Conceptual skills The ability to think and to conceptualise about abstract and complex

situations.

Controlling Management function that involves monitoring, comparing and correcting work
performance.

Decisional roles Managerial roles that involve around making decisions.

eco-effectiveness A strategy for business growth and prosperity that generates ecological,
social and economic value.

Eco-efficiency The concept of creating more goals and services while using fewer resources
and creating less waste and pollution.

Effectiveness Doing the righ things, or completing activities so that organisational goals are
attained.

Efficiency Doing things right, or getting the most output from the least amount of inputs.

First-line managers Managers at the lowest level of the organisation who manage the work of
non-managerial employees who are directly involved with the production or creation of the
organisation's products.

Human skills The ability to work well with other people individually and in a group.

Informational roles Managerial roles that involve receiving, collecting and disseminating
information.

Interpersonal roles Managerial roles that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial
and symbolic in nature.

Leading Management function that involves working with and through people to
accomplish organisaitonal goals.

Management The process of coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that
their activities are completed efficiently and effectively.

Management roles Specific categories of managerial behaviour expected of and exhibited by

a manager.

Manager Someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that
organisational goals can be accomplished.
Middle managers Managers between the first-line level and the top level of the organisation
who manage the work of first-line managers.

Organisation A deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose.

Organising Management function that involves arranging and structuring work to accomplish
the organisation's goals.

Planning Management function that involves defining goals, establishing gtrategies for
achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities.

Small busines An independently owned and operated, profit-seeking enterprise with fewer than
20 employees.

Sustainability A company's ability to achieve its business goals and increase long-term
shareholder value by integrating economic, environmental and social opportunities into its
business strategies.

Techinal skills Knowledge of and proficiency in a certain specialised field.

Top managers Managers at or near the top level of the organisation who are responsible for
making organisation-wide decisions and establishing the goals and plans that affect the entire
organisation.

Universality of management The reality that management is needed in all types and sizes of
organisations, at all organisational levels, in all organisational areas and in organisations in all
countries around the globe.