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Structural and morphological studies, and

Cite this: RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 23664
temperature/frequency dependence of electrical
conductivity of Ba0.97La0.02Ti1
xNb4x/5O3
Open Access Article. Published on 05 July 2021. Downloaded on 2/23/2022 8:43:24 AM.

perovskite ceramics
M. Jebli, *a Ch. Rayssi,a J. Dhahri,a M. Ben Henda,b Hafedh Belmabroukb
and Abdullah Bajahzarc

Conductivity measurements of our polycrystalline perovskite ceramic systems with a composition of

Received 5th March 2021
Accepted 10th May 2021
DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01763b
rsc.li/rsc-advances
Ba0.97La0.02Ti1
xNb4x/5O3 (x ¼ 5, 7 and 10, in mol%) were performed, in order to investigate frequency
and temperature dependence. Our ferroelectric ceramics were fabricated by the molten-salt method
(chemical reaction followed by an evaporation and filtration reaction); X-ray diffraction patterns indicated
that a single phase was formed for pure BaLT1
xNb4x/5 ceramics. The electrical behavior of the ceramics
was studied by impedance spectroscopy in the 500–610 K temperature range. The conductivity was
investigated which can be described by the Jonscher law. Both AC and DC electrical conductivities are
completely studied as a function of frequency and temperature. The conductivity exhibits a notable
increase with increasing Nb-rates. The low-frequency conductivity results from long-range ordering
(close to frequency-independent) and the high-frequency conductivity is attributable to the localized
orientation hopping process. Impedance analysis was performed revealing conductivity data which fitted
the modified power, sAC(u) ¼ Aun. The frequency dependence of the conductivity plot has been found
to obey the universal Jonscher power law. Both AC and DC electrical conductivities are thoroughly
studied as a function of frequency as well as temperature. The AC conductivity reveals that correlated
barrier hopping (CBH) and non-overlapping small polaron tunneling (NSPT) models are suitable
theoretical models to elucidate the conduction mechanisms existing in our compounds. Significantly, by
increasing the temperature, the DC conductivity was increased, which verifies the semiconducting
nature of the materials.

intra-grains and the inter-barrier layer resistive grains which are

1. Introduction
Barium titanate (BaTiO3, or BT for short) has effectively been
a useful material for over 60 years due to its attractive proper-
ties. Firstly, this because it is chemically and mechanically very
stable; additionally, it exhibits ferroelectric properties at and
above room temperature, and it tends to be easily prepared and
used as polycrystalline ceramic samples.1
At the essential point when donor dopants, for example, La,
Sb, Y, Nb, etc. are embedded in the BT insulation, it becomes
a semiconductor at room temperature possessing attributes of
positive temperature coefficient resistance (PTCR). These
impacts are brought about by a combination of semiconducting
a
Laboratoire de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences, Département de Physique,
Université de Monastir, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Avenue de l’environnement,
5019 Monastir, Tunisia. E-mail: marwaa.jebli12@gmail.com
b
Department of Physics, College of Sciences at Zul, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah,
11932, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: m.henda@mu.edu.sa
c
Department of Computer Science and Information College of Science at Zul Majmaah
University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
compensated for by spontaneous polarization and result in low
resistance below the Curie temperature. However, when the
dopant concentration exceeds 0.4–0.5 mol% during air sinter-
ing, the compounds revert to being excellent insulators and the
particle size becomes tiny. It is well known that when the donor
concentration is lower than these concentrations, the
compensation system is basically one comprising electrons. As
the donor concentration is greater than these concentrations,
the clearing process shis to a process that basically includes
cation vacancies.2–4
Even so, it is typically considered that those single crystals of
BaTiO3 or SrTiO3 in which the donor concentration is assuredly
greater than 2 mol% still exhibit semiconductor behavior. In
addition, coarse-grained polycrystalline specimens with a grain
size of ten mm also showed semiconductivity although the
donor concentration was as high as about 2 mol%, as demon-
strated in this systematic review. Therefore, although the donor
content is greater than the semiconductor/insulator limiting
composition by about 0.4 mol%, the mass compensation

23664 | RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 23664–23678 © 2021 The Author(s). Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry