RESUME FRACTURE and DISLOCATION

YOPY OCTAVIANA HASIBUAN

NIM: PO7220119 1584

CLASS : 3A NURSING

KEMENTERIAN KESEHATAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA

POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN TANJUNGPINANG
PRODI DIII KEPERAWATAN
2022
A. Definition Of Fracture
A fracture is a condition when a bone breaks, cracks, or breaks, changing the shape
of the bone. This condition can occur due to strong pressure on the bones or due to
weakened bone conditions, such as osteoporosis. Fractured or broken bones can occur in
any area of the body. However, this case is more common in several parts of the body,
such as collarbone or shoulder fractures, hand fractures (including wrist and arm), leg
fractures (including leg and ankle), spine fractures, and hip fractures.

B. Types Of Fractures
There are various types of fractures or fractures. Broadly speaking, some of the
common types of fractures are:
1. Open fracture, which is a condition when the broken bone penetrates the skin so that it
can be seen.
2. Closed fracture, which is a condition when the bone breaks, but does not penetrate the
skin or the skin is still intact.
3. Partial fracture, which is a condition when the fracture is incomplete or incomplete.
4. Total fracture, ie when the fracture occurs completely or completely, so that the bone is
divided into two or more parts.
Of the four major types, fractures are further divided into several types. Each type of
fracture requires a different technique and procedure to repair it. Consult with your doctor
about the right way of treatment according to your condition.

C. Signs & Symptoms Fracture

You and your fracture symptoms may vary from person to person, depending on the
type, location, and severity of the fracture. But in general, the symptoms of a fracture or
fracture that are often felt are:
1. Pain or tenderness that is generally severe in the area of the fractured bone.
2. Swelling in the area of the fractured bone.
3. A marked deformity or change in shape in the area of the body that is fractured.
4. Difficulty moving body parts in the area of the fracture.
5. Redness, bruising, and a warm feeling in the skin around the fractured area of the body.
D. Causes & Risk Factors For Fractures
Fractures occur due to strong pressure or impact on the bone, which exceeds the
strength of the bone itself. This is generally caused by an injury, such as a fall, accident, or
a strong direct impact on an area of the body, or repetitive motion that causes the bone to
fracture. Not only that, the cause of fractures can also be a weak bone condition. Generally
this is caused by certain diseases or conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis
or bone cancer.

E. What Are The Factors That Increase The Risk Of Fractures

Although it can happen to anyone, there are several factors that increase a person's
risk of developing a fracture. Some of the risk factors for fractures are:
1. Elderly or over the age of 50 years.
2. Female gender.
3. Smoking habit.
4. Alcohol consumption.
5. Take corticosteroid drugs.
6. Lack of nutrients, especially calcium and vitamin D.
7. Lack of activity or exercise.
8. There is a history of rheumatoid arthritis or rheumatism.
9. Chronic disorders, such as Celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis
(inflammation of the intestines).
10. Have had a previous fracture.
11. Family history, especially for fractures that occur in the pelvis.

F. Complications Of Fractures
If not treated immediately, fractures can cause complications that further interfere
with your health. These complications can vary, depending on the area of the bone that has
been fractured or broken. In general, complications from fractures that may occur if left
untreated are:
1. Malunion
Malunion is a condition that occurs when the bones have healed and have fused, but are
not in the right position or shifted on their own.
 2. Infection
If there is a cut on the skin or an open fracture, bacteria can enter and infect the bone or
bone marrow. In this condition, the patient will generally be given antibiotics and need
to be hospitalized.
3. Compartment Syndrome
Compartment syndrome is a condition in which increased pressure occurs in closed
parts of the body (compartments) that cut off the blood supply to muscles and nerves.
This condition is generally caused by bleeding and hematoma (collection of blood
outside the blood vessels) around the broken bone.
4. Avascular Necrosis
If the fracture is not treated promptly, the bone may lose its essential blood supply. In
this condition, bone tissue death can occur, also known as avascular necrosis.
5. Haemarthrosis
A condition in which bleeding into the joint space causes the joint to become swollen.
6. Blood clotting
As a result of fractures that are not treated immediately, blood clots in the veins can
occur. This condition can affect the whole body.
7. Injury To Surrounding Organs Or Tissues
If the fracture is not treated immediately, organs or tissues around the bone can be
injured. For example, the brain can be injured or damaged due to a fracture of the skull,
organs in the chest can be damaged if you have a broken rib, and so on.
8. Stunted Bone Growth
In children who are still growing, fractures can affect both ends of the bone. This
condition can cause impaired bone growth and increase the risk of bone deformity later
in life.

G. Diagnosis & Treatment Of Fractures

To diagnose a fracture, your doctor will ask about your medical conditions,
including if you had an injury or accident, and your symptoms. After that, the doctor will
perform a physical examination as well as several other tests to confirm the diagnosis. The
following are some of the tests you may need to undergo to help your doctor diagnose a
fracture or fracture:
 1. X-ray
This test produces images of internal tissues, bones, and organs, so they can be seen if
there are changes, such as cracks or fractures, in your bones.
2. MRI
This test uses magnets, radio frequencies, and a computer to produce more detailed
images of body structures. Generally, MRI is used for smaller types of fractures called
stress fractures.
3. CT scan
This test procedure uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce
detailed images of bone, muscle, fat, and organs.
4. Bone scan
A bone scan can detect fractures and other abnormal conditions in the bone, which may
not be visible on X-rays or other imaging tests.A bone scan can detect fractures and
other abnormal conditions in the bone, which may not be visible on X-rays or other
imaging tests.

E. Fracture Treatment
Treatment for fractures generally aims to restore pieces of bone to their original
place, control pain, give the bone time to heal, prevent complications, and restore the
affected body's function to normal. The type of treatment given can be different for each
person, depending on the type of fracture, the location of the affected bone, and the overall
condition of the patient. Based on this, some of the treatments that are generally given to
treat fractures are:
1. Placing a plaster or fiberglass cast to keep the ends of the fractured bone in the proper
position and reduce movement, while the bone is healing.
2. The use of traction to re-stabilize the bone, and stretch the muscles and tendons around
the fractured bone.
3. Medicines to relieve pain.
4. Surgery or fracture surgery to restore the position of the bone into place.
5. Physiotherapy to help restore muscle strength and function in the affected area of the
body.
As for the type of open fracture, where the bone penetrates the skin and can bleed,
emergency help is needed to prevent infection and shock.
F. Home Remedies For Fractures
Fractures can heal within a few weeks or months after undergoing medical
treatment. To help the healing process, you can make home remedies or lifestyle changes
below:
1. Rest the area of the fractured bone as much as possible.
2. Avoid lifting heavy weights or driving until a broken or fractured bone has healed.
3. Take good care of the cast, such as not getting it wet or avoiding direct heat when the
cast has not been properly applied.
4. Fill up with nutrients that help your bone healing process, such as vitamin D or foods
for other fracture sufferers.
5. Quit smoking
6. When you have recovered, exercise in areas of the body that have fractures, to help
restore muscle strength, joint movement, and flexibility. Consult your doctor or
physiotherapist regarding this.

G. Prevention of fractures
Fractures commonly occur due to injuries from falls or accidents, and osteoporosis.
Therefore, to prevent fractures, you need to avoid these causes and avoid various factors
that can increase the risk. Steps to prevent fractures:
1. Creating a safe home for you and your family, especially children. For example,
installing railings on stairs to keep them from falling, installing trellises on windows,
or removing cables on the floor.
2. Use non-slip rugs in the house.
3. Use protective equipment when doing physical activities outside the home or
exercising. For example, helmets, elbow pads, knee pads, or wrist and foot protectors,
when cycling
4. Ensures good lighting in and around your home when it is dark.
5. Wearing rubber-soled shoes
6. Pay attention to your surroundings when walking.
7. Eat a nutritionally balanced diet, especially vitamin D and calcium to strengthen
bones
8. Doing regular exercise to strengthen bones, including lifting weights.
9. Quit smoking.
10. Avoid alcohol consumption.
 DISLOCATION

A. Definition Of Dislocation
A dislocation is a condition when a bone moves out of or shifts from its normal
position in a joint. All joints in the body can be dislocated, especially when there is a
collision due to a driving accident or a fall while exercising.Dislocations most commonly
occur in the shoulders and fingers, although dislocations can occur in any joint, including
the knee, elbow, jaw, and hip.

B. Causes Of Dislocation
A dislocation occurs when a joint is subjected to a strong impact or pressure.
Conditions that can cause a dislocation include:
1. Falls, for example as a result of slipping
2. Motor vehicle accident
3. Injuries from sports that involve physical contact, such as soccer or martial arts

C. Dislocation Risk Factors

Dislocation can happen to anyone, but there are several factors that can increase a
person's risk of developing this condition, namely:
1. Doing sports that involve physical contact
2. Driving with a motorized vehicle
3. Have weak muscles and balance, for example from suffering from muscular
dystrophy
4. Old age or still a child

D. Symptoms Of Dislocation
A joint is an area where two or more bones meet. Joints are made up of connective
tissue and cartilage, and serve as links between bones when they move. This condition can
cause symptoms and complaints in the form of:
1. Aches and pains in the injured joint
2. Joint swelling and bruising
3. The injured joint becomes red or black
4. Joint shape becomes abnormal
5. Pain when moving
 6. Numbness in the injured joint
E. Dislocation Diagnosis
To diagnose a dislocation, the doctor will ask questions about the symptoms
experienced by the patient and recent activities that have the potential to cause the
dislocation. The doctor will also perform a physical examination by looking at the part of
the joint suspected of having dislocated, as well as checking the blood circulation in that
part. To confirm the diagnosis, the doctor may perform several supporting examinations,
such as:
1. X-rays, to confirm the presence of dislocations or other damage that may occur in the
joint.
2. MRI, to help doctors check for damage to the soft tissue structures around the
dislocated joint

F. Dislocation Treatment
Treatment depends on the location of the dislocated joint and its severity. Broadly
speaking, dislocation treatment aims to return the bone that is out or shifted to its original
position and prevent damage to nerves or blood vessels around the joint.The following are
treatment methods that can be used to treat dislocations:
1. Drugs
Your doctor may prescribe pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or naproxen, to reduce
pain and inflammation caused by a dislocation.
2. Medical treatment
Medical treatments that can be given to treat dislocations include:
a. Reduction action, to return the bone to its normal position
b. Immobilization, to support bones and prevent the movement of joints that have
returned to their normal position, so that recovery can be faster
c. Surgery, to treat a dislocation that cannot be repaired with reduction or there has
been damage to the blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments around the joint
d. Rehabilitation, to strengthen joints and train patients to be able to move as usual
3. Self care
After the dislocation is treated by a doctor, there are several self-care treatments that
can be done at home to speed up the recovery process while reducing any discomfort
that may arise. Some of these treatments are:
a. Compress the joint with ice or warm water for 15-20 minutes several times a day
 b. Resting dislocated joints and avoiding painful movements
c. Exercise the joints with light movements and do it slowly

G. Dislocation Complications
Dislocations that are not treated immediately can lead to complications such as:
1. Tearing of muscles, ligaments, and tendons in joints
2. Damage to nerves or blood vessels in the joint area
3. Inflammation of the joints
4. Repeated dislocation

H. Dislocation Prevention
Follow these steps to prevent dislocations from occurring:
1. Be careful and always be aware of accidents or falls while on the move.
2. Use protective equipment when exercising.
3. Avoid standing on unstable places, such as chairs.
4. Cover the floor of the house with a non-slip carpet.
5. Do exercise regularly to improve balance and muscle strength of the body.
In children, dislocations can be prevented in the following ways:
1. Make sure as much as possible there are no items or areas of the house that can harm
the child.
2. Pay attention and supervise children when playing.
3. Teach children about safe behavior when doing activities or playing.
4. Install a safety door on the stairs so that children do not fall because they are playing
on the stairs.