for me?
A : Yes, Mam. We will be able to have it done for you.
B : Thank you. By the way, can I get it back before 5 p.m.?
A : Certainly, Mam. I’ll send someone up for it immediately.
TASK 2
1. Dian : Hi, did you come the play night? What B : I have to do this complicated task, but I do
did it look like? not know why I can’t even understand the
Selvy : … … The show is too crowded. question.
The committee should hold it in a larger The underlined word expresses …
hall. (A) dissatisfaction (D) disagreement
(A) It’s fantastic (B) incapability (E) possibility
(B) That sounds amazing (C) uncertainty
(C) I doubt it
(D) I’m not satisfied 4. ‘ … … . everything was in mess!’
(E) I’m not so sure The following expressions are suitable to fill in
the blank…
2. A : I heard that your boss had changed his new (A) What a wonderful situation!
secretary. (B) How great it was?
B : That’s right. (C) What a terrible situation!
A : But why? (D) Terrific!
B : He told me that she was incapable of doing (E) It’s really a great pleasure!
her job well.
The underlined utterance is an expression of … 5. Boss : Are you sure that you can deal with
(A) disagreement (D) impossibility complains from angry clients?
(B) incapability (E) dissatisfaction Salesman : I’d say I am capable of doing that.
(C) uncertainty The salesman wants to tell us that he has the … …
to deal with angry people.
3. A : I never see you so nervous like this. What (A) opportunity (D) capacity
happens to you? (B) ability (E) reliability
(C) quality

6. Mrs. Elly : My husband was promoted to be the 11. Worker A : There are so many works which
vice president of his company. have to be finished today. I
Mrs. Nita : …. assume that we will work
overtime again.
The most appropriate utterance to respond Mrs. Worker B : It’s likely so.
Elly’s words is …
(A) I’m very delighted to hear that. From the dialogue, we know that worker B …
(B) I can’t stand (A) likes working overtime very much
(C) I’m not really sure (B) doesn’t want to work overtime
(D) I’m in favor of you (C) agree with worker A’s prediction
(E) I don’t object to this (D) likes having so many works
(E) would like to refuse the works
7. Mira : How was the wedding, Mom?
Mother : I was very excited. I’ve never 12. Dina : “Did you enjoy the meal?”
attended such a great wedding. Ahmad : “It’s wonderful. … Did you cook the
food yourself?”
From underlined expression, we know that Dina : “No. My sister helped me cooked the
mother expresses her … food.”
(A) certainty (D) disappointment
(B) pleasure (E) regret Which expression is NOT suitable?
(C) displeasure (A) I am really contented
(B) It’s such a good food that I can’t forget
8. Dina : I will ask Fito to repair my computer. (C) The food makes me satisfied
Susi : … to do it. He knows nothing about (D) I feel annoyed
computer. (E) I like it very much
(A) He is the right person
(B) He won’t be able 13. Ria : “Tomorrow is Sunday. Shall we go
(C) You can ask him swimming?
(D) It’s necessary for him Lita : “…”
(E) It’s possible for him Ria : “Don’t worry. I’ll teach you then.”
(A) Oh no, I’m not going to swim
9. Donny : “What about your English test result?” (B) Well, I think I can swim
Tania : “… with it. I’ve only got 5.” (C) That’s a good idea to swim
(A) I’m dissatisfied (D) I don’t feel like swimming
(B) I am pleased (E) Well, I can’t swim
(C) I feel satisfied
(D) I am grateful 14. Benny : “What do you think about the
(E) I am not annoyed Shakesphere’s play we’ve just seen,
Nina? I like it very much.”
10. Mrs. Nina and Mr. Black have to do the very Nina : “Well,… The actors used old English.
complicated task. And they really don’t know So, it’s so hard for me to
what to do. understand.”
The underlined words show… (A) I wasn’t satisfied
(A) capability (D) agreement (B) I couldn’t appreciate it
(B) incapability (E) uncertainty (C) I had no idea
(C) disagreement (D) I was surprised
(E) I felt crazy

CHAPTER 18
1. DISCUSSION
1. Definition
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different
viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
2. Social Function
To discuss a particular topic from at least two point of views; to present information and opinions about more than
one side of an issue (for/against, positive/negative, good/bad)
1) Statement of issue: Contains of statement and preview about something
2) List of supporting points (pro points): After stating the issue, it is necessary to present the argument to
support that one point is agreeing.
3) List of contrastive points (against points): Beside the supporting argument, discussion text needs the
arguments which disagree to stated issue.
4) Recommendation: It is used to tell how to solve issue by connecting the arguments for and against.
1) general nouns untuk menyatakan kategori, misalnya uniforms, alcohol, dsb.
2) relating verbs untuk member informasi tentang isu yang didiskusikan, misalnya smoking is harmful
3) modals, seperti perhaps, must, should, should have been, could be.
4) simple present
5) adverbials of manner, misalnya deliberately, hopefully.
6) thinking verbs, untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi penulis, misalnya feel, believe, hope.
Structure Giving Children Homework

There are a lot of discussions as to whether children should be given homework or not. Is it
Statement of issue enough for children having time to study at school or needing additional time in home for study
after school time?
Some people claim that children do enough work in school already. They also argue that
List of supporting children have their hobbies which they want to do after school, such as sport or music. A further
point (pros) point they make is that a lot of homework are pointless and does not help the children learn at
all.
However, there are also strong arguments against this point of view. Parents and teachers argue
that it is important to find out whether children can work on their own without the support
from the teacher. They say that the evening is a good time for children to sit down and think
List of contrastive
about what they have learned in school.
points (cons)
Furthermore they claim that the school day is too short to get anything done. It makes sense to
send home tasks like independent reading or further writing task which do not need the teacher
support.
I think, on balance, that some homework is good idea but that should only be given at the
Recommendation
weekend when children have more time.
Taken from http://understandingtext.blogspot.com/2009/05/reading-discussion-text.html
TASK 1
Read the following text and then answer the questions!

The issue we are discussing is whether women need higher education or not. Some people think that there is no
use for women to get higher education, for women’s main role is in the household and surrounding. Higher education
does not ensure women to get better life, so why bother about it?
On the other hand, some other people believe that women also have right to pursue higher education. They claim
that education is important for everyone, including women, because it is one way to improve the quality of life. Therefore
every woman must get education as high as they can pursue.
In summary, women have the same right as men’s to get higher education. However it is also their right to take the
chance or just to leave it.
1. What is the purpose of the text? 3. What is the conclusion of the above text?
(A) To present (at least) two points of view (A) Women do not have the same right as
about women’s education men’s to get higher education
(B) To retell the events for the purpose of (B) Women’s main role is to get higher
entertaining the readers education for their lives
(C) To persuade the reader that the women’s (C) There is no use for woman to get higher
education is the case education
(D) To persuade the reader that something (D) Women have the same right as men’s to get
should or should not be the case higher education but they have right to
(E) To report that women’s education is not choose their own way
important in their future lives (E) There is an option for women for study
2. We can find opposition argument of the text in 4. The word ‘in summary’ can be best replaced with
paragraph … …
(A) 1 (D) 1 and 2 (A) in brief (D) after all
(B) 2 (E) 2 and 3 (B) in conclusion (E) eventually
(C) 3 (C) nevertheless

The first commercial television broadcast was made in April 20, 1939 by Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Since
1939, it has become one of the most important facts of modern life. Television is very much part of the modern world. Its
effects are felt all over the world.
Television has a great influence on our ideas about what is right and wrong about the way we should behave, and
about life in general. Sometimes, the values and life styles that we get from television are in conflict with those that are
taught at home and, at school. Critics of television point out that crime and western programs often appeal to a taste of
violence, while many games show appear to greed. Many critics also believe that television should be used for socially
constructive purposes as well as for entertainment. Television is a reflection of the modern world, say some people. It
shows contemporary society. It affects customs and culture, other say. Television is bad for culture because it keeps
culture from growing, say still others.
Good or bad, television is difficult to avoid. Its pictures enter homes, stores, airports, and factories. It is here to
stay!
5. What is the topic of the whole text? (B) Having a television is a sign of modern life
(A) The social constructive purpose shown by (C) Television doesn’t keep culture growing
television program (D) Television cannot be used for business
(B) The different opinions on the influence of (E) Many games show constructive value
TV program
(C) The educational aspects included by TV 7. The following TV programs give bad influence on
program people, except that is related to …
(D) The cultural values reflected by TV program (A) the ideas about what is right or wrong
(E) The useful influence of television program (B) crime and western culture
(C) values and life style
6. Which of these sentences is TRUE according to (D) greed appealing games
the text? (E) a taste of violence
(A) Television can influence all aspects in our
life
8. “It affects customs and culture, other say.” 9. “Critics of television point out that crime and
(paragraph 3) western programs appeal to a taste of violence
The underlined word means … to greed.” (paragraph 1)
(A) alters (D) modifies ‘violence’ means …
(B) causes (E) influences (A) destruction (D) wildness
(C) changes (B) brutality (E) danger
(C) hostility
TASK 2
Is Tourism Good for a Community?
Lots of tourists visit our town but many people argue about whether that is good or bad for the community. Each
side has good reasons for their point of view.
Those in favor of the tourist industry say that tourism brings money to the town and creates employment.
Business owners say it promotes development in the town therefore everyone benefits from having better facilities and
more shops. Supporters also argue that tourism develops a better understanding of other cultures so the town people
become more tolerant.
People against tourism say that most of the tourist dollars are spent in international hotels owned by foreign
interests so the town gets very little financial benefit. They point out that new developments have caused traffic and
water supply problems that were not there in the past. In addition, they argue that there have been several unpleasant
incidents in the community indicating that the local community resents tourists.
The local council tries to please both sides. It promotes tourism but restricts new development because of the
traffic and water supply problems.
Source: www.writingfun.com
1. How many reasons support the idea of tourism’s being good for community?
___________________________________________________________
2. What is the main idea of paragraph 2?
___________________________________________________________
3. Explain the idea which is against the idea of tourism!
___________________________________________________________
4. What is the antonym of the word ‘foreign’? (paragraph 3)
___________________________________________________________
5. What conclusion is taken from the text?
___________________________________________________________
TASK 3
Complete the text with the correct words in the box!
a. care b. significant c. reasons d. countryside e. peaceful
f. barrier g. immunity h. inadequacy i. psychological j. commercial
There are many (1) ____________ why one should live in the countryside and this essay will highlight some of the
advantages and disadvantages of living in the countryside.
The best reason why one should live in the countryside is the amount of space available there. The countryside
offers us much more land to live on. We can live in our own house with our own private garden. This enhances the spirit
of independence and helps good (2) ____________ growth. Nature is everywhere and abundant: there is a large variety
of flora and fauna life.
In the countryside, one can live in a calm and (3) ____________ environment without the immediate stress of
work, noise and pollution. Living amidst nature makes us physically strong and stable. It also provides prevention of many

diseases while medical facilities in urban areas provide only cures. One example proves the point: the smell and aroma
coming to our lungs and body from plants and muck increase our (4) ____________ and enable us to fight many diseases.
Another advantage of living in countryside is that, people usually live in close knit communities. People there have
much more fellow feelings and come to each other’s help in need and emergencies. It is beneficial to have a bond with
our community members, as they will, in turn, offer us immediate (5) ____________, support and emotional comfort in
life.
In economic terms villages are vitally important because a country’s food is grown in villages and supply of raw
materials for industry comes from the countryside. Villages are a silent part of a nation’s (6) ____________ activities.
Of course there are some disadvantages of the countryside, some serious and some less. There is the problem of
communication. Communication here not only means telecommunication, but also transportations. In this case, the
countryside sometimes lacks both. Involving telecommunication, service providers do not usually provide proper TV or
telephone reception. Only recently has mobile telecommunication reduced this (7) ____________. There is then the
problem of travel. Usually, the countryside is situated quite far from the cities, and road networks are not available or are
quite poor.
Other difficulties also arise due to the location of the village. For example the village is located far from a city;
there may be a limited commercial activity. As a result of it, a wide variety of goods and services are not easily available.
This is quite (8) ____________, as goods and services such as clothes, technology, modern and adequate healthcare,
higher education etcetera may not be at people’s doors and for those they have to travel to urban centers. It is an issue
because villages may only be able to provide a primary and secondary education, but students will have to travel to cities
to receive college and higher education. There is also absence of institutions of technical education. Another (9)
____________ is linked to absence of modern healthcare. There is also sanitation problem. Even today, there are some
villages which have open air latrines, and this reduces the quality of hygiene.
In conclusion, living in the (10) ____________ has both its charms and its difficulties. Now, decide yourself, where
you prefer to live in.
Source: http://www.helium.com/items/848936-the-pros-and-cons-of-living-in-the-countryside?page=2
2. CERTAINTY AND UNCERTAINTY

Inquiring about Showing certainty Showing uncertainty
Are you I am absolutely sure/certain/that … I don’t know for sure.
sure/certain/ Positively I’m not so sure that …
positive about it? Definitely. I’m not a hundred percent sure.
Is that definite? I am a hundred percent sure. I don’t know yet.
There is no doubt about it. Not as far as I know.
I am sure. I’m not so sure I believe that.
I am convinced … I doubt it.
There is no question about it (in my mind)
I have no doubt (at all)
A : I am considering going for the new job that was posted yesterday.
B : Are you certain that is what you want to do?
A : It may not be the best choice for me, but I am considering it.
B : Why do you think that this would be a good move?
A : I believe that it would allow me to move up but might be a little boring for me.
B : Yes, there are always pros and cons to making a career change.
A : Also, the matter of pay is also a consideration.
B : I think the slight pay decrease might be worth it. The benefits are much better.
A : Yes, sometimes giving up a little to move forward is the best choice.
B : I think you definitely should apply for the position.
www.eslfast.com

3. REGRET AND APOLOGIZE

Expressing regret
If I had (hadn’t) … I regret being rude and underestimating you.
I would (wouldn’t) have … I wish I hadn’t made that mistake.
I regret doing … If I had studied hard, I wouldn’t have failed on my exam.
I regret …
I wish I hadn’t done that.
Apologizing Giving apology
I am so sorry. Your apology is accepted.
I do apologize then. Ok then, just don’t do it again.
Well, I must make my apology. It’s alright as long as …
Please forgive me. It doesn’t matter, don’t worry.
I’d like to apologize for …ing Don’t worry about it.
I don’t mean to make things difficult for you. No problem.
I don’t mean to give you hard time. Not to worry.
I’m awfully/really/ sorry. These things will do happen.
Mom : Putri, did you break the vase?

Putri : Yes, Mom. I broke it this morning. I’m so sorry. I didn’t mean that.
Mom : It’s OK. Just be careful when you play in the living room next time.
TASK 4
Fill in the following dialog using the proper expressions in the box!
a. Don’t worry about that. f. I’m terribly sorry for breaking your front window.
b. What should I do now. g. I appreciate your courage in admitting your mistake.
c. Just be careful next time. h. thanks for your kindness.
d. What brings you here. i. You must apologize and take a responsibility.
e. It was an accident. j. Thank you, Sir.
Danu and his friends were playing football in the yard in front of Mr. Harahap’s, their neighbor’s house. Suddenly, Danu
kicked the ball too hard and it broke one of the windows. Danu went to see Mr. Harahap to admit his mistake.
Danu : Oops! … Oh no! I broke the window! (1) … …?
Hadi : You’d better tell Mr. Harahap and apologize. Don’t worry, Totok, Darma and I will come with you.
Danu : But I really didn’t mean it.
Totok : We know that. But still … it’s your fault. (2) … … for what you have done.
Darma : Don’t be afraid, Mr. Harahap is not so bad, he can listen to reason.
Several minutes later …
Danu : Good afternoon, Mr. Harahap.
Mr. Harahap : Good afternoon, boys. (3) … …? Please come in and take a seat.
Danu : No, thank, Sir. I only want to tell you that (4) … . I didn’t really mean it. (5) … …
Anyway, I will take a responsibility for the cost of repairing that broken window.
Mr. Harahap : Well, Danu, (6) … You don’t have to. You are such a good and responsible boy. (7) … …
Danu : (8) … … I promise it won’t happen again.
Mr. Harahap : (9) … … Now, you can go home.
Danu : All right, Sir. Once again, (10) … …
Mr. Harahap : It’s not such a big deal, but thanks for telling me. At least now I know what happened. Goodbye, boys!
Danu : Thank you, Mr. Harahap. Bye!

TASK 5
1. Mrs. Aditya : If I don’t have certificate showing 5. Anne : I can’t believe that this is my last day
ownership of property for the here.
guarantee, will the bank lend me Bob : You’re leaving today?
some money? Anne : Yes. I’m so nervous about this.
Mrs. Harry : I can’t say that for sure. Bob : I’m sure it will be fine.
Anne : I don’t know it will be so different.
The underlined expression is used to express … Bob : I thought you wanted a change.
(A) dissatisfaction (D) uncertainty Anne : Yes, I did. And I wanted more paying. But
(B) disappointment (E) dislike I’m not sure it was the right thing to do.
(C) disagreement Bob : Stop worrying. Everything will be fine.
2. Policeman : Your truck causes too much From the dialogue we can conclude that Anne
pollution. was … about her decision.
Driver : Oh. … …, officer. (A) pleased (D) satisfied
Policeman : Please consult mechanic about it! (B) curious (E) contented
Driver : Yes, I will. (C) doubtful
(A) Why not (D) Congratulation
(B) I’m sorry (E) Don’t mention it 6. Mother : When the price of petrol rises, the
(C) How come price of all basic commodities
follows to rise. It always happens
3. A : ‘I’m very surprised to find my sister’s like this.
house empty; neighbors said that she Father : … that our income will be
had moved to her new house.’ sufficient if there is no increase in
B : …… our salary.
(A) You should have known that.
(B) No wonder. (A) I am sure (D) It’s possible
(C) Oh, you don’t know? (B) It’s certain (E) I doubt
(D) I’m sorry that you don’t know about it. (C) I am pleased
(E) Nobody told you?
7. Kelly : Dina looked so happy. I wonder what
4. Ann : I saw a new novel in my studying desk. makes her like that.
Did I just buy it? Lucky : I’m pretty sure it’s because of her good
Billy : What do you mean? math test.
Ann : Well, as far as I know, I didn’t. Kelly : You sure? I didn’t see any paper test.
Lucky : Well, she probably has save it in her bag.
According to the dialogue, which one is true? Kelly : Okay.
(A) Ann was curious she bought the novel
(B) Billy was sure he bought the novel From the dialogue, we may conclude that Lucky
(C) Ann wasn’t sure she bought the novel was … … that Dina got a good math score.
(D) Ann was worried she bought the novel (A) doubtful (D) certain
(E) Billy was afraid Ann bought the novel (B) regretting (E) worry
(C) asking

CHAPTER 19
1. ADVERTISEMENT
Advertisement is a public announcement in a newspaper, television, or internet advertising something such as a product
for sale, services offered or an event.
The generic structure of advertisement in English text can be seen below:

1) Purpose : What is the purpose of the writer to compose the advertisement text?
2) Name of the product : this is about name and brand. What product, service or events to sell?
3) User : Who need the product? What are the products and services for?
TASK 1
This text is for numbers 1 – 4. 1. The Surakarta Post is looking for a female who is
qualified in …
(A) speaking English
The Surakarta Post, the real newspaper in (B) reporting news on TV
Surakarta, calls for a qualified reporter. The (C) writing news report
following qualifications are required: (D) making news illustration
1. female, not more than 30 years old; (E) managing news department
2. university degree from a reputable
university; 2. Here are some qualifications needed, except …
3. able in English both spoken and written,
(A) 29 years old girl
TOEFL score of at least 550;
4. highly motivated; (B) speaking English fluently
5. willing to take a series of tests. (C) mastering in composition
(D) hard worker
Please send your application letter in (E) university student
English, your curriculum vitae, recent
photograph, a photocopy of your ID card, a 3. What does “HRD” stand for?
photocopy of diploma, and a photocopy of (A) Hard Resource Department
TOEFL score to HRD the Surakarta Post. (B) Human Resort Department
PO.BOX 555, Surakarta, 57100
(C) Human Resource Department
Not more than 17th July 2017
(D) Humanism resource Department
(E) Headlines Report Department

4. The following dates are the possibility of the 8. What position is offered in the advertisement?
applicants to send their application form, except (A) Salesman (D) Office staff
… (B) Wholesaler (E) Director assistant
(A) on 17th July 2017 (D) on 18th July 2017 (C) Accountant
(B) on 10th July 2017 (E) on 16th July 2017
th
(C) on 15 July 2017 9. Apply with Curriculum Vitae to Mrs. Barton.
What information should the applicant include in
The text is for questions number 5 and 6. it?
WHEN REQUESTING (A) Experience in managing a company
INFORMATION (B) A statement of salary wanted
(C) A proof of knowing about stationery
Please feel free to contact our information center, (D) A statement of responsibility
toll free, at (800) 555-6843. Call during off peak (E) A statement of education background and
times. The busiest day is Monday, and the busiest work experiences
hours each day are between 12:00 and 02:00. The
telephone center is open from 09:00 a.m. to 05.00 This text is for numbers 10– 11.
p.m. Monday through Friday.
5. What is the worst time to call?

(A) Friday at 4:00 p.m.
(B) Monday from noon to 2:00
(C) Any day except Monday
(D) Tuesday through Friday from 12:00 to 2:00
(E) Monday through Friday from 12:00 to 2:00
6. How many days is the center open?

(A) two days (D) five days
(B) three days (E) six days
(C) four days
The text is for questions number 7 – 9.

Company Accountant 10. What is the purpose of the text?
(A) To describe the Dream Hotel
Expanding wholesaler of stationery and office (B) To announce how to make a reservation
equipment requires (C) To invite business travel to stay in kraton
 A responsibility accountant for director to run Hotel
smoothly the company finance with good salary (D) To promote Kraton Hotel to the people
and good working condition for good applicant.
(E) To promote business center to the people
Apply with Curriculum Vitae to:
Mrs. Barton
11. “… with luxurious facilities covering private …”
Office Equipment Word and Efficiency Works
PO BOX 36 Whistle Woods UK What does the word luxurious mean?
(A) complete (D) nasty
7. In which section would you likely read the ads? (B) excellent (E) conventional
(A) Company for sale (C) interesting
(B) Office equipment
(C) Job vacancy
(D) Entertainment guide
(E) Stationery and office
This text is for numbers 12. 12. What does the advertisement offer the readers?
It offers …
Wanted for new broadcast company in Jakarta (A) salary per month
(B) men and women with a good understanding
Men and women with a good understanding of
the English language, i.e. reading, writing, and of English
speaking. Salary is $ 170 (USD per month) (C) career opportunity
Please call: (D) new broadcast company
0876-709 4600 (E) an investment in broadcast company
hrd@newbroadcast.com
2. CONJUNCTIONS THAT SHOW CAUSE-EFFECTS RELATIONSHIP
A cause is something that makes something else happen. It is the reason.

An effect is the result of the cause.
Because effects always have causes and causes always lead to effects, we rarely see one without the other.
Following words are used in a cause and effect sentence:

therefore, accordingly : olehkarenaitu because, as, since, for : karena (diikutikalimat)
consequently : akibatnya because of, due to : karena (diikutifrasa)
so : jadi so… that … : sangat … sehingga …
thus : maka such … that … : sangat … sehingga …
so that : sehingga For that reason : Karenaitu
The ball rolled because someone kicked it.
Someone kicked the ball, so it rolled.
Since someone kicked the ball, it rolled.
Someone kicked the ball. As a result, it rolled.
TASK 2
1. Because he was tired, he scored poorly on the 3. Since July 4th is a holiday, … … … have to go to
exam, … … … into the university. work.
(A) this will cause him not to be admitted (A) so we do not
(B) this is a fact which will cause him to not be (B) we do not
admitted (C) as a result, we do not
(C) a fact which will cause him to not be (D) thus, we do not
admitted
(D) a fact which will cause him to not admit 4. Fabiana will not go to work today … … … a bit ill.
(A) she is (C) because she
2. … … … the TOEFL with a score of 550, he will be (B) because she is (D) which is she is
admitted into the university.
(A) Now that he passes 5. … … … have to work today, we should go to
(B) That he has passed Laguna Beach.
(C) Now, he has passed (A) For we do not (C) We do not
(D) Now that he has passed (B) Since we do not (D) Since we do no

6. … … … is important since most professional jobs 12. Because of the extreme fatigue … … … a
require writing skills. marathon, most runners must train for several
(A) Learn how to write months before they are sufficiently conditioned.
(B) Learning how write (A) which involved in running
(C) Learning how to write (B) involving in running
(D) Learning how to write it is (C) involved in running
(D) involved in run
7. … … …, he will return back to the United States to
study English. 13. … … … fifty-five miles per week for ten
(A) Had Yousef taken care of his business in consecutive weeks, you are ready to run a
Saudi Arabia marathon.
(B) Now that Yousef has taken care his business (A) You have trained at a rate of
in Saudi Arabia (B) Now that you have trained at a rate of
(C) Now that Yousef has taken care of his (C) Now that you have trained at a rate of so
business in Saudi Arabia (D) Now that you train at a rate
(D) Yousef has taken care of his business in
Saudi Arabia but 14. He hasn't lifted any weights … … … his right arm.
(A) since he injures (C) since he injured
8. … … …, the temperature should begin dropping. (B) since he injure (D) he injured
(A) Now that the sun setting
(B) Now that the sun set 15. … … … any trout (=fish) yet, she is going to
(C) The sun setting change the bait she is using.
(D) Now that the sun has set (A) Because Ivy has not catched
(B) Ivy has not caught
9. … … …, the research paper is beneficial to (C) Because Ivy has not caught
students since it requires them to critically think, (D) Because Ivy had not caught
read, and write about a specific body of
knowledge in which they have an interest. 16. Alfredo, … … … high academic aspirations, cannot
(A) A requirement at most universities pay his tuition now that his father is
(B) It is a requirement at most universities unemployed.
(C) A requirement at most universities it is (A) has (C) who he has
(D) Requirement at most universities (B) who has (D) have had
10. … … … over, I am ready to enter the job market, 17. … … … Asian economic crisis, it has been very
so I will begin to send out my résumé to hard for Ai and her family to pay their bills.
prospective employers. (A) The (C) Because the
(A) Now that my universities studies have been (B) Since the (D) Since
(B) Now, that my universities studies are
(C) Now that my universities studies are 18. Now that he has moved to my town, we can see
(D) My universities studies are each other regularly.
The underlined words means … … to my town we
11. Waldo, … … …, has learned a great deal of English can see each other regularly.
since he came to the U.S. (A) before he has moved
(A) he is a practicing lawyer from Chile (B) because he has moved
(B) who a practicing lawyer is from Chile (C) although he has moved
(C) a practicing lawyer from Chile (D) provided that he has moved
(D) a practicing lawyer from Chile who

3. COMPLAINING
Expressing Complaint Responding to complaint
 I’m sorry to say this, but this room is  I’m so extremely sorry (for…)
very dirty.  Please forgive me/us (for …)
 This is crazy.  I (would like to) apologize for ….
 It is not as good as I expected.  Please accept our sincerest apologies.
 This is very bad.  We were very sorry to hear that …
 I want to complain about this pizza.  We wonder if you would be willing to accept …
 Well, this is the most unsatisfactory  In order to show how sorry we are, we would
service I’ve ever had. like to offer you …
 Something must be done.  We will shortly/soon be back to normal service
 You may be assured that this won’t
A : Good morning. Can I help you?
B : I’d like to make a complaint about my holiday in Hawaii last week.
A : I’m sorry to hear that. What exactly was the problem?
B : First of all the bus taking us to the hotel broke down and we had to wait for over two hours in the sweltering heat
before a replacement arrived. Then when we got to the hotel we found our room hadn’t been cleaned.
A : Oh dear, did you complain to the hotel staff?
B : Of course, but we were told all the chambermaids were off duty. Anyway, that’s not all. The people in the room above
sounded like they were having all-night parties, every night. I demanded another room but the receptionist told me
was full.
A : I do apologize. I’d like to offer you a 20% discount on the price of one of our autumn breaks as a gesture of goodwill.
B : A 20% discount? You must be joking. I want to see the manager.
4. DENIAL
Expressing Denial Responding Denial
 That isn’t quite right.  Thank you for bringing that to my
 I think you might be mistaken. attention.
 That’s just not true.  Thank you for pointing that out.
 Actually, …  Thank you for correcting me. (on that)
Ria : I heard that your sister won swimming competition last week?
Leah : Yes, that’s true. Who say so?
Ria : My brother told me yesterday. You came there too, right?
Leah : No, that’s not true. I didn’t come because I had to attend a meeting.
Ria : Oh, I’m sorry I was mistaken.
5. EXPRESSING WARNING AND NOTICES

Formal Informal Giving Notices
 Let me warn you.  Beware. Beware of …  Out of order. (rusak)
 I must warn you that …  Be careful of …  No vacancies.
 You should beware of …  Don’t … (tidakadalowongan)
 On no account should we ….  Keep watch on …  Sold out. (terjualhabis)
 In no circumstances should we …  Look out!  Important! (penting)
 I have to warn you that …  Make sure you …  Confidential! (rahasia)
 Watch your step, please.  Mind …
 Beware of the pickpockets.  Mind you … (don’t) …
 Be careful!  Take care to/not to …
 Watch out!  Watch out for …
 Don’t ….or you will ….  You can’t …

Mirna : “Mom, let me go out for a while, please?”

Mother : “Where are you going to, Mir?”
Mirna : “I’d like to visit Ririn. She got accident this morning. She is in the hospital now.”
Mother : “Okay, but take care when you drive! The road is very slippery.”
Mirna : “Thank you, Mom.”
TASK 3
1. A : “This is the third time you do not submit Salas : How can you say that? He is always be
your paper on time.” __(5)__making trouble here.
B : “I’m sorry, but there was a virus in my Riri : You can’t accuse him like that. Even though I
computer.” will say that __(6)__his parents for their
A : “...” ignorance.
B : “I told the truth, Sir.”
(A) I know it’s true. 4. ...
(B) I can’t trust you. (A) accuse him (D) find you
(C) Don’t say that it’s the truth (B) assure you (E) call him
(D) Do you really expect me to believe that? (C) blame him
(E) Oh yes, I quite agree that’s the case.
5. ...
2. Rossa : “You shouldn’t stick your tongue like (A) the one to accuse me
that. Look, the child is crying.” (B) the innocent boy who is
Husin : “... “ (C) the persons who finds fault with
Rossa : “You’re wrong. You’re the only person (D) the man who accuses of
who could have done it.” (E) the one who should be responsible with
What will Husin say to deny Rossa’s statement?
(A) Could you tell the truth? 6. ...
(B) Maybe it’s me the one who did it. (A) I know (D) I convince
(C) It was only me in this room. (B) I assume (E) I blame
(D) That isn’t right. (C) I persuade
(E) You’re so impolite!
7. “Before you begin, you should make sure that
3. MrAzhar : Dhani, you didn’t clean the room by the stove works.”
yourself, did you? The above sentence is to …
Dhani : That’s right. Mother did it. (A) command (D) permit
MrAzhar : … (B) complain (E) prohibit
(A) And you don’t admit it? (C) ask for information
(B) It’s good you admitted that.
(C) You’re not alone. 8. Duncan : Lisa, look! The plate is broken. What
(D) Never mind. have you done?
(E) You’re forgiven. Lisa : … ...Even I don’t know about it.
(A) I have no idea about it.
Text below is for number 4 – 6. (B) I should admit I’ve done it.
Salas : Jajang must have done it. Spilling the milk on (C) I know who did that.
the table. (D) Are you accusing me of breaking the plate?
Riri : Hey, you don’t have any proof. I think you (E) Are you accusing me of knowing nothing?
couldn’t ___(4)__ directly for it.

CHAPTER 20
1. REVIEW
1. Definition
Review text is an evaluation of publication, such as a movie, video game, musical composition, book; a piece of
hardware like a car, home appliance, or computer; or an event or performance, such as a live concert, a ply,
musical theatre show or dance show.
2. Social Function
To review/evaluate a publication or human work.
To criticize an art work or an event for public audience. (movies, TV shows, books, plays, operas, recordings,
exhibitions, concerts, and ballets)
1) Orientation/Introduction: General information of the text.
2) Interpretative Recount: Summary of an art works including character and plot.
3) Evaluation: Concluding statement: Judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one.
4) Summary: The last opinion consist the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.
1) Specific participant : terfokus pada partisipan (karya) tertentu.
2) Perspective adjective : kata sifat yang menunjukkan sikap atau penilaian (good, bad, wonderful)
3) Long and complex sentence : menggunakan kalimat panjang dan berstruktur kompleks
4) Metaphor : gaya bahasa metafora
My father is a rock. (very strong or reliable person)
America is a melting pot. (place with different people, cultures, and styles)
Structure Dee’s PerahuKertas

PerahuKertas is another great novel written by Dewi Lestari, who is well-known as Dee. It was initially
a serial entitled Kugy and Keenan. The stories were written in 1996, which came to ‘apparent death’
Orientation/
for 11 years. The stories were then rewritten in 2007 and became Dee’s first popular-genre-based
Introduction
novel. The novel was launched as a digital novel (in format of WAP) in 2008 before it was published in
2009.
The novel is about Kugy and Keenan. Kugy is a cute messy little girl who loves to write fairy tales. She
used to float a paper boat on every river she came across, around her house. She believes that she is
a Neptune’s agent and floating the paper boat is a way to communicate with her ‘boss’. Keenan, on
Interpretative the other hand, is a painter who is also an excellent college student. He is keen on painting and
Recount dreams of becoming a great painter, but his father shows less support to his talent. Both Kugy and
Keenan, the main characters of the novel, fall in love with each other, but they face difficulties in their
relationship. However, they can deal with them and finally, they can be one. They also work together,
Kugy as a writer of fairy tales and Keenan as the illustrator of Kugy’s stories.
Besides a love story, this novel also tells about the struggle in making dreams come true, choices,
friendship, self and family’s conflicts. The complex yet understandable stories are described in
different settings of places, like the Netherlands, Jakarta, Bandung and Ubud (Bali) and in a range of
Evaluation
time from 1999 to 2003. The plot flows gradually and is easy to follow. It also enables the readers to
engage their emotions to the characters’ life story. Curiosity is also evoked when reading each part of
the stories.
The novel is filmed under the same title PerahuKertas and starred MaudyAyunda and AdipatiDolken.
Summary Due to the long duration of the film, it was divided into two parts. The first part was initially played in
August 2012, and the second part was launched in October 2012.

TASK 1
Read the following text to answer question number 1– 5.

Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
By J.K. Rowling
Reviewed by Emily Kremer
The story takes place in modern times, in England. The main character is Harry Potter. Harry Potter is a wizard. He
goes to a school for witches and wizards, called Hogwarts.
It’s Harry’s second year at Hogwarts. He and his two best friends, Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, are having a
great time learning magic. There is a new professor, Gilderoy Lockhart who all the witches are crazy about! Professor
Lockhart keeps hogging Harry, because the professor thinks that Harry tries to get attention to be famous! While all the
witches at school love the new professor, all of the wizards think he is a big joke!
After a month of school at Hogwarts, strange attacks begin to happen. First, the caretaker’s cat, Mrs. Norris, has
been found, not died, but petrified! Not only was Filch’s cat attacked, but some of the Muggle-born students at Hogwarts
have been found petrified, also. Naturally, most of the students are frightened at this, but they become even more scared
when the next victim to be found petrified is the Gryfindor ghost. Nearly headless Nick!
What kind of monster is powerful enough to kill someone who is already dead? Who will be the next victims of the
monster at Hogwarts? Will the victims ever be revived? To find out, you must read Harry Potter and the Chamber of
Secrets. I have to say that the story was bright, fast paced, intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.
I like this book because it keeps me wanting to read next page, and the next, and so on. The book is definitely a
page-turner! I recommend this book to nine years old and over.
1. What does the writer write the text for? 4. “While all the witches at school love the new
(A) To entertain the reader with the story of professor, all of the wizards think he is a big
Harry Potter joke!” (paragraph 2)
(B) To describe the book of Harry Potter and The word ‘he” refers to …
the Chamber of Secrets (A) Harry Potter (D) Ron Weasley
(C) To retell an interesting events (B) Gilderoy Lockhart (E) The wizard
(D) To discuss about the book of Harry Potter (C) Hermione Granger
and the Chamber of Secret
(E) To give comment on the book of Harry 5. Which of the following statement is TRUE
Potter and the Chamber of Secret according to the text?
(A) The setting of the book is the ancient age.
2. The main character of the book is … (B) The major character of the story is Harry
(A) an elementary student Potter.
(B) a wizard teacher (C) As soon as Harry enters his witch school,
(C) a wizard student there is a strange attack.
(D) an ugly boy (D) Professor Gilderoy Lockhart is a kind wizard.
(E) a wicked boy (E) Mrs Norris, the caretaker’s cat was killed by
a monster.
3. “Naturally, all of the students are frightened at
this, …” (paragraph 3)
What is the synonym of the underlined word?
(A) scared (D) embarrassed
(B) ashamed (E) anxious
(C) annoyed


Excerpt from the Chamber of Commerce Restaurant review
brochure
Dilly’s Deli provides a dining experience like no Yesterday, I was exposed to what has been called “a dining
other! A rustic atmosphere, along with experience like no other.” At lunchtime, Dilly’s Deli is so crowded, I
delicious food, provides an opportunity to soak wondered when the fire marshal had last visited the establishment.
up the local flavour. Recently relocated to the The line snaked out the door to the corner, and by the time I reached
old market area, Dilly’s is especially popular for the counter, I was freezing. I decided on the hamburger steak special;
lunch. At the counter, you can place your order the other specials being liver and onions or tuna casserole.
for one of Dilly’s three daily lunch specials or Each special is offered with two side dishes, but there was no potato
one of several sandwiches, all at reasonable salad left and the green beans were cooked nearly beyond
prices. Once you get your food, choose a seat recognition. I chose the gelatin of the day and what turned out to be
at one of the four charming communal tables. the blandest coleslaw I have ever eaten.
By the time you are ready to carry your paper At Dilly’s, you sit at one of four long tables. The couple sitting across
plate to the trash bin, you have experienced from me was having an argument. The truck driver next to me told
some of the best and one of the most me more than I wanted to know about highway taxes. After I had
charming companies our city has to offer. tasted all of the food on my plate, I rose to leave, whereupon one of
the people working behind the counter yelled at me to clean up after
myself. Throwing away that plate of food was the most enjoyable part
of dining at Dilly’s.
Source: 501 Reading comprehension questions
6. If you go to lunch at Dilly’s Deli, you could expect (C) “After I had tasted all of the food on my
to see… plate, I rose to leave, whereupon one of the
(A) a long line of costumers people working behind the counter yelled at
(B) the fire marshal me to clean up after myself.”
(C) the restaurant critic from the newspaper (D) “Throwing away that plate of food was the
(D) homemade pie most enjoyable part of dining at Dilly’s.”
(E) the culinary (E) None of the quotation is correct.
7. Both passage suggest that if you eat lunch at 9. The main purpose of the restaurant review is to
Dilly’s Deli, you should expect to … …
(A) sit next to a truck driver (A) tell people they probably don’t want to eat
(B) place your order with the waiter who comes at Dilly’s Deli
to your table (B) make fun of couples who argue in public
(C) dress warmly (C) recommend the hamburger steak special
(D) give comment about the restaurant (D) suggest people to revisit there
(E) carry your own food to your table (E) warn people that Dilly’s Deli tends to be
crowded
8. Which of the following illustrates the restaurant
critic’s opinion of the food at Dilly’s Deli? 10. The main purpose of the Chamber of Commerce
(A) “At Dilly’s, you sit at one of four long brochure is to …
tables.” (A) profile the owner of Dilly’s Deli
(B) “At lunchtime, Dilly’s Deli is so crowded, I (B) explain how the meal is cooked in Dilly’s Deli
wondered when the fire marshal had last (C) describe in detail the food served at Dilly’s
visited the establishment.” Deli
(D) encourage people to eat at Dilly’s Deli
(E) explain the historical significance of the
Dilly’s Deli Building

MODALS
Present Modals Past Modal Perfective

Modal Arti Fungsi modal Arti Fungsi Modal Arti Fungsi
Sesuatuhal
Kemampuan yang
yang dimiliki sebenarnya
kemampuan pada waktu Could dapat/bisa bias terjadi di
Can Bisa/dapat/ yang dimiliki Could Bisa/dapat/ lampau, have + saja ... masa lampau,
mampu sekarang. mampu ungkapan V3/been namun tapi tidak
kemungkinan permintaan terjadi karena
halus/sopan suatu alasan.
 I can handle the problem by myself.

 Rinicould dance beautifully when she was a kid.
 I could have gone to Oxford University but I preferred Harvard.
Bentuk
lampau dari Kemungkinan/
Izin, may, Mungkin praduga dari
kemungkinan Might
May Boleh/ kemungkinan Might Boleh/ might terjadi have + sudah/ apa yang
mungkin pada masa mungkin lebih kecil V3/been mungkin sudah terjadi
sekarang/nanti daripada may saja di masa
lampau.
 You may go to the mall this night.

 Alex might be late yesterday.
 Her mother might have put mustard on her sandwich. She hopes not.
Kesimpulan
logis
Keharusan berdasarkan
Harus/ mutlak, Keharusanmutlak, Bentuk Must fakta yang
Must wajib/ pasti kesimpulan Had to kesimpulan logis lampau dari have + Pasti sudah sudah ada/
logis must V3/been terjadi di masa
lampau
 I must do my homework soon.

 I had to meet my sister yesterday.
 They must have practiced a lot because they're very good musicians.
Tindakan yang
akan terjadi di
Bentuk masa lampau,
Tindakan yang lampau dari tapi sampai
akan terjadi, will, Would pada
Will Akan/ mau kemauan, Would Akan/ mau kebiasaan have + akan waktunya
perintah yang V3/been tindakan itu
berulang di tidak
masa lampau dilakukan.
 I will go to Jakarta next week.

 He would be punished before he escaped.
 This house of cards would have fallen over if the person who built it hadn't been so careful.
Sesuatu yang
seharusnya
sudah terjadi/
Bentuk lampau dilakukan di
dari shall, waktu lampau,
Should/ saran/ anjuran, Should Semestinya tapi karena
Ought Seharusnya harapan, - - - have + sudah suatu hal
to kemungkinan V3 maka tidak
yang kuat terjadi/
dilakukan.
 She asked me what should be typed.

 The girl shouldn't have spun around so many times. She fell down.

TASK 2
1. ‘Isna could not read the French text on traveling.’ 6. ‘The airline should have accepted the application
‘Her brother who graduated from French Letters letter of Agus, an experienced pilot.’
Department ____ translate it for her.’ This means that: ___
(A) may help (A) The airline hired Agus
(B) should have helped (B) Agus refused the work for the airline
(C) would rather help (C) The airline did not receive Agus’ application
(D) will have helped (D) Agus was rejected by the airline
(E) might help (E) The airline offered Agus a job
2. There were so many people crowding in the 7. When we got home, we found the front door
street. open. Somebody ______ entered the house
There ______ an accident again. while we were away.
(A) may occur (A) could (D) ought to have
(B) would have occurred (B) would have (E) must have
(C) is supposed to occur (C) should have
(D) must have occurred
(E) ought to occur 8. ‘I finally bought a computer but I’m not satisfied
with it.’
3. ‘Quinn has just missed the first scene of Hamlet ‘That’s too bad. You ____ Darno, our computer
play performance due to the traffic jam.’ technician, for advice.’
‘She _____ the freeway and sped up, instead of (A) should have asked (D) must have asked
taking city high way.’ (B) may have asked (E) would ask
(A) took (D) has to take (C) ought to ask
(B) should take (E) must have taken
(C) should have taken 9. ‘Boni no longer waits for Safrina to eat lunch at
the cafeteria; and he does not call her either.’
4. ‘I wonder what our new neighbor is.’ ‘Well, he ____ no longer be interested in dating
‘He graduated from Indonesian University of her.’
Education last year, so he _____ a teacher now.’ (A) could (D) has to
(A) will be (D) should have (B) ought to (E) may
been (C) should
(B) should be (E) shall be
(C) must have been 10. ‘When I arrived at this office at 3.00, Indra was
not there.’
5. He has been attending the English Conversation ‘Well, he ____ early.’
Course for six months; his English should be (A) should go home
fluent now. (B) must have gone home
The underlined words mean ___ (C) might go home
(A) I am sure that he speaks English fluently. (D) would have gone home
(B) It is possible that he speaks English fluently. (E) had better go home
(C) I expect he speaks English fluently.
(D) He must speak English fluently. 11. ‘Don’t forget to lock your front door when you
(E) I doubt he speaks English fluently. leave.’
‘I ______, my niece will stay at home today.’

(A) not need to (D) won’t lock 17. My teacher is usually late for the class, but he
(B) don’t lock (E) don’t have to has been on time this week. The headmaster … …
(C) shall not … him some advices.
(A) has to give
12. ‘Rini can speak French now.’ (B) ought to have given
‘She must have learned it from her mother.’ (C) would have given
(D) might have
From this dialogue we can conclude that ___ (E) must have given
(A) Rini went to France to study French
(B) Rini’s mother can speak French 18. ‘We could have eaten the ice cream yesterday.’
(C) Rini had to learn French Means…
(D) Rini’s mother forced her to learn French (A) We didn’t eat the ice cream
(E) Rini was unwilling to learn French (B) We have eaten the ice cream
(C) We had to eat ice cream
13. ‘I remember when we were children, Robert ___ (D) We should eat the ice cream
with a big smile that one day he would be (E) We would eat the ice cream
famous.
(A) had to say 19. ‘I sent my application letter yesterday.’
(B) would rather have said ‘That’s too late! You … it last week.’
(C) might have said (A) must (D) must have done
(D) used to say (B) should be doing (E) must be doing
(E) ought to have said (C) should have done
14. ‘It was long and tiring flight from London.’ 20. He … with his friend because his eyes are swollen
‘Well, let me show you to your room then; you and his nose is bleeding.
_____ by now.’ (A) Ought to have fought
(A) can be exhausted (B) Had to have fought
(B) must be exhausted (C) Should have fought
(C) would be exhausted (D) Must have fought
(D) could have been exhausted (E) Would have fought
(E) might have been exhausted
21. We remind her that she … her assignment before
15. ‘Paula fell asleep in class this morning.’ our English teacher comes.
‘She _____ late last night.’ (A) must have finished doing
(A) must stay up (B) must be finished doing
(B) must have stayed up (C) must be finishing doing
(C) would stay up (D) will be finished doing
(D) should have stayed up (E) will have finished doing
(E) ought to stay up
22. “I can’t find my hand phone in my bag!”
16. ‘I could have asked my brother to lift the table.’ “Well, you … in the car. Let’s take a look!”
From this sentence, we may conclude that … (A) may have to leave it
(A) I didn’t lift the table. (B) had to leave it
(B) I lifted the table with the help of my (C) should have left it
brother. (D) might have left it
(C) I asked my brother to lift the table. (E) must leave it
(D) I lifted the table myself.
(E) I would ask my brother to lift the table.

CHAPTER 21
1. DERIVATION
VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE

 --ate  --ary, --aire  --is  --able, --ible
graduate, communicate secretary, millionaire analysis, crisis reasonable, edible
 --en  --an, --ian, --ician  --ism  --ant, --ent
lengthen, widen pedestrian, beautician, criticism, racism distant, present
 --fy librarian, comedian  --ist  --ar, --arious
beautify, clarify, terrify  --ance, --cy, industrialist, pianist, luxurious
 --ed assistance, importance, artist  --al
worked, wanted absence, pregnancy  --ion mortal, partial
 --ing  --dom relation, religion  --ern
singing, fashing kingdom, freedom  --ment northern, southern
 --ize, --yze  --ee enjoyment,  --esque
nationalize, analyze employee, trainee government picturesque, Arabesque
 En—  --er, --ar, --or  --ness  --ful
endanger, encourage, enlarge teacher, liar, tailor coldness, happiness careful, beautiful
 Dis—  --hood  --ship  --ic
dislike, disagree childhood, friendship, leadership economic, bionic
 Mis-- neighborhood  --ity  --ior
misunderstand, miscarry  --ic, --ics density, electricity superior
 Re— logic, physic  --ish
retell, recheck childish, reddish
ADVERB  --ive
 --ly creative, innovative
badly, creatively, beautifully  --ly
 --ward, wards womanly, friendly
backwards, backward  --less
 --wise childless, helpless
 likewise  --like
childlike
Untukmembentuk kata yang berartinegatif, kitadapatmenambahkan un.., dis..., in..., ir..., im..., non-..., mis....
 unhappy  incomplete  impolite  misunderstand
 unusual  indirect  immortal  misspell
 dislike  irregular  non-stop
 disagree  irrational  non-member
TASK 1
Choose the correct answer by analyzing the using of verb, noun, adjective or adverb derivation.
1. Most important, perhaps, people who are well explaining _______ and valuing the child’s points
take active _______ for all matters pertaining to of view—nurture responsibility in children.
their health. (A) decisive (D) decidedly
(A) respond (D) responsive (B) decide (E) decisiveness
(B) response (E) responsibility (C) decisions
(C) responding
3. Indonesian batik is ______recognized.
2. They showed that authoritative parenting (A) international (D) internationally
styles—laying down rules and expectations, but (B) Internationalized (E) internationalizing
(C) Internationalization

4. The star throws of its outer layers in a gigantic 10. “We are trying to find _____ uses for tobacco,”
_____ and its core collapses. says PerlinaBaula of the National Tobacco
(A) explode (D) explosively Administration
(B) exploding (E) explosion (A) alter (D) altering
(C) explosive (B) alternation (E) altered
(C) alternative
5. Oil pollution causes the hair to become matted,
which reduces its ____ as a thermal insulator. 11. The explanation for this phenomenon is that the
(A) effective (D) effectiveness human mind can _____ actual changes in body—
(B) effect (E) effected chemistry as a result of what it believes.
(C) effectively (A) create (D) created
(B) creation (E) creating
6. This structure, which is necessary to maintain the (C) creative
flow of energy and nutrients through the system,
consists of the interactions between hundreds or 12. These generators consisted of mirrors that could
be moved and could thus concentrate large
even thousands of … kinds of plants, animals and
amount of _____ from the sun on blackened
microbes which grow reproduce and die in a
pipes through which water was circulated.
never-ending cycle.
(A) radiate (D) radiating
(A) differ (D) differentiate
(B) radiation (E) radiator
(B) difference (E) different
(C) radiated
(C) differential
13. Even a very small satellite in orbit round the earth

7. An average adult works best with seven or eights,
can be used _____ twice as much electricity as
although some can function with as little as four
the largest conventional power station.
hours and others seem to need ten or more.
(A) product (D) productive
Studies show that people can adapt to somewhat (B) to produce (E) productivity
reduced sleeping schedules without ________ (C) production
adverse effects. But one thing is certain. If you
don’t get your quota, you become cranky, 14. You already know many of the uses of music. In a
nervous and increasingly. movie, music in the background helps ____ your
(A) noticeable (D) notice mood.
(B) notices (E) noticed (A) determination (D) determiner
(C) noticeably (B) determined (E) determine
(C) determining
8. Some brain cells die as a ________ result of the
strokes, but others also die over several hours 15. While a star burns fuel, it will _______ an
because the proteins spilling out of the first cell outward push that counters the inward pull of
that die trigger a chemical chain reaction that gravity.
kills the neighboring cells. (A) produce (D) productive
(A) directly (D) direct (B) product (E) productivity
(B) direction (E) directed (C) production
(C) directive
16. Chimpanzees seem to have _____ talent for
9. Like planets, cities have gravity. The bigger they learning symbolic language under controlled
are the more powerful the _____. conditions.
(A) attract (D) attractive (A) naturally (D) naturalistic
(B) attraction (E) attracted (B) naturalize (E) naturalism
(C) attracting (C) natural

17. So, although it is ideal for young body to be rid of 19. We still need to know more about the kinds of
this _____ substance as quickly as possible, it is ____ that sleep deprivation causes.
the best to take a gradual approach to cutting (A) effective (D) effectual
out coffee in order to achieve the most success (B) effectively (E) effectiveness
pain-free. (C) effects
(A) addict (D) addicted
(B) addiction (E) addicting 20. We know a great deal about the _____ of sleep
(C) addictive and we are beginning to know about the
biochemical changes involved.
18. She told us her experience ______. (A) mechanics (D) mechanically
(A) interestly (D) interested (B) mechanical (E) mechanization
(B) interestingly (E) interestness (C) mechanize
(C) interestedly
2. CONCORD
Subject-Verb Agreement (KesesuaianSubyekdanPredikat)

a) Jika dua subjek dihubungkan oleh “and”, gunakan kata kerja untuk bentuk jamak.
 Niana and Rahmi are responsible for the class cleanliness today.
 Kirin and Sumi are our new classmates.
b) Jika dua subjek dihubungkan oleh “either … or …”, “neither … nor …” dan “not only … but also …” maka kata kerja
yang digunakan harus menyesuaikan dengan subjek yang paling dekat dengan kata kerjanya.
 Either my father or my mother loves diving.
 Neither my sister nor my friends like playing hide and seek.
 Not only the students, but also the teachers are going to attend the final speech competition.
c) Jika kata ganti tak tentu digunakan sebagai Subjek dalam kalimat, maka kata kerja yang digunakan adalah kata
kerja bentuk tunggal.
Kata ganti tak tentu: anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, nobody, no one, somebody,
someone, none.
 Someone has left a wrist watch in the women restroom.
 None of us wants to stay in the office late at night.
 Anyone who wants to attend the seminar has to fill the registration form.
d) Jika collective noun menjadi subjek kalimat, maka kata kerja yang digunakan dapat berbentuk tunggal maupun
jamak, tergantung konteksnya. Tetapi lebih umum digunakan sebagai tunggal.
Collective Nouns: army, audience, board, cabinet, committee, company, corporation, council, department, faculty,
family, firm, group, jury, majority, minority, navy, public, school, team, staff
1) Jika satu kesatuan kelompok melakukan kegiatan yang sama secara bersamaan maka kata kerja yang
digunakan berbentuk tunggal.
 Every afternoon the basketball team follows its coach out to the hot field for practice.
 Today, Dr. Riley’s class takes its first 50-question exam.
2) Jika satu kesatuan kelompok bertindak secara individual, maka kata kerjanya berbentuk plural.
 The team are cooperating well tonight. (Team is seen as many individuals.)
 The herd are running in all different directions! (Herd is seen as many individuals.)
e) Jika subjek kalimat dilengkapi dengan several, both, others, many, atau few maka kata kerja yang digunakan adalah
kata kerja bentuk jamak.
 Many students are working hard to face the National Examination.
 Both Soni and Tata like spending time swimming.
f) Kata benda kolektif berupa kata benda satuan ukuran, uang, berat ataupun waktu, menggunakan kata kerja
bentuk tunggal.
 Five hours is enough time to finish reading these two journals.
 One hundred kilometers is a very long distance by motorcycle.
 Ten thousand rupiahs is a big amount for kindergarten kid.
g) Kata-kata ini selalu diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk jamak: tweezers, binoculars, glasses, shoes, shorts, pajamas,
pliers. Namun bisa dibentuk tunggal dengan melekatkan kata ‘a pair of’
 A pair of shoes in that store is really expensive.
h) Jika kata benda dilekati oleh ‘a number of’ maka bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan adalah bentuk jamak.
Sebaliknya jika menggunakan ‘the number of’ maka kata kerjanya berbentuk tunggal.
 The number of lecturers attends an important meeting in Malaya Hotel.
 A number of employees hold a protests for the low salary.
TASK 2
1. Most of the government officials … with a (A) needs (D) need

luxurious can and a lovely house. (B) they need (E) to need
(A) is accommodated (D) to accommodate (C) he need
(B) are accommodated (E) accommodating
(C) accommodated 6. Blood pressure is measured by feeling the pulse
and …
2. Different interpretations on the same event by (A) to apply pressure to the arm
various newspapers … readers confused and (B) applying pressure to the arm
angry. (C) a pressure to the arm is applied
(A) to make (D) it makes (D) they apply pressure to the arm
(B) they make (E) makes (E) application of pressure to the arm
(C) make
7. Anwar decided to quit school and … on his career
3. One of the problems faced by foreign in music.
businessmen … the frequent changing of (A) he will concentrate (D) concentrating
regulations. (B) concentrates (E) concentrate
(A) are (D) is (C) be concentrating
(B) is being (E) to be (D) he will concentrate
(C) be
8. Not only did he refuse to sign the contract, …
4. The way Ridho approaches girls not only makes (A) and he sued the film company for human
the girls flattered … rights violations too
(A) and also creates lively situations (B) he sued also the film company for human
(B) but also creating lively situations rights violations
(C) and he also creates lively situations (C) also, he sued the film company for human
(D) but also creates lively situations rights violations
(E) and also to create lively situation (D) but he also sued the film company for
human right violation
5. All the doctors in our hospital have their own (E) he sued the film company too for human
practice room, and each of them … a nurse to rights violations
assist him.

9. There is evidence that vitamin C prevents heart 16. ‘I heard that the thieves managed to take your
disease, speeds wound healing, and … electronics.”
(A) cures gum disease ‘Well, not only the electronics …’
(B) gum disease can be curing gum disease (A) as well my precious jewelry
(C) curing gum disease (B) but they took my precious jewelry
(D) it cures gum disease (C) and also my precious jewelry
(E) the cure of gum disease (D) but also my precious jewelry
(E) and they took my precious jewelry
10. The Amazon valley is extremely important to the
ecology of the earth. Forty percent of the world’s 17. The installation of various high-tech electrical
oxygen … there. devices in our office … a sophisticated safety
(A) are being produced (D) is produced system.
(B) are produced (E) was produced (A) requiring (D) require
(C) is being produced (B) requires (E) it requires
(C) to require
11. Five hundred miles … a long distance to drive in
one day. 18. My brother and I were invited to attend the
(A) to be (D) they are opening ceremony of our neighbor’s restaurant;
(B) are being (E) is however, neither of us …
(C) it is (A) be able to come
(B) have been able to come
12. The higher rate of pollution in this area is caused (C) was able to come
by the increasing number of cars as well as by… (D) are able to come
(A) the smoke from factories are emitted (E) were able to come
(B) the factories emit smoke
(C) the smoke which factories emit 19. Ecologists are trying to preserve our environment
(D) the factory smoke is emitted for future generation by protecting the ozone
(E) the emission of the smoke from factories layers, purifying the air and … trees that have
been cut down.
13. ‘Have you checked where most of the seminar (A) they will replant (D) replanting
participants from?’ (B) in replanting (E) should replant
‘Oh yes, two thirds of them … from various parts (C) to replant
of Java.’
(A) are coming (D) to come 20. The name of a river passing through some big
(B) comes (E) come towns … the title of a very popular Indonesian
(C) they come song.
(A) it has become (D) to have become
14. One of forty students in this class … chosen as (B) has become (E) have become
the chairman of the class. (C) having become
(A) is (D) are
(B) were (E) be 21. The local news reported that neither the villagers
(C) being nor the village chief … going to sign the approval
letters for turning their farmlands into dam.
15. The school has a lot of classrooms. Each of them (A) they are (D) were
… equipped by overhead projector. (B) was (E) he was
(A) are (D) being (C) to be
(B) is (E) to be
(C) they are

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When offering help When asking for help

The following dialogue is for question number 11 – 13.

12. The dialogue mostly happen at a ...

2. ASKING FOR AND GIVING SUGGESTION

Using ‘have to’, ‘supposed to’, and ‘ought to’

3. EXPRESSING SURPRISED AND DISBELIEVE/AMAZEMENT

Emma : Your hand is bleeding Vi, what happen with you?

4. ASKING FOR ATTENTION

It is used to express when someone wants to get other’s attention.

1. Tina : Excuse me, are you Mr. Patlin? (A) Surprise

If we study hard, we will pass the test effortlessly.

2. Present Conditional (Type 2)

- If I got a better score, I wouldn’t feel so worried showing my test to my parents.

Using present conditional means there is an implied meaning. For example:

3. Past Conditional (Type 3)

- If I had eaten the meal I might have had a stomach-ache.

Using present conditional means there is an implied meaning. For example:

4. Omitting if in Conditional Clause

The pattern is:

The uses of zero conditional are:

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 101 | P a g e

3. Cause and Effect

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 102 | P a g e

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 103 | P a g e

1. If I … … … … stronger (be), I'd help you carry the piano.

TASK 6 (OMMITTING IF)

1. If my supervisor should call, please let me know right away.

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 104 | P a g e

Match the sentences with its uses.

1. If you want to go to Padjajaran University, you should ... ...

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 105 | P a g e

1. CAPTION (TEKS PENYERTA GAMBAR)

There are several criteria for a good caption. A good caption:

Look at the examples below!

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 106 | P a g e

A : What are you saying about a good caption?

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 107 | P a g e

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 108 | P a g e

2. NECESSITY AND EXPECTATION

Using have to, supposed to and ought to

*Differences between have to and must can be seen in examples below:

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 109 | P a g e

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 110 | P a g e

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 111 | P a g e

Read the following text to answer question number 3 – 4.

Read the following text to answer question number 5 – 7.

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 112 | P a g e

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 113 | P a g e

Read the following text and answer the questions 1 to 5.

Dear Ms. Pong,

Thank you very much.

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 114 | P a g e

1 ____________________ Letters asking for information about a product, service, or procedure.

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 117 | P a g e

2. Tabel rumus kalimat pasif

3. PERUBAHAN BENTUK DARI KALIMAT AKTIF MENJADI PASIF

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 118 | P a g e

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 119 | P a g e

2. Purpose of the text

Title Town Contaminated

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 121 | P a g e

© LITBANG SG PUSAT 123 | P a g e