Naham Menir Wl, ISLAMIAT 2058/2 ZAT BOOK 5 Zafar Fllam's smu lai THE FOUR RIGHTLY ‘ GUIDED CALIPHS (AtKhulafa ARashidun) Prepared by Sir Dr. Zafar Alam (PA.D) 3 sir Zafar Alam @ 0300-2101569 P's zafaralamtutorials@gmail.comwlan dtr etary THE PROBLEMS FACED BY ABU BAKR ‘After the Prophet's death many problems arose within Arabia. Some tribes refused to pay Zakat. Some disbelievers declared themselves as prophets. Some tribes underestimated the new bor Islamic State and they wanted to destroy it. Abu Bakr faced these challenges courageously and wisely and gave strong footings to the Muslim Empire. The Four a Guided Catipng ‘Sir Zafar Alam 4 Caliph HADRAT ABU BAKR SIDDIQUE (RA) (11-13AH/632-634AD) ELECTION FOR CALIPHATE ‘ngjr community. Wheat ‘and took part in the APOSTASY MOVEM the caliph, Muhsjreen also it thelg community in view After the Holy Proph wi oftheir services for Islam. liphs one from them became independent in Nis pl ie “Muhajecen and the other fe ea as it would leaalgll Pr0Phet refused to pay Zaket)and refused ys towasde-€hafusios You were the first to st Isl td Isfam. of dissension in i” Abu Bake an tft the xy “Ameer” other than 8 person from the Da urhsh. Fhe Pro jam should be from Quraish.” On this Ansar and ithe fheir de rope! bo bonged te rash so hey eV Pel ae rence Ove Jakr suggested the names of Umar and Abu Obaid 7 tele ee eee battdlons bee them to the different parts of Arabia. He instructed thé tis Jos. Cat Yn Ct smn and they reer ten fh again slop tine acted Im wit Sing ad was were Spl ‘Within year Islam was again the on}x religion in Arab army of 3000 against the news of the Holy I asked him to change the refused to that also, he used to keep his face bo\ered st'was known as veiled prophet. The Holy Prophet vas ill He attacked [Nigop-¥fd dismissed the Muslim governors. Then he advanced towards Sana'a. The Holy Prophet asked Muslims there to do something to get rid of him. A companion Firuz al-Dhalayi killed him. During Abu Bakr’s caliphate the people of Yemen again revolted under the leadership of a man named(Qais b, Abd Yaghus! Looking towards the strength of rebels Firuz decided to move to the mountainous stronghold and stayed there for six ‘months collecting Muslims. Thousands of Muslims joined him and finally he defeated (Qais and controlled Sana'a, the capital of Yemen. legder 2s+tfSama was very young and inexperienced, but he ‘Usama marched 10 Tabuk. Most of the tribes were defeated by his amy. ‘Usama raided far and wide inthe region of Northen Arabia starting with Quaz’a and Made his way to Dawmat ul Jandal. He successfully got the person who killed his father in Muta and killed him in revenge. He returned to Madina bringing with hirm @ large number of captives and considerable amount of wealth. The Islamic army remained out of Madina for 40 days BookS Page G)TULAYHA B. KHUWAILID He belonge Ghatfan tribe in Northem Arabia, and was renowned warrior. He cl prophet wi e 1 Bakr sent to face him. Banu Tayy on the persuasion of their leader Adi b. Hatim ‘Tulayha and gave 500 horsemen to Khalid. Similarly A’di took(1000. Jadila to support Muslims, Now much stronger killed bia fuphorters Hfes Of Jala, Qe He belonged th claimed to be a prop became stronger. He hi east of Madina. He pardji ses oF HE Holy Quran. H¢ legalize, Holy Prophet and claimedi that lie had. letter the Prophet called ing al-kazzab arch ary. BATTLE OF YAMAMA: Abu Bakr first sent{Ikrama| him. He was supposed to stop th Yamama from going towards Khalid but Ikrama attacked Yamama and was defea! bu allow him to-atiack) Then Ne reinforcement in the leadership of(Shurahbeel Ibn, Hasan)but even he Bure Ther 5 jit The Fou ign Sir Zafar Alam 4 ‘vided Calin in Prophet's life. After Prophet’s death Abu Bakr sent Khalid deed the number of prayers.\Hle wrote a letter 04 share in jn After listening to ig she so istake. Then finally Khali : So mistake. Then finally Khalid Ton Waleed arrived. Musailima had a force of 4000 4d to Banu Asad tribe, He was a wealthy leader of Banu Asad laimed to bj b. Wak fi not suppd™ 'en from Ball in a battle: 7 September 632) known as the Battle of Buzakha, Heescapefi to Syria and later f iya and Nihawand e apostates 4 —— (4 G “The Four Right Sir Zafar Alam ZANT Gulled Caliph Muslims were only 13000)A fierce battle was fought in which about seven hundred companions were martyred including hundreds of Huttas (those who committed the Holy Quran to.theic memory). This battle is known as thd Battle of Yamama)and the Battle of the garden of death. Musailima fortified in a garden after his defeat where he ‘was killed by Wahshil who killed H, Hamza in Uhad. After this battle the opposition to Islam in Arabia collapsed and the Muslim’s ed to give Zakat. At the time of the Prophet he hi jor for the tribe of{Banu Tamim,)As soon as Muhammad (pbuh), he gave back allhe tax to his-tibe the owner of your sealt.?e d alliance wife H, Abu Bakr. They s will not give Zakat to take action against th said: “If with referene the consequences.” They decided to launch an attack on Madinah but Abu Bakr sent Khalid b, Waleed to them(Malik b. Nuwayral) was arrested. After inquiry Khalid declared him a rebel apostate Sid ordered his execution. Muslims fought against his tribesmen. After a hot aac were defeated and then they agreed to give zakat regularly. This battle is calle ‘Bate Buta) Books Page (6)Sir Zafar Alam 8 ‘The Four Righ ‘our Rightly Sir Zafar Alam ir Guided Caliphs CAMPAIGN IN HADHRAMAUT CAMPAIGNS WITHIN ARABIA CAMPAIGN IN OMAN The Holy Prophet had invited them towards Islam and had objection on ¢f payment of zakat. When the Holy Prophet told them that the funds of zakat will 5 spent on the poor members of their community they accepted Islam. They The last of the greatest revolts of the apostasy was that of the powerful tribe of (Kinda /hich inhabited the region of Najran, Hadhramaut, Ziyad b. Lubaid. Muslim of Hadhramaut, operated against them Muhajir b. Abi Umayvah and Jisame were sent for reinforcement. The three Muslim\corps, under the overall command of. Mubajir, advanced on Nujair and laid the siege of fortified city. It was captured in February 633. ted from July 632 till The campaign of the apo a the caliph at Madina. Al-AsWad, the Black One, rose in Yemen, He even chaj Yemiti. He was killed by Firuz al-Dhalaymi while the P: he acted as the governor of Yemen,» . with 18000 Muslims. KI alld sent ¥ letter10 Persian commander, Hurmuz, and invited him either to accept Islain kr pay S¥Zya or he should be ready for a war. He prepared The Holy Prophgt Ba for a war at Kazima and/bisforces were linked with chains to show the do or die state accepted Islam but he di sa of mind. Muslims made a heavy attack and they retreated and their chains proved to be a death trap for them. Thousands of them including Hurmuz were killed. ‘Yamama, Abu Bakr sent Ala b Hadrami aguinst them. Ala mounted a surprise BATTLE AT MAZAR [April 633] attack one night and captured the city. Most of them surrendered and reverted 10 Islam. This operation was completed at about the ee Another Persian army was coming. They crossed river Tigris and at Mazar they rlanuary 633, learnt about the defeat of their people. The defeated remaining army joined them here. Persian were led by Qarin b. Qaryanis. Khalid rushed towards Mazar as the Persians Books BooR,S Page (7) Page (6)ts 8 The Four Rightly ‘tr Zafar Alam ye Four ly Sir 2a Sir Zafar Alam Z, ‘Galded Caliohs ; " were concentrating there. A Battle was fought and again Persian did not withstand thd attack of Muslims and they headed towards the river. Qarin was killed by Khalid and CAMPAIGN IN SYRIA Musli killed them in large numbers. BATTLE AT WALAJAH AND ULLIES [May 633] In February 634 AD, Abu Bakr gave a call of Jihad on the Syrian border. He arranged 28000 forces and divided them into four corps each comprising 7000 men. The four corpses were led by Amr Ibn Aas, Abu Obaidah Ibn Jarrab, Yazeed Ibn Abi Sufyan and Shurahbeel Ibn Hasan. He also called Khalid Ibn Waleed from Iraq to Syrian front to strengthen Muslims and reached there »wjth 9000 men to lead the operations. He selected a short and unconventional rout ia, passing through Desert Samawah. Afier this Persians raised more armies. Behman sent an advance force Swn was protected by fe weak camels and dumped jhadeif, Khalid laid siege of Damascus. to leave safely. Khalid af d ° Byzantine forces tried way but he defeated them. Many were Killed and others ran towdcds Daiffascus. During this siege Muslims got the news about the death of Abu Rgkerin August 634 ADMINISTRATION QUEST OF OTHER TOWNS __ After that Khalid marched to En-at-Tamr. It was surrounded by date palms. Persians could withstand Khalid’s attack and the Persian commander Mehran fled across the river Euphrates. In October 633 Khalid also conquered Daumat-ul-Jandal, Haseed, Khanafis and Musayyakh, In November 633 onan ” Zumayl and Firad. he defeated Persians in Thanee, ¥ He ruled the empire with the suggestions of the senior most companions. He used to seck their advice but the final decision was taken by him. Y He divided the empire into provinces and districts and appointed the right and honest people as governors, tax collectors and judges. = Books maw PO Page @)Sir Zafar Alam ‘The Four Righth oO i ie ‘The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs MM sir Zafar Alam ZT (Guided Caliphs ordered them strictly ior companions for important posts an duties promptly. hho proved to be dishonest or did noj Y He chose the most sei to avoid favouritism and discharge their V He used to take actions against those w! erform well. , , v He gave the idea of Bait-ul-Maal and appointed Abu Obaidah as the incharge, ¥ He gave freedom to the court and Umar was made the judge. Y He disciplined the forces, introduced the post of command enough weapons. : V He ensured that the non-Muslims ,were given their 6 HADRAT UMAR FAROOQ (RA) 13-23AH/634-644AD ELECTION FOR CALIPHATE Hadrat Abu Bakr discussed the matter of caliphate on his death bed with the senior most companions. He himself suggested the name o&}adr4t Umar. He received no complain about him, only Talha complained aboutdis haisfiness. Hadrat Abu Bakr in chief and provided afways asked him for suggestions. is clear in his caliphate period. His government was of a unita the caliph, V He conducted all the a services as caliph f6 e Tight side off the Holy Prophet. administration. governors. every province. The governors wer€~Ziven a written document to inform them about their responsibilities and limits. They were supposed to assemble in Makkah during Hajj and a(Gommon persoth could complain about them, They had to give the details of their assets at the time of appointment and retirement to\¢radicatd corruption and bribery. Other officers at the provincial level were: ib: the chief sec ¢ Katib-ud-Diwan: the mil BooRS tt BooRS Page (10J Page (11)Sir Zafar Alam 8 Tie Foor Righty Sir Zafar Alam SZ Guided Caliphs een The sources of income were\Zakat, Ushr, Khii in i is ee.) ¥ He allowed non-Muslims of other states to come to Islamic Empire for trade, He also imposed(10% uty like other countries of his time. He did not allo¥ troops to own land in newly conquered areas but kept them as “state property and gave them of RET} JUDICIAL REFOR @ Sabib-ul-Khiraj: the revenue collector + Sabib-ul-Ahdath: the police chief 2 Sahib-ul-Bait-al-Maal: the treasury officer i: the chief judge L roca we regu oma uhh they woul no i not wear the fine clothes, not eat the sifted flour, not keep por ‘would always keep his door open tothe public. A V He established a department of complains against ths Muhammad b. Maslama, ¥ ‘Iyad b. Ghanam was puis gate. Khalid b. Waleed wa dep state, V He first acted as the chief} oops stationed at far off places were accompagi ‘treasury, an accountant, a judge anda number ofpiysigians and, ‘given all necessary Y It was necessary for running bare feet. irrigation canals. Heli the revenue of the go| ‘Muslim Empire. He made great contribution to town planning, He established new towns like Basra and Kufa, He made roads, highways, dispensaries, rest houses, He also extended the Sacred Mosque in Makkah and the Mosque of the Prophet in Madina, Under Umar's rule for the first time in history, state intervention to control the price of merchandise was practiced. FINANCIAL RFORMS Y He built a separate Bait-ul-Maal in every province and an honest person appointed as in charge. The head quarter was in Madit Y After meeting the expenditure of the provinces ‘Madinald Everything was noted do He established Diwan or the praci ie surplus amount was sett the registers | Books ‘Page (13)68 The Four Rightly Sir Zafar Alam ZAT Guided Caliph. THE BATTLE OF MARWA (JASR/BRIDGE) [Oct 634] it i ent wa 5 Y He put ban on inmmodest poetry and literature and & punishment was ruled ou fe put ban on i y the offenders. Y He held consensus in the em] st i ‘ioned in recoed. the population mentions ¢ _ ; v The ‘coven ear was also expected t0 stockpile food supplies in every region e case a disaster or famine occurred. ¥ The Caliphate can be considered the pire and established an institution of Diwan which ae It took place in late 634 and was led by Abu Obayd Thagafi accompanied by Muthanna Shaybani. Bahman Jadawaih set out from Madain with war elephants and Abu Obayd set out from Hirah and they met on the opposite side of river Euphrates. ‘The Muslims made a bridge of boats to cross the river. However, they were overrun “world’s first major Ws by Persians who had brought the elephant cavalry. The Muslj RELIGIOUS REFOR dikd, 4000 fled and 4 ad the only defeat of a new force comprising Christian leader. This time Persians were asked to 12000 men in the leadership of Mehran ‘eeSian army into two parts and pressed their flanks and fehran was killed by a young man of Taj quantity of spoils was acquired. THE BATTIA ; % beau by the hol Prophet and Abu Bakt BRrifory in Syria, agg Persia and Egypt. The Iraq campaigns: war elephants. Umar also ya in army of.000 As Khalid and f\bu Ubaydah b. Jarrah Were busy on Syrian front, Umar appointed Saad Ibn Abi Yaqaas to lead. A delegation of 14 Muslim elders was sent by Saad to offer them to pccept Islam or to pay Jizya for their protection or to settle the matter with war. The F \szdsid spoke contemptuously of the Arab’s backwardness, poverty and lack of refinement as compared to Persians. The stand-off continued for ree months with skirmishes against border settlement in which Muslims remained uccessful, They decided to fight. Fighting lasted for the following four days: After Khalid left dor Syria Persians intensified attacks on Muthanna b. Harithag so he came to Madina to request for reinforcement. Abu Bakr was on his death-bed s0 he asked Umar to give him reinforcement. After his death Umar encouraged Muslim: for Jihad and made Abu Obayd Thagafi their commander. First they met Persians a Namariq. Their leader was Jaban and Muslims gave them a crushing defeat. remnants took refuge in Kaskar. Abu Obayd again prevailed there and obtained numerous spoils. Pooks Page (15)Sir Zafar Alam socal van ar Peet Guided Caliphs fled to Hulwan with their treasures. So the Day of Armath: in the control 6f Muslims. erritory from Euphrates to the Tigris came ir ctor to attack first at Bajila, p, i: a .4 Hurmazan and Jalinus se ! By Asad ae nea Bajila, Then attacked and elephants created a big trouble d Muslims. Banu Tamim pricked the eyes of elephants with spears and pushed back, Seed made the best use of archers to overcome the elephant corps and used forces tactically to break the Persians. Fighting seized after ni BATTLE OF JALULA [Mar-Nov 637] The Persian King took refuge in Hulwan and asked his forces to advance. Mehran’s army occupied Jalula, near Mads’in. They did great preparations and converted the town into a fortress by digging trench around A huge number of a bdullah with 12000 Day of Aghwath: d‘Persian resistance broke was killed on his way to Noman b. Mugarrin, as they reached one by the Persians, who had big Muslims again used the stra ef, Isfahan, Khurasan, Rayy, Fars and even the outlying -gion of Sindh had been conquered. — THE SYRIAN CAMPAIGNS THE BATTLE AT FIHL AND BAISAN [Jan 635] Afier staying foffivo months in Qadsiya, Saad b, Abi Waqgas with ty permission of the Caliph marched against Mada'in, Yazdgrid’s capital, It consisted seven cities. He besieged Bahrsher for two months and finally conquered it using cxpuls, Then Muslims reached Tigris and they exclaimed Takbeer when they 5 ite Palace across the river. is er. Saad hasten to cross the river on the horse back. Fi The site was on the westem side of Lake Tiberias. Romans were angry as Muslims were going to conquer Jordan so they gathered in its province Baisan. They were around 50000 led by Seclarius, Abu Obaydah sent Muadh Tbn Jabal as his Books Page (17)o a ZAT ‘The Four Rightly Sir Zafar Alam Sir Zafar Alam Guided Caliphs cerem Khalid and Qais broke on to their cavalry and killed 10000 of them so they fled away ‘was not deflected. He offered them to accept Islam or to become Dhimmis by payifl from the battle area, Khalid and Qais then attacked the main battle area, Romans were shocked when their cavalry disappeared and Muslims’ appeared so their resolve was shattered and they tumed on their heels. The battle lasted six days and then only one third of the Byzantine army remained in the battlefield; the rest had either been killed or had fled away. 3000 Muslims were martyred and thousands of Christians were killed. Abu Obaidah, Khalid, Qais, Saeed, Muadh and Hashim b. Utba. Thus Jordan secured and Hadrat Umar sent specific instructions on how to deal with the conqu people and their land. THE FALL OF DAMASC! This battle permanently altered the history g gouthem Mediterranean \of success at Yarmuk. 1¢ Yarmuk conflict had remained the futility of their position. They agreed to himself, in person. Hence Umar decided to go to and Antioch were left in Syria. @f resistance, Muslims laid the }¥éraclius ordered to mobilize troops from al =A of 260,000 nen, They encamped in the valley of Yarmuk between Raghad-@nd Allan rivers keeping Yarmuk on their back. Muslim army of 40,000 meihrailied at Yarmuk in the leadership of Abu Ubaydah but then he| gave the leadership to. Khalid b. Waleed.|Muslims offered them the three options but they decided to fight. aSSive and well-defended fort at Fustat, He requested for leinforcements and Umar sent them 10000 troops with four commanders. Amr handed bver the operations to Zubayr who captured the fort after a seven month long siege. ‘ubayr climbed up the walls with some others and opened the gate, Maqaugis quested for treaty and they got safety. This fort later became the garrison town of usta. Both sides invoked their faith. Christians carried their cross and Muslims recited their Quran to bolster their courage, Khalid took half of his cavalry behind| right flank and gave to Qays behind left flank. Abu Qbaidah was behind the centre and center was led by Saeed b. Zayd, Battle started on 12" August. Saeed engaged the army with perseverance until their cavalry reached Muslims encampment. ‘Then| After Fustat, Amr laid the siege of Alexandria. There were 50000 Christian forces and Muslims were 12000. The siege lasted for a long time. Umar wrote a JS P: 19) Pac ge age (19)a % Sir Zafar Alam abr strong worded letter, expressing his displeasure on the pace of events, In the mean Heraclius, the Byzantine Emperor died. The Muslims then intensified the atta ‘After a battle Alexandria was conquered and Muslims became the masters of Egypy CHARACTER V He was a very brave, strong and influential person that was Why the Hg Prophet prayed for his guidance. V He was a wise man as many revelations of the support his point of view. MARTYRDOM in slave, Firuz Nahavandi (also known complaint to Umar about the high jax charged fea Umar wrote to Mughirah and satisfactory, but Umar held On 31 October 644, Firuz attacked Umar while he was leading the moming prayers, stabbing him six times in the belly and last on the navel that proved fatal Umar was left profusely bleeding while Firuz tried to flee, but people from alll side rushed to capture him; in his efforts to escape he is reported to have wounded twelv4 other people, six or nine of whom later died before slashing himself with his ow blade to commit suicide. Umar died of the wounds three days ater on Wednesday, 3 November 644. Book 5 Page (20) The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs soa afr HADRAT UTHMAN IBN AFFAN (RA) (23-35AH/644-656AD) ELECTION FOR CALIPHATE Before death Hadrat Umar had named six people to sel themselves. They were Uthman, Ali, Talha, Zubayr, S: by Rahman Ibn Awf. When they hada ia caliph from among -fifancial conditions of the Empire were so good that # who deserved Zakat. He raised the salaries of the @ people from many taxes also arranged to supply lege meds to all concerned, He also built around/5060 mosques and made special arrangement for the upkeep of mosques. Mosque of the Prophet in Madina also appeared too small to accommodate all people, so he added the adjoining plots, rebuilt the mosque and beautified it. He extended the premises of the Sacred Mosque in Makkah by the adjoining plots. He allowed the companions free movement in Islamic empire and allowed the facility of drawing loans from public treasury. Companions grew rich over night and brisk building activity started in Madina. Madina expanded a good deal. Page (21)The Four Righ Guided Catip Str Zafar Ale The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs Y Guest houses were provided in main cities. More and more markets wel constructed. Uthman appointed Market officers to look after markets V He established guest houses, inns and border out posts. He made arrangements ¢§ water supply to the travelers by digging wells on the highways and roads. Y He also built dams to stop the destructions of floods. ; He extended the premises of Jannat-ul-Bagi by adding a garden in it eastern part v As for Al-Rayy Uthman ordered Abu Musa Ashari to send army when he was the governor as it had rebelled. So he sent an army and it was conquered again. In 30 AH Waleed b. Uqba was deposed and Saeed b. Aas was appointed as the governor of Kufa. Like others people of Tabaristan broke the treaty so Saeed b, Aas attacked with Hasan, Hussain, Abdullah b. Umar and others and controlled Jurjan and the whole of Tabaristan. In 29 AH Abu Musa Ashari was replaced by Abd v v < the island of Cyprus. Persia, Arminia, North Aff i Y Within six months af terms of the treaties, Byzantines were upsbt fier losing Alexandria so they instigated the Byzantines who lived there to reef gainst Muslims and help them. Uthman had deposed Amr b. Aas and had appointed Abdullah b, Saad b. Abi Sarh as governor. A commander, Manuel, attacked with a fleet of 300 ships fully loaded with ‘weapons, Uthman appointed Amr b. Aas again as he was more experienced. Amr first allowed them to continue looting and plundering so that the people start hating them and support Muslims. addagrid Ill, succeeded in creating dissensions in Persia { The revolts were, however, suppressed. Yazdarid III was killed and his son fled to i China and further extension of territory took place in the east, Y The people of Azarbijan broke the treaty si Uthman sent Waleed b. were stationed there. Waleed sent 12000 troops to Arminia. They full of booty. 00R,S Page (23)Sir Zafar Alam v ¥ The Four Righd Guided Cating G a ‘The Four Rightly Sir Zafar Alam 2AT Guided Caliphs ¥ They met in the sea and Romans insisted on fighting there instead of land as they had more experience of naval fight. ¥ Muslims came near and tied their ships with theirs and made them like a land when hundreds of ships were attached. V There was a lot of bloodshed but finally Muslims won and Constantine escaped and winds drove him to Sicily where he was killed. Muslims destroyed their naval supremacy. They then exce} fighting on board and astronomy for navigation. Y Constantine IV who was very iver Nile, Th Finally he confronted them in Nagyoos 07 the bank of ri ey then to . \dria. a Sl te weaken the walls and defeated them and people mr used ca ‘Alexandria supported him. He orde CONQUEST OF NUBIA red to destroy the walls of town. < ‘Amr b. Aas started conquering Nubia wit sion but they wa eq in ship-making and expert in attacking the eyes of opponents. 150 eyes ngeby ee arrows, In 651 Ibn Sarh attacked tent uffered\eye injuries. So he accep their offer of peace treaty w They gave security to Mu arfded in Spain, and succeeded in conquering history about this attack but presumably the 20,660 and enemies were 120,000. On the way Muslims spotted the He suggested to skilled reserved fi Abdullah penetrat At this they started lowing: Uthman was a very jgehle and soft-hearted person. The people who wanted to create chaos took a€Véntage of his soft nature. He sometimes overlooked the mistakes of the governors and other officers in various provinces, which made the governors bold. As a result, unrest grew in the provincial capitals. Abdullah Ibn Saba, a Yemenite Jew who outwardly accepted Islam, created dissension among the Muslims. Uthman did not take timely action against him. ‘There was also rivalry between the Arabic and non-Arabs of the newly conquered areas who still remembered their defeat and Islam had not taken place in their hearts fully. ATTLE OF DHAT-UL-SAWARI Battle of Masts) Byzantines coastlines were exposed to danger after Islamic navy gained cont9 over Mediterranean coastlines from Rhodes to Tripoli. Constantine, son of Heraclius, set out with a 1000 of ships to avenge hi continuous loss at sea. Muawiya sent ships from Syria and Abi Sarh to Kk but ing there were 200 ships. ok them from Egypt Book 5 Page (25) Book. 56 sir Zafar Alam The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs ‘A The Four Righd ZAL Guided Caliph Sir Zafar Alam ymely between the house J ¥ Besides there was rivalry among the Quraish, nat ; Hashim and Umayyah which weakened the power of the Caliph. oughout the Islamic sed to say that the Ranu Umayyah. His CHARGES AGAINST UTHMAN (RA) Abdullah Tbn Saba alleged Uthman with the following charges: was appointed by Umar. It was alleged that Uthma iS blood fell on the A nowing” His off. Uthman was which is disrespect. But Us permission of all senior comp: "He spends his life all alone. Death wi single him out and on the Day of Resurrection, he will stand up all alone!" V They said that Uthiyah has seryed“a large area near Jannat ul Bagi for his personal camels but| hk had Yéserved it for the camels of Bait ul Maal. Hi personally had a c Ff his travelling. Y They said Uthman offered full prayer in Makkah during Hajj which is against th practice of the Prophet and first two caliphs but he did so as he had a marriage i Makka and he had a property and family there so he wasn’t a traveler there. Y There were some other false and baseless allegations against him just to instigat4 people against him, Page @) BooRS elSir Zafar Alam HADRAT ALI IBN ABI TALIB (RA) (35-40AH/656-661AD) ELECTION FOR CALIPHATE Sir Zafar Alam Zz i The Four Rightly - Guided Caliphs subversive activities of the insurgents. So he dismissed all the governors appointed b; Hadrat Uthman. Some of the Companions did not agree with Hadrat a on this Among such persons were Hadrat Mughirah bin Shu’bah and Hadrat Ibn Abbas, They advised Hadrat Ali not to take such a hasty action, Hadrat Ali did not listen to their advice. He appointed Hadrat 'Abdullah bin ‘Abbas as the governor of Yemen; Uthman bin Hanif as the governor of Basrah; Ammarah bin Hassan of Kufa, and Qais as the governor of Egypt. Hadrat Sahl Bin Hanif was asked to take charge of governorship of Syria from Hadrat Amir Mu'awiyah. This action of Ali worsen the things and it led to more dissatisfaction and unrest in the empire special ‘After the assassination of the third Caliph, rebels had to this election encountered with some difficulties. There : ‘Ali, Talhah and Al-Zubayr. First they referred to AWCand afked him to accey caliphate but he refused and a : And sdek soleone else. I am i Then rebels offered dalip bat when the notable companions of Muhamm Nive in Medina urged him, however, he finally agreed. Most b. Abi Waqqas wa allegiance but both of ‘Umayya, demanded that|tht murd&fers of the Caliph be punished immediately, other people, including gomé leading companion, joined them. Ali held out thd the things had settled down and normal conditions had been restored he woul actions against the assassins. He remained occupied in civil wars through caliphate and no expansion of empire took place. Following are the main event caliphate. Lis which Uthman bin Hanif, the governor, was defeated and aptured, Basra was occupied by Hadrat Aisha and her supporters. The capture of Basrah by Hadrat ‘Aisha made the situation very grave. The islamic state was really on the verge of serious civil war. Hadrat Ali never wanted to piart war against the Muslims but the internal situation at that time compelled him to Ho so. War was unavoidable. CHANGE OF GOVERNORS In the opinion of Hadrat Ali the governors appointed by Hadrat Uthma basically responsible for all the events. They did not pay much attention to chy FOORS. Page (29)Sir Zafar Alam Guided Caliphs Si PA ZAT ‘The Four Rightly svapraim thee Hadrat Ali started for Basrah towards the end of Rabi’ul Avia a ind 656, Abdullah bin Saba and his followers were accompanying Hadrat Ma ladrat sent his eldest son, Hasan, to Kufa who addressed the people and pleaded for Ali people were stirred on the appeal and about nine thousand men marched on to jd Ali, CHANGE OF CAPITAL Hadrat Ali was very much grieved on seeing the disrespect of the "Haram" (Forbidden Place) of Medina when the insurgents laid siege to the late Khalifah’s house and then assassinated him. He wanted to change the Capital to save Medina from future political disturbance. After staying for a few days at Basrah, Hadrat Ali went to Kufa. There he was given a warm welcome. He got more supporters at Kufa and thought it to be a more suitable place as the Capital of hi After reaching Basra the messengers of Hadrat Ali assured Hadrat ‘Aisi Talha, and Zubair that Hadrat Ali would avenge the assassins ef Hadrat Uthman soon as peace was established in the state. Hearing this the satisfied and the was taken out of the "ho of Hadrat Ali. Hadrat Aig is sent with due respect to Medina escorted by her 0 brother, Muhammad bindAbf Bakr. In this battle about ten thousand Muslims on bot sides lost their lives. Hadrat Ali felt deeply moved because of the loss of Musli blood. Hadrat Zubair who had already left the field after remembering the Hol} Prophet's saying was going to Mecca. He stopped in a valley to perform his Salat, b was slain by a man, named Amr bin Jarmoz while he was busy in his Salat. Whe Hadrat Ali came to know, he rebuked the murderer by saying: "I have seen him fi for the Prophet of Allah several times. I give the murderer the news of hell-fire.” ‘Ou know it well that I am free from any charge of by Allah that the assassins have escaped . " ithman’s assassination. In the Bezinning there was not much response for Hadrat Ali's call. But when Hadrat Ali ‘xplained the position to the Muslims, a large army gathered around Hadrat Ali and F0.000 Muslims came out under his banner to fight the Syrians. When Mu'awiyah fame to know about Hadrat Ali’s advance, he too proceeded with a vast army and pocupied a better position in the field. Hadrat Ali encamped at Siffin, and Amir lu'awiyah on the other side of Siffin. Page Gi)‘The Four Rightly § Guided Caliphs Sir pel ZA Hadrat Ali’s intention was not to shed Musli tried and sent a deputation of three men on peace . Mulawiyah again demanded that the assassins of Hadrat Uthman must be slain before ‘e was demanding this as a "Wali" (next of fas again refused by 1m blood in vain. He therefore again mission to Amir Mu'awiyah. Amir any compromise can be reached and that he re kin of a murdered person) of Hadrat Uthman, The deman Hadrat Ali on the ground that he was not able to locate the real assassins and five need some time, and that the Pledge of Loyalty must be taken without any condition. In the month of Dhul Hijjah 36 AH., Hadrat Ali , 7 4 positions. But there seemed unwillingness to fight omRoth thé sides. Muslims were followed by light encounters Hijjah ended without any big and Mu'awiyah made_a_truc Appeared Hadrat Ali fe he again got an 3 led by ‘Adi bin ‘was right because of the| f{llowing Hadith mentioned in Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi and other authentic books o! idith: According to this Hadith the Holy Prophet said, “Ammar bin Yasir woulit be killed by a group of rebels.” For seven days the battle continued in this way. A new battalion used to fight from each side under a new commander. On the 8th day the whole army of Hadrat Ali lashed with that of Amir Mu'awiyah. A fierce battle was fought but with no end in sight. According to most of the historians Hadrat ‘Ammar bin Yasir was martyred on that day. However no result came out till the evening. The death of Hadrat ‘Ammar bin Yasir was a shock to Hadrat Ali. The battle went on the whole night. At one time ™ ser Zafar Alam The Foor Righty Guided Calpe Hadrat Ali reached the tent of Hadrat Mu'a iyah and personally with him instead of shedding Mustims* blood, hallenged him to fight Khalifa, But Hadrat Mu‘awiyah did not accep the challenge bees reo a noted warrior of Arabia. i because Hadrat Ali was On the second day of the battle Amir Mu'awiyah ‘Amir Mu'awiyah was a shrewd person and tad a a ae Hadrat Umar's time. He had with him Hadrat Amer bin‘As, the oo vi of Syria from a recognized statesman of Arabia. Seeing the impending defar te vn etm ‘Amr bin 'As who advised Amir Mu'awiyah to give 8“ opposing arbitration, was known as Kharijites By the time Hadrat Ali retuned to Kufa, their number ja-Kot accept Ali 4 an and began to preach their cult. ‘hey gained sufficient strength. They were very harsh to those wh differed ‘fom them and regarded such Muslims as rebels against Islam and murdegedthem. Loyalty to the Khalifah was a great crime in their eyes and they called it "the cult of personality”. The Kharijtes seemed to be very pious as far as their appearance was concemed. They used to offer long Salats, wore simple dress and were honest in their dealings. But they were misguided in beliefs and killed all those who said that they were the followers of the Khalifah. aed Page (32) BooRS Page G3)The Four Righy Guided Catiphy rps ZT ARBITRATION They decided to do the arbitration through judges, one from a side and the other from Hadrat Ali's side, and that both the parties should abide by the decision of the judge. He tried to make Hadrat Abdullah bin Abbas as the arbitrator from his side, but some of his followers objected to it on the ground that he was related to Hadrat Ali. They proposed the name of Hadrat Musa Ash'ari. Hadrat Ali accepted their proposal and he was appointed as the arbitrator of AJ?S\(R.A.) side. Hadrat J Mu'awiyah appointed ‘Amr bin ‘As as the arbitrator fi de, and none of his followers questioned his choice, a mir Mu'awiyah. This: than the followers oft to make it ppbfic, A temporary agreement was signed on 13th Safari, 3 Hadrpt Alia undisputed person as the Caliph. colleagues agreed that both Alj ser Zafar Alam oA The Four Rigy Guided Catiphe Muslims. He told them that he would leave the rest if hey handed ov er To this he replied to the Khalifah, "All of us are murders and we w the murderers, of your followers. We would never stop from this" ant to murder all The stage reached when there was no other w " ‘ay than to fight with th declaring war against them Hadrat Ali declared tat those who wears be a eee or those who left Nahrwan and did not fight would be given anmesty. On his appeal 3000 Kharijtes repented and again took Batata his hands. Jue eto hse from their position. The battle began. A fierce fight to re desperately but were defeated. Most of their leaders we After the battle at Nahrwa were in no mood for that. wilka he\was eneamping at Nakhila, some miles away fro) Allalloyved tem to take some ‘gypt. After the award of the arbitration, the Syrian decla wiyah as their Khalifah and took Bai'at on his hands. &¢cordi men. Ten thousand inl back two thousand me house but was caught MARTYRDOM “Khwarij" worked out a dangerous plot. According to them Masins ea divided because of differences between Hadrat Ali and Amir Mu‘awiyah. They disliked ‘Amr ibn ‘As and considered him as chief planner for Amir Mu‘awi bh Ter decided, therefore, to assassinate all the three of them. It was planned that ome Personalities would be struck at the same time on the same day. Three p Page 35) BooksThe Four Rightly 8 , ji Guided Cali Sir Zafar Alam Z I liphs afly hours of the 18th of appointed to assassinate Ali was Abdur Rehman Muljam, Ramadan, 40 A.H., was fixed for the assassination. Hadrat Hasan took ov his bod he gra é i fuse of the fear Sfr Zafar ‘smy fav A Book S a i