Offshore Reliability Data 5th Edition Volume 1 - Topside Equipment

IWE{]fl 2009
Offshore
Reliability
Prepared by:
Data
~ SINTEF 5th Edition
Volume 1- Topside Equipment
OREDA
Offshore Reliability Data Handbook
Volume 1- Topside Equipment
5th Edition, 2009
Published by: OREDA Participants
Prepared by: SINTEF
Distributed by: Det Norske Veritas (DNV)

Volume 1 -Topside Equipment 2 OREDA-2009
Copyright © 2009 by the OREDA ® Participants
The OREDA Participants in 2009 are:
BP Exploration Operating Company Ltd

ConocoPhillips Skandinavia AS
Eni S.p.A. Exploration & Production Division
ExxonMobil Production Company
Gassco 1
Shell Global Solutions UK
Statoil ASA
Total S.A.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the
copyright holders.
Comments or questions to the book can be directed to:
Postal address: SINTEF Teclmology and Society

Safety Research
N-7465 Trondheim
NORWAY
Phone: +47 73 59 27 56
e-mail: oredahandbook@sintef.no
http: www.sintef.no/oredahandbook
Copies of the book may be ordered from:
Postal address: Del Norske Veritas

N-1363 H0Vik
NORWAY
Att.: ENEN0753
Phone: +47 67 57 99 00
e-mail: distribution@dnv.com
Webshop: http://webshop.dnv .com/global/category .asp?c0~2631
ISBN 978-82-14-04830-8
OREDA®~Registered trade mark name of OREDA (Offshore Reliability Data)

1
Associated OREDA Participant- Topside equipment only
©OREDA
OREDA-2009 3 Volume 1 -Topside Equipment
DISCLAIMER
Information in this docwnent is intended to permit data utilisation in the interests of
evaluating and improving reliability, availability, maintenance and safety in the oil & gas
industries (exploration & production). Publication of said information does not imply
verification or endorsement of the information. Neither the publishers nor the originators of
data included in this document assume any liability to parties adopting any product,
process, or practice based upon the usage of the information.
The correctness of the data listed in this docwnent is assured only to the limits that the
producers of each individual chapter, and their sources, can ensure correctness.
A listing, description, or definition of any item in this docwnent is not to be regarded, by

implication or otherwise, as in any manner licensing any person or corporation, or
conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use, or sell any device or item that may
in any way be related thereto.
This docwnent may not be employed in any manner that might be construed as
endorsement or censure of any item listed herein, and should only be used within the scope
of the intent stated above.
The existence of this docwnent does not imply that there are no other ways to present the
offshore reliability data compiled in this book. Furthermore, the viewpoint or technical
perspective expressed in this publication is subject to changes brought about by
technological developments and comments received from users of the former OREDA
Reliability Data Handbooks.
Requests for interpretation may arise regarding the meaning of parts of the handbook as
they relate to specific applications. Those requests should be directed to SINTEF at the
addresses given. As publications issued by the OREDA project represent a consensus of all
participating companies, it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received
the joint agreement of those companies. For this reason, it may in some cases be necessary
to consult the OREDA Steering Committee. In these cases it will not be possible to provide
an instant response to interpretation requests, except in those cases where the matter has
previously received formal consideration.
©OREDA
Volume 1 ·Topside Equipment 4 OREDA-2009
(This page intentionally left blank)
©OREDA
PREFACE
The reliability, availability, maintenance and safety (RAMS) of petroleum, natural gas, and
petrochemical industries are of considerable concern to employees, companies and
authorities. RAMS analyses are carried out to provide a basis for decisions in engineering,
fabrication and operations. In order to allow these analyses to be conducted, a source of
reliability and maintenance (RM) data is required.
OREDA is a project organisation sponsored by oil and gas companies with world-wide
operations. OREDA's main purpose is to collect and exchange reliability data among the
participating companies and act as The Forum for co-ordination and management of
reliability data collection within the oil and gas industry.
OREDA has established a comprehensive databank with reliability and maintenance data
for exploration and production equipment from a wide variety of geographic areas,
installations, equipment types and operating conditions. Offshore subsea and topside
equipment are primarily covered, but onshore equipment is also included.
Five reliability and maintenance data handbooks, including the 2009 edition, have been
published. The previous editions of the OREDA handbook were published in 1984, 1992,
1997 and 2002.
As decided by OREDA project Steering Committee, the current 2009 edition has been split
in two volumes, one for topside equipment (this volume) and one for subsea equipment.
Compared to earlier editions, there are only minor changes in the reliability data
presentation.
The topside and subsea handbooks are both divided into two parts. Part I describes the
OREDA project, different data collection phases and the estimation procedures used to
generate the data tables presented in Part II of the handbook. To ensure adequate
interpretation and application of the data tables given in Part II, it is highly recommended to
read Part I before using data in Part II.
While each new edition of the handbook is considered to be a step forward, it is realised
that the quality and the quantity of the data presented in the handbooks may be inadequate
for certain applications. The OREDA Steering Committee wants to continuously improve
the reliability data handbook and request users to give feedback as to content and layout.
The OREDA project Steering Committee has decided to include data collected in the
phases VI and VII (project period 2000-2003) in the current 2009 handbooks (see Table 2,
p. 14). As focus in OREDA has been on collecting subsea data in these phases, less topside
data have been collected than in past OREDA phases. To obtain a reasonable population for
presenting reliability data for topside equipment in the 2009 edition, some data issued in the
previous 2002 handbook have been included. The 2002 edition included data collected
during OREDA phase IV and V ( 1993-2000).
©OREDA
Data collected are in general not covering the whole lifetime of equipment, but typically a
time window of 2 - 4 years of operation. Infant mortality failures are as a rule not collected
for topside equipment; hence, the data collected are from the normal steady-state operating
time period.
The source data for this book are stored in a computer database. The database and the
associated software are available for the companies participating in the OREDA project
only. The data presented in this handbook are extracted and compiled from this database
and presented as generic reliability data tables. The database does, however, contain
additional and more detailed information. For those who want to exploit this possibility,
one of the participating oil companies needs to be contacted. (See OREDA Homepage
http://www.oreda.com).
Equipment for which reliability data are missing or additional data desirable should be
responded to either the OREDA Project Manager or one of the participating OREDA
oil and gas companies, as this will enable better quality and priority in future
reliability data collection. (See http://www.oreda.com)
©OREDA
CONTENTS
DISCLAIMER .......................................................................................................................... 3
PREFACE ...............................................................................................................................5
PART 1....................................................................................................................................9
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 11
THE OREDA PROJECT ........................................................................................................... 11
PROJECT PHASES ................................................................................................................... 11
PARTICIPANTS ......................................................................................................................... 12
ORGANISATION ....................................................................................................................... 13
EQUIPMENT CATEGORIES COVERED IN OREDA HANDBOOK ..................................................... 13
SCOPE OF OREDA HANDBOOK ............................................................................................... 15
LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 15
OREDA TOPSIDE DATA STRUCTURE .............................................................................. 17

MAIN DATA CATEGORIES ......................................................................................................... 17
SYSTEM HIERARCHY ............................................................................................................... 18
EQUIPMENT BOUNDARIES ........................................................................................................ 20
ESTIMATION PROCEDURES .............................................................................................23

FAILURE RATE ........................................................................................... ."............................ 23
ESTIMATORS AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR A HOMOGENEOUS SAMPLE ............................... 25
MULTI-SAMPLE PROBLEMS ...................................................................................................... 26
ESTIMATION OF DEMAND PROBABILITIES .................................................................................. 31
ESTIMATION OF REPAIR TIMES ................................................................................................. 31
WEIGHTING OREDA-2009 DATA WITH OTHER DATA SOURCES ................................................ 32
TOPSIDE DATA TABLE FORMATS ...................................................................................35

DATA TABLE, RELIABILITY DATA ............................................................................................... 35
DATA TABLE, MAINTAINABLE ITEM VERSUS FAILURE MODE ........................................................ 37
DATA TABLE, FAILURE MECHANISM VERSUS FAILURE MODE ..................................................... 38
REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................45
PART 11 .................................................................................................................................47
RELIABILITY DATA PRESENTATION ...............................................................................49
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................. 57
MACHINERY ............................................................................................................................ 59
Compressors ....................................................................................................................59
Gas Turbines .................................................................................................................. 101
Pumps ............................................................................................................................ 137
Combustion Engines ...................................................................................................... 185
Turboexpanders ............................................................................................................. 221
ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT ........................................................................................................... 233
Electric Generators ......................................................................................................... 233
Electric Motors ................................................................................................................ 263
©OREDA
Volume 1 - Topside Equipment 8 OREDA-2009
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................................... 301

Heat Exchangers ............................................................................................................301
Vessels ........................................................................................................................... 323
Heaters and Boilers ........................................................................................................ 397
CONTROL AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT .......................................................................................427
Fire and Gas Detectors .................................................................................................. 427
Process Sensors ............................................................................................................ 455
Control Logic Units ......................................................................................................... 477
Valves ............................................................................................................................. 495
©OREDA
PART I
©OREDA
©OREDA
INTRODUCTION
THE OREDA PROJECT
The Offshore Reliability Data (OREDA) project was established in 1981 in co-operation
with the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate2 • The initial objective of OREDA was to collect
reliability data for safety equipment. The current organisation, as a co-operating group of
several oil companies, was established in 1983, and at the same time the scope of OREDA
was extended to cover reliability data from a wide range of equipment used in oil and gas
exploration and production (E&P). Offshore topside and subsea equipment are primarily
covered, but some onshore E&P equipment is also included and data collection is currently
being extended for this industry.
The main objective of the OREDA project is to contribute to an improved safety and cost-
effectiveness in design and operation of oil and gas E&P facilities; through collection and
analysis of maintenance and operational data, establishment of a high quality reliability
database, and exchange of reliability, availability, maintenance and safety (RAMS)
technology among the participating companies.
PROJECT PHASES
Phase I (1983 - 1985)
The purpose of phase I was to collect and compile data from offshore drilling and pro-
duction operations. The data were published in the OREDA-84 handbook. An objective of
the handbook was to demonstrate the ability of the eight participating oil companies to co-
operate on this issue and create a forum for a common co-operative process in this field.
Data was collected on a wide area of equipment (large population) but not with as much
detailed information as in later phases. Data from this phase is not included in the OREDA
computerised database.
Phase II (1987 - 1990)

The scope was adjusted to only collect data on production critical equipment, to improve
the quality of the data, and to store the data in a PC database format. A tailor-made PC
program (called the OREDA software) was developed to aid the collection and analysis of
the data. The data were published in the OREDA-92 handbook. This handbook also
contains the data collected in phase I.
Phase III (1990 - 1992)

The number of equipment categories was increased, and more data on maintenance
programs were collected. The data quality was improved by means of the comprehensive
"Guidelines for Data Collection" and through quality control. The OREDA software was
modified into a more general-purpose data collection tool, and its user interface was
improved. The data collected in this phase are published in the OREDA-97 handbook.
2
Has since then changed organization and name to Petroleum Safety Authority Notway
©OREDA
Phase IV (1993 - 1996)

New software for data collection and analysis was developed, plus specific software and
procedures for automatic data import and conversion. Data were collected mainly for the
same equipment as in phase III, and the data collection was - to a greater extent - carried
out by the companies themselves. Data on planned maintenance were included. The data
collected in this phase are published in the OREDA-02 handbook.
Phase V (1997 - 2000)

Some new equipment classes were included and more focus was given on collecting subsea
data. As a parallel activity, the ISO standard 14 224: "Petroleum and natural gas industries
- Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment" was
developed and issued in July 1999. The data collected in this phase are published in the
OREDA-02 handbook.
Phase VI (2000 - 2001)

Data collection on subsea equipment and new equipment classes were prioritised. A forum
for co-operation between major subsea manufacturers was formed.
Phase VII (2002 - 2003)

Priority was given on safety and subsea equipment. A revision of ISO 14224 was started
with important contribution from members of the OREDA project. The fmal version was
issued in December 2006.
The OREDA project has since continued and is currently (2009) in its tenth phase.
Up-to-date information on the OREDA project is available on the Internet address:

http://www.oreda.com
PARTICIPANTS
During phase VI and VII there have been several changes among OREDA participants.
Table I summarises the companies that have contributed with data in these phases.
©OREDA
Table 1 - Companies that have Contributed with Data in Phase VI and VII
Companies Phase VI Phase VII Comments
Eni/Agip ~ ~
BP ~ ~
Chevron ~ Merged with Texaco and left OREDA in phase VI
ExxonMobil ~ ~ Exxon and Mobil merged in phase VII
Norsk Hydro ~ ~ Merged with Statoil in 2007
ConocoPhillips Petroleum ~ ~ Phillips and Conoco merged in phase VII
Company Norway
81
StatoiiHydro ~ ~ StatoiiHydro changed name to Statoil Nov. 1 2009
Shell
Texaco
-J
' ' Merged with Chevron and left OREDA in phase VI

Total -J
' Merged with Elf and Fina in phase VI
ORGANISATION
OREDA is managed by a Steering Committee with one member and one deputy member
from each of the participating oil companies. The Steering Committee elects one of its
members as chairman and appoints a Project Manager. The Project Manager co-ordinates
the activities approved by the Steering Committee, and also performs data quality
assurance. Det Norske Veritas (DNV) served as Project Manager during phases I and II and
SINTEF during phases III - IX. DNV is the current Project Manager of phase X which was
started in 2009. The preparation of the OREDA handbooks has been carried out as separate
projects in agreement and consultation with the OREDA Steering Committee. The current
version has been prepared by SINTEF and is marketed by DNV.
EQUIPMENT CATEGORIES COVERED IN OREDA HANDBOOK

Table 2 shows the equipment population that has been included in the 2009 handbooks. As
focus in OREDA phases VI and VII has been on collecting subsea data, there are some
topside equipment classes for which new data have not been collected. To obtain a
reasonable population for presenting reliability data for topside equipment in the 2009
edition, some data issued in the previous 2002 handbook have been included (see Table 2).
For topside equipment, where no reliability data have been collected in phases VI and VII,
the 2009 edition corresponds to the 2002 edition; however, reliability data is presented at a
more coarse taxonomy level than in the 2002 edition. Most of the equipment derives from
offshore facilities, but a few equipment units from onshore E&P have also been included.
©OREDA
Table 2- Equipment Population in the 2009 OREDA Handbooks

Topside Handbook 1Volume1 I
Data from 2002 edition New data. in Total2009
included In 2009 edition 2009 edition edition
SYSTEM EQUIPMENT CLASS
Phase IV PhaseV Phases VI+
VII
No. of units No. of units No. of units No. of units
1. Machinery 1.1 Compressors 75 56 131
1.2 Gas Turbines 56 32 88
1.3 Pumps 160 52 212
1.4 Combustion Engines 75 23 98
1.5 Turboexpanders 8 2 10
2. Electric 2.1 Electric Generators 26 6 32
Equipment 2.2 Electric Motors 128 15 143
3. Mechanical 3.1 Heat Exchangers 17 4 21
Equipment 3.2 Vessels 148 50 198
3.3 Heaters and Boilers 11 1 12
4. Other Topside 4. 1 Fire & Gas Detectors 779 139 918
Equipment 4.2 Process Sensors 69 69
3
4.3 Control Logic Units 10 10
4
4.4- 4.5 Valves 331 576 907
SUM TOPSIDE 290 1732 827 2849
Subsea Handbook (Volume 2)

S.Subsea 5.1 Control Systems 17 105 122
5.2 Flowlines 59 251 310
5.3 Manifolds 29 77 106
5.4 Pipelines (SSIV) 85 4 89
5.5 Risers 42 104 146
5.6 Running Tools 5 5
5. 7 Templates 15 15
5.8 Wellheads & X-mas Trees 83 179 262
SUM SUBSEA 320 735 1055
Note 1:
Data from phase V issued in the 2002 handbook have been included in the population of this handbook. For
equipment where no new data have been collected since the 2002 issue, data from phase IV and phase V
previously issued in the 2002 issue have been included. Since the 2002 issue some changes in the equipment
population for phase IV and V data has been made due to additional new data, removal of outdated equipment
etc.
Note 2:
The equipment population for phases IV and V shown in above table only represent the population that have been
included in the 2009 handbook issue, not the total population in the OREDA database.
3
Control logic units were not included in the 2002 edition.
4
Valves are described in two different ways. i.e. by application code (4.4) and by taxonomy code (4.5). It
should be noted that the corresponding taxonomy number for valves in the 2002 edition were 4.4 and 4.3,
respectively.
©OREDA
SCOPE OF OREDA HANDBOOK
For each topside equipment unit, the following information is presented:
• A drawing illustrating the boundary of the equipment unit and specification of subunits
and maintainable items that are part of the various subunits.
• A listing of all failure modes, classified as Critical, Degraded, Incipient or Unknown.
• The aggregated observed time in service for the equipment unit, classified as Calendar
time, Operational time and Number of demands.
• The observed number of failures for each failure mode.
• An estimate of the constant failure rate for each failure mode with associated uncertainty
intervals.
• Mean and maximum values of the repair time, i.e. the number of man-hours required to
repair the failure and restore the function.
• Mean and maximum values of the active repair time, i.e. the elapsed time in hours to
repair the failure and restore the function (time when actual repair work was being
done).
• Supportive information, e.g. equipment population and number of installations.
• A cross-tabulation of:
a) Failure mechanism/cause versus Failure mode
b) Failure mechanism/cause versus Severity
LIMITATIONS
Information released from each participating company has been kept confidential by
rendering it anonymous. Only generic data are published. Failure and maintenance data are
in most cases gathered from two or more installations, and consequently the figures in the
handbook reflect a weighted average of the experience.
The OREDA project is so far restricted to failure data collected on hardware equipment.
Failures initiated by humans are, implicitly, included in the failure rate estimates.
All data shown in the -09 edition are extracted from the OREDA database before the
OREDA taxonomies were updated to comply with ISO 14224 (phases > VIII).
Details and limitations of the methods used are described in the section "ESTIMATION
PROCEDURES", p. 23.
©OREDA
©OREDA
OREDA TOPSIDE DATA STRUCTURE
The structure of the OREDA topside database is described to better understand how the
reliability data presented in this handbook are extracted and compiled.
MAIN DATA CATEGORIES

For each equipment category the database is split into three separate database files: an
Inventory part, a Failure part, and a Maintenance part.
The Inventory part contains a description of each Equipment unit for which data have been
collected. This description contains technical data (e.g. capacity, size) as well as some
operating and environmental data (e.g. operating mode, vibrations). The inventory
description for each equipment unit is stored in an Inventory record in the database.
The Failure part contains information about the failures recorded for the equipment unit
(inventory) during the period of surveillance; one record for each failure event. The failure
events are always related to one equipment unit.
In OREDA a failure event is defined as a physical failure of equipment. This implies that all
events where a work order is issued, and some maintenance action carried out, would be
considered as failure (see the definitions on page 41 ).
The Maintenance part contains information about corrective and scheduled preventive
maintenance program for each equipment unit (e.g. maintenance action, interval, man-
hours). Data on corrective maintenance is related to its preceding failure, while data on
preventive maintenance is related to the equipment unit.
The information recorded in the OREDA database is partly based on numeric data, partly
on codes selected from a predefmed menu, and partly on free text (see Table 3).
©OREDA
Table 3 - Failure and Maintenance Data Collected in OREDA Database

FAILURE MAINTENANCE
Description Format Description Format

Identification Failure record Numeric Maintenance record number Numeric
data number
Equipment unit name Text Corresponding failure record no Numeric
Work order number Numeric Equipment unit name Text
Status Code list Status Code list
Event data Failure detection date Date Maintenance date Date
Failure mode Code list Maintenance category Code list
Severity class Code list Subunit maintained Code list
Failure mechanism Code list Items maintained Code list
Failure cause Code list Maintenance action Code list
Subunit failed Code list Maintenance interval (periodic Numeric
maintenance only)
Maintainable item(s) Code list Maintenance manhours, per discipline and Numeric
failed total
Failure detection Code list Active maintenance time Numeric
method
Failure consequence Code list Downtime Numeric
Additional Specific remarks Code list Specific remarks code Code list
information code
Additional free text Text Additional free text info Text
info
SYSTEM HIERARCHY
The topside system hierarchy is illustrated in Figure 1, p. 20.
• Equipment Category: Items are grouped into Equipment Class according to main
fimction of the item (e.g. pumps, compressors, valves etc.). Items of an Equipment
Class are further classified according to design characteristics and type of service.
Table 4 gives an example for the equipment class Pumps and its corresponding
Design Class and Service (system) (e.g. pump, centrifugal, combined ftmction) with
taxonomy no.
• Equipment Unit: Each individual item within an Equipment Class (e.g. a pump)
• Subunit: An item required for the Equipment Unit to perform its main fimction (e.g.
power transmission, lubrication, control and monitoring). The subunits may be
redundant, e.g. two independent start units.
• Maintainable Item (MI): A subset of each Subunit that will typically consist of the
lowest level items that are due for preventive maintenance.
©OREDA
Table 4- Equipment Cate2ories (Example)

EQUIPMENT CLASS DESIGN CLASS SYSTEM
Taxo- Taxo-
Taxonomy
Description Description nomy Description nomy
no
no no
Pumps 1.3 Centrifugal 1.3.1 Combined function 1.3.1.1
Condensate processing 1.3.1.2
Cooling systems 1.3.1.3

Crude oil handling 1.3.1.4
Flare, vent & blow-down 1.3.1.5
Gas processing 1.3.1.6

Gas treatment 1.3.1.7
Heating medium 1.3.1.8
Oil export 1.3.1.9
Oil processing 1.3.1.10
Oily water treatment 1.3.1.11
Seawater lift 1.3.1.12
water fire fighting 1.3.1.13
water injection 1.3.1.14
Reciprocating 1.3.2 Chemical injection 1.3.2.1
Gas processing 1.3.2.2
Gas treatment 1.3.2.3
Main power 1.3.2.4
water fire fighting 1.3.2.5
Rotary 1.3.3 Oily water treatment 1.3.3.1
(Some equ1pment dasses (e.g. Electric generators) are further dassified accordeng to the SIZe of the eqUipment.)
©OREDA
Maintainable item
1.1.1
Subunit 1.1
Maintainable item
Equipment unit I
1.1.2
Subunit1.2
Maintainable item
System 1.1.p
Yc__s_ub_un_:t_1_.m
_ __,
Subunit n.1
Equipment unit n
Subunit n.2 Maintainable item
n.m.l
Maintainable item
n.m.2
Subunit n.m
Maintainable item
n.m.q
Figure 1 -Equipment hierarchy
Some subunits (e.g. lubrication system) may be relevant for several equipment classes. In these
cases the subunits are given the same name and the same set of Mis. This is done in order to
standardise the subunits/Mis as much as possible, although some of the Mls in these subunits
may not apply for all equipment classes.
EQUIPMENT BOUNDARIES
For each Equipment Class, an Equipment Boundary has been defmed to identify items that are
part of the Equipment Class and to show the interface between these items and their
surroundings. Items within Equipment Boundary are considered to be essential for the function
of the Equipment Unit and/or they are typically part of the Equipment Unit as sold by the
manufacturer. For example, the power transmission (e.g. gear) is included within the boundary
for a pump, while the driver (e.g. electric motor) is not. The boundary is normally sufficiently
determined by a boundary diagram as illustrated in Figure 2, p. 21. Further, a tabular
description as shown in Table 5 lists those subunits and Mis that are included within the
boundary.
When establishing the boundaries, considerations were given to tag number principles used by
the participating oil companies. Generally, equipment units correspond to the companies' main
tag level, while subunits correspond to sub-tag levels. The following principles have been
applied:
©OREDA
• Connected wtits are generally not considered to be part of the equipment wtit. Failures that
occur in a connection (e.g. leak) are included unless it is known specifically that it has
occurred on the connected item outside the boundary.
• When a driver and the driven wtit use common subwtits (e.g. lubrication), failutes of the
subwtit are generally related to the driven unit.
• Failures on drivers (e.g. gas tutbine) and driven units (e.g. compressors) are recorded for
each equipment class separately. When e.g. a failure rate for a combination of driver and
driven wtits is needed (e.g. compressors driven by gas tutbines) the combined values from
those two equipment classes should be used.
• Failutes on instrutnentation are only included if the instrutnentation has specific control
and/or monitoring function for the equipment wtit and/or is locally mounted (e.g. sensors).
Instrutnentation of a more general use, such as supervisory system (SCADA) is not
included.
Fuel or
El. power
EXHAUST Inlet
·-·-·--·-·---------·--·-·-·-·- ·-·-·-·-·- ·----;

!
POWER
DRIVER
STARTING TRANS-
(Diesel, EL PUMP UNIT
SYSTEM motor, etc,.)
; MISSION
i; (Gearbox, etc.)
;
;
r·-·-·-----------·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·--·--------'
;
!;
;
;
l
I CONTROL
I LUBRICATION MISC.
! AND
! SYSTEM
MONITORING
!!
;
;
;
;
··---·---- --·- c-·-· ·-·-·-·-·-·-·--·------ ---·-· ·-·-·-·-·-·-------·--·-·-·-· ·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·---
Power Remote
instr. Coolant
··············· Boundary
Figure 2- Boundary definition for pumps (example)
©OREDA
Table 5- Maintainable Items for Pumps (Example)

EQUIPMENT
PUMPS
CLASS
Subunit Power Control and Lubrication

Pump unit Miscellaneous
transmission monitoring system
Maintainable Bearing Casing Actuating device Cooler Cooling/heating
items system
Coupling to Cylinder liner Control unit Filter
driven unit Cyclone separator
Diaphragm Internal pov.~er Motor
Coupling to supply Flange joints
Impeller Oil
driver
Monitoring Pulsation damper
Piping Piping
Gearbox/
Piping Purge air
variable drive Piston Pump
Seals
Lubrication Radial bearing Reservoir (incl.
Sensorsa heating system}
Seals Seals
Shaft
Valves Seals
Wiring Valves
Support
Thrust bearing
Valves
a Type of instrumenUsensor, e.g. pressure, temperature, level etc.
©OREDA
ESTIMATION PROCEDURES
The main purpose of the OREDA-2009 handbook is to present average failure rate
estimates together with repair time estimates. This section presents a brief description of the
statistical methods that are used.
FAILURE RATE
The failure rate function expresses how likely it is that an item that has survived up to time
t. will fail during the next unit of time. If the item is deteriorating, this likelihood will
increase with the age t. A man who has reached the age of 95 years will obviously have a
higher probability of dying during the next year than a 20 years old man. The failure rate
function will therefore usually be a function of the time - or, the age of the item.
To give a mathematical defmition of the failure rate function, we start with the time to
failure, T, of the item, i.e. the time from the item is put into operation until the first failure
occurs. It is generally impossible to predict the exact value of the time to failure, and Twill
therefore be a random variable with an associated distribution. The failure rate function,
z(t), may now be defmed mathematically as:
1
z(t) = lim- P(t < T:;:; t+MIT > t).
M->O!if
This implies the approximation
z(t)·M = P(t < T:;:; t+litiT > t).
The right hand side of this equation denotes "the probability that the item will fail in the
time interval (t, t + &), when the item is still functioning at time t" in other words: "the
probability that an item that has reached the age twill fail in the next interval (t, t + &)."
The approximation is sufficiently accurate when M is the length of a very "short" time
interval.
The failure rate function is sometimes also called 'hazard rate' or 'force of mortality'.
The life of a technical item may generally be split into three different phases: the burn-in
(or 'early failure') phase, the useful life phase and the wear-out phase. The failure rate
function will usually have different shapes in the three phases. As illustrated in Figure 3, p.
24, the failure rate function may be decreasing in the burn-in phase, close to constant in the
useful life phase and increasing in the wear-out phase. The curve in Figure 3 is called a
"bath-tub" curve because of its characteristic shape, and is often claimed to be a realistic
model for mechanical equipment.
©OREDA
If we assume that the failure rate function is constant during the useful life phase, provided
it is properly maintained, this means that the item is not deteriorating during this phase. The
deterioration will start when, or if, the item enters the wear-out phase.
Bum-in phase Useful life phase Wear-out phase Timet
Figure 3 - Bath-tub shape of the failure rate
So-called burn-in problems may be caused by inherent quality problems in the item, or by
installation problems. Inherent quality problems may sometimes be removed by careful
quality testing prior to installation. Installation problems have been disregarded in the
OREDA data collection, notably for most topside equipment. The burn-in phase is therefore
not included in the OREDA database, and we may assume that the data collection is started
with the useful life phase.
Many of the items covered in OREDA are subject to some maintenance or replacement
policy. The items will therefore often be replaced or refurbished before they reach the wear-
out phase.
The main part of the failure events in the OREDA database will therefore come from the
useful life phase, where the failure rate is close to constant.
All the failure rate estimates presented in this handbook are therefore based on the
assumption that the failure rate function is constant and independent of time, in which case
z(t) = A, i.e. the failure rates are assumed to be exponential distributed with parameter A.
Note:
• No statistical tests have been performed to verify the assumption of a constant failure
rate.
• Since data are assumed to come from the "bottom" part of the bath-tub curve, the failure
rate estimates presented therefore represent some kind of minimum over the entire life
cycle of the equipment.
An important implication of the constant failure rate assumption is that an item is

considered to be "as good as new" as long as it is functiouing. All failures are purely
chance failures and independent of the age of the item.
©OREDA
Based on the assumption of an estimated constant failure rate, the mean time to failure,
MTTF, may be calculated as:
I
MTTF=-
A
These and related concepts are thoroughly discussed in e.g. Rausand and Hey land (2004).
ESTIMATORS AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR A HOMOGENEOUS SAMPLE

When we have failure data from identical items that have been operating under the same
operational and enviromnental conditions, we have a so-called homogeneous sample. The
only data we then need in order to estimate the failure rate A are the observed number of
failures, n, and the aggregated time in service, r.
The maximum likelihood estimator of A is given by:
n
Number of failures
A• = _::..._:c:_.:.:...:.,.-,-----,-'----:-
Aggregated time in service
The aggregated time in service, z; may be measured either as calendar time or operational
time, and both these are presented in the data tables in Part II.
Note that this approach is valid only in the following situations:
• Failure times for a specified number of items, with the same failure rate A, are available.
• Data (several failures) is available for one item for a period oftime, and the failure rate
A is constant during this period.
• A combination of the two above situations, i.e. there are several items where each item
might have several failures. This is the typical situation for the OREDA data.
In the data tables in Part II of the handbook, estimates are given for each failure mode.
Confidence intervals for the failure rate

The uncertainty of the estimate J may be presented as a 90% confidence interval. This is
an interval (AL,Au), such that the "true value" of A fulfils:
P(AL ~A< Au)= 90%
With n failures during an aggregated time in service z; this 90% confidence interval is
given by:
©OREDA
where Z0.95,v and zo.05,v denote the upper 95% and 5% percentiles, respectively, of the X2-
distribution with vdegrees of freedom, see Table 6, p. 33.
Example
Assume that n = 6 failures have been observed during an aggregated time in service
r = I 0000 hours.
The failure rate estimate is then given by:
A = n/" = 6. I o·• failures per hour

and a 90% confidence interval is given by:
I I ) ( I- I ) _, 118·10_,
( -2, Zo95.2n• -2, Zoos~(n+I) = -
20000
zo.95,12• - - zoos.l4 = ( 26·10
20000
· ' · )
The estimate and the confidence interval are illustrated in Figure 4.
---,---,---,----,--,---,-,.----,--...,---,,--,---r----i~ Failure rate

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {failures per 104 hours)
Figure 4- Estimate and 90% confidence interval for the example
Note:
The given interval is a confidence interval for the failure rate for the items we have data for.
There is no guarantee that items installed in the future will have a failure rate within this
interval.
MULTI-SAMPLE PROBLEMS
In many cases we do not have a homogeneous sample of data. The aggregated data for an
item may come from different installations with different operational and environmental
conditions, or we may wish to present an "average" failure rate estimate for slightly
different items. In these situations we may decide to merge several more or less
homogeneous samples, into what we call a multi-sample.
The various samples may have different failure rates, and different amounts of data - and
thereby different confidence intervals. This is illustrated in Figure 5, p. 27.
©OREDA
Sample
Total ( )( )
Faih.re rate
'
2 3 '
4 5 6 7 8 '
9 10 11 12 (failures per 10" hours)
Figure 5 - Multi-sample problem
To merge all the samples, and estimate the "average" failure rate as the total number of
failures divided by the aggregated time in service will not always give an adequate result.
The 'confidence' interval will especially be unrealistically short, as illustrated in Figure 5.
We therefore need a more advanced estimation procedure to take care of the multi-sample
problem.
Below, the so-called OREDA-estimator of the "average" failure rate in a multi-sample

situation is presented together with a 90% uncertainty interval. Spjmvoll (1985) gives a
rationale for the estimation procedure.
The OREDA-estimator is based on the following assumptions:
• We have k different samples. A sample may e.g. correspond to an installation (facility),

and we may have data from similar items used on k different installations.
• In sample no. i we have observed n; failures during a total time in service 1;, for
i =1,2, ... , k.
• Sample no. ihas a constant failure rate A;, fori =1,2, ... , k.
• Due to different operational and environmental conditions, the failure rate A; may vary
between the samples.
The variation of the failure rate between samples may be modelled by assuming that the
failure rate is a random variable with some distribution given by a probability density
function n{A.).
The mean, or "average" failure rate is then: B = JA · n"( A) dA

0
and the variance is:

-
a' = J(A- B) 2 ·Ji(A) dA
0
©OREDA
To calculate the multi-sample OREDA-estimator, the following procedure is used:
1. Calculate an initial estimate 81 of the mean ("average") failure rate 8, by pooling the
data:
Lnt
8 = Total no. of failures
1
....!:L_
k
Total time in service
L''
i=l
2. Calculate:
k
s1= L''
i=l
i=l
3. Calculate an estimate ford, a measure of the variation between samples, by:
2
n, -81
when greater than 0, else & 2 = ±
i=l
(
r,
k-1
)
4. Calculate the fmal estimate fl of the mean ("average") failure rate Bby:
8• = , 1 ~[ .
xL... 1 n,J
x-
Lo. 1. H ~+&" r,
i-1-+a-"
Tj
5. LetSD= &
ln the data tables in Part II of the handbook fl corresponds to the mean (column 4 ), and
SD corresponds to the standard deviation (colmnn 6).
©OREDA
The lower and upper "uncertainty" values are given by:
Upp<>
f ;r(4)d4=90%
Lower
Since the distribution 1Z(4) is not known in advance, the following pragmatic approach
is used:
6. 1Z(4) is assumed to be the probability density function of a Gamma distribution with

parameters a and fl.
7. The parameters a and Pare estimated by:
. (}.
fJ = -::::J:
(]"
• p' . (}.
a=
8. The following formulas are now applied:
1
Lower = - . zo ., 2&
2/] ..
1
U~'Per =-. Zoo52a
2/] ..
where zo. 9s.v and zo.os.v denote the upper 95% and 5% percentiles, respectively, of the
x -distribution with vdegrees of freedom, see Table 6, page 33. In situations where vis
2
not an integer, an interpolation in the i -distribution is performed.
Note 1:
More detailed analysis of the OREDA data (see Vatn 1993) has indicated that there may be
a large variation between installations. The multi-sample OREDA estimator should
therefore as a rule be used instead of the n/1: estimator whlch assumes a homogeneous
sample. The variation between the samples (installations) is measured by the standard
deviation SD. Both the standard deviation and the lower and upper uncertainty values
describe the distribution over the failure rate, i.e. 1Z(4). The uncertainty interval should not
be mixed up with a confidence interval. A confidence interval decreases with more data,
which is not the case for the uncertainty intervals given in thls procedure.
©OREDA
Note 2:
In the case of k ~ I, the procedure cannot be used. In this case the nlr estimate is given for
the mean, and the lower and upper values should be interpreted as a traditional 90%
confidence interval.
Note 3:
The subdivision of the equipment in detailed taxonomy classes as shown in the data tables
will in several cases result in a very low population and/or no. of installations. In these
cases it is obvious that the confidence in the data will be very low. The analyst must
therefore examine the trade-off between data relevance and population size. We therefore
recommend in these cases to use the given data with caution and find additional means to
verify the confidence of the data. Some ways this can be done are by using/comparing data
from a higher taxonomy level, checking other reliability data sources and/or using expert
judgement.
Note 4:
If no failures are observed for an item, the following approach is used to obtain lower,
mean and upper values for "All failure modes":
I. Let iP denote the failure rate estimate ("mean") one level up in the taxonomy
hierarchy.
2. Let r denote the total time in service (operational or calendar) for the item of interest
3. Let
a~ 112
1
fJ=-.-+T
2A-p
4. An estimate for the failure rate is now
. a
A-=-
fJ
5. The standard deviation is given by
sv~ff,
6. A 90% uncertainty interval is given by
©OREDA
1
( 2 /3 Z095,2a•
1
2 /3 Z005.2a)
J=(0.002
p'p 1.9J
Alternatively, the term "All failure modes" can be replaced with the failure mode of
interest.
ESTIMATION OF DEMAND PROBABILITIES

If information about "number of demands" is given (see Section "Data Table, Reliability
Data", page 35) it is possible to estimate the demand probability. The demand probability is
always related to one specific failure mode, for example a critical fail to start. The
maximum likelihood estimator of the demand rate is:
, n
p=-
d
where n is the number of failures with the appropriate failure mode, and d is the number of
demands. Note that in the data table presentations the demand probabilities may apparently
look different. The reason for this is that in some cases there are registered "demand
failures", but the number of demands is not recorded for one or more inventories. For these
inventories, the demand failures are not included in the total number of demand failures for
that data table.
ESTIMATION OF REPAIR TIMES
In OREDA, data on three maintenance related 'times' are collected, i.e. down time, active
repair time and restoration man-hours. The difference between the first two measures is
illustrated in Figure 6.
State
Run- Preparation waiting and! Ramp-

Active or delay
down and/or delay maintenance time Up
1
Up time I\ Down time
I Uptime
I
I
Time of
failure \
Time
Figure 6- Maintenance times (ISO 14224)
Down time includes the calendar time from the equipment is being stopped until it is tested
after a repair and ready for being reconnected to its intended service. This parameter is not
included in the handbook, only in the OREDA database.
©OREDA
Active maintenance/repair time is the calendar time during which maintenance work is
actually performed on the item, irrespective of the number of persons that may work in
parallel. Data on this is scarce in the OREDA database and should therefore be used with
some caution in reliability analysis. The active repair time is estimated as the mean
(average) of the available active repair times. Together with the mean, also the maximum
value is presented, giving an indication of an upper limit of the active repair time. It should
be noted that this value becomes more robust as the sample size increases. In situations
with few observation (times), e.g. less than 10, the maximum value should be applied with
carefulness.
Restoration man-hours are the total man-hours used to restore an item to operational status
after failure. These data do normally have a high fill-in degree in OREDA and estimates are
given by mean (average) and maximum values.
Note that an alternative presentation of repair data is by parameters in the lognormal

distribution, which is commonly used as a distribution for repair time, ref. e.g. Rausand and
Heyland (2004).
WEIGHTING OREDA-2009 DATA WITH OTHER DATA SOURCES

In many RAMS analyses, data may also be available from other sources than this
handbook. For offshore RAMS analyses, the most obvious data source in addition to this
book, is the previous handbooks. A method for weighting data from e.g. OREDA-2002 and
OREDA-2009 is given below. The method is based on an approach suggested in the
OREDA Data Analysis Guidelines (Vatn 1993).
The calculations are repeated for all failure modes of interest. Let AN denote the mean
failure rate for Phase VI and VII data (column 4 of the data table) in the OREDA-2009
handbook. Further, let SDN denote the standard deviation (SD) in column 6 of the data
table. Ao is the corresponding mean in the OREDA-2002 handbook. A weighted failure rate
estimate is given by:
where lxl denotes the absolute value of x.
©OREDA
PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION
Table 6- Percentage Points of the Chi-square (X2) Distribution

Pr(Z > Za,v) ~ a
v\a 0.995 0.990 0.975 0.950 0.05 0.025 0.010 0.005
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.84 5.02 6.63 7.88
2 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.10 5.99 7.38 9.21 10.60
3 0.07 0.11 0.22 0.35 7.81 9.35 11.34 12.84
4 0.21 0.30 0.48 0.71 9.49 11.14 13.28 14.86
5 0.41 0.55 0.83 1.15 11.07 12.38 15.09 16.75
6 0.68 0.87 1.24 1.64 12.59 14.45 16.81 18.55
7 0.99 1.24 1.69 2.17 14.07 16.01 18.48 20.28
8 1.34 1.65 2.18 2.73 15.51 17.53 20.09 21.96
9 1.73 2.09 2.70 3.33 16.92 19.02 21.67 23.59
10 2.16 2.56 3.25 3.94 18.31 20.48 23.21 25.19
11 2.60 3.05 3.82 4.57 19.68 21.92 24.72 26.76
12 3.07 3.57 4.40 5.23 21.03 23.34 26.22 28.30
13 3.57 4.11 5.01 5.89 22.36 24.74 27.69 29.82
14 4.07 4.66 5.63 6.57 23.68 26.12 29.14 31.32
15 4.60 5.23 6.27 7.26 25.00 27.49 30.58 32.80
16 5.14 5.81 6.91 7.96 26.30 28.85 32.00 34.27
17 5.70 6.41 7.56 8.67 27.59 30.19 33.41 35.72
18 6.26 7.01 8.23 9.39 28.87 31.53 34.81 37.16
19 6.84 7.63 8.91 10.12 30.14 32.85 36.19 38.58
20 7.43 8.26 9.59 10.85 31.41 34.17 37.57 40.00
21 8.03 8.90 10.28 11.59 32.67 35.48 38.93 41.40
22 8.64 9.54 10.98 12.34 33.92 36.78 40.29 42.80
23 9.26 10.20 11.69 13.09 35.17 38.08 41.64 44.18
24 9.89 10.86 12.40 13.85 36.42 39.36 42.98 45.56
25 10.52 11.52 13.12 14.61 37.65 40.65 44.31 46.93
26 11.16 12.20 13.84 15.38 38.89 41.92 45.64 48.29
27 11.81 12.88 14.57 16.15 40.11 43.19 46.96 49.64
28 12.46 13.56 15.31 16.93 41.34 44.46 48.28 50.99
29 13.12 14.26 16.05 17.71 42.56 45.72 49.59 52.34
30 13.79 14.95 16.79 18.49 43.77 46.98 50.89 53.67
40 20.71 22.16 24.43 26.51 55.76 59.34 63.69 66.77
50 27.99 29.71 32.36 34.76 67.50 71.42 76.15 79.49
60 35.53 37.48 40.48 43.19 79.08 83.30 88.38 91.95
70 43.28 45.44 48.76 51.74 90.53 95.02 100,42 104.22
80 51.17 53.54 57.15 60.39 101.88 106.63 112.33 116.32
90 59.20 61.75 65.65 69.13 113.14 118.14 124.12 128.30
100 67.33 70.06 74.22 77.93 124.34 129.56 135.81 140.17
©OREDA
©OREDA
TOPSIDE DATA TABLE FORMATS

DATA TABLE, RELIABILITY DATA
Each data table contains an identification of the item and the estimated reliability
parameters. The figures provided should be interpreted on the basis of the assumptions
specified in the boundary definition for each equipment category and the estimation method
applied. The format of the data tables is shown in Figure 7.
Taxonomy no ~em
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (10' hours) No of demands

Calendar time * Operational time •
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 101 hours}. Active rep. hrs Man hours
failures Lower Mean Upper so nit Mean Max Mean Max
Comments
Figure 7 - Format of the reliability data tables

..
The various entries of the data table are explained in the following:
Taxonomy number and Item

Numerical identification of the equipment unit. The taxonomy number has been chosen to
comply with previous handbooks.
Population
Total number of equipment units forming the basis for the reliability estimates.
Installations
Total number of installations (facilities) covered by the data surveillance for the equipment
unit.
©OREDA
Aggregated time in service

Two types of time scales are presented as the basis for the failure rate estimates; Calendar
time and Operational time. The aggregated time in service for the total population is given
for both time scales. Note that while the calendar time is given with high certainty, the
operational time has in many cases to be based on estimates (by the data collector).
It will also be noted that for some equipment there is great differences between calendar
time and operational time. This is typical for equipment being occasionally started and
operated for some time only (e.g. fire pumps).
Equipment being mainly used for on/off fimctions (e.g. valves) are considered to be in an
operational state as long as they are in a status ready to be used on demand.
Number of demands
The accumulated number of demands/cycles for the total population is given when
available. In several cases these numbers are based on estimates and not accurate
measurements.
Failure mode I Severity class
This column contains a brief description of the manner in which the failure occurred, when
such information is available. The failure modes are given for each Severity class, i.e.
Critical, Degraded, Incipient and Unknown.
Number offailures
Total number of recorded failures for each failure mode. The accumulated number of
failures is presented as "All modes".
Failure rate
Estimated failure rate is given both under the "multi-sample" assumption, and the
assumption of homogeneous data sets. In the "multi-sample" situation the failure rate is
assumed to vary between installations, and each installation represents one sample.
Assuming homogenous data sets, the failure rates of various installations are identical. The
following entries are included:
Mean Tbe failure rate obtained by the OREDA estimator, i.e. the mean failure
rate among the installations for which data have been collected.
(Lower, Upper) A 90% uncertainty interval for the failure rate, i.e. an interval covering
90% of the variation between the multiple samples.
SD A standard deviation indicating the variation between the multiple

samples.
nlr The total number of failures divided by the total time in service, i.e. the
failure rate estimate we would use for a homogeneous sample.
All the entries are measured per I 06 hours and refer to calendar time.
©OREDA
Note:
Failure rate values greater than or equal to 0.01 (per I 06 hour) are given with two decimals
places and failure rate values less then 0.01 (per 106 hour) and equal to or greater than
0.0001 (per I 06 hour) are given on "E-" format, e.g. IE-4 means 1.0·104 ~ 0.0001. For very
small failure rates, there is little meaning in presenting exact estimates. Therefore failure
rates less than IE-4 (per I 06 hour), i.e. failure rates with magnitude I o· 10 or less are marked
with"-".
Active repair time (hours)

The active repair time columns present the mean and maximum calendar time (hours)
required to repair and return the item to a state where it is ready to resume its fimctions. Active
repair time is the time when actual repair work is being done. It does not include time to shut
down the writ, issue work order, wait for spare parts, start-up after repair etc. The active repair
time is therefore normally shorter than the downtime where some of the activities indicated
above may be included. Repair values that are estimated from I 0 or less observations are
marked with " + ".
Note:
During the data collection exercises it has been very difficult to obtain data regarding active
repair times. In the OREDA database there is a good coverage of "restoration man-hours"
data, whereas the data for "active repair time" is rather sparse. It should also be noted that
active repair hours are highly influenced by how maintenance is organised on the facility.
The figures for active repair times should therefore only be used as an indication of what
the actual active repair times would be. It is highly recommended to use some kind of
expert judgement in addition to the values given in the handbook.
Manhours (repair)
The repair columns present the mean (average) value and the maximum value of the total
repair times (manhours). The repair manhours represent the total sum ofmanhours spent by
the maintenance personnel for the repair work. Repair manhours that are estimated from I 0
or less observations are marked with " + ".
Note:
Repair values are given with one decimal (for values< 10) or as integers (for values~ 10).
This has been found to be the most readable format the space limitation of the columns
being considered.
Comments
When data have been available, the on-demand failure probability is given in the Comment
field.
DATA TABLE, MAINTAINABLE ITEM VERSUS fAILURE MODE

The reliability data presented in the data table in Figure 7 p. 35, does not give information
on which part of the equipment that has failed. In the Maintainable item versus Failure
mode listing the relative contribution from each maintainable item to the total failure rate
may be obtained. The figures in the table represent percentages of occurrence for each
©OREDA
combination of failure mode and maintainable item. The row sum represents the total
percentage of failures that are related to the actual maintainable item. Note that several
maintainable items migbt be assigned to each failure record. In such situations, the "score"
for the actual maintainable item/failure mode combination is set to lin, where n is the
number of maintainable items listed for that failure record. The column sum represents the
contribution for each failure mode in percentages.
This information is valuable input to an FMEA/FMECA analysis. The FMEA/FMECA

analysis is further a major part of a reliability centred maintenance (RCM) analysis. As the
RCM methodology focuses on failure causes, it is also important to have information
regarding failure causes as discussed in the next section. Note that several maintainable
items migbt be assigned to each failure record.
Note 1:
The data tables list only those failure modes where failures are registered.
Note 2:
For some of the equipment classes the tables Maintainable items versus Failure mode are
split on two or more tables depending on the number of different failure modes. The
column Maintainable item is then repeated after each split.
Note 3:
The values in the tables are given with two decimals. This is done in order to present data in
a common format. It should be kept in mind that such accuracy in the figures result from
the calculated percentage distribution in the collected data, and do not reflect the real
accuracy in the collected data.
DATA TABLE, FAILURE MECHANISM VERSUS FAILURE MODE

In the Failure Mechanism versus Failure Mode listing, the relative contribution from each
Failure Mechanism (cause) to the total failure rate may be obtained. The figures in the table
represent percentages of occurrence for each combination of Failure Mechanism and
Failure Mode. The row sum represents the total percentage of failures that are related to the
actual Failure Mechanism. The column sum represents the contribution for each Failure
Mode in percent.
As mentioned above, the information about failure causes is essential in an RCM analysis.
For example scheduled replacement of units is only applicable if one or more failure causes
may be related to ageing, wear, corrosion etc.
Note 1:
The data tables list only those failure modes where failures are registered.
Note 2:
For some of the equipment classes the tables Failure mechanism versus Failure mode are
split on two or more tables depending on the number of different failure modes. The
column Failure mechanism is then repeated after each split.
©OREDA
Note 3:
The values in the tables are given with two decimals. This is done in order to present data in
a common format. It should be kept in mind that such accuracy in the figures result from
the calculated percentage distribution in the collected data, and do not reflect the real
accuracy in the collected data.
©OREDA
©OREDA
DEFINITIONS5
The main terminology used in the OREDA-2009 handbook is defmed in this section. The
specific defmitions of the terminology and parameters used in the statistical estimation
procedures are included in the section "ESTIMATION PROCEDURES", p. 23.
Terms marked with (C) are categorised in pre-defmed codes.
Active repair time

That part of the maintenance time during which a maintenance action is performed on an item,
either automatically or manually, excluding logistic delays. This excludes the time to detect the
failure, time to isolate the equipment from the process before repair, delay and waiting for
spare parts or tools, and any time after the repair has been completed if the item is not put into
service immediately. Time for testing is included when such testing is an integrated part of the
repair activity. For a more detailed description and interpretation of maintenance times, see
Figure 6, p. 31.
Boundary
The interface between an item and its surroundings.
Calendar time
The interval of time between the start and end of data collection for a particular item.
Equipment unit
The highest indenture level including subunits and smaller entities belonging to that
equipment unit.
Failure
The termination or the degradation of the ability of an item to perform its required
function(s) (see below). It includes:
• Complete failure of the item.

• Failure of part of the item that causes unavailability of the item for corrective action.
• Failure discovered during inspection, testing, or preventive maintenance that requires
repair.
• Failure on safety devices or control/monitoring devices that necessitates shutdown, or
reduction of the items capability below specified limits.
The following outages are not considered as failures:
• Unavailability due to preventive or planned maintenance.

• Shutdown of the item due to external conditions, or where no physical failure condition of
the item is revealed. A shutdown is not to be considered a failure unless there is some
recorded maintenance activity.
5
Definitions related to this Haodbook will also be found in the standards ISO 14224 aod ISO 20815.
©OREDA
A required JUnction is defined as any function necessary to maintain the item's capability of
providing its output at specified capacity and quality. Note that a failure could be either
complete loss of function or function degradation below an acceptable limit.
A failure will normally require a work order and involvement by maintenance personnel.
Failure mechanism (C)

An attribute of the failure event that can be easily deduced technically. The failure mechanism
is the apparent, immediate cause of the failure and is related to the lowest level in the
hierarchy where it can be identified.
Failure mode (C)

The effect by which a failure is observed on the failed unit. The failure modes describe the loss
of required system function( s) that result from failures, or an undesired change in state or
condition. The failure mode is related to the equipment unit level. The failure mode is a
description of the various abnormal states/conditions of an equipment unit, and the possible
transition from correct to incorrect state.
Note that the failure mode can be grouped in three main categories (ref. ISO 14224):
a) desiredfonction is not obtained (e.g. fail to start);
b) specified function lost or outside accepted operational limits (e.g. spurious stop,
high output);
c) a failure indication is observed, but there is no immediate and critical impact on

equipment unit function. These are typical non-critical failures related to some
degradation or incipient fault condition (e.g. initial wear).
Item
A common term used to denote any level of hardware assembly; i.e. equipment unit,
subunit, maintainable items and parts.
Maintainable item (C)

An item that constitutes an assembly of parts that are normally the lowest indenture level
during maintenance.
Number of demands
The total number of times an item is required to perform its specified function(s) during the
calendar time. The number of demands shall include both test demands and demands from
safety or process activation.
Operational time
The period of time during which a particular item performs its required function(s) between
the start and end of data surveillance.
Equipment being mainly used for on/off functions (e.g. valves) are considered to be in an
operational state as long as they are in a status ready to be used on demand.
©OREDA
Population
The total number of items of one particular type in service during the period of the event
data surveillance.
Sample
The group of items of one particular type in service - described by its taxonomy code - on
one installation during the period of the event data surveillance.
Severity Class Types (C)

Each failure is categorised within one out of the four following severity classes:
CRITICAL FAILURE: A failure which causes inunediate and complete loss of an equipment
unit's capability of providing its output.
DEGRADED FAILURE: A failure which is not critical, but it prevents an equipment unit from
providing its output within specifications. Such a failure would usually, but not necessarily, be
gradual or partial, and may develop into a critical failure in time.
INCIPIENT FAILURE: A failure which does not inunediately cause loss of a unit's capability
of providing its output, but which, if not attended to, could result in a critical or degraded
failure in the near future.
UNKNOWN: Failure severity was not recorded or could not be deduced.
The severity class is used to describe effect on operational status and the severity of loss of
output from the unit. Each failure has been associated with only one severity class, critical,
degraded, incipient or unknown, independently of the failure mode and failure cause. The
severity classification is confined to the location and use of the equipment unit that has failed.
Subunit(C)
An assembly of items that provides a specific function that is required for the equipment
unit to achieve its intended performance. Corresponds frequently with sub-tag number(s).
Taxonomy (C)
A systematic classification of items into generic groups based on factors possibly common
to several of the items, e.g. functional type or medium handled.
©OREDA
©OREDA
REFERENCES
M. Rausand and A. Hey land. System Reliability Theory; Models, Statistical Methods, and
Applications. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey 2004.
IEC 812. Analysis Techniques for System Reliability - Procedures for Failure Modes and
Effects Analysis (FMEA). International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, 1985.
ISO 14224 (2nd edition 2006). Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries -
Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment.
International Standards Organisation (ISO).
ISO 20815 (2007) Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Production
assurance and reliability management. International Standards Organisation (ISO).
OREDA-84. Offihore Reliability Data. DNV-Technica, I~ edition, 1984.
OREDA-92. Offihore Reliability Data. Det Norske Veritas (DNV), 2nd edition, 1992.
OREDA-97. Offshore Reliability Data. Prepared by SINTEF and marketed by DNV. 3'd
edition, 1997.
OREDA-02. Offshore Reliability Data. Prepared by SINTEF and marketed by DNV. 4th
edition, 2002.
M. Rausand and K. 0ien. The basic concepts of failure analysis. Reliability Engineering
and System Safety, 53:73-83, 1996.
M. Rausand and J. Vatn. Reliability Centered Maintenance. In C. G. Soares, editor, Risk
and Reliability in Marine Technology. Balkema, Holland, 1997.
E. Spjmvoll. Estimation offailure rate from reliability data bases. In 'Society of Reliability
Engineers' Symposium (1985: Trondheim).
J. Vatn. OREDA Data Analysis Guidelines. Technical Report STF75 A93024, SINTEF
Industrial Management, 1993.
H. Sandtorv et al.: Practical experience with a data collection project - The OREDA
project. Reliability Engineering and System Safety. 1995.
H. Sandtorv: Quality of reliability databanks. EsReDa conference on quality of reliability
data. Stockbolm 1998
H. Sandtorv et a!.: Problems and solutions with the collection of reliability data from
different data sources. ESREL conference in Munich 1999.
H. Sandtorv: Evolution of operation experience collection methods. EsReDa conference
Oct. 5-6th 2000 in Lyon, France.
K. Haugen et a!: The analysis offailure data in presence of critical and degraded failures.
EsRel Coriference in Bournemouth 1995.
K. Haugen et a!.: Analysis of OREDA data for maintenance optimisation. Conference on
Safety and Reliability in Industrial management. Trondheim May 1996.
P. Hokstad et a!.: Estimation of average rate of occurrence offailures. EsRel '96.
R. 0steb121 et a!.: Subsea reliability performance - oil & gas industry. Deep Offshore
Technology Conference. 2000 in New Orleans.
©OREDA
©OREDA
PART II
Reliability Data Presentation
©OREDA
©OREDA
RELIABILITY DATA PRESENTATION
CONTENTS
MACHINERY ................... , ........................................................................................................ 59

Compressors .................................................................................................................... 59
1. 1 Compressors ............ ........ ..... ....... .......... ...... ............................................. 61
1.1. 1 Centrifugal .. ....... .... ................... ....... ............. .................. ........................... 68
1.1.1.1 Electric............................................................................... .......... 75
1.1.1.2 Turbine......... .............. ........................................................................ 78
1.1.1.3 Unknown........ ......................................................................................... 81
1.1.2 Reciprocating ...................................................................................................... 82
1.1.2.1 Electric ......................................................................................................... 89
1.1.3 Screw................................................ ..................................................... 92
1.1.3.1 Diesel ................................................................................................................ 98
1.1.3.2 Electric .............................................................................................................. 99
Gas Turbines .................................................................................................................. 101
1.2 Gas Turbines ............. ....... ......................................................................................... 103
1.2. 1 Aeroderivative ..................................................................................................... 11 0
1.2.1.1 (-10000) kW .............................................................................................. 117
1.2.1.2 (10000-50000)kW... .................................................................................. 119
1.2.1.3 Unknown ....................................................................................................... 122
1.2.2 Industrial .......................................................................................................... 124
1.2.2.1 (-10000) kW .................................................................................................. 131
1.2.2.2 (10000-50000)kW ......................................................................................... 134
Pumps ............................................................................................................................ 137
1.3 Pumps ............................................................................................................................... 139
1.3.1 Centrifugal .......................................................................................................... 146
1.3.1.1 Combinedfunction .......................................................................................... 153
1.3.1.2 Condensate processing ................................................................................. 154
1.3.1.3 Cooling systems .............................................................................................. 155
1.3.1.4 Crude oil handling ......................................................................................... 156
1.3.1.5 Flare, vent & blow-down ............................................................................... 157
1.3.1.6 Gas processing ............................................................................................... 158
1.3.1.7 Gastreatment ................................................................................................. 159
1.3.1.8 Heating medium .............................................................................................. 160
1.3.1.9 Oil export ........................................................................................................ 161
1.3.1.10 Oil processing ................................................................................................. 162
1.3.1.11 Oily water treatment ........................................................................................ 163
1.3.1.12 Sea water lift ................................................................................................... 165
1.3.1.13 Waterfirefighting ............................................................................................ 167
1.3.1.14 Waterinjection ................................................................................................ 169
1.3.2 Reciprocating ...................................................................................................... 171
1.3.2.1 Chemical injection ......................................................................................... 176
1.3.2.2 Gas processing .............................................................................................. 177
1.3.2.3 Gas treatment ............................................................................................... 178
1.3.2.4 Main power ..................................................................................................... 179
1.3.2.5 Water fire fighting .......................................................................................... 180
1.3.3 Rotary ............................................................................................................... 181
Combustion Engines ...................................................................................................... 185
1.4 Combustion Engines ......................................................................................................... 187
1.4.1 Diesel engine............... ......... .... . .................................................................... 194
1.4.1.1 Emergency power ........................................................................................ 200
©OREDA
1.4.1.2 Main power................ ............................................................................... 202

1.4.1.3 Process shutdown and ESD ......................................................................... 204
1.4.1.4 Water fire fighting ......................................................................................... 205
1.4.1.5 Water injection .............................................................................................. 207
1.4.2 Gas engine .......... ......................................................................... 208
1.4.2.1 Crude oil handling ....................................................................................... 215
1.4.2.2 Emergency power.... ............................................................................... 217
1.4.2.3 Main power .............. ....................................................... ............... 218
Turboexpanders ............................................................................................................. 221
1.5 Turboexpanders ........ ........... .................... .... ...................................................... 223
1.5.1 Gas processing ................................................................................................ 227
1.5.1.1 Centrifugal ................................................................................................... 231
ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT ........................................................................................................... 233
Electric Generators ......................................................................................................... 233
2.1 Electric Generators ......................................................................................................... 235
2.1.1 Motor driven (diesel, gas motor) ...................................................................... 241
2.1.1.1 Emergency power ....................................................................................... 244
2.1.1.1.1 (-1000)kVA ............................................................................................ 245
2.1.1.1.2 Unknown................... ............................ .. ................ 245
2.1.1.2 Main power ................................................................................................. 247
2.1.1.2.1 (-1000)kVA. ............................................................................................. 248
2.1.1.2.2 (1000-3000)kVA .......................................................................................... 249
2.1.1.3 Water fire fighting ......................................................................................... 250
2.1.1.3.1 (-1000)kVA............ ............... .. .................................................. 251
2.1.2 Turbine driven (gas, steam)..................... .. ...................................................... 252
2.1.2.1 Essential power ............................................................................................ 257
2.1.2.1.1 (1000-3000)kVA ..................................................................................... 258
2.1.2.2 Main power...................................... .. ....................................................... 259
2.1.2.2.1 (-1000)kVA ............................................................................................... 260
2.1.2.2.2 (3000-10000)kVA ....................................................................................... 261
2.1.2.2.3 (20000-30000)kVA ...................................................................................... 262
Electric Motors ................................................................................................................ 263
2.2 Electric motors ................................................................................................................. 265
2.2.1 Compressor....................................... .. ...................................................... 271
2.2.1.1 Cooling systems....... ............ ......... .. ................................................. 275
2.2.1.2 Gas (re)injection............. ...... .............. ..... ................ ..... .. ...... 276
2.2.1.3 Gas export ...................................................................................................... 277
2.2.1.4 Gas processing ............................................................................................. 278
2.2.1.5 Gas treatment ................................................................................................. 280
2.2.2 Pump ............................................................................................................... 281
2.2.2.1 Chemical injection........... ............................... .................................... .. ...... 286
2.2.2.2 Combined function .......................................................................................... 287
2.2.2.3 Condensate processing .................................................................................. 288
2.2.2.4 Cooling systems .............................................................................................. 289
2.2.2.5 Crude oil handling ........................................................................................ 290
2.2.2.6 Flare, vent & blow-down ................................................................................. 291
2.2.2. 7 Gas processing..................................................................................... .. ...... 292
2.2.2.8 Gas production ............................................................................................... 293
2.2.2.9 Gas treatment .............................................................................................. 294
2.2.2.10 Heating medium ........................................................................................... 295
2.2.2.11 Oil processing ............................................................................................. 296
2.2.2.12 Oily water treatment............ .................................... ........................... .. ...... 297
2.2.2.13 Sea water lift ................................................................................................. 298
2.2.2.14 Water fire fighting....... ............................ .......................... .. .................. 299
2.2.2.15 Water injection................................. .. ...................................................... 300
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................................... 301
Heat Exchangers ............................................................................................................ 301
©OREDA
3.1 Heat Exchangers ............................................................................................................ 303

3.1.1 Plate.......................... ... .......... .... ................ ............................................. 305
3.1.1.1 Gas->WaUglycol ... ... ............ ... . .................................................. 307
3.1.1.2 Water/glycoi->Crude Oil ................................................................................ 308
3.1.1.3 Water/glycoi->Sea Water....................................................... ............. 309
3.1.2 Plate fin................. ................... ....... ...... ............... ....... 310
3.1.2.1 Air->Sea Water.. ................................................................................ 312
3.1.2.2 Gas->Air.............. ............................................................................. 313
3.1.3 Printed circuit .................................................................................................. 314
3.1.3.1 Gas->Gas......... .................. .................................................... 315
3.1.3.2 Gas->Gas/conden ......................................................................................... 316
3.1.3.3 Gas->WaUglycol ........................................................................................... 317
3.1.4 Shell and tube.... ................................................................................... 318
3.1.4.1 Condensate->Gas ........................................................................................ 320
3.1.4.2 Hc-comb->Hc-comb ............. .... .............. ................................................. 321
Vessels ........................................................................................................................... 323
3.2 Vessels................................. ................................................ ................. 325
3.2.1 Coalescer............... ................................................................. 331
3.2.1.1 (-10)m3 .. ................................ .................................... ............................ 337
3.2.1.2 (10-1000)m3 ............................................................................................... 338
3.2.2 Contactor ................ ................ ..... ............. ............................................... 339
3.2.2.1 (-10)m3................. ................... ................................................... 344
3.2.2.2 (10-1000)m3 ....... ............... .... .............................................. .. . ........... 345
3.2.3 Destillation column..... ................ ..................... .................................... 347
3.2.3.1 (10-1000)m3 .............................................................................................. 350
3.2.4 Flash drum ....................................................................................................... 351
3.2.4.1 (-10)m3 ................ .................... .............................................................. 356
3.2.4.2 (10-1000)m3 ................................................................................................. 358
3.2.4.3 Unknown ....................................................................................................... 359
3.2.5 Hydrocyclone .................................................................................................... 360
3.2.5.1 (-10)m3 ......................................................................................................... 363
3.2.5.2 Unknown................................. .................... ................ ........................ 364
3.2.6 Mol sieve dryer ................................................................................................... 365
3.2.6.1 (10-1000)m3 ........................................ ................................................ 368
3.2. 7 Scrubber ............................................................................................................. 369
3.2.7.1 (-10)m3 ....................................................................................................... 374
3.2.7.2 (10-1000)m3 ................................................................................................ 376
3.2.8 Separator ............................................................................................................ 377
3.2.8.1 (-10)m3 ........................................................................................................... 383
3.2.8.2 (10-1000)m3 ................................................................................................... 385
3.2.8.3 Unknown...... .......................................................................................... 387
3.2.9 Stripper ............................................................................................................... 388
3.2.9.1 (-10)m3 ........................................................................................................... 389
3.2.1 0 Surge drum ......................................................................................................... 390
3.2.10.1 (-10)m3........ . ........................................................ .................... 393
3.2.10.2 (10-1000)m3 ................................................................................................... 394
3.2.10.3 Unknown ......................................................................................................... 395
Heaters and Boilers ........................................................................................................ 397
3.3 Heaters and boilers ........................................................................................................... 399
3.3.1 Direct HC fired heater ......................................................................................... 405
3.3.1.1 Heating medium.... ............ .... .... .................................................................. 408
3.3.2 Electric boiler............................................... .. .................. ............. ....... 409
3.3.2.1 Gas treatment........................................................................... ......... 412
3.3.3 HC fired boiler................................... ................................................... 413
3.3.3.1 Heating medium .............................................................................................. 419
3.3.3.2 Oil processing ................................................................................................. 420
3.3.4 Non-HC fired boiler ............................................................................................. 421
3.3.4.1 Gas treatment ............................................................................................... 424
©OREDA
3.3.4.2 Heating medium ........................................................................................... 425

CONTROL AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT ....................................................................................... 427
Fire and Gas Detectors .................................................................................................. 427
4.1 Fire & Gas Detectors... ......... ........... .. ............ ...... . ............. .......................... 429
4.1.1 Flame.......................................................................... .......................... 434
4.1.1.1 Infrared ..................... .............................................................................. .437
4.1.2 H2S gas. ........................ ............................................................................... 438
4.1.2.1 H2S gas............................ .................................. .................... 441
4.1.3 Heat................ ................... ..... .... . ..................................................... 442
4.1.3.1 Rate compensated ...................................................................................... 443
4.1.4 Hydrocarbon gas ............................................................................................. 444
4.1.4.1 Infrared ....................................................................................................... 447
4.1.4.2 Photoelectric beam ..... .. ....... ......... ..... .......... .......... .......................... 448
4.1.5 Smoke/Combustion. .... ............... ............................................................ 449
4.1.5.1 Infrared ......................................................................................................... 452
4.1.5.2 Photoelectric ................................................................................................ 453
Process Sensors ............................................................................................................ 455
4.2 Process sensors ............................................................................................................. 457
4.2.1 Flow.............. ............... ..... .. ....................... .............. ............. ............. .. ... ........ 459
4.2.1.1 Electromech ................................................................................................. 461
4.2.1.2 Unknown ........................................................................................................ 462
4.2.2 Level ................................................................................................................ 463
4.2.2.1 Displacement............. .............................................................................. 465
4.2.2.2 Magnetic.. ... ...... .. .. ......... ....... ........ .................. ........ 466
4.2.3 Pressure .......... ....... ...... ........................................................................... 467
4.2.3.1 Capacitance ................................................................................................. 468
4.2.3.2 Electromech .................................................................................................. 469
4.2.3.3 Piezoelectr .............................................................................. 470
4.2.3.4 Semic. Str ................................................................................................... 471
4.2.4 Temperature................. ........................................................................... 472
4.2.4.1 Capillary ....................................................................................................... 474
4.2.4.2 Resistance ................................................................................................... 475
4.2.4.3 Thermocouple............ ................................................................................. 476
Control Logic Units ......................................................................................................... 477
4.3 Control logic units ........................................................................................................... 479
4.3.1 Emergency shutdown (ESD) ............................................................................. 481
4.3.1.1 Computer ...................................................................................................... 483
4.3.2 F & G detection........... ......... .... ...... . ..................................................... 484
4.3.2.1 Computer ...................................................................................................... 486
4.3.3 Process control ................................................................................................. 487
4.3.3.1 Computer ...................................................................................................... 488
4.3.4 Process shutdown ............................................................................................. 489
4.3.4.1 Computer ........................................................................................................ 491
4.3.5 Process shutdown and ESD ............................................................................... 492
4.3.5.1 Computer........................... ....... .. .......... ......... ....................................... 494
Valves ............................................................................................................................. 495
4.4 Valves described by application ........................................................................................ 497
4.4.1 Annulus Master ................................................................................................... 504
4.4.1.1 Ball ................................................................................................................. 505
4.4.1.1.1 (5.1-10) inch.......... ................................................................................. 506
4.4.2 Slowdown ........... ......... ........................................................................ 507
4.4.2.1 Ball ................................................................................................................ 510
4.4.2.1.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ............................................................................................ 511
4.4.2.1.2 (5.1-10) inch ............................................................................................. 512
4.4.2.1.3 Unknown................... .......................................................................... 513
4.4.2.2 Multiple orifice ............................................................................................... 514
4.4.2.2.1 Unknown .................................................................................................. 515
4.4.3 Combined ........................................................................................................ 516
©OREDA
4.4.3.1 Ball .............................................................................................................. 517

4.4.3.1.1 (20.1-30) inch............................... ......................................................... 518
4.4.4 DeLuge ............................................................................................................ 519
4.4.4.1 Diaphragm ................................................................................................... 522
4.4.4.1.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ............................................................................................ 523
4.4.4.1.2 (5.1-10)inch ............................................................................................ 524
4.4.4.1.3 Unknown............... ............. ...... ...... ............................................. ..... 525
4.4.5 ESD ................................................................................................................ 526
4.4.5.1 Ball. ............................................................................................................. 531
4.4.5.1.1 (1.1-5.0)inch........ ........................................ ............................ 533
4.4.5.1.2 (5.1-10) inch.. ....... ................................................................................. 534
4.4.5.1.3 (10.1-20) inch ................................................................................ 535
4.4.5.1.4 (20.1-30) inch .......................................................................................... 536
4.4.5.1.5 (30.1-40) inch ............................................................................................ 537
4.4.5.1.6 Unknown ................................................................................................... 538
4.4.5.2 Butterfly ........................................................................................................... 539
4.4.5.2.1 (5.1-10) inch ............................................................................................. 540
4.4.5.3 Gate ................................................................................................................ 541
4.4.5.3.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ............................................................................................... 542
4.4.5.3.2 (5.1-10) inch..................... ..................................... .......................... 543
4.4.5.3.3 (10.1-20) inch .............................................................................................. 544
4.4.5.3.4 (20.1-30) inch ............................................................................................ 545
4.4.5.3.5 (30.1-40) inch .............................................................................................. 546
4.4.5.4 Plug ............................................................................................................... 547
4.4.5.4.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ............................................................................................... 548
4.4.6 ESD/PSD ............................................................................................................ 549
4.4.6.1 Gate .............................................................................................................. 552
4.4.6.1.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ............................................................................................... 553
4.4. 7 Injection Master .................................................................................................. 554
4.4. 7.1 Gate ................................................................................................................ 557
4.4.7.1.1 (1.1-5.0) inch................................. ................................ ........ 558
4.4.7.1.2 (5.1-10) inch......................... .................................................................. 559
4.4.8 Non-return ......................................................................................................... 560
4.4.8.1 Check .............................................................................................................. 561
4.4.8.1.1 (1.1-5.0)inch ............................................................................................ 562
4.4.8.1.2 (5.1-10)inch .............................................................................................. 563
4.4.8.1.3 (10.1-20) inch .............................................................................................. 564
4.4.8.1.4 (20.1-30) inch .............................................................................................. 565
4.4.8.1.5 Unknown ..................................................................................................... 566
4.4.9 Pressure reduction ............................................................................................ 567
4.4.9.1 Check .............................................................................................................. 570
4.4.9.1.1 Unknown ..................................................................................................... 571
4.4.9.2 Globe .............................................................................................................. 572
4.4.9.2.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ............................................................................................... 573
4.4.10 Process control ................................................................................................. 574
4.4.10.1 Ball ................................................................................................................. 577
4.4.10.1.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ............................................................................................... 578
4.4.10.1.2 (5.1-10) inch ............................................................................................... 579
4.4.10.1.3 (20.1-30) inch ............................................................................................ 580
4.4.10.2 Butterfly ......................................................................................................... 581
4.4.10.2.1 (5.1-10)inch ................................................................................................ 582
4.4.1 0.3 Check ............................................................................................................ 583
4.4.10.3.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ............................................................................................... 564
4.4.1 0.4 Gate.... .. ............. ................................ ........................ .. .......................... 585
4.4.10.4.1 (20.1-30) inch ............................................................................................ 566
4.4.1 0.5 Globe ............................................................................................................ 587
4.4.10.5.1 (1.1-5.0) inch.................................................................. ..................... 588
4.4.10.5.2 (5.1-10) inch....................................... ................................................. 589
©OREDA
4.4.10.5.3 Unknown ................................................................................................. 590

4.4.11 Production Master. ............................................................................................ 591
4.4.11.1 Gate .............................................................................................................. 594
4.4.11.1.1 (1.1-5.0) inch.................................................. ............................ 595
4.4.11.12 (5.1-10) inch.................................................................... . ............. 596
4.4.12 PSD ...... .. ........ ...... ............. .... . ....... ...... ..... ............. ......... .. .............. 597
4.4.12.1 Butterfly......................... . .... ......... ...... ..... ................ .......... ......... ............... 600
4.4.12.1.1 (20.1-30) inch...................... ................................................................... 601
4.4.12.1.2 (30.1-40) inch.... ...... ............... ................ .... ................. ........ 602
4.4.12.2 Gate... ...................... ................................................. ..................... 603
4.4.12.2.1 (10.1-20)inch ............................................................................................. 604
4.4.12.3 PSV- Convenbonal. ..................................................................................... 605
4.4.12.3.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ....................................................................................... 606
4.4.13 Relief............................ .......................................... ............................ ....... 607
4.4.13.1 Ball ................................................................................................................ 610
4.4.13.1.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ......................................................................................... 611
4.4.13.2 Check.......................... ............................................................................ 612
4.4.13.2.1 (1.1-5.0) inch................................................................ ....................... 613
4.4.13.3 Globe. ........ .. ......... ...................................................................................... 614
4.4.13.3.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ............................................................................................... 615
4.4.13.4 PSV- Conventional. ........................................................................................ 616
4.4.13.4.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ............................................................................................... 617
4.4.13.4.2 Unknown .................................................................................................. 618
4.4.13.5 PSV- Conventional w/bellows ...................................................................... 619
4.4.13.5.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ........................................................................................ 620
4.4.13.5.2 (5.1-10) inch ......................................................................................... 621
4.4.13.6 PSV- Pilot operated ....................................................................................... 622
4.4.13.6.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ............................................................................................... 623
4.4.13.6.2 (5.1-10) inch ........................................................................................... 624
4.4.13.6.3 Unknown.............. ................................................................. 625
4.4.14 Shut-off ............................................................................................................. 626
4.4.14.1 Ball .............................................................................................................. 629
4.4.14.1.1 (10.1-20) inch ........................................................................................... 630
4.4.14.1.2 (20.1-30) inch ...................................................................................... 631
4.4.14.1.3 (30.1-40) inch ........................................................................................... 632
4.4.14.2 Butterfly ..................................................................................................... 633
4.4.14.2.1 (10.1-20) inch ............................................................................................ 634
4.4.14.3 Gate............................................................ ............................................ 635
4.4.14.3.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ............................................................................................. 636
4.4.14.3.2 (5.1-10) inch ................................................................................................ 637
4.4.14.3.3 (10.1-20) inch .............................................................................................. 638
4.4.14.3.4 (20.1-30)inch .............................................................................................. 639
4.4.15 Unknown ............................................................................................................. 640
4.4.15.1 Ball .................................................................................................................. 644
4.4.15.1.1 (1.1-5.0) inch ............................................................................................... 645
4.4.15.2 Check .............................................................................................................. 646
4.4.15.2.1 Unknown ................................................................................................... 647
4.4.15.3 Gate .............................................................................................................. 648
4.4.15.3.1 Unknown................................ .. .................................................... 649
4.4.15.4 PSV- Convenbonal ....................................................................................... 650
4.4.15.4.1 Unknown .................................................................................................... 651
4.4.15.5 Unknown ...................................................................................................... 652
4.4.15.5.1 Unknown ................................................................................................... 653
4.5 Valves described by taxonomy code ................................................................................. 654
4.5.1 Ball ...................................................................................................................... 661
4.5.1.1 Ballast water ................................................................................................... 666
4.5.1.3 Electrical power......................................................................................... 668
©OREDA
4.5.1.4 Emergency shutdown (ESD).. ..................................................... 669

4.5.1.5 Fuel gas ........................................................................................ 670
4.5.1.6 Gas (re)injection ............................................................................................. 671
4.5.1.7 Gas export ... ........ ........................ .... ................. ................................ 672
4.5.1.8 Gas processing............ ........................................................................ 673
4.5.1.9 Gas treatment ............................................................................................. 674
4.5.1.10 Oil export ..... .. ................................... .. .......................................... 675
4.5.1.11 Oil processing.. ...... ........................ .................................................... 676
4.5.1.12 Oil production........................... ................................................ 677
4.5.1.13 Oily water treatment................................................................................. ... 678
4.5.1.14 Utilities. ............ ......... ............................ ..... ....... ............... ........... .... 679
4.5.2 Butterfly ............................................................................................................. 681
4.5.2.1 Cooling systems ............................................................................................. 684
4.5.2.2 Gas export .... . ......... .............................. ...... .. .. . .................................. 685
4.5.2.3 Oil export .......... ... ................................ ..... ....... ........ . .......................... 686
4.5.2.4 Oil processing ................................................................................................. 687
4.5.2.5 Water fire fighting ............................................................................................ 688
4.5.3 Check ............................................................................................................... 689
4.5.3.1 Chemical injection .......................................................................................... 692
4.5.3.2 Combined function ........................................................................................ 693
4.5.3.3 ~~~*············· ............................. ~
4.5.3.4 Condensate processing .................................................................................. 695
4.5.3.5 Cooling systems ............................................................................................ 696
4.5.3.7 Flare, vent & blow-down ................................................................................. 698
4.5.3.8 Gas (re)injection .............................................................................................. 699
4.5.3.9 Gas export .................................................................................................... 700
4.5.3.10 Gas lift ........................................................................................................... 701
4.5.3.11 Gas processing ............................................................................................... 702
4.5.3.12 Gas production ............................................................................................... 703
4.5.3.13 Gas treatment ................................................................................................. 704
4.5.3.14 Heating medium .............................................................................................. 705
4.5.3.15 al~~················· ................................................ ~
4.5.3.16 Oil processing ................................................................................................. 707
4.5.3.17 Oil production .................................................................................................. 708
4.5.3.18 Oily water treatment. ....................................................................................... 709
4.5.3.19 Sea water lift ................................................................................................ 710
4.5.3.20 Unknown ......................................................................................................... 711
4.5.3.22 Water injection ...........................•.................................................................... 713
4.5.3.23 Well servicing.......................................................................... ............... 714
4.5.4 Diaphragm .......................................................................................................... 715
4.5.5 Gate .................................................................................................................... 719
4.5.5.1 Crude oil handling ........................................................................................... 724
4.5.5.2 Flare, vent & blow-down ......... ... .. .. ......... ........... ................................. 725
4.5.5.3 Gas (re)injection .............................................................................................. 726
4.5.5.4 Gas export ...................................................................................................... 727
4.5.5.5 Gas processing............... ................ ....................... ........ ............. 728
4.5.5.6 Gas production ............................................................................................. 729
4.5.5.7 Heating medium .............................................................................................. 730
4.5.5.8 Oil export ........................................................................................................ 731
4.5.5.9 Oil processing.................. ................. ........................ ........... ............ 732
4.5.5.10 Oily water treatment.. ...................................................................................... 733
4.5.5.11 Water fire fighting........................ ........................................................ 734
4.5.5.12 Water injection ............................................................................................ 735
4.5.6 Globe ................................................................................................................ 736
©OREDA
4.5.6.1 Chemical injection ........................................................................................ 739

4.5.6.2 Gas (re)injection .......................................................................................... 740
4.5.6.3 Gas processing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ............................ 741
4.5.6.4 Gas treatment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .............................. 742
4.5.6.5 Oil export ..................................................................................................... 743
4.5.6.6 Oil processing .............................................................................................. 744
4.5.6.7 Oily water treatment........... ............... .. ...................................................... 745
4.5.7 Muaiple orifice ............... ............................... ................... .. ............ 746
4.5.7.1 Flare, vent & blow-down .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..................... 749
4.5.8 Plug ................................................................................................................. 750
4.5.8.1 Oil production ............................................................................................ 753
4.5.9 PSV- Conventional... ................................................ .. ........ 754
4.5.9.1 Crude oil handling.................. ............................ ...... .. ............................. 757
4.5.9.2 Electrical power...... ........................ ............................... .. .................. .. ...... 758
4.5.9.3 Fuel gas ........................................................................................................ 759
4.5.9.4 Gas export .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ................................................... 760
4.5.9.5 Gas processing ............................................................................................... 761
4.5.9.6 Oil export .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ............................. 762
4.5.9.7 Oil production......... ................................ ....................... .. ............ ...... . .. ...... 763
4.5.9.8 Oily water treatment.. ..................................................................................... 764
4.5.9.9 Steam ....................................................................................................... 765
4.5.10 PSV - Conventional w/bellows .......................................................................... 766
4.5.10.1 Cooling systems .............................................................................................. 769
4.5.10.3 Gas processing ........................................................................................... 771
4.5.10.4 Gas treatment .............................................................................................. 772
4.5.10.5 Oil processing ................................................................................................. 773
4.5.10.6 Oil production .................................................................................................. 774
4.5.11 PSV- Pilot operated ......................................................................................... 776
4.5.11.1 Fuel gas .......................................................................................................... 779
4.5.11.2 Gas (re)injection .............................................................................................. 780
4.5.11.3 Gas export .................................................................................................... 781
4.5.11.4 Gas lift........................................................................... ................................ 782
4.5.11.5 Gas processing ............................................................................................ 783
4.5.11.6 Oil export ..................................................................................................... 784
4.5.11.7 Oil processing ................................................................................................. 785
4.5.11.8 Oil production ................................................................................................ 786
4.5.11.9 Water fire fighting ........................................................................................ 787
4.5.12 Unknown .......................................................................................................... 788
4.5.12.1 Chemical injection ........................................................................................... 791
4.5.12.2 Gas production ............................................................................................... 792
4.5.12.3 Unknown ....................................................................................................... 793
©OREDA
PREFACE
Part II of the handbook presents numeric failure and maintenance data for the various
equipment units described in Part I. Part II is organised as follows:
The equipment classes are categorised in 4 major categories, as shown in Table 7.
T a ble 7 - T ops1'd e E-;qmpment CI asses
SYSTEM EQUIPMENT CLASS
1. Machinery 1.1 Compressors

1.2 Gas Turbines
1.3 Pumps
1.4 Combustion Engines
1.5 Turboexpanders
2. Electric Equipment 2.1 Electric Generators
2.2 Electric Motors
3. Mechanical 3.1 Heat Exchangers
Equipment 3.2Vessels
3.3 Heaters and Boilers
4. Control and 4.1 Fire & Gas Detectors
Safety Equipment 4.2 Process Sensors
4.3 Control Logic Units
4.4 Valves (described by application code)
4.5 Valves (described by taxonomy code)
I. For each equipment class (e.g. compressors) there is an Inventory description at the
start of the respective chapter that contains:
• Descriptive part
• Boundary diagram
• Subdivision in Subunits and Maintainable Items
• List of failure modes
2. Then the data tables described in Part I with failure and maintenance data are given for
the whole equipment class population (i.e. all compressors). Similarly the cross-
tabulation of failure modes and failure descriptors/maintainable items is also given for
the whole equipment class.
3. Next, the equipment class is split in more narrow taxonomy classes (e.g. centrifugal
compressors) and the same tables as indicated above are presented for each of those
taxonomy classes. Note that the split into various taxonomy classes may vary between
equipment classes. The guiding rule has been to retain a population of similar design,
©OREDA
size, performance and any other characteristics that has been deemed appropriate and at
the same time keeping the size of the book within a manageable level.
©OREDA
MACHINERY
Compressors
Inventory Description
The compressor driver along with auxiliary systems such as lubrication, cooling and start
systems for driver are not included within the compressor boundary as shown in Figure 8.
Driver units are recorded as separate OREDA inventories (Electric Motor, Gas Turbine or
Combustion Engine) and the failures on the driver, if recorded, are recorded separately for
each of those driver categories.
A compressor train is considered as one inventory in OREDA. (Each compressor train may
consist of up to four compressor stages either as separate units (casings) or integrated in one
compressor unit).
For compressors with a common lub.oil- and seal oil system, failures are as a general rule
assigned to the subunit that is assumed to be the one most affected. Otherwise the failures
are assigned to the lub.oil system. Inlet and outlet valves are not within the boundary. The
boundary defmition is shown in Figure 8, and the subdivision in Subunits and Maintainable
Items are shown in Table 8.
INTERSTAGE
CONDITIONING
INLEI'GAS
CONDITIONING '"""""·
Coole.- etc.)
'""""""·
Cooler,ele.)
STARTING
SYSTEM
LUBRICATION CONTROL AND SHM'T SBAL

wsca.
cANEOUS
SYS<EM MON1TOR1NG SYS<EM
(Purge air, etc.)
l l
Coolant Power Remoce
instr.
l l
Power Coolant
B~""'
Figure 8 - Compressors, boundary definition
©OREDA
T a bl e 8 - C om pressors, s u bdoIVISIOD ID Moto

310 3103 bllt
0 0
e ems
COMPRESSOR
Power Control and Lubrication Shaftsaal

Miscellaneous
Compressor unit
transmission monitoring system system
Gearbox Antisurge system Instruments Check valves Buffer gas system Base frame
Bearing Casing Cabling, junction Reservoir Dry gas seal Cooler
box etc. w/heating system
Seals Cylinder liner Instruments Control-, isolating
Control unit Piping & check valves
Lubrication Dummy piston Overhead tank
Actuating device Pump w/motor Magnetic bearing
Couplings Instruments Reservoir
control system
Monitoring Filter
Instruments Shaft seals Scrubber
Piping
Internal povo.rer Cooler
Radial bearing Pump
supply Purge air
Valves w/motor/gear
Thrust bearing
Valves Silencers
Oil Filter
lnterstage seals
Instruments Valves
Internal piping
Seals Seal gas
Valves
6 Seal oil
Piston
Packing
Rotor w/impellers
. .,
(For all subunits the Mls "Unknown" and "Subunit are InCluded.)
List of Failure Modes

AIR Abnormal instrument reading
BRD Breakdown
ELP External leakage - Process medium
ELU External leakage - Utility medium
ERO Erratic output
FTS Fail to start on demand
HIO High output
INL Internal leakage
LOO Low output
NOI Noise
OHE Overheating
OTH Other
PDE Parameter deviation
SER Minor in-service problems
STD Structural deficiency
STP Fail to stop on demand
UNK Unknown
UST Spurious stop
VIB Vibration
6
Reciprocating compressor only
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.1 Machinery
Compressors
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (10 6 hours) No of demands
131 38 Calendar time* Operational time T 82472
3.8235 2.3736
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
failures Lower Mean Upper so nl< Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 606' 4E-4 167.25 841.26 360.74 158.50 17 1293 32 1818
606t 0.09 270.18 1182.93 462.18 255.31
Abnormal instrument reading 3' 3E-4 1.11 4.88 1.91 0.78 7.0 16' 11 tr
3t - 6.08 29.69 12.41 1.26
Breakdown 6' 0.13 1.54 4.32 1.41 1.57 62 2or 367 1481'
6t - 6.04 33.62 17.39 2.53
Erratic output 12' 6.00 29.41 12.36 3.14 32 290 57 580
12t 9E-4 9.54 43.73 17.49 5.06
External leakage · Process 46' 10.52 55.60 46.28 12.03 8.1 170 13 197
medium 46t 13.00 67.17 58.42 19.38
External leakage - Utility 31' 11.80 58.78 25.04 8.11 13 124 24 124
medium 31t 0.01 24.38 106.79 41.74 13.06
Fail to start on demand 72' 0.21 22.45 74.13 27.10 18.83 25 524 36 704
72t 0.62 40.57 128.18 45.99 30.33
Fail to stop on demand 3' - 1.44 7.87 3.69 0.78 3.5 3.5' 11 18'
3t 2.85 15.65 7.49 1.26
H~h oulpul 1' 0.27 1.52 0.90 0.26 7.0 7.0' 14 w
It - 0.46 2.54 1.56 0.42
Internal leakage 5' - 1.38 7.61 3.74 1.31 113 189' 171 304'
st - 2.73 14.79 9.32 2.11
Low output 153' - 39.10 202.86 148.47 40.02 15 859 22 964
153t - 44.21 231.39 189.14 64.46
Noise 3' - 0.99 5.68 3.07 0.78 51 73' 38 76'
3t - 1.89 10.14 6.58 1.26
Overheating 69' - 17.03 88.21 65.54 18.05 7.9 223 15 447
69t - 20.26 105.02 82.83 29.07
Parameter deviation 50' - 12.26 63.60 50.49 13.08 15 250 20 250
sot - 14.97 78.28 63.82 21.07
Spurious stop 128' 0.03 37.84 159.57 61.26 33.48 23 1293 42 1818
128t 0.29 61.22 225.78 83.39 53.93
Slruclural deficiency 6' 2.29 12.24 5.64 1.57 11 36' 20 43'
6t 3.10 14.93 6.16 2.53
Vibration 13' 0.01 3.73 14.72 5.48 3.40 5.5 w 29 100
13t 0.50 5.76 15.99 5.20 5.48
Olher 5' tE-4 1.81 8.35 3.37 1.31 4.5 7.0' 17 59'
st - 3.20 16.11 6.91 2.11
Degraded 567' 0.24 180.28 736.71 278.76 148.29 9.8 192 18 673
567t 1.06 271.10 1039.82 382.99 238.88
Abnormal instrument reading 22' - 5.36 27.63 11.99 5.75 5.0 5.0" 15 29
22t - 9.12 44.67 18.76 9.27
Erratic oulput 18' 0.01 9.82 40.18 15.21 4.71 17 96 21 96
18t 0.05 16.85 65.40 24.21 7.58
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.1 Machinery
Compressors
Population Installations Aggregated time In service (1()6 hours) No of demands
131 38 Calendar time * Operational time 1
82472
3.8235 2.3736
Failure mode No of Failure rate foer 106 hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
External leakage - Process 5()• 3E-4 14.55 70.16 28.95 13.08 2.0 12 8.6 98
medium sot O.D1 21.30 93.13 36.35 21.07
External leakage - Utility 103. 6E-4 34.64 167.70 69.32 26.94 13 192 24 218
medium 103t 2E-3 48.03 227.16 92.93 43.39
Fail to start on demand 1. - 0.32 1.65 1.35 0.26 1.0 1.o· 1.0 to·
1t - 0.45 2.60 1.43 0.42
Fail to stop on demand 5. 0.44 1.35 2.67 0.70 1.31 3.3 6.o· 4.5 7.o·
5t 2.25 12.03 5.55 2.11
High output 4. 1E-3 0.99 4.12 1.57 1.05 4.7 1.o· 4.4 1.o·
4t 0.03 1.53 4.81 1.72 1.69
Internal leakage 14. 3E-3 3.72 15.64 6.00 3.66 45 150 57 216
14t 3E-3 6.02 25.80 9.98 5.90
Low output 109• 31.61 173.39 81.21 28.51 10 128 12 128
109t 64.79 346.91 159.90 45.92
Minor in-service problems 3. 6E-3 0.73 2.43 0.89 0.78 2.0 2.o· 14 2r
3t 0.05 1.16 3.48 1.18 1.26
Noise 4• 3E-3 0.92 3.58 1.33 1.05 17 32" 26 64.
4t 0.01 1.53 5.21 1.92 1.69
Overheating 28· 8.34 43.22 19.06 7.32 7.0 48 12 48
28t 3E-4 11.57 55.07 22.60 11.80
Paraneter deviation 107' - 41.05 233.42 124.90 27.99 3.8 51 6.6 101
107t - 48.11 263.79 161.69 45.08
Structural deficiency r - 2.71 14.91 7.02 1.83 4.4 1o.o· 7.4 1r
7t - 3.65 18.73 8.12 2.95
Vibration 13. 0.26 4.06 11.64 3.92 3.40 9.9 36. 22 98
13t 0.12 6.61 20.65 7.35 5.48
01her 73. 0.05 23.89 95.19 35.58 19.09 23 150 38 673
73t 0.14 36.98 142.51 52.56 30.76
Unknown 6. - 3.00 16.47 7.71 1.57 33 64. 34 64.
6t - 7.76 40.57 18.18 2.53
Incipient 1084. 0.22 294.62 1239.97 475.57 283.51 7.2 516 12 961
1084t 8.91 727.24 2340.03 847.63 456.69
Abnormal instrument reOOing 384. 0.03 107.38 473.71 186.00 100.43 4.7 88 7.2 176
384t 0.13 150.80 631.30 241.40 161.78
Erratic output r - 2.56 12.69 5.38 1.83 20 69. 31 13r
7t - 4.25 20.88 8.79 2.95
External leakage - Process 23. 8.11 40.04 16.93 6.02 8.8 115 13 115
medium 23t 2E-3 11.91 53.77 21.36 9.69
External leakage - Utility 120. 0.16 31.16 112.39 41.53 31.39 12 185 21 370
medium 120t 0.82 128.47 447.20 165.00 50.56
Fail to start on demand t• - 0.34 1.87 0.88 0.26 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t - 3.14 17.32 8.76 0.42
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.1 Ma::hinery
Compressors
3.8235 2.3736
Failure mode No of Failure rate toer 11)6 hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
failures Lower Mean Upper so nl• Mean Max Mean Max
Internal leakage so· 16.46 39.51 87.02 13.08 1.9 12 3.0 27
sot 0-01 226.71 1058.39 429.63 21.07
low output 1. 0.25 1.35 0.62 0.26 - - 2.0 2.o·
1t 0.40 2.09 0.92 0.42
Minor in-service problems 326. 86.43 483.73 253.23 85.26 2.3 39 4.0 78
326t 115.28 637.00 322.86 137.35
Noise 8. 3E-3 1.89 7.70 2.91 2.09 13 33. 12 33.
8t 0.08 3.17 9.70 3.39 3.37
Overheating 10. 1E-3 3.50 15.32 5.98 2.62 11 51. 22 98.
10t 3E-4 6.64 31.17 12.70 4.21
Parameter deviation JB• 5E-4 11.22 52.54 21.37 9.94 5.3 24 10 92
38t O.o1 16.50 69.86 26.87 16.01
Structural deficiency 13. 6E-3 4.13 16.78 6.33 3.40 6.1 25 16 64
13t 0.08 6.24 20.12 7.29 5.48
Vibration 19. 0.04 5.25 17.66 6.48 4.97 2.1 6.0 11 119
19t 0.05 8.04 27.71 10.22 8.00
other 65. 0.01 19.28 83.42 32.38 17.00 57 516 62 961
65t 0.05 35.67 145.65 55.09 27.38
Unknown 19. - 6.66 28.47 30.96 4.97 14 32 13 32
19t - 20.48 108.06 73.40 8.00
Unknown 67" 0.03 26.84 110.65 42.00 17.52 9.9 125 29 249
67t 0.05 44.28 182.61 69.33 28.23
Abnormal instrument reading 22" - 8.12 44.71 22.31 5.75 3.0 4.0' 11 36
22t - 15.06 82.77 39.64 9.27
Extemalleakage - Utility s· - 1.53 8.77 4.73 1.31 7.0 1.o· B6 164'
medium st - 2.93 16.69 8.96 2.11
low output 1" - 0.74 3.83 2.81 0.26 - 12 12.
1t - 0.90 4.81 3.16 0.42
Noise 1. 0.37 2.08 1.10 0.26 14 14' -
1t 0.73 4.10 2.38 0.42
Overheating 1. 0.25 1.35 0.62 0.26 - - 3.0 3.0'
1t 0.40 2.09 0.92 0.42
Vibration 1. 0.60 3.09 2.29 0.26 - - 9.0 9.o·
1t 0.94 5.00 3.32 0.42
Other 16" 3E-3 7.60 33.09 12.88 4.18 16 30' 24 105
16t 0.01 13.02 55.07 21.18 6.74
Unknown 20" 1E-3 7.05 31.87 12.67 5.23 9.9 125' 46 249
20t 0.02 9.94 39.92 14.98 8.43
All modes 2324" 0.45 662.88 2802.05 1077.13 607.83 11 1293 19 1818
2324t 16.47 1307.07 4195.33 1517.96 979.11
Comments
On demand probability for conseauence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =6.5 10""
©OREDA
Maintainable item versus failure mode, to be continued

l!em:
AIR BRD ELP EL ERO FTS HIO INL LOO NOI
Actuatina device .04 - - - - 0.04 - - - -
- - -
Antisurge system
lase frame ·"- -
0.04
-
0.13
-
0.34
-
0.17 0.04
-
0.17
_: - _:_
leannQ - .17 0.04 - -
_. - -
;asing - 0.02 0.04 .17 - - - - -
:Ontrol unit l.B2 - - 0.04 0.22 0.52 - - - -
Control-, isolating & check valves 0.04 - 0.0<1_ 0.13 - - - -
Coolertsl - - - 0.28 - - - - - -
Coupling to driven unil - - - 0.24 - - - - - -
Coupling to driver - - - 0.11 0.17 - - - - -
~vtinder liner 13 1. - 0.04 0.04 5.64 -
Dry gas seal - - o.- - - - .04 - -
Filteljs) }.02 - 0.1 - - 0.09 0.04 0.3() -
0.09 - - . '5 - - - - - ().09
I ,flow 0.51 ().09 - ().04 - -
I , general ().95 - - - - 0.04 - - 0.04 -
I , level .1t - - 0. - ().04 - 0.04 - -
I , pressuro 4.()2 - - 0.3() 0.09 0.3() 0.04 - 0.04 -
I . speed ()_:26 - 0.13 - - -
I 4. 56 - 0.04 0.11 .04 0.13 - - 0.04 -
I , ~bration .J1 - - ().15 }.04 - - - - -
jntemal piping ().J2 - 0.13 - - - - - - -
Internal· .22 - 0.13 - - - -
lnterstage seals - - 0.09 0.11 - - - .04 0.04 -
Lube oil J.()ij - - 0.09 - - - - 0.09 -
'- - 0.11 - . - - -
95 - - - - - - - - -
Oil .04 - - 0.26 - - - 1.25 - -
Other 17 - 0.10 0.43 0.04 - - 0.04 022 0.04
Packino - o.: - - -
Pioina - - 0.1 - - - - - -
Piping, pipe' - - 0. - - - - - -
'istonisl - 0.02 0.0 - 0.09 - - - - -
'umo - 0.04 0. 0.90 - 0.22 - - 1.42 0.17
'urge air - - - 0.09 - }.04 - - - -
'!adial beanng - 0.04 - - - - - - - -
i · . heating system 0.06 - - 0.13 - - - _- - -
Rotor wJ impellers - - - - - - - 0.02 0.04
Seal oil 0.04 - - 0.34 - - - - 0.04 -
Seals - - 0. 0.34 - - - - 0.04 -
- - -
~
'- 0. 0.56 0.09 -0.04 .22 0.01
- - 0.1 - - - - - - 0.04
.17 0.04 0." 0.47 0.09 0.30 - }.()4 0.66 0.13
Thrust beanng - - - - - - - - - -
).86
~
Unknown 0. 0.09 0.13 .04 0.65
Valves 0. - 1.25 ).43 - .17 2.
\Mring - - - - - -
_l<>tal 18. i5 0.26 5.12 1.59 022 2.97 1136_ 0.69
The figures are 1 of I he total failure rate for the actual •mode
©OREDA
Maintainable item versus failure mode, continued

Item: Compressors
OHE OTH PDE SER STD STP UNK UST VIB Sum
Actuating device 0.09 - 0.04 0.04 0.26
AntisurQe system 0.41 0.11 0.17 0.13 - 0.04 1.98
Base frame - 0.86 0.13 0.04 1.03
Bearing 0.04 - 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.39
CasinQ 0.13 0.37
Control unit 0.30 0.39 0.09 0.04 0.17 0.04 0.52 0.13 3.27
Control-, isolating & check valves - 0.04 - 0.26
Cooler(s 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.04 - - 0.06 0.04 0.60
CouplinQ to driven unit - - 0.13 0.37
Coupling to driver - - 0.04 0.32
Cylinder liner 3.31 0.04 0.56 0.30 0.22 - 0.26 0.13 0.17 13.34
Drvaasseat 0.09 0.04 - 0.04 - 0.56
Fi11er(s) 0.30 0.43 7.14 - 0.04 0.14 8.73
Gearboxlvar.drive 0.04 0.09 - 0.04 - 0.04 0.54
Instrument, flow 0.09 0.43 0.04 - 1.20
Instrument, aeneral 0.04 0.26 0.17 - - 0.13 1.64
Instrument, level 0.24 0.43 0.22 0.04 0.28 3.61
Instrument, pressure 0.17 0.73 0.28 - 0.04 0.47 6.49
Instrument, speed - 0.04 - - 0.04 - 0.47
Instrument, temperature 0.09 0.22 0.69 0.28 0.56 0.13 6.99
Instrument, vibration 0.09 0.69 - - - - 0.56 0.43 2.97
Internal piping 0.09 0.04 - 0.26 - 0.04 0.58
Internal oower supply 0.17 0.04 0.17 - 0.73
lnters~e seals 0.04 - - 0.06 - 0.37
lube oil 0.13 0.04 - 0.04 - 0.45
lubrication - - - - - 0.11
Monitorina - 0.26 0.34 0.17 - - 0.09 - 1.81
Oil - 0.09 0.09 - 0.09 0.09 - 1.89
Other - 0.39 0.09 0.52 0.09 - 0.56 0.04 0.09 3.01
Packing 0.01 - - 0.04 - - - - 0.36
Pioino - 0.19 0.09 - 0.10 - 1.31
Piping, pipe support +bellows 0.06 0.09 0.22 0.04 - - 0.04 0.64
Piston(s) - - - - - 0.04 - - 0.24
Pumo 0.11 0.60 0.34 0.30 - 0.09 0.22 0.13 0.17 4.88
Pume air - 0.26 0.13 - - - 0.52
Radia bearing 0.01 - 0.04 0.10
Reservoir incl. heating system 0.22 - 0.13 - - - 0.54
Rotor wl imoellers 0.01 0.04 - 0.09 - 0.21
Seat oil - 0.09 - - 0.04 0.56
Seals 0.09 - - 0.56
Shaft seals - 0.09 - - - 0.06 1.15
Silencers - - - - 0.09
Subunit 0.13 0.52 0.09 0.22 - 0.09 0.32 0.09 3.47
Thrust bearing 0.04 - - - - 0.04 0.09
Unknom 0.43 0.39 0.26 0.69 0.22 0.13 0.90 0.26 7.92
Valves 0.22 1.38 2.09 1.14 0.04 0.04 0.34 0.32 0.04 12.13
l'.lring - 0.09 0.04 0.09 0.04 - 0.04 0.04 - 0.73
Total 4.65 6.64 8.39 14.16 1.12 0.34 1.94 5.51 1.98 100.0
The figures are percentages of the total failure rate for the actual mamtamable 1temlfa1lure mode combmat1on.
©OREDA
Failure mechanism versus failure mode, to be continued

Item: Compressors
AIR BRD ELP ELU ERO FTS HIO INL LOO NOI
Blockage/pluaoed 0.13 - 0.09 0.04 - - 0.30 -
Breakage 0.26 0.04 0.09 0.09 - 0.04
Burst 0.04 - - - -
Cavitation 0.04 - - - - - -
ClearanceJ alignment failure 0.13 0.04 0.26 - - -
Combined causes 0.04 0.04 - - - 0.04
Contamination 0.09 - 0.04 - - - -
Control failure 0.43 0.09 0.17 0.47 - 0.04 0.04
Corrosion 0.09 - 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 -
Defonnation 0.09 - - - 0.04 0.04
Earth/isolation fault 0.04 - - - -
Electrical failure - general 0.04 - 0.22 - - -
Erosion - 0.04 -
External influence -general 0.04 - - -
Fatklue - - 0.09 - - -
Fauny power/voHage - 0.04 - -
Faulty signal/indication/alann 3.70 - - 0.17 0.17 - - -
Instrument failure - general 6.24 0.09 0.34 0.34 0.73 0.09 0.04 0.60 -
Leakage 0.04 1.12 4.69 0.04 0.22 - -
Looseness 0.17 0.09 0.43 0.09 0.13 - 0.04
Material failure - general 0.13 0.04 0.13 0.47 - 0.09 - 0.04
Mechanical Failure -~neral 0.43 0.09 3.10 2.50 0.13 0.34 0.04 0.13 8.91 0.13
Misc. external influences 0.17 - 0.09 - - - 0.26 -
Miscenaneous - general - - 0.04 - - -
No cause found 0.30 - 0.04 0.04 0.04
No oower/ voltaoe 0.04 - 0.04 - -
No signal/indicalion/alann 0.69 - 0.04 - 0.13 - -
Open circuit 0.39 0.04 0.04 - 0.09 - - - -
Other - 0.04 0.04 - 0.04 - - - -
Out of acfustment 3.36 - 0.26 0.22 - 0.04 0.09
Overheating - 0.13 0.04 0.04 - -
Short circuiting 0.13 - - - - -
Software failure 0.13 - - - - - -
Stickino 0.17 0.04 - 0.04 0.09 - 0.13 -
Unknown 0.52 - 0.04 0.13 - 0.26 - - 0.69 0.09
Vibration 0.30 - 0.04 0.17 - - - 0.04 0.13
Weill 0.17 - 0.09 1.46 0.26 - 2.32 0.39 0.13
Total 18.55 0.26 5.12 11.14 1.59 3.18 0.22 2.97 11.36 0.69
The figures are percentages of the total failure rate for the actual failure mechanism/failure mode combination.
©OREDA
Failure mechanism versus failure mode, continued

Item: Compressors
OHE 0 ll PI SER STD STP UNK UST VIB Sum

0.04 0. 1.22 - - 0.09 1.22 - 1.55
Breakaoe - 0. 0.' 0.34 0.04 - 0.09 - 0.04 1.29
Burst - - - - - - - - -
- l4 - .04 0.04 - - - -
I atiQnment failure - l9 - .04 - - - - 0.09
f causes - l4 - - - 0.04 - - - ~2
0.04 22 0.09 0.65 - - 0.09 1.20
Control failure 0.13 0.34 1.39 .09 0.04 - - ).43 - 2.61
Corro~on - 0.13 ).04 1.39 - - - .04 - 0.86
- - 0.04 0.09 - - - 0.04 - 0.34
0.04 0.04 - .04 - 0.
Electrical falure - aeneral 0.04 0.39 0.04 .09 - 0.04 0.04 .13 - 1.03
Erosion - 0.04 - - - - 0.09 - - 0.17
Extem.O influence- general - 0.22 0.13 - - - - 0.04 - 0.43
Fatigue - - - - - - - - 0.09
Faulty 1 I - 0.09 - - - - - - - 0.13
Faulty' 0.04 0.04 - 0.04 - - - 0.47 0.13 4.78
t failure - general 0.26 0.43 4.09 1.08 0.04 0.13 1.29 0.04 15.83
.eakaae 0.04 0.65 0.13 .17 - - - .09 - 7.19
- 0.04 - 1.22 - - - - 0.13 . 1.33
~atenat 1 il - 0.04 - 0.26 0.17 - 0.13 0.13 - 1.64
I F.Oiure- general 3.49 0.99 1.51 .08 0.69 1.69 0.52 33.18
Misc. external i 0.04 0.04 0.13 - - .09 0.09 1.08
I - 0.22 - - - - - 0.34
No cause found - 0.13 0.04 - - - - 0.17 0.04
1voltage - - - 0.09 -
i - o.- - - - - - - -
Open drcuil - - 0.39 0.17 - 0.04 0.09 0.13 - 1.
Other 0.04 0.43 0.04 0.52 - - 0.13 .38
Ou!Ofi 0.09 0.39 1.34 - - - - .30 0.13 5.21
0.17 0.09 0.13 - - - 0.04 1.26 - 0.90
i - - - - - - - 1.09 - 0.22
- 1.30 - - - - 0.43
Stickina - 0.30 - 0.17 - 0.04 - - - 0.99
Unknown 0.17 0.43 1.09 09 0.04 0.04 0.65 1.2 - 3.4!
Vibration - - 0.13 0.17 0.04 - 0.52
- - - -
_Wear
Total 4.65
0.47
6.64 8.39
0.09
14.16 1.12 0.34 .94 :TI[ .0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.1 .1 Machinery
Compressors
Centrifuoal
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1()6 hours) No of demands
1.9867 1.3553
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
failures lower Mean Upper SD nit Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 160' 6.02 76.03 214.68 70.27 80.53 49 1293 84 1818
160t 15.36 182.80 510.95 166.53 118.05
Abnormal instrument reOOing 2' 2E-3 1.21 4.91 1.85 1.01 2.5 3.0" 8.5 17"
2t 0.05 12.04 45.18 16.67 1.48
Breakdown 4' 3E-4 2.01 9.10 3.62 2.01 6.5 9.0" 480 1481"
4t 1E-3 12.86 59.34 23.87 2.95
Erratic output 6' 3.40 17.29 7.46 3.02 51 290" 103 580"
6t - 5.17 25.38 10.68 4.43
External leakage - Process 4' 5E-3 1.96 7.74 2.89 2.01 86 170" 81 197"
medium 4t 0.65 2.91 6.53 1.88 2.95
External leakage - Utility B' 0.04 4.92 16.83 6.20 4.03 35 124" 46 124"
medium at 0.21 30.03 102.85 37.88 5.90
49t 1.44 41.58 125.75 43.05 36.15
Fail to stop on demand 1' - 0.66 3.61 1.69 0.50 - - -
1t - 1.25 6.91 3.52 0.74
High ou1put 1' - 0.47 2.62 1.31 0.50 7.0 7.0" 14 14"
,t 0.75 4.25 2.26 0.74
Internal leakage 5' 3.21 17.65 8.32 2.52 113 189" 171 304"
5t 6.46 33.67 15.04 3.69
Low output 2' - 1.24 6.90 3.56 1.01 621 859" 792 964"
2t - 1.58 8.17 3.56 1.48
Ovemeating 1' - 0.47 2.62 1.31 0.50 223 223" 447 447"
,t - 0.75 4.25 2.26 0.74
Parameter deviation 2' 7E-4 0.91 3.80 1.45 1.01 4.0 4.0" 6.0 8.0"
2t 2E-3 1.35 5.42 2.04 1.48
Spurious stop 64' 0.11 24.42 91.48 33.76 32.21 36 1293 66 1818
64t 0.20 44.73 166.12 61.33 47.22
Vibration B' 0.04 3.94 12.82 4.66 4.03 13 13" 44 100"
at 0.34 5.88 17.34 5.76 5.90
Other 3' 0.28 1.55 3.66 1.09 1.51 2.0 2.0" 31 59"
3t 0.14 2.36 6.97 2.32 2.21
Degraded 232' 11.23 119.62 327.43 105.69 116.78 19 192 28 673
232t 16.44 180.75 497.85 161.18 171.18
Abnormal instrument reading 21' 4E-3 9.29 40.22 15.61 10.57 5.0 5.0" 16 29
21t O.o1 15.11 63.47 24.32 15.49
Erratic output 5' - 2.10 10.59 4.54 2.52 11 18" 19 35"
5t - 3.38 17.70 7.96 3.69
External leakage - Process 21' 0.04 10.17 39.08 14.39 10.57 3.7 6.0" 13 98
medium 21t 0.06 15.23 57.45 21.19 15.49
Comments
!cont.'
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Kem
1.1.1 Machinery
Compressors
Cenlrifuoal
65 18 Calendar time * Operational time r 7120
1.9867 1.3553
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
External ~akage - Utility 67" 0.72 34.16 105.64 37.27 33.72 20 192 29 218
medium 6l 0.96 51.48 16Q.43 56.99 49.44
Fail to stop on demand 3' 1.56 8.14 3.66 1.51 3.5 3.5" 7.0 7.0"
3t 2.47 13.70 6.99 2.21
High output 4' 1E-4 1.85 8.58 3.46 2.01 4.7 7.0" 4.4 7.0"
4t 0.01 2.61 9.82 3.62 2.95
Internal leakage 11' 3E-3 5.08 21.69 8.38 5.54 55 150" 70 216"
11t 2E-3 8.23 36.72 14.51 8.12
Low output 11' 0.26 6.77 20.41 6.93 5.54 7.2 30" 13 50"
11t 0.08 10.74 36.57 13.46 8.12
Minor in-service problems 3' 0.01 1.38 4.97 1.84 1.51 2.0 2.0" 14 27"
3t 0.03 2.02 6.39 2.30 2.21
Noise 3' 7E-3 1.36 4.92 1.82 1.51 18 32" 30 64"
3t 0.01 2.05 7.79 2.87 2.21
Overheating 2' 0.19 1.03 2.40 0.71 1.01 13 13" 26 26"
2t 1E-3 1.75 7.44 2.86 1.48
Parameter deviation 9' 4E-3 4.74 19.87 7.60 4.53 3.8 9.0" 8.2 28"
gt 0.03 6.74 24.50 9.05 6.64
Vibration 9' 0.13 5.42 16.66 5.84 4.53 19 36" 30 96"
gt 0.06 8.59 29.37 10.82 6.64
Other 63' 0.40 35.52 115.21 41.88 31.71 29 150 40 673
63t 0.56 51.59 167.89 61.10 46.48
Incipient 518' 8.58 246.53 745.53 255.15 260.73 9.7 516 15 531
51St 111.14 1030.28 2735.38 868.51 382.20
Abnonnal instrument reading 221' 1.36 94.60 300.27 108.02 111.24 5.2 73 7.8 73
221t 4.34 145.49 442.47 152.93 163.06
Erratic output 5' 2.94 14.84 6.38 2.52 23 69" 40 137"
st 4E-4 3.68 16.81 6.71 3.69
External leakage - Process 2' 1.79 9.85 4.87 1.01 5.5 9.0" 5.5 9.0"
medium 2t 2.18 11.70 5.40 1.48
External leakage - UtiiHy 93' 0.50 43.65 141.44 51.39 46.81 14 185 24 370
medium 93t 20.97 241.31 670.40 217.91 68.62
Fail to start on demand 1' . 0.61 3.18 1.41 0.50 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
1t 2E-4 6.03 28.76 11.81 0.74
Internal leakage 50' . 34.03 180.63 120.46 25.17 1.9 12 3.0 27
sot 4.60 476.95 1572.32 574.59 36.89
Low output 1' 0.45 2.17 0.90 0.50 . . 2.0 2.0"
1t . 0.66 3.22 1.34 0.74
Minor in-service problems 59' 0.03 29.67 122.39 46.47 29.70 5.6 39 9.0 78
59t 0.26 57.95 215.08 79.42 43.53
Comments
fcont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.1.1 Machinery
Compressors
Centnfuaal
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (108 hours) No of demands
1.9867 1.3553
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
failures Lower Mean Upper SD n/t Mean Max Mean Max
Noise 4. 0.07 1.85 5.58 1.90 2.01 7.8 w 7.8 w
4t 0.51 2.83 6.69 1.99 2.95
Overheating 2. 1.42 6.75 2.77 1.01 6.5 12" 50 98"
2t - 5.83 28.66 12.07 1.48
Parameter deviation 12. 2E-4 6.42 30.56 12.54 6.04 7.1 24" 20 92
12t 2E-4 10.04 47.96 19.71 8.85
Structural deficiency 5" 7E-4 2.64 11.66 4.58 2.52 13 25" 30 64"
5t 4E-3 3.96 16.49 6.28 3.69
Vibration 9. 0.12 5.24 16.12 5.66 4.53 2.7 6.0" 20 119"
9t 0.03 9.33 36.65 13.63 6.64
other 52. 5E-3 22.84 101.15 39.81 26.17 40 516 39 531
52t 0.02 38.85 166.57 64.43 38.37
Unknown 2. 0.02 1.09 3.43 1.23 1.01 - - 5.0 6.0"
2t 0.30 1.53 3.54 1.04 1.48
Unknown 49. 0.24 43.74 155.70 57.52 24.66 23 125' 34 249
49t 0.32 64.71 236.25 87.29 36.15
Abnormal instrument reading 22. 3E-3 18.35 82.34 32.62 11.07 3.0 4.o· 11 36
22t 6E-3 30.44 135.64 53.56 16.23
Extemalleakage - Utility 5" - 2.91 15.13 6.71 2.52 7.0 7.0" 86 164"
medium 5t - 5.28 27.60 12.36 3.69
Low output 1. - 1.36 7.63 4.00 0.50 - - 12 12"
1t - 1.55 8.65 4.48 0.74
Noise 1. - 0.66 3.61 1.69 0.50 14 14" - -
1t - 1.25 6.91 3.52 0.74
Overheating 1" 0.45 2.17 0.90 0.50 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.86 3.22 1.34 0.74
Vibration 1. 1.92 10.57 5.14 0.50 - 9.0 9.o·
1t - 2.15 11.87 5.96 0.74
Otl1er 14" 0.03 12.55 49.60 18.49 7.05 16 30" 26 105
14t 0.08 16.86 61.20 22.61 10.33
Unknown 4" - 1.90 10.42 5.10 2.01 63 125" 116 249"
4t - 2.88 14.18 5.99 2.95
All modes 959. 76.31 486.84 1193.38 363.30 482.71 19 1293 30 1818
959t 278.73 1474.71 3447.52 1019.67 707.59
Comments
On demood orobabilitv for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand= 5.6· 1(}3
©OREDA

Item: Compressors - Centrifugal
Actuating device 0.10 - - 0.10
Antisurge svstem 0.52 - 0.10 0.31 0.83 0.42 0.10 0.42 -
Bearing - - 0.10 -
Casing - 0.10 0.42 -
Control unit 1.04 - - 0.10 0.21 O.Q4 - -
Control-, isolatino & check valves 0.10 0.10 0.31 - - -
Cooler(s) - - 0.21 - - - -
Coupling to dliven un~ 0.57 - - -
Coupling to dliver - 0.16 - - -
Cylinder liner - - 0.10 -
Dry gas seal - 0.31 0.31 - - 0.10 -
Filter(s) - - 0.10 0.21 0.10 0.31 -
Gearboxlvar.drive 0.21 - - 0.36 - - 0.21
Instrument, flow 0.71 - 0.21 - -
Instrument, general 0.83 - - -
Instrument, level 4.69 - 0.31 - - 0.10 -
Instrument, oressure 5.46 - - 0.31 0.21 0.73 0.10 0.10 -
Instrument, speed 0.42 - 0.31 -
Instrument, temperature 6.24 - 0.26 0.10 - - -
Instrument, vibration 1.46 - 0.36 0.10 - -
Internal oioil'lQ - 0.10 - - -
Internal power suppl• 0.42 - - 0.21 -
lnterstage seals - 0.21 0.10 0.10 0.09 -
lube oil 0.16 - 0.21 - -
Lubrication - 0.26 -
Monitoring 1.67 - - -
Oil 0.10 - - 0.52 - 3.02
Other 0.31 - 0.10 0.63 - 0.10 0.21 0.10
Packing - 0.10 - -
Piping - 0.52 -
Piping, pipe support+ belklws - 0.21 0.42 - - -
Pumo 0.10 - 1.88 0.42 - - 0.42
Purge air - 0.10 - - - -
Radial bearing 0.10 - - - -
Reservoir incl. heating system 0.05 - 0.31 - - - -
Rotor wl impellers - - - 0.05 -
Seal oil 0.10 0.83 - - - 0.10
Seals - 0.10 0.73 - - - - - -
Shaft seals - 0.10 0.31 - 0.21 0.10 0.52 0.03 -
Subunit 0.21 - 0.10 0.83 - 0.31 0.03 -
Thrust bearing - - - - -
Unknown 1.88 0.21 - 3.02 0.10 O.Q4 - 2.09 0.52
Valves 0.83 1.25 2.82 0.10 0.21 0.31 0.10 0.10
IMring 0.21 0.10 - 0.21 - - -
Total 27.74 0.42 2.82 18.04 1.67 5.21 0.52 6.88 1.56 0.83
The figures are percentages of the total failure rate for the actual maintainable item/failure mode combination.
©OREDA

Item: Compressors- Centrifugal
OHE OTH PDE SER SID STP UNK UST VIB Sum
Actuating device - 0.21 - - - 0.10 0.52
Antisurae svstem - 0.99 0.26 0.42 0.31 0.10 - 4.80
BearinQ - 0.10 0.10 - 0.10 - 0.42
Casing 0.10 - - 0.63
Control unit 0.63 0.21 0.21 0.10 0.73 0.21 4.38
Control-, isolatina & check valves - - - 0.10 - - 0.63
coo-.r(s 0.10 0.10 - 0.42
Coupling to driven unit - - - - - 0.31 0.89
Coupling to driver - - - 0.16
Cvlinder liner - - - - 0.10
Dry gas seal 0.21 0.10 - - 1.04
Fil1er(s) 0.63 0.42 1.15 - - 0.10 0.21 3.23
Gearbox/var.drive 0.10 0.10 - - - 0.10 1.09
Instrument, flow - 0.21 0.10 0.10 - - 1.34
Instrument, general - 0.10 0.10 0.21 - 1.25
Instrument, level 0.57 0.73 0.21 - 0.10 0.57 - 7.30
Instrument, oressure 0.42 - 0.16 - - 0.10 0.42 - 8.01
Instrument, speed - - - - 0.10 0.83
Instrument, temperature - 0.42 0.21 0.57 - - 0.31 0.21 8.32
Instrument, vibration - 0.10 0.10 - - - - 1.25 0.83 4.22
ln1emal pioina - 0.10 - - - 0.21
Inlemal oov-er supply 0.42 - 0.31 - 1.36
lnterstage seals - 0.10 - - - 0.03 - 0.64
Lube oil 0.31 - 0.10 - - - 0.10 0.89
lubrication - - - - - - - - 0.26
Monitoring - 0.52 - - - - 0.21 2.40
Oil - 0.10 - - - - 3.75
Other - 0.21 0.21 - 0.10 0.10 2.09
Packina 0.03 - - - - 0.14
Piping - - - - 0.52
Piping, ~pe support+ bellows - 0.21 - 0.10 - - - - 0.94
Pump - 1.36 - 0.31 - 0.10 0.21 0.21 0.42 5.42
Pume air - - - 0.10
Radial beaing 0.03 - - - - 0.14
ReseNOir inct. heating system - 0.52 0.31 - - - 1.20
Rotor w1 impellers 0.03 0.10 - - - 0.19
Seal oil 0.21 - 0.10 1.36
Seals - - - - - 0.83
Shall seals - 0.21 - - - - 0.03 - 1.53
Subunit - 0.94 0.10 - - 0.14 0.10 2.78
Thrust bearing 0.10 - - - - 0.10 0.21
Unknown 0.21 0.63 0.73 0.21 1.04 0.31 11.89
Valves - 3.13 0.47 1.15 0.10 0.36 10.95
Vllirina - - 0.10 - - - - 0.63
Total 0.63 13.76 2.40 6.47 0.52 0.42 0.63 6.67 2.82 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Compressors - Centrifugal
Bklck!l!leiPIU!Iged 0.21 0.10 - - 0.63
Breakage 0.42 0.10 0.21 0.10 -
Burst 0.10 - -
Clearance/ alignment failure 0.21 0.10 0.31 -
Combined causes 0.10 -
Contamination 0.21 0.10 - -
Control failure 1.04 0.21 0.31 0.52 0.10
Corrosion 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Defonnation 0.21 - - 0.10
Earth/isolation fault - - - - -
Electrical failure - aeneral - 0.42 -
Erosion - -
Faligue 0.21 - -
Faully I'O""rlvollage - - - 0.10 - -
Faulty siQnaL'indication/alarm 8.55 - - 0.42 0.42 -
Instrument failure - general 4.17 0.21 0.31 1.04 0.21 -
Leakage 0.10 - 1.98 10.01 - 0.52
Looseness 0.42 - 0.10 0.83 0.31 - 0.10
Material failure - aeneral 0.31 0.10 0.21 0.73 0.21 - -
Mechanical Failure- general 0.21 0.10 1.36 - 0.73 0.10 0.21 0.31 0.31
Misc. external influences - - 0.10 - - - 0.10
Miscellaneous - aeneral - - - 0.10 - -
No cause found 0.73 - - 0.10 - 0.10 -
No I'O""rl vollage 0.10 - - - 0.10 -
No signaL'indication/alarm 1.36 - - 0.10 0.31 - -
Ooen circu~ 0.42 - - 0.21 - - - -
01her 0.10 - 0.10 - - - -
Ou1 of adjusbnent 6.88 - 0.52 0.31 - 0.10 0.21 -
Overheating 0.10 - - - -
Sticking 0.42 0.10 - - 0.10 0.21 - 0.31 - -
Unknown 0.73 0.21 - -
Vibration 0.31 0.21 - - 0.31
'IWar 0.42 - 0.10 2.92 - - 5.53 0.21 0.10
Total 27.74 0.42 2.82 18.04 1.67 5.21 0.52 6.88 1.56 0.83
©OREDA

Item: Compressors- Centrifugal
OHE OTH POE SER sm STP UNK UST VIB Sum

Blockage/plugged 0.21 0.21 0.42 - 0.31 - 2.09
Breakage 0.52 0.10 0.42 0.10 - 0.10 - 2.09
Bur>t - - - - - 0.10
Clearance/ alignment failure - 0.21 0.10 - 0.21 1.15
Combined causes - - - - 0.10
Contamination 0.10 0.42 0.10 1.15 2.09
Control failure 0.21 0.83 0.63 - 0.63 - 4.48
Corrosion 0.31 - 0.63 - - 1.46
Defonnation - 0.10 0.21 - - - 0.63
Earth/isolation fault - 0.10 - - 0.10 - 0.21
Electrical failure -general 0.10 0.73 - 0.10 0.10 - 0.21 - 1.67
Erosion - 0.10 - - - 0.10
Fatigue - - - - - 0.21
Faultv t)()INer/vollaQe 0.21 - - 0.31
Faulty sianaVindicationlatann 0.10 0.10 0.10 - 1.04 0.31 11.05
Instrument failure - general 0.83 0.21 0.63 1.56 - 9.18
Leakage - 1.56 0.21 0.10 - - 0.10 - 14.60
Looseness - 0.10 - 0.42 - - - - 0.31 2.61
Material failure - general - 0.52 0.31 - - 0.31 - 2.71
Mechanical Failure- general 1.77 0.10 0.63 0.10 - 0.21 0.21 6.36
Misc. external influences 0.10 0.10 - - - 0.10 0.52
Miscellaneous - general - 0.10 0.10 - - 0.31
No cause found 0.31 0.10 - - 0.42 0.10 1.88
No power/ voHage - - - 0.21 0.42
No sianal/indication/alann - 0.42 - - - - - 2.19
Open circuit - 0.21 0.10 0.10 0.21 - 1.25
01her 0.10 0.94 0.10 0.10 - - 0.10 0.10 1.67
Ou1 of adjustment - 0.94 0.42 - - - 0.42 0.31 10.11
Overheating - 0.10 0.10 - - - - 0.31
Sticking - 0.73 0.31 - 0.10 - - 2.29
Unknown - 1.04 - - 0.10 0.31 0.31 2.71
Vibration - - - - - - 0.42 0.94 2.19
Wefl - 1.04 0.21 - - 0.42 10.95
Total 0.63 13.76 2.40 6.47 0.52 0.42 0.63 6.67 2.82 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.1.1.1 Mochinery
Compressors
Centrifugal
Electric
Population Installations Aggregated time in seNice (108hours) No of demands
34 9 Calendar time "' Operational time' 3751
1.1503 0.8617
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()11 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 92' 0.95 84.56 274.44 99.77 79.98 62 1293 87 1818
92t 1.25 118.98 388.63 141.61 106.76
Erratic output 4. - 3.94 21.13 9.74 3.48 75 290" 150 580"
4t - 6.22 32.91 14.99 4.64
External leakage - Process 2. - 2.30 11.71 5.06 1.74 86 170" 100 197'
medium 2t - 2.64 12.79 5.29 2.32
Ex1emal ~akage- Utility 1. - 0.81 4.01 1.69 0.87 124 124' 124 124'
medium 1t - 1.09 5.39 2.28 1.16
Fail to start on demand Jo• 0.11 25.66 96.28 35.53 26.08 32 524 43 704
Jot 0.15 34.60 130.11 48.00 34.81
High output 1. 0.06 0.91 2.63 0.87 0.87 7.0 7.0' 14 14'
1t 1E-3 1.34 5.56 2.11 1.16
Internal ~kage 4. - 4.71 25.03 11.45 3.48 142 189" 214 304"
4t - 5.24 27.86 12.77 4.64
low output 2. - 2.30 11.71 5.06 1.74 621 859" 792 964"
2t - 2.64 12.79 5.29 2.32
Overheating 1. 0.06 0.91 2.63 0.87 0.87 223 223' 447 447'
1t 1E-3 1.34 5.56 2.11 1.16
Parameter deviation 1. - 0.81 4.01 1.69 0.87 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0'
1t - 1.09 5.39 2.28 1.16
Spurious stop 43. 0.35 39.72 132.40 48.52 37.38 41 1293 59 1818
43t 0.50 58.67 196.36 72.03 49.90
Vibration 2. 0.03 2.09 6.72 2.43 1.74 13 13" 12 21"
2t 0.01 2.97 11.04 4.08 2.32
Other 1. - 1.24 6.11 2.58 0.87 - 59 59"
1t - 1.52 7.16 2.92 1.16
Degraded 104. 32.53 118.11 247.23 67.91 90.41 17 150 27 410
104t 48.38 153.48 306.69 81.18 120.68
Abnormal instrument reading 2. - 2.60 13.39 5.83 1.74 - 14 14'
2t - 4.67 23.55 10.11 2.32
Erratic output 4• 3.94 21.13 9.74 3.48 11 18' 22 35"
4t 6.22 32.91 14.99 4.64
Ex1emalleakage - Process s· 0.22 7.66 23.32 8.07 6.95 3.7 6.0' 5.8 12'
medium at 0.08 11.04 37.60 13.84 9.28
Ex1emalleakage - Utility 27• 4.08 30.61 77.74 24.12 23.47 10 63 26 218
medium 27t 7.52 36.68 83.96 24.53 31.33
Fail to stop on demand 2. 4E-4 1.79 7.90 3.11 1.74 3.5 3.5" 7.0 7.0'
2t 2.33 11.32 4.69 2.32
High output 3. 0.54 2.66 6.10 1.79 2.61 4.7 7.0' 4.7 7.0"
3t 6E-3 3.16 12.67 4.75 3.48
Comments
lcontl
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.1.1.1 Machinery
Compressors
Centrifugal
Electric
34 9 Calendar time * Operational time T 3751
1.1503 0.8617
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 108 hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
failures Lower Mean Upper 5D niT Mean Max Mean Max
Internal leakage 8. - 7.25 35.34 14.75 6.95 55 150' 69 216'
at - 10.72 52.97 22.42 9.28
Low output 6. 0.04 5.61 19.03 7.00 5.22 4.7 w 5.6 w
6t 0.42 6.95 20.40 6.77 6.96
Minor in-service problems 2. 0.01 1.65 6.21 2.29 1.74 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
2t 0.01 2.13 7.35 2.71 2.32
Noise 3. 0.02 2.43 8.31 3.06 2.61 18 32' 30 84'
3t 0.01 3.39 13.11 4.85 3.48
Parameter deviation 8" 0.05 8.01 28.34 10.47 6.95 2.8 4.o· 6.9 28'
8t 0.08 10.12 34.26 12.60 9.28
Vibration 6. 0.10 7.88 25.30 9.16 5.22 19 36' 34 96'
6t 0.06 11.65 41.72 15.42 6.96
Other 25. 2.22 34.86 101.62 33.65 21.73 30 150' 36 410
25t 3.31 43.91 124.99 41.04 29.01
Incipient 270• 15.68 267~0 788.59 262.01 234.73 10 516 14 531
270t 13.82 363.62 1096.54 373.11 313.32
Abnormal instrument reading 149. 7.60 141.51 420.76 140.20 129.53 5.5 73 7.4 73
149t 10.32 188.92 560.65 186.71 172.90
Erratic output 3. 1E-4 2.34 10.94 4.44 2.61 9.0 w 9.0 w
3t 0.03 3.00 9.90 3.62 3.48
External leakage - Process 1. - 0.81 4.01 1.69 0.87 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
medium 1t - 1.09 5.39 2.28 1.16
Extemalleakage - Utility 26. 1.13 25.32 76.01 25.58 22.60 6.2 40 9.1 40
medium 26t 1.68 34.03 101.96 34.08 30.17
Internal leakage 1. 0.06 0.91 2.63 0.87 0.87 2.0 2.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 1E-3 1.34 5.56 2.11 1.16
Minor in-service problems 37" 0.30 38.74 131.48 48.36 32.17 4.9 36 7.3 72
37t 0.23 52.33 194.49 71.81 42.94
Noise 4. 0.34 3.21 8.55 2.72 3.48 7.8 w 7.8 w
4t 0.37 4.33 12.04 3.91 4.84
Parameter deviation 3. 3E-3 4.83 20.66 7.99 2.61 - 36 92'
3t 5E-3 5.40 22.62 8.65 3.48
Structural deficiency 4. 1E-3 3.74 16.27 6.33 3.48 13 25' 22 50'
4t 4E-4 536 24.81 10.01 4.84
Vibration r 0.18 7.22 22.11 7.72 6.09 2.7 6.o· 19 119.
7t 0.28 9.08 27.60 9.53 8.12
Other 34. 0.11 38.98 153.01 56.91 29.56 45 516 50 531
34t 0.17 58.40 228.50 84.87 39.45
Unknown 1. 1.24 6.11 2.58 0.87 - 4.0 4.o·
1t 1.52 7.16 2.92 1.16
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.1.1.1 Machinery
Compressors
Cen1rifugal
Electric
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1()e hours) No of demands
34 9 Calendar time • Operational time T 3751
1.1503 0.8617
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Unknown 7• 0.01 7.92 32.62 12.38 6.09 13 31r 41 164"
7t 0.02 13.59 56.08 21.30 8.12
Abnonnal instrument reading 2. - 2.60 13.39 5.83 1.74 - 6.5 10.0"
2t - 4.67 23.55 10.11 2.32
External leakage - Utility T 0.35 1.79 4.17 1.23 1.74 7.0 7.0" 86 164"
medium 2t 0.02 2.63 9.02 3.32 2.32
01her 2. 0.12 1.95 5.75 1.91 1.74 30 30" 60 60"
2t O.D1 3.19 12.27 4.52 2.32
Unknown 1. 0.06 0.91 2.63 0.87 0.87 1.5 1.5" 3.0 3.0"
1t 1E-3 1.34 5.56 2.11 1.16
All modes 473• 52.61 479.86 1269.07 402.01 411.21 23 1293 31 1818
473t 63.56 653.58 1776.03 571.18 548.88
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure roode: Fail to start on demand =6.7- 1(}-3
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.1.1.2 Machinery
Compressors
Centrifugal
Turbine
0.5999 0.4288
Critical 52" 36.95 82.80 143.47 33.01 86.68 5.2 20" 106 1481
52t 50.88 116.25 203.33 47.27 121.28
Breakdown 2" 0,01 2.66 10.45 3.89 3.33 - 923 1481"
2t 0,01 3.68 14.20 5.24 4.66
Erratic output 2" - 4.87 24.17 10.26 3.33 4.3 7.0" 8.5 14'
2t 5.66 27.63 11.54 4.66
External leakage - Process 2" 0.01 2.66 10.45 3.89 3.33 43 43"
medium 2t 0,01 3.68 14.20 5.24 4.66
Extema leakage- Uliity 3" 0,01 5.27 21.25 8.00 5.00 0.5 0.5" 28 55"
medium 3t 0.01 7.36 30.47 11.58 7.00
Fail to start on demand 15" 3.26 31.57 84.69 27.05 25.00 3.0 4.0" 55 203
1St 7.12 41.21 98.51 29.52 34.98
Fail to stop on demand 1" 0.12 1.76 5.06 1.67 1.67 - - -
1t 4E-4 2.96 13.37 5.31 2.33
Parameter deviation 1" 0,01 1.46 526 1.94 1.67 - 8.0 8.0"
1t 0.01 2.03 7.10 2.62 2.33
Spurious stop 18" 13.43 27.70 46.12 10.09 30.00 10.0 20' 92 1317
18t 9.75 37.27 79.36 22.09 41.98
Vibration 6" 0,01 8.63 36.20 13.85 10.00 - 56 100'
st 0.08 11.98 41.48 15.30 13.99
Other 2" 2E-3 3.10 13.29 5.14 3.33 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
2t - 4.57 23.29 10.06 4.66
Degraded 125" 25.74 167.86 413.64 126.31 208.36 33 192 30 673
125t 22.71 251.37 693.24 224.58 291.54
Abnonnal instrument rea:ting 19" 18.39 30.21 44.41 7.98 31.67 5.0 5.0" 16 29
19t 16.65 40.81 73.62 17.71 44.31
Erratic output 1" 0.01 1.46 5.26 1.94 1.67 - - 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.01 2.03 7.10 2.62 2.33
External leakage - Process 13" 0.83 19.78 59.48 20.11 21.67 - 18 98
medium 13t 0.45 27.41 86.18 30.82 30.32
Extemalleakage - Utility 40" 4.08 50.77 143.04 46.78 66.67 100 192' 32 125
medium 40t 1.65 76.60 236.60 83.37 93.29
Fail to stop on demand 1" 0.12 1.76 5.06 1.67 1.67 - -
1t 4E-4 2.96 13.37 5.31 2.33
High output 1" 0,01 1.46 5.26 1.94 1.67 - - 3.5 3.5"
1t 0.01 2.03 7.10 2.62 2.33
lntemallef.il:age 3" 0.23 5.02 15.05 5.06 5.00 - 73 73'
3t 0,01 7.72 31.91 12.13 7.00
Low output 2" 0.02 5.27 20.55 7.62 3.33 3.0 3.0" 19 32'
2t 0.05 5.88 19.66 7.21 4.66
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.1.1.2 Machinery
Compressors
Centrifugal
Turbine
Population Installations Aggregated time In service (10 6 hours) No of demands
0.5999 0.4288
failures Lower Mean Upper so Mean Max Mean Max
Minor in~service problems 1. 0.01 1.46 5.26 1.94 "''1.67 - 27 2r
1t 0.01 2.03 7.10 2.62 2.33
Overheating 2. 0.73 3.54 8.08 2.36 3.33 13 13. 26 26.
2t 0.05 5.98 19.88 7.28 4.66
Parameter deviation 1. 0.01 1.90 7.10 2.62 1.67 9.0 9.o· 18 18.
1t 1E-4 3.19 15.10 6.17 2.33
Vibration 3. 0.07 4.64 14.76 5.32 5.00 - - 18 26.
3t 0.01 6.64 27.01 10.20 7.00
Other 38. 5.00 53.00 144.93 46.76 63.34 25 go• 42 673
38t 3.01 77.41 233.29 79.26 88.63
Incipient 166. 24.58 251.15 681.54 219.03 276.70 17 185 23 370
166t 22.40 403.28 1194.67 397.64 387.16
Abnormal instrument reading 69. 38.60 102.87 192.30 47.96 115.01 2.9 5.0 9.1 46
69t 27.96 151.31 355.64 105.49 160.93
Erratic output 2. - 4.87 24.17 10.26 3.33 44 69. 88 13r
2t - 5.66 27.63 11.54 4.66
External leakage - Process 1. - 4.68 22.76 9.45 1.67 9.0 9.o· 9.0 9.o·
medium 1t - 4.88 24.45 10.46 2.33
Extemal ~akage- UtiiHy 43. 0.33 59.17 211.24 78.05 71.68 41 185 44 370
medium 43t 0.43 93.66 346.10 127.82 100.29
Internal leakage 2. 0.01 2.66 10.45 3.89 3.33 - 15 2r
2t 0.01 3.68 14.20 5.24 4.66
Low output 1. 0.01 1.46 5.26 1.94 1.67 2.0 2.o·
1t 0.01 2.03 7.10 2.62 2.33
Minor in-service problems 18. 0.05 37.86 154.48 58.42 30.00 6.5 39 14 78
18t 0.11 66.33 268.34 101.10 41.98
Ovemeetin9 1. 4E-4 2.14 9.59 3.80 1.67 1.0 to· 2.0 2.o·
1t 0.02 2.56 8.62 3.17 2.33
Pnmeter deviation 9. 19.00 96.34 41.50 15.00 7.1 24. 14 5o·
9t 4E-4 34.86 169.49 70.48 20.99
Structural deficiency 1. - 3.36 16.71 7.11 1.67 - - 64 64'
1t - 3.59 17.65 7.43 2.33
Vibration 1. 0.12 1.76 5.06 1.67 1.67 - - -
1t 4E-4 2.96 13.37 5.31 2.33
Other 17' 5.92 25.14 55.31 15.74 28.34 23 32. 21 64
17t 3.92 34.82 91.51 28.88 39.65
Unknom 1. 3E-4 1.53 6.81 2.69 1.67 - - 6.0 6.o·
1t - 2.19 10.45 4.30 2.33
Unknown 42. 9.32 102.02 280.76 90.86 70.01 29 125' 33 249
42t 9.62 144.65 419.23 138.57 97.96
Comments
Icont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.1.1.2 Machinery
Compressors
Centrifugal
Turbine
0.5999 0.4288
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 105 hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
failures Lower Mean Upper SD nh Mean Max Mean Max
Abnormal instrument reading 2Q• 0.39 44.97 150.01 54.99 33.34 3.0 4.o· 12 36.
20t 0.44 71.01 248.51 91.73 46.65
External leakage - Utility 3. 5.79 29.37 12.65 5.00 - - -
medium 3t 10.33 53.19 23.08 7.00
Low output 1. - 3.36 16.71 7.11 1.67 12 12.
1t - 3.59 17.65 7.43 2.33
Noise 1. 0.12 1.76 5.06 1.67 1.67 14 w -
1t 4E-4 2.96 13.37 5.31 2.33
Overheating 1. 0.01 1.46 5.26 1.94 1.67 - - 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.01 2.03 7.10 2.62 2.33
Vibration 1. 4.68 22.76 9.45 1.67 - 9.0 9.o·
1t - 4.88 24.45 10.46 2.33
Other 12. 1.57 30.25 90.30 30.12 20.00 2.0 2.o· 23 105
12t 3.33 37.47 103.64 33.62 27.99
Unknown 3. 1E-3 4.46 19.60 7.68 5.00 125 125. 154 249.
3t 0.02 5.99 23.59 8.79 7.00
All modes 385. 212.12 603.64 1157.78 295.84 641.74 19 192 37 1481
385t 196.40 915.39 2069.36 599.86 897.94
Comments
On demand__Q_robability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand = 4.5- 1G- 3
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.1.1.3 Machinery
Compressors
Cen!Jifugal
Unknown
0.2365 0.0648
Critical 16' 7.87 67.65 176.21 55.29 67.65 "'' 8.5 24 16 85
16t 9.71 865.69 2808.94 1021.04 246.91
Abnormal instrument reading 2' 0.85 8.46 22.84 7.32 8.46 2.5 3.o· 8.5 1r
2t 3.56 109.67 332.46 114.30 30.86
Breakdown 2' 0.07 8.46 28.24 10.36 8.46 6.5 9.o· 37 48.
2t 0.17 117.40 478.24 180.72 30.86
E>demalleakage - Utilily 4' 2.62 16.91 41.59 12.68 16.91 22 24' 36 85'
medium 4t 2.60 236.71 769.63 279.97 61.73
Fail to start on demand 4' 5.77 16.91 32.79 8.46 16.91 4.3 7.0' 2.9 11'
4t 0.99 123.74 417.36 153.35 61.73
lnlemalleakage 1' 0.21 4.23 12.66 4.23 4.23 1.0 1.0' 2.0 2.o·
1t 0.08 55.50 226.62 85.72 15.43
Spurious stop 3' 0.05 12.68 48.72 17.94 12.68 4.3 6.0' 2.0 6.o·
3t 0.26 179.18 729.42 275.56 46.30
Degraded 3' 3.47 12.68 26.62 7.32 12.68 14 3tr 20 5!r
3t 9.91 54.63 128.96 38.34 46.30
Low output 3' 3.47 12.68 26.62 7.32 12.68 14 30' 20 so·
3t 9.91 54.63 128.96 38.34 46.30
Incipient 8T 3.40 346.69 1140.75 416.64 346.69 3.4 16 5.9 98
82t 37.88 4941.55 16757.28 6162.92 1265.43
Abnonnal instrument reading 3' 3.47 12.68 26.62 7.32 12.68 4.0 6.o· 4.0 6.0'
3t 0.51 120.52 452.91 167.11 46.30
External leakage- Utility 24' 9.83 101.47 275.96 88.79 101.47 4.9 15 7.7 53
medium 24t 35.85 1469.37 4509.04 1577.57 370.37
Fail to start on demand 1' 0.21 4.23 12.66 4.23 4.23 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.08 55.50 226.62 85.72 15.43
Internal leakage 47' 0.06 198.71 870.90 340.50 198.71 1.9 12 2.5 16
47t 4.29 2895.34 11773.26 4445.64 725.31
Minor in-service problems 4' 5.77 16.91 32.79 8.46 16.91 8.5 16' 9.5 16'
4t 8.77 174.40 522.05 174.28 61.73
Overheating 1' 0.21 4.23 12.66 4.23 4.23 12 12' 98 98.
1t 0.08 55.50 226.62 85.72 15.43
Vibration 1' 0.21 4.23 12.66 4.23 4.23 3.0 J.o· 26 26'
1t 0.08 55.50 226.62 85.72 15.43
Olher 1' 0.21 4.23 12.66 4.23 4.23 6.0 6.0' 3.0 3.0'
1t 0.08 55.50 226.62 85.72 15.43
Allmcdes 101' 34.37 427.03 1202.46 393.13 427.03 4.5 30 7.9 98

101t 94.73 5889.87 18535.59 6632.54 1558.64
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demCJld = 4.4- 1Q-3
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.1.2 Machinery
Compressors
Reciorocatino
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1()6 hours} No of demands
0.7323 0.5046
failures Lower Mean Upper SD Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 367" 6E·3 347.08 1678.18 693.22 "''
501.19 8.8 250 13 250
367t 0.20 451.95 1951.42 756.79 727.25
Abnormal instrument reading 1" 1E-3 1.86 7.90 3.05 1.37 16 16" 16 16"
1t 0.19 2.19 6.09 1.9a 1.9a
Breakdovvn 2' 0.09 2.27 6.84 2.32 2.73 117 207" 141 207"
2t 0.07 3.41 10.62 3.77 3.96
Erratic output 2' 3E-3 5.04 21.49 a.30 2.73 20 20" 14 20"
2t 0.05 13.26 50.59 18.64 3.96
External leakage - Process 40' - 36.68 202.00 100.72 54.63 3.a 45 6.7 a1
medium 40t 45.55 246.92 114.a5 79.26
External leakage - Utility 16' 4E-4 17.39 a2.87 34.03 21.85 3.4 1a 6.9 50
medium 16t 0.06 24.15 95.41 35.56 31.71
11t 0.01 37.42 166.98 65.9a 21.aO
Fail to stop on demand 2' 1E-3 4.52 19.93 7.83 2.73 3.5 3.5" 11 w
2t 2E-3 920 40.96 16.16 3.96
Low output 140' - 122.03 663.02 308.86 191.19 6.1 135 11 168
140t - 140.44 752.91 347.39 277.42
Noise 2' 1E-4 3.81 17.89 7.30 2.73 29 29" 19 33"
2t 9E-4 8.72 39.92 15.93 3.96
Overheating 64' 58.83 305.92 135.89 a7.40 3.8 18 8.2 36
64t 5E-4 72.66 356.65 149.99 126.a2
Parameter deviation 46' - 42.79 231.70 107.70 62.a2 16 250 21 250
46t - 53.10 275.04 121.17 91.15
Spurious stop 30' 7.43 43.47 104.22 31.29 40.97 12 3a 14 4a
30t 31.64 63.24 103.64 22.20 59.45
Structural deficiency 5' 0.03 7.26 26.79 9.89 6.a3 9.1 36" 14 36"
5t 1.56 10.oa 24.79 7.56 9.91
Vibration 5' 0.03 6.6a 24.11 8.91 6.83 4.0 14" 7.6 2a"
5t 2.93 9.77 19.90 5.35 9.91
Other 1' - 4.19 20.60 a.68 1.37 - 1.0 1.0"
1t 3E-3 10.07 44.20 17.31 1.9a
Degraded 241* 0.80 269.46 1051.97 390.37 329.12 6.7 128 8.5 128
241t 5.86 463.96 1488.90 538.67 477.57
Erratic output a· 1.34 24.58 72.95 24.29 10.93 36 96" 29 96"
at 4.82 50.60 13a.09 44.51 15.85
External leakage - Process 24' - 24.42 126.96 56.38 32.7a 1.5 12 3.9 24
medium 24t 4E-3 34.68 157.98 62.96 47.56
External leakage - Utility 8' 0.12 9.58 30.71 11.10 10.93 4.3 9.0" 7.3 22"
medium at 1.51 14.10 37.49 11.91 15.85
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.1.2 Machinery
Compressors
Reciprocating
32 10 Calendar time* Operational timeT 36658
0.7323 0.5046
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Fail to start on demand 1. - 1.40 6.51 2.63 1.37 1.0 1.o· 1.0 to·
1t 6E-3 1.94 7.53 2.79 1.98
Fail to stop on demand 2. 0.31 2.83 7.47 2.36 2.73 3.3 6.o· 3.3 6.o·
2t O.o1 3.74 14.92 5.58 3.96
Internal leakage 2. 0.31 2.83 7.47 2.36 2.73 2.3 3.5· 4.0 7.o·
2t O.o1 3.74 14.92 5.58 3.96
Low output 92. 0.27 107.04 422.57 157.47 125.64 11 128 12 128
92t 0.26 214.65 883.00 334.94 182.31
Overheating 23. 0.24 28.56 95.52 35.04 31.41 6.3 48 10 48
23t 6.99 41.71 100.53 30.29 45.58
Parameter deviation 55• 57.31 304.91 201.91 88.77 1.7 6.0 2.1 10.0
sst 68.55 366.56 239.26 128.80
Structural deficiency s· 0.03 6.68 24.11 8.91 6.83 3.7 1o.o· 5.4 1o.o·
st 2.93 9.77 19.90 5.35 9.91
Vibration 4. 0.11 5.80 17.99 6.37 5.46 1.2 ts· 1.2 1.5·
4t O.o1 8.86 36.49 13.85 7.93
Olher 1. 4.19 20.60 a.sa 1.37 - 30 30.
1t 3E-3 10.07 44.20 17.31 1.9a
Unknown 6. 0.06 12.24 44.50 16.44 a.19 33 64. 34 64.
6t 0.17 31.03 111.15 41.07 11.a9
Incipient 454. 0.03 427.59 1970.31 791.74 620.00 3.4 . 116 4.5 116
454t 1.91 615.73 2397.46 888.66 899.65
Abnonnal instrument reading 9a· 2E-3 90.60 433.07 17a.oa 133.a3 2.9 24 3.4 24
gat 0.22 127.2a 513.02 192.92 194.20
Erratic oulput 2" 3E-3 5.04 21.49 a.30 2.73 a.o a.o· 6.5 a.o·
2t 0.05 13.26 50.59 1a.64 3.96
External leakage - Process 20. 0.65 28.02 a6.20 30.24 27.31 9.6 115 15 115
medium 20t 7.08 42.0a 101.31 30.50 39.63
External leakage - Utility 22. 13.36 31.27 55.2a 13.01 30.04 a.a 116 11 116
medium 22t a.35 49.40 11a.a1 35.74 43.60
Minor in-service problems 236. - 200.63 1099.31 514.60 322.29 1.5 20 2.7 29
236t - 231.74 1249.76 579.27 467.66
Noise 4. 0.37 6.24 1a.33 6.09 5.46 20 33. 17 33.
4t 1.06 9.64 25.49 am 7.93
Ovelheating a· 2.69 11.66 25.aO 7.37 10.93 12 51. 13 51"
at 2.1a 17.4a 45.00 14.05 15.a5
Pnmeter deviation 22. 0.02 23.21 97.a2 37.55 30.04 4.7 24 5.6 24
22t 0.99 34.14 103.93 35.98 43.60
Structural deficiency 6. 0.22 a.1a 24.96 a.6a a.19 1.2 4.o· 2.7 a.o·
6t 0.21 IO.a3 33.62 11.90 11.a9
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.1.2 Machinery
Compressors
Re~proca1ing
32 10 Calendar time* Operational time 1
36658
0.7323 0.5046
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1oe hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
Vibration 10. 3.21 13.18 28.69 8.11 13.66 1.6 6.0' 2.7 8.o·
10t 1.61 17.28 47.36 15.30 19.82
Other 9. 0.18 21.82 73.45 26.97 12.29 1.7 4.o· 6.9 20.
9t 0.60 46.30 148.35 53.63 17.83
Unknown 17" 23.23 134.17 72.82 23.22 14 32 15 32
17t 74.82 387.69 170.92 33.69
Unknown 12" 0.04 14.45 56.56 21.01 16.39 1.9 12" 10 24.
12t 2.02 21.18 57.n 18.61 23.78
Unknown 12. 0.04 14.45 56.56 21.01 16.39 1.9 12. 10 24.
12t 2.02 21.18 57.77 18.61 23.78
All modes 1074" 0.16 1038.22 4671.33 1852.75 1466.68 6.0 250 8.5 250
1074t 6.30 1501.47 5666.15 2089.96 2128.25
Comments
On demand probability for conseauence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand = 1.9- 1o-4
©OREDA

Item: Compressors- Reciprocating
AIR BRD ELP EL' ERO FTS HIO INL 00 NOI

- - - - - - - - - -
Base frame - - - - - - - - - -
Casino - 0.05 - - - - - -
Control unit 0.84 - - - 0.09 0.19 - - - -
Cooler(s) - - - 0.19 - - - - - -
Coupling to dnver - - - - 0.37 - - - - -
- - - -
~
0.28 4.10 1.30 0.09 12.20
- - 1.09 0.09 - - - - 0.19 -
- - - - - - - - - -
I :, flow 0.37 - - 0.09 - - -
I :. oeneral 0.84 - - '- - 0.09 - - 0.09 -
I :, level 0.28 - - 0.09 - - - - - -
I :,pressure 2.05 - - 0.37 - - - - - -
I :, speed - - - - -
I - 0.09 - - - - - 0.09 -
I :, vibration - - - - - - - - -
Internal piping - - 0.09 - - - - - - -
lntemalt I - - - - - - - - - -
'seals - - - 0.14 - - - - - -
0.37 - - - - - - - - -
__ Oil - - - l.O
Other 0.09 - 0.4< 0.09 - - - 0.19 -
Packill!l - - 0.4< - - - - - -
Piping - - 0.09 ).5< - - - - - -
Pioino. oioe support +bellows 0.09 ).19 - - - -
Piston(sl - 0.05 0.19 - 0.19 - - - - -
Pump - - 0.37 0.28 - 0.09 - - 3.07 -
Steals - - 0.09 - - - - _: 0.09 -
Silencers 0.09 - - - - - - 0.09
Subunit - 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.19 0.37 - - 1.12 0.19
Unknown 0.19 - 0.19 0.09 - 0.19 - - 0.93 0.19
Valves 0.74 - 1.30 0.42 0.19 0.09 ).09 3.63 0.09
Vllnno 0.28 - - - - - - - - -
Total 9.22 0.19 7.82 4.28 1.12 1.12 - 0.19 21.60 0.56
©OREDA

OHE OTH POE SER SID STP UNK UST VIB Sum
Actuating device - - 0.09 - 0.09
Base frame - - 1.86 0.19 - 0.09 2.14
Casino - - - - - 0.05
Control unit - 0.74 0.09 0.19 - 0.28 0.09 2.51
Coole~s) - - 0.09 0.28
Coupling_to driver - - - 0.09 0.47
Cylinder liner 7.17 0.09 1.21 0.65 0.47 - 0.56 0.28 0.37 28.77
Filte~s) - 0.09 14.25 - 0.09 14.80
Gearbox/var.drive - 0.09 0.09 - - 0.19
Instrument, flow - - 0.84 - - - 1.30
Instrument, general - 0.56 0.19 - - 0.09 - 1.86
Instrument, level - 028 0.09 - 0.09 - 0.84
Instrument, pressure - 1.30 0.28 - 0.19 4.19
Instrument, soeed - - 0.09 - - 0.19
Instrument, temperature 0.19 0.09 1.12 - - - - 0.28 0.09 3.96
Instrument, vibration - 0.09 1.30 - - - 0.09 0.19 2.47
Internal piping 0.09 - 0.47 - - 0.09 0.74
Internal oower suoolv - 0.09 - - - 0.09
lnterstane seals - - - - - 0.14
Monitoring - 0.74 0.28 - - 1.40
Oil - - - 0.09 0.19 0.19 0.56
Other - 0.47 0.19 0.56 0.09 1.02 0.09 3.54
Packing - 0.09 - - 0.65
Piping - 0.28 0.19 - 0.19 - 1.30
PiQing, pioe suooort • bellows 0.09 - 0.37 0.09 - - 0.09 0.93
Piston(s) - - - - 0.09 - 0.51
Pumo - 0.09 0.28 0.28 - 0.09 0.19 0.09 - 4.84
Seals - 0.19 - - - - 0.37
Silencers - - - - - 0.19
Subunit 0.19 - 0.19 0.28 - 0.19 0.19 0.09 3.26
Unknown 0.74 - 0.47 0.84 028 0.19 0.47 028 5D3
Valves 0.37 0.09 2.79 0.74 - 0.74 0.19 0.09 11.59
IMrina - 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.74
Tota 8.85 1.02 12.38 21.97 1.49 0.37 3.26 2.79 1.77 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Compressors· Reciprocating
AIR BRD ELP ELU ERO FTS HID INL LOO NOI
Blockll!lelolugged - - - -
Breakage - 0.09 - -
Clearance/ alignment failure - - - 0.28 - - - -
Combined causes - - - 0.09 - - 0.09
Contamination - - - -
Control failure - 0.09 0.28 -
Corrosion - - - -
Deformation - - 0.09
Electrical failure -general - - - - -
Erosion - 0.09 - -
External influence - aeneral 0.09 - - - - -
Fauttv signal/indication/alarm 0.09 - - - - -
Instrument failure - general 6.52 - 0.19 0.47 0.28 0.09 1.02 -
Leakage - - 0.28 0.28 - - -
looseness - - - 0.19 - -
Material failure - general - 0.09 0.37 - - - 0.09
Mechanical Failure- general 0.56 0.09 6.70 2.33 0.09 0.09 0.09 18.62 -
Misc. external influences 0.19 - 0.09 - 0.37 -
Miscellaneous- general - - -
No cause found - - - 0.09
Open circuit 0.37 - 0.09 0.09 - - -
0111er - 0.09 - -
Out of acfustment 0.28 - - - - - - -
Overheating 0.09 0.09 0.09
Short circuiting 0.28 - - - -
Software falure 0.19 - - - - -
Unknown 0.47 - 0.09 0.09 - 0.47 1.40 0.19
Vibration 0.19 - 0.09 - 0.09
Wear - 0.09 0.09 0.56 - 0.09
Total 9.22 0.19 7.82 4.28 1.12 1.12 0.19 21.60 0.56
©OREDA

OHE OTH PDE SER sm STP UNK UST VIB Sum

Blockooe/pluooed - - 0.09 0.19 - 0.28
Breakage - - 0.09 - 0.09 0.28
Clearance/ alignment failure - - - - - - 0.28
Combined causes - 0.09 - 0.09 - 0.37
Contamination - - 0.09 0.28 - 0.19 - 0.56
Control failure 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.37 - 1.12
Corrosion - 0.09 0.28 - 0.09 0.47
Defonnation - - - - - - 0.09
Electrical failure - Qeneral - - 0.09 - 0.09
Erosion - - 0.19 - 0.28
External influence - general - - - - - 0.09
Fa~ sianal/indication/alam - - - - - 0.09
Instrument failure - !:leneral 0.56 0.19 7.64 1.02 0.09 0.28 - 0.37 0.09 18.81
Leakage 0.09 - - 0.28 - 0.93
looseness - - - 0.09 - 0.28
Material failure - Qeneral - 0.09 - 0.28 - 0.93
Mechanical Failure- ~:~er~eral 7.36 0.37 2.33 17.97 1.12 - 0.93 0.65 0.93 60.24
Misc. external influences - - 0.09 - 0.09 - 0.19 1.02
Miscellaneous - general - 0.37 - - - 0.09 - - 0.47
No cause found - - - - 0.09
Open circuit - 0.74 0.19 - - 0.09 0.09 - 1.68
Other - 1.02 - 0.09 - 1.21
Out of adj!,lstment - 0.19 - 0.09 0.56
Overfleatino 0.37 0.19 0.09 0.56 1.49
Short circuiting - - 0.09 - 0.37
Software failure - 0.65 - - - 0.84
Unknown 0.37 0.09 0.19 0.09 - 0.93 - 4.38
Vibration - - 0.19 0.37 0.09 - - 0.37 0.28 1.68
We81 - - - - - - 0.19 1.02
Total 8.85 1.02 12.38 21.97 1.49 0.37 3.26 2.79 1.77 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.1.2.1 Machinery
Compressors
Reciprocating
Electric
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (11)$ hours) No of demands
32 10 Calendar time* Operational time 3665a
0.7323 0.5046
Failure mode No of Failure rate toer 1()6 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
failures Lower Mean Upper SD nl• Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 367. 6E-3 347.08 1678.1a 693.22 501.19 8.8 250 13 250
367t 0.20 451.95 1951.42 756.79 727.25
Abnonnal instrument reading 1. 1E-3 1.86 7.90 3.05 1.37 16 16" 16 16"
1t 0.19 2.19 6.09 1.9a 1.9a
Breakdown 2. 0.09 2.27 6.84 2.32 2.73 117 207" 141 207"
2t 0.07 3.41 10.62 3.77 3.96
Erratic output 2. 3E-3 5.04 21.49 a.30 2.73 20 20" 14 20"
2t 0.05 13.26 50.59 1a.64 3.96
External leakage - Process 40. - 36.6a 202.00 100.72 54.63 3.a 45 6.7 a1
medium 40t - 45.55 246.92 114.a5 79.26
Extemalleakage - Utildy 16. 4E-4 17.39 a2.a7 34.03 21.85 3.4 1a 6.9 50
medium 16t 0.06 24.15 95.41 35.56 31.71
Fail to start on de mood 11. 0.01 15.40 65.1a 25.07 15.02 39 204 42 204
11t 0.01 37.42 166.9a 65.9a 21.aO
Fail to stop on demand 2. 1E-3 4.52 19.93 7.a3 2.73 3.5 3.5" 11 1a"
2t 2E-3 9.20 40.96 16.16 3.96
low output 140. - 122.03 663.02 30a.a6 191.19 6.1 135 11 16a
140t - 140.44 752.91 347.39 277.42
Noise 2. 1E-4 3.a1 17.a9 7.30 2.73 29 29" 19 33"
2t 9E-4 a.72 39.92 15.93 3.96
Overheating 64. - 5a.a3 305.92 135.a9 a7.40 3.a 1a 8.2 36
64t 5E-4 72.66 356.65 149.99 126.a2
Parameter deviation 46. - 42.79 231.70 107.70 62.a2 16 250 21 250
46t - 53.10 275.04 121.17 91.15
Spurious stop 3o· 7.43 43.47 104.22 31.29 40.97 12 38 14 4a
Jot 31.64 63.24 103.64 22.20 59.45
Structural deficiency s· 0.03 7.26 26.79 9.a9 6.a3 9.1 36" 14 36"
5t 1.56 10.oa 24.79 7.56 9.91
Vibration 5. 0.03 6.6a 24.11 a.91 6.a3 4.0 14" 7.6 2a"
st 2.93 9.77 19.90 5.35 9.91
Other 1. - 4.19 20.60 a.68 1.37 - - 1.0 1.0"
1t 3E-3 10.07 44.20 17.31 1.9a
Degraded 241. 0.80 269.46 1051.97 390.37 329.12 6.7 128 a.5 128
241t 5.86 463.96 1488.90 538.67 477.57
Erratic output a· 1.34 24.5a 72.95 24.29 10.93 36 96" 29 96"
at 4.a2 50.60 13a.09 44.51 15.a5
External leakage - Process 24. - 24.42 126.96 56.3a 32.7a 1.5 12 3.9 24
medium 24t 4E-3 34.6a 157.9a 62.96 47.56
Extemalleakage- Utilily a· 0.12 9.5a 30.71 11.10 10.93 4.3 9.0" 7.3 22"
medium at 1.51 14.10 37.49 11.91 15.a5
Comments
Ieoni.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.1.2.1 Machinery
Compressors
Reciprocating
Electric
32 10 Calendar time * Operational timeT 36658
0.7323 0.5046
failures Lower Mean Upper SD niT Mean Max Mean Max
Fail to sta1: on demand 1. - 1.40 6.51 2.63 1.37 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
1t 6E-3 1.94 7.53 2.79 1.98
Fail to stop on demand 2. 0.31 2.83 7.47 2.36 2.73 3.3 6.0" 3.3 6.0"
2t 0.01 3.74 14.92 5.58 3.96
Internal leakage 2. 0.31 2.83 7.47 2.36 2.73 2.3 3.5" 4.0 7.0"
2t 0,01 3.74 14.92 5.58 3.96
Low output 92. 0.27 107.04 422.57 157.47 125.64 11 128 12 128
92t 0.26 214.65 883.00 334.94 182.31
Overheating 23. 0.24 28.56 95.52 35.04 31.41 6.3 48 10 48
23t 6.99 41.71 100.53 30.29 45.58
Parameter deviation 65. 57.31 304.91 201.91 88.77 1.7 6.0 2.1 10.0
65t 68.55 366.56 239.26 128.80
Structural deficiency 5. 0.03 6.68 24.11 8.91 6.83 3.7 10.0" 5.4 10.0"
5t 2.93 9.77 19.90 5.35 9.91
Vibration 4. 0.11 5.80 17.99 6.37 5.46 1.2 1.!> 1.2 1.5"
4t 0.01 8.86 36.49 13.85 7.93
Other 1. - 4.19 20.60 8.68 1.37 - - 30 30.
1t 3E-3 10.07 44.20 17.31 1.98
Unknown 6. 0.06 12.24 44.50 16.44 8.19 33 64" 34 64.
6t 0.17 31.03 111.15 41.07 11.89
Incipient 454. 0.03 427.59 1970.31 791.74 620.00 3.4 116 4.5 116
454t 1.91 615.73 2397.46 888.66 899.65
Abnonnat instrument reading 9s· 2E·3 90.60 433.07 178.08 133.83 2.9 24 3.4 24
9Bt 0.22 127.28 513.02 192.92 194.20
Enatic output 2. 3E-3 5.04 21.49 8.30 2.73 8.0 s.o· 6.5 s.o·
2t 0.05 13.26 50.59 18.64 3.96
External leakage · Process 20. 0.65 28.02 86.20 30.24 27.31 9.6 115 15 115
medium 20t 7.08 42.08 101.31 30.50 39.63
Extemm leakage - Utility 22. 13.36 31.27 55.28 13.01 30.04 8.8 116 11 116
medium 22t 8.35 49.40 118.81 35.74 43.60
Minor in-service problems 236" - 200.63 1099.31 514.60 322.29 1.5 20 2.7 29
236t - 231.74 1249.76 579.27 467.66
Noise 4" 0.37 6.24 18.33 6.09 5.46 20 33. 17 33.
4t 1.06 9.64 25.49 8,07 7.93
Overheating s· 2.69 11.66 25.80 7.37 10.93 12 w 13 w
at 2.18 17.48 45.00 14.05 15.85
Parameter deviation 22" 0.02 23.21 97.82 37.55 30.04 4.7 24 5.6 24
22t 0.99 34.14 103.93 35.98 43.60
Structural deficiency 6" 0.22 8.18 24.96 8.68 8.19 1.2 4.o· 2.7 s.o·
6t 0.21 10.83 33.62 11.90 11.89
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.1.2.1 Machinery
Compressors
Reciprocating
Electric
32 10 Calendar time * Operational time 1 36658
0.7323 0.5046
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active reD. hrs Manhours
failures Lower Mean Upper SD nit Mean Max Mean Max
Vibration 10. 3.21 13.18 28.69 8.11 13.66 1.6 6.o· 2.7 8.o·
10t 1.61 17.28 47.36 15.30 19.82
Other 9. 0.18 21.82 73.45 26.97 12.29 1.7 4.0' 6.9 20'
9t 0.60 46.30 148.35 53.63 17.83
Unknom 1r - 23.23 134.17 72.82 23.22 14 32 15 32
17t - 74.82 387.69 170.92 33.69
Unknown 12. 0.04 14.45 56.56 21.01 16.39 1.9 1T 10 2~
12t 2.02 21.18 57.77 18.61 23.78
Unknown 12. 0.04 14.45 56.56 21.01 16.39 1.9 12' 10 24'
12t 2.02 21.18 57.77 18.61 23.78
All modes 1074' 0.16 1038.22 4671.33 1852.75 1466.68 6.0 250 8.5 250
1074t 6.30 1501.47 5666.15 2089.96 2128.25
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical ood failure mode: Fail to start on demand =1.9· 1D-4
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.1.3 Machinery
Compressors
Screw
1.1045 0.5136
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10S hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 79" . 116.04 609.99 275.74 71.53 15 98 23 163
79t . 140.62 778.24 396.67 153.81
Erratic output 4" 7.41 40.83 20.46 3.62 6.8 8.0" 9.8 15"
4t . 10.09 55.70 28.12 7.79
External leakage - Process 2" . 2.28 10.91 4.49 1.81 18 23" 29 46"
medium 2t 4E-3 3.91 16.16 6.14 3.89
External leakage - Utility r 12.88 71.55 36.87 6.34 14 18" 39 96"
medium It 16.57 95.84 52.58 13.63
Fail to start on demand 12" 4E-3 18.90 83.77 32.98 10.86 5.9 16 8.7 32
12t 0.03 28.17 115.92 43.98 23.36
Low output 11" . 18.29 100.56 47.65 9.96 16 82 27 163
11t . 23.33 129.99 67.46 21.42
Noise 1" . 1.12 6.21 3.17 0.91 73 73" 76 76"
1t 3E-4 1.85 8.24 3.25 1.95
Overheating 4" 7E-4 5.63 25.58 10.18 3.62 20 70" 21 70"
4t 0.47 824 24.35 8.10 7.79
Parameter deviation 2" 0.01 2.51 9.48 3.50 1.81 11 16" 22 32"
2t 1E-4 4.70 22.43 9.22 3.89
Spurious stop 34" . 47.83 248.15 109.74 30.78 16 98 24 148
34t 60.69 331.29 154.77 66.20
Structural deficiency 1" 1.62 8.57 3.89 0.91 22 22" 43 43"
1t 0.15 2.07 5.92 1.95 1.95
Other 1" . 1.12 6.21 3.17 0.91 7.0 7.0" 7.0 7.0"
1t 3E-4 1.85 8.24 3.25 1.95
Degraded 94" . 145.59 799.98 386.44 85.11 9.7 62 16 123
94t . 167.04 912.58 564.04 183.01
Abnormal instrument reading 1" 1.12 6.21 3.17 0.91 5.0 5.0" 5.0 5.0"
1t 3E-4 1.85 8.24 3.25 1.95
Emil~ output 5" 8.35 44.28 20.22 4.53 6.9 18" 11 35"
st 11.60 60.28 26.74 9.73
External leakage - Process 5" . 8.41 44.47 20.24 4.53 2.5 7.5" 4.6 15"
medium 5t . 12.25 62.65 27.10 9.73
External leakage - Utility 28" . 45.78 251.84 124.36 25.35 11 56 17 111
medium 28t . 54.02 297.46 180.51 54.51
Internal leakage 1" . 1.12 6.21 3.17 0.91 48 48" 48 48"
1t 3E-4 1.85 8.24 3.25 1.95
Low output 6" 5.88 32.94 19.24 5.43 6.5 12" 6.5 12"
st . 8.65 47.58 22.37 11.68
Noise 1" - 1.12 6.21 3.17 0.91 15 15" 15 15"
1t 3E-4 1.85 8.24 3.25 1.95
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.1.3 Machinery
Compressors
Screw
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (10S hours) No of demands
1.1045 0.5136
Overheating 3. - 3.12 16.57 7.58 2.72 11 16" 20 24"
3t 0.01 5.66 22.54 8.42 5.84
Parameter deviation 33. - 58.51 328.77 173.25 29.88 8.4 51 15 101
33t - 67.99 353.60 254.89 64.25
Structural deficiency 2. - 3.64 20.01 9.49 1.81 6.3 8.5" 13 1r
2t 5.20 26.58 11.50 3.89
Other 9. 13.26 66.10 28.18 8.15 16 62" 27 123"
9t SE-4 20.37 97.08 39.87 17.52
Incipient 112. . 179.70 987.42 477.83 101.41 15 481 28 961
112t . 212.66 1183.41 701.76 218.06
Abnormal instrument reading 65. 107.89 596.67 303.32 58.85 6.3 88 10 176
65t 124.02 653.76 445.60 126.55
External leakage · Process 1. 1.62 8.57 3.89 0.91 1.0 1.0" 2.0 2.0"
medium 1t 0.15 2.07 5.92 1.95 1.95
Extemalleakage • Utilily s· 0.01 5.97 24.61 9.34 4.53 5.5 19" 10 38"
medium st 1.60 10.39 25.60 7.81 9.73
Minor in-service problems 31. . 52.11 287.82 145.62 28.07 3.2 12 6.2 23
31t . 61.31 329.00 212.66 60.35
Parameter deviation 4. 7E-4 5.74 26.06 10.37 3.62 4.3 7.0" 4.3 8.o·
4t 0.06 9.34 32.46 11.98 7.79
Structural deficiency 2. . 2.32 11.72 5.05 1.81 6.5 8.o· 13 16"
2t 4E-3 4.30 17.86 6.80 3.89
Other 4. 3E-4 5.75 26.89 10.93 3.62 321 481" 482 961"
4t 1E-3 11.18 50.99 20.33 7.79
Unknown 6. 0.06 15.65 60.26 22.21 5.43 5.0 &.o· 12 11i
6t 0.12 32.94 126.85 46.77 11.68
Other 2. 6.20 32.48 14.61 1.81 - 9.0 10.0"
2t 14.97 76.16 32.86 3.89
Unknovm 4. 1E-3 9.57 43.26 17.19 3.62 5.0 6.0" 13 16"
4t 1E-3 18.38 85.07 34.31 7.79
All modes 291. . 456.85 2473.49 1149.61 263.47 13 481 22 961

291t . 544.92 3120.71 1681.78 566.56
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand= 1.8· 10'"'
©OREDA

Item: Compressors- Screw
Base frame - - -
Bearing 1.37 -
Casing -
Control unit - 0.69 0.34 -
Cooler(s) - - 0.86 -
Coupling to driver - 0.34 - - - - - -
Drvaasseal - - 0.69 - - -
Filter(s 0.17 - 0.69 - 0.69 -
Instrument, flow 0.34 -
Instrument, general 1.72 - - - -
Instrument, level 0.69 - 0.34 -
Instrument, pressure 6.53 - - - - -
Instrument, speed 0.34 - - - -
Instrument, temperature 9.28 - - 1.03 - - -
Instrument, vibration 0.34 - - - -
lntemal piping 0.17 0.34 -
lntemal power supply 0.34 - - 0.34
lnterstage seals - - - - -
Lube oil - - - - - - 0.69
Monitoring 0.69 - - - - - - - - -
~I - - - - - - -
Other 0.34 0.34 - - 0.34 -
Pip ina 3.26 -
Piping, pjpe support+ bellows - - - - -
Pump - - - -
P!!!D_e air - - 0.34 0.34 - - -
Radial bearing - - - - -
Reservoir incl. heating system 0.34 - - - -
Rotor w1 impellers - - - - 0.34
Sea~ 0.34 - - -
Shall sea~ - 0.34 3.44 - -
Subunit 0.69 - 0.34 0.69 - 0.34 1.03 0.34
UnknO\WI - - 0.34 0.69 - 0.69
Valves 0.69 - 1.03 0.69 2.41 1.03 3.09 -
\1\lrina 0.34 - - - - - - -
Total 22.68 - 2.75 13.75 3.09 4.12 - 0.34 5.84 0.69
©OREDA
Maintainable Item versus failure mode, continued

Item: Compressors - Screw
OHE OTH PDE SER STD STP UNK UST VIS Sum
Base fr.lne - - 0.34 - - - 0.34
Bearina - - 0.34 - - 1.72
Casing - 0.69 - - - 0.69
Control unit - 0.34 0.34 - - - 0.69 - 2.41
Coole~s) 0.34 0.34 0.34 - - - - 0.46 - 2.35
Coupling to driver - - - - 0.34
Dry gas seal - - 0.34 - 1.03
Filte~s) 0.34 1.72 0.69 - - 0.11 4.41
Instrument, flow - - - - - - 0.34
Instrument, aeneral - 0.34 - - - 2.06
Instrument, level - 0.69 - - - - 1.72
Instrument, pressure - 1.03 0.69 - - - 1.72 - 9.97
Instrument, soeed - - - - 0.34
Instrument, temperature - 0.69 0.34 - - 2.41 - 13.75
Instrument, vibration - 0.34 - - - - - 0.69
lnlemal piping 0.34 0.34 - - - - 1.20
Internal Dower SUDDIY - - - 0.34 - 1.03
lnterstage seals - 0.34 - 0.34
Lube oil - - - - 0.69
Monilo!ing - 0.34 0.34 - - - - 1.37
Oil 0.34 0.34 - - - 0.69
Olher - 0.69 1.37 0.34 - 0.69 - 4.12
Piping - - 0.52 0.11 - 3.89
Pioina, oioe suooort +bellows 0.17 - - - - 0.17
Pump 0.86 - 1.72 0.34 - 0.34 - 3.26
Purge air - 2.06 1.03 - - 3.78
Radial bearing - - . 0.34 0.34
Reservoir incl. heatina svstem - - - - 0.34
Rotor wl impellers - - - - - 0.69 1.03
Seals - - - - - 0.34
Shaft seals - - - - 0.34 - 4.12
Subunit 0.34 1.03 0.34 - 1.37 - 6.53
Unknown 1.03 0.34 - 0.34 2.06 - 5.5()
Valves 0.34 0.34 4.81 2.58 0.34 0.69 - 18.04
VVirina 0.69 - - - - - 1.03
Total 2.41 5.50 13.40 10.65 1.72 1.37 11.68 - 100.0
©OREDA

IR BRD ELP EL ERO FTS HID INL LOO NOI

I 0. 14 . ·_ 0.34 0.34 . . 0.34 .
Breakaae 0.34 . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
i .34 . . . . . . . . .
i . ·_ . . . . -'
. .
Control failure '. . . 1.03 . 0.34 .
COIIOSK>n 0.34 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
I I I fauH O.M_ . ·_ . . __· . . :
..
.34 . . . . 0.34 . . . .
Extemali -general . . . . . . . . . .
i i I 1.03 . . . . . . . . .
- aeneral 12.)3 1. 1.37 . 1.0<
Leakage . . 1.37 . 0.34 . . . .
. . 0.34 . . . . . .
~Mal failure - genera . . . . . . . . . .
0.69 6.87 ).69 . . .3i
0.69 . . . . . . . 0.34 .
No: i 1.03 . . . . . . . . .
~ircu~ 0.34 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
3.09 . . . '.34 0.69 . . . .
. . 0.34 . . . . . . .
Short circuitino ::. . ·_ . . . . . . .
SOI!wan! failure 0.34 . . . . . . . .
~ticking . . . . . . . . . .
Unknown . . . . . 0.34 . . 0.34 .
Vibration 0.69 0.34 . .
Wei1t . . . . . . '.34 2.06 0.69
Total 22.68 . 2.70 '5 3.09 4.12 . ).34 5.84 0.69
©OREDA

OHE OTH POE SER STD STP UNK UST VIB Sum
Blockage/plugged 0.34 0.34 1.72 - 0.69 4.47
Breakaae - 1.37 - - - 2.41
Cavitation - 0.34 0.34 0.34 - 1.37
Clearance{ alignment failure - - - - 0.34
Contamination 0.34 0.34 - - 0.69
Control failure - - 0.69 0.34 - - 2.41
Corrosion - - - - - 0.34
Defonnation - - - 0.34 0.34
Earth/isolation fault 0.34 - - - - - - 0.69
Electrical failure -general 0.69 0.34 0.34 - 0.34 2.41
External influence - general - 1.72 1.03 - - 0.34 3.09
Faulty signallindicationlalarrn - - - - 0.34 - 1.37
Instrument failure - Qeneral - 3.78 2.75 - 3.78 - 26.80
Leakage - - 0.34 - 0.34 - 5.84
Looseness - - - - 1.03
Material failure~ g~neral 0.34 - 0.34 - - - 0.69
Mechooical Failure- general 0.69 0.69 3.og 4.12 1.03 - 2.41 - 21.65
Misc. external influences 0.34 - 0.69 0.69 - - 0.34 - 3.09
No signallindicationJalarm - - - - - - 1.03
Ooen circuit 0.34 - - 0.69
01her 0.34 0.69 - 1.03
Out of adjustment 0.69 0.69 - - - - 0.69 6.19
O..rheating 0.34 - - - - - - 0.69
Short circuitinQ - - - 0.34 0.34
Software failure - - - - - 0.34
Stic~ng - 0.34 - - 0.34
Unknown - - 0.34 - 0.69 1.03 2.75
Vibration - - 0.34 - - - - - 1.72
Wew: - 0.34 - - 0.69 - 5.84
Total 2.41 5.50 13.40 10.65 1.72 1.37 11.68 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.1.3.1 Machinery
Compressors
Screw
Diesel
1 1 Calendar time* Operational time
0.0245 0.0010
failures Lower Mean Upper so nh Mean Max Mean Max
Degraded 2" 14.47 81.54 256.65 57.66 81.54 35 62" 69 123'
2t 355.00 2000.00 6295.00 1414.21 2000.00
Other 2. 14.47 81.54 256.65 57.66 81.54 35 62. 69 123.
2t 355.00 2000.00 6295.00 1414.21 2000.00
Incipient 5. 80.32 203.85 428.69 91.16 203.85 103 481. 207 961-
5t 1970.00 5000.00 10515.00 2236.07 5000.00
Abnonnal instrument rea:ting 1. 2.04 40.77 193.45 40.77 40.77 14 w 28 28.
1t 50.00 1000.00 4745.00 1000.00 1000.00
Minor in-service problems 1. 2.04 40.77 193.45 40.77 40.77 12 12. 23 23.
1t 50.00 1000.00 4745.00 1000.00 1000.00
Structural deficiency 1. 2.04 40.77 193.45 40.77 40.77 8.0 8.o· 16 16'
1t 50.00 1000.00 4745.00 1000.00 1000.00
Other 2. 14.47 81.54 256.65 57.66 81.54 242 481. 483 961.
2t 355.00 2000.00 6295.00 1414.21 2000.00
All modee 7. 133.93 285.39 536.12 107.87 285.39 84 481- 167 961-
7t 3285.00 7000.00 13150.00 2645.75 7000.00
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.1.3.2 M~hinery
Compressors
Screw
Electric
1
33 16 Calendar time • Operational time 38694
1.0800 0.5126
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active reD. hrs Man hours
Critical 79. . 119.07 623.23 280.02 73.15 15 98 23 163
79t . 140.84 779.39 397.08 154.11
Erratic output 4. . 7.43 41.04 20.71 3.70 6.8 8.0" 9.8 w
4t . 10.09 55.72 28.14 7.80
External leakage - Process 2. 0.43 2.02 4.58 1.33 1.85 18 23" 29 46"
medium 2t 4E-3 3.93 16.37 6.24 3.90
External leakage - Utility 7" . 12.91 71.93 37.34 6.48 14 18" 39 96"
medium 7t . 16.58 95.79 52.63 13.66
Fail to start on demand 12. 5E-3 19.39 85.34 33.45 11.11 5.9 16 8.7 32
low output ,.
12t 0.03
.
.
28.22
18.32
116.02
100.69
44.00
48.26
23.41
10.19 16 82 27 163
11t 23.33 130.04 67.51 21.46
Noise 1. - 1.14 6.30 3.17 0.93 73 73" 76 76"
1t 4E-4 1.85 8.24 3.25 1.95
Ovemeating 4. 8E-4 5.69 25.77 10.24 3.70 20 70" 21 70"
4t 0.49 8.25 24.29 8.07 7.80
Parameter deviation 2. 5E-3 2.90 11.70 4.40 1.85 11 16" 22 32"
2t 1E-4 4.73 22.58 9.28 3.90
Spurious stop 34. - 49.58 255.89 111.67 31.48 16 98 24 148
34t . 60.82 331.80 154.94 66.32
Struclural defi~ency 1. . 1.64 8.64 3.90 0.93 22 22" 43 43"
1t 0.15 2.07 5.93 1.95 1.95
Olher 1. . 1.14 6.30 3.17 0.93 7.0 7.0" 7.0 7.0"
1t 4E-4 1.85 8.24 3.25 1.95
Degraded 92" . 145.57 800.25 391.94 85.19 9.2 56 15 111
92t . 164.20 885.21 565.28 179.47
Abnormal instrument reading 1. - 1.14 6.30 3.17 0.93 5.0 5.0" 5.0 5.0"
1t 4E-4 1.85 8.24 3.25 1.95
Erratic output 5. 8.39 44.63 20.45 4.63 6.9 18" 11 35"
5t 11.61 60.31 26.75 9.75
External leakage - Process 5. 8.86 46.23 20.66 4.63 2.5 7.5" 4.6 15"
medium 5t 12.29 62.76 27.14 9.75
External leakage- Utility 28. 45.81 252.37 126.02 25.93 11 56 17 111
medium 28t . 54.02 297.28 180.67 54.62
Internal leakage 1. . 1.14 6.30 3.17 0.93 48 48" 48 48"
1t 4E-4 1.85 8.24 3.25 1.95
Low output 6. - 5.91 33.01 19.44 5.56 6.5 12" 6.5 12"
6t - 8.66 47.63 22.37 11.70
Noise 1. - 1.14 6.30 3.17 0.93 15 15" 15 15"
1t 4E-4 1.85 8.24 3.25 1.95
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.1.3.2 Machinery
Compressors
Screw
Electric
38694
1.0800 0.5126
Failure mode No of Failure rate lper 106 hours}. Active re . hrs Manhours
Overheating 3" - 3.17 16.69 7.58 2.78 11 t6· 20 24.
3t 0.01 5.67 22.55 8.42 5.85
Parameter deviation 33" 58.96 332.10 175.64 30.56 8.4 51 15 101
33t 68.02 353.74 255.14 64.37
Structural deficiency 2" - 3.67 20.15 9.58 1.85 6.3 8.5· 13 tr
2t - 5.21 26.59 11.50 3.90
01her r - 12.12 62.14 26.92 6.48 10.0 23. 15 46.
7t 16.57 83.44 35.80 13.66
Incipient 107" . 179.22 985.45 484.37 99.08 10 481 18 961
107t . 205.69 1115.04 702.15 208.73
Abnormal instrument reading 64" - 108.32 600.47 307.63 59.26 6.2 88 10 176
64t . 122.61 643.09 446.36 124.85
External leakage - Process 1" - 1.64 8.64 3.90 0.93 1.0 t.o· 2.0 2.o·
medium ,t 0.15 2.07 5.93 1.95 1.95
External leakage - Utiity 5" 5E-3 6.74 28.31 10.85 4.63 5.5 t!r 10 38.
medium 5t 1.51 10.45 26.13 8.04 9.75
Minor in-service problems 30" - 51.24 285.27 147.80 27.78 2.9 12 5.5 23
30t - 59.68 315.16 213.53 58.52
Parameter deviation 4" 9E-4 6.55 29.66 11.80 3.70 4.3 7.o· 4.3 8.o·
4t 0.06 9.40 32.89 12.14 7.80
Structural deficiency 1" - 1.30 6.11 2.49 0.93 5.0 s.o· 10.0 to.o·
,t - 2.18 11.88 5.54 1.95
Other 2" 2E-4 3.80 17.66 7.15 1.85 481 481. 481 961.
2t 7.15 34.75 14.44 3.90
Unknown 6" 0.06 15.73 60.80 22.46 5.56 5.0 6.o· 12 Iii
6t 0.12 32.95 126.93 46.81 11.70
Other 2" - 6.23 32.72 14.79 1.85 - 9.0 to.o·
2t - 14.97 76.21 32.90 3.90
Unknown 4" 1E·3 9.62 43.68 17.39 3.70 5.0 6.o· 13 t6·
4t 1E·3 18.39 85.12 34.34 7.80
All modes 284" . 459.38 2500.47 1166.09 262.97 11 481 18 961

284t . 535.72 3099.15 1684.10 554.01
Comments
On demood probability for conseauence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =1.8- 1Q-4
©OREDA
Gas Turbines
The boundary shown in Figure 9 applies to gas turbines that are driving compressors,
generators, and pumps. The corresponding subdivision in Subunits and Maintainable Items
is shown in Table 9.
Gas turbines are generally installed in acoustic hoods. These hoods have their own
dedicated ventilation system. Failure of the ventilation system of the hood may cause
shutdown of the turbine. The hood is included within the boundary of the turbine system.
External fuel supply (main supply) is not included, but local fuel supply equipment should
be included. If there are subunits, which are common to the driver (i.e. the gas turbine), and
the driven unit (e.g. a compressor), these are to be regarded as a part of the driven unit.
FueVgas oolltrol valve

FueVGas LOCAL
ruEUGM
WUIT
EQUIPMENT
Drive
!I STARTING LUBRICATION i CONTROL I ~~
~~tt~
SYSTEM SYSTEM
Cool&u
Boundary
Figure 9 - Gas turbines, boundary definition
©OREDA
Table 9- Gas Turbines Subdivision in Maintainable Items

'GAS TURBINE
Starting system Control and Lubrication
Gas generator Power turbine Miscellaneous
monitoring system
Instruments Air inlet Rotor Instruments Check valves Hood

Start energy Compr. rotor Stator Cabling & - Reservoir Purge air
(battery, air) Compr. stator Casing junction boxes wlheating system
Starting unit Combustion Instruments Control unit Pump w/motor
Start control chambers Radial bearing Actuating device
Filter
Burners/Fuel Thrust bearing Monitoring
Cooler
nozzles Internal po\Ner
Seals Valves
Fuel control supply
Exhaust Piping
Fuel filter Valves
Valves Instruments
Fuel pump
Piping Oil
Fuel scrubber/
coalescer Oil seal pump
HP turbine Seals
Instruments
Casing
Thrust bearing
Radial bearing
Seals
Vatves
Piping
.,
(For all subunits the Mls "Unknown " and "Subumt are Included.)

BRD Breakdown
ELF External leakage - Fuel
ERO Erratic output
HIO High output
INL lntemalleakage
LOO Low output
NOI Noise
OHE Overheating
OTH Other
UNK Unknown
UST Spurious stop
VIB Vibration
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.2 Machinery
Gas Turbines
aa 24 Calendar time* Operational timeT 11096
2.70a2 1.9035
failures Lower Mean Upper so n/t Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 958" 29.13 341.55 952.12 309.95 354.00 26 1500 39 3001
958t 13.29 530.26 1625.12 567.69 503.28
Abnormal instrument reading 4" . 2.55 13.17 5.73 1.4a 34 a2· 63 1a3·
4t . 3.33 1a.51 7.01 2.10
Breakdown 27" 2.21 9.10 19.84 s.a1 9.9a 59 229 73 301
27t 2.4a 12.a6 29.97 a.as 14.1a
Erratic output 21" 0.04 9.51 36.65 13.52 7.76 35 230 47 284
21t 0.09 12.33 42.43 15.64 11.03
External leakage - Fuel 45" 0.05 1a.9a 74.31 27.ao 16.63 1a 308 43 1113
45t 0.09 2a.61 11 tao 41.40 23.64
External leakage - Utility 15" 0.03 7.43 2a.sa 10.54 5.54 21 100 29 100
medium 1St 0.06 9.21 32.39 11.9a 7.aa
Fail to start on demand 302" 13.55 106.13 271.a7 84.6a 111.59 2a 324 33 511
302t 9.86 164.99 484.a5 160.90 15a.65
Fail to stop on demand a· 2E-4 2.35 10.84 4.3a 2.96 5.6 12' 6.3 12'
at 7E·3 4.03 1a.31 6.14 4.20
High ou1pu1 a· 0.90 2.15 3.a2 0.91 2.22 11 26' 22 52'
at . 2.a2 14.43 6.24 3.15
ln1emalleakage a· . 1.92 9.31 3.a7 2.22 39 172' sa 343'
at 0.03 3.19 10.52 3.84 3.15
Low output 29" aE-4 11.94 55.a1 22.a7 10.72 38 364 42 604
29t 2E·3 16.50 75.55 30.17 15.24
Overheating 54" . 15.6a a2.90 55.95 19.95 19 129 32 243
54t . 24.36 129.a3 a5.51 2a.37
Parameter deviation 31" 0.04 13.93 54.a2 20.41 11.46 21 125 33 249
31t 0.08 19.37 72.74 26.84 1a.29
Spurious stop 373" 0.52 122.01 457.a5 16a.94 137.a3 19 1024 2a 1024
373t 0.32 191.92 775.04 291.73 195.95
Structural deficiency 7" 0.02 2.a9 9.36 3.45 2.59 329 1500' 530 3001'
7t 0.30 3.72 10.46 3.42 3.6a
Vibration 15" 1E·3 5.07 22.a1 a.93 5.54 42 154 aa 326
1St 0.9a a.11 20.99 a.57 7.aa
Other 12" 0.06 4.a2 15.3a 5.55 4.43 35 112' 43 115
12t 0.07 7.22 23.74 a.67 6.30
Unknown 3" 4E·3 1.12 4.30 1.5a 1.11 sa 68' 68 sa·
3t . ua 7.57 3.S2 tsa
Degraded 731" 47.70 260.43 613.39 1a2.15 270.12 18 560 29 939
731t 57.16 361.72 884.94 269.09 384.03
Abnormal instrument reading 35" 0.07 11.63 40.60 14.9a 12.93 9.0 35 13 70
35t 0.12 17.0S sa.23 21.44 1a.39
Erratic output so· 5.7a 21.79 46.22 12.a2 22.17 14 66 21 150
sot 12.25 30.71 55.95 13.SO 31.52
Comments
(oont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.2 Machinery
Gas Turbines
2.7062 1.9035
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hou,.l. Active rep. hrs Manhours
External leakage- Fuel 58. 0.17 17.21 56.70 20.71 21.43 11 47 16 84
58t 5E-3 25.81 115.09 45.46 30.47
medium 119t 13.49 61.13 137.07 39.52 62.52
Fail to start on demand j• 0.33 1.66 0.72 0.37 6.0 s.o· 10.0 1o.o·
1t - 0.53 2.77 1.91 0.53
High output 4. - 1.31 6.80 3.01 1.48 3.0 a.o· 4.0 a.o·
4t 0.72 2.10 4.07 1.05 2.10
Internal leakage 12. 5E-3 4.42 18.23 6.92 4.43 24 90 25 109
12t 0.01 6.66 26.84 10.09 6.30
Low output 79• 0.58 31.81 99.25 35.29 29.19 18 112 28 520
79t 1.31 43.19 131.28 45.34 41.50
Minor in-service problems 12. 7E-4 6.38 29.20 11.65 4.43 4.0 1o.o· 12 36
12t 2E-3 8.81 39.16 15.44 6.30
Noise 5. 3E-4 1.64 7.33 2.89 1.85 44 145. 75 312.
5t 1E-3 2.46 10.58 4.10 2.63
Overheating 93. 27.89 157.20 83.22 34.37 11 74 22 110
93t - 39.75 230.15 125.15 48.86
Parameter deviation 71. 1E-4 28.94 143.49 60.90 26.24 6.2 38 10 76
71t 7E-4 37.97 182.90 75.45 37.30
Structural deficiency 3o· 2E-3 12.41 55.81 22.13 11.09 32 245 58 490
30t 0.01 16.20 68.93 26.58 15.76
VIbration 12. O.o? 4.33 13.64 4.89 4.43 76 560. 81 560
12t 0.10 6.16 19.43 6.96 6.30
Other 126. 7.21 49.55 123.59 37.99 46.56 24 177 33 354
126t 12.13 68.93 163.92 48.94 66.19
Unknown 14. 4.38 24.53 12.84 5.17 41 116. 41 116.
14t 5.54 30.53 15.22 7.35
Incipient 1631. 116.74 548.29 1242.19 360.60 602.69 12 760 19 1519
1631t 233.66 1299.63 3074.40 914.97 856.84
Abnormal instrument reading 550• 28.26 181.52 445.71 135.82 203.24 7.9 184 11 184
550t 45.40 462.95 1255.83 403.51 288.94
Erratic output w 0.02 5.57 20.93 7.72 5.17 8.2 28 12 28
14t 0.12 7.10 22.26 7.94 7.35
Extemal leakage- Fuel 31. 9.77 48.47 20.58 11.46 11 32 11 32
31t 4E-4 13.88 66.03 27.09 16.29
Extemal k>akage - Ulility 165. 0.57 45.81 147.16 53.27 60.97 10 51 17 235
medium 165t 0.55 115.59 424.76 156.90 86.68
Fail to sta1 on demand 2. 3E-3 0.80 3.12 1.15 0.74 2.5 4.o· 4.5 a.o·
2t 0.20 1.06 2.50 0.74 1.05
Internal leakage w 3.75 18.23 7.57 5.17 10.0 30 12 48
14t 6.66 36.62 17.80 7.35
Comments
(coni.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.2 Machinery
Gas Turbines
2.7062 1.9035
Failure mode No of Failure rate foer 10' hoursl. Active re . hrs Man hours
Low output 5. 1.66 8.88 4.10 1.85 7.5 12. 15 28.
5t 3.15 17.30 8.28 2.63
Minor in-service problems 427* 4.68 153.79 467.33 161.32 157.78 10 472 16 963
427t 11.15 278.41 838.29 284.23 224.32
Noise 11. 0.65 3.80 9.11 2.73 4.06 32 1W 82 294
11t 0.04 5.49 18.53 6.81 5.78
Overheating 20. 0.37 7.03 20.95 6.99 7.39 19 83 32 165
20t 1.96 9.89 22.86 6.72 10.51
Parameter deviation ss· 25.27 125.55 53.38 24.02 11 118 14 215
sst 1E-4 31.82 157.72 66.93 34.15
Structural deficiency 39. 0.14 15.30 50.79 18.60 14.41 23 88 41 175
39t 0.24 21.64 70.19 25.51 20.49
Vibration 13. 2E-3 5.17 22.51 8.76 4.80 12 29. 19 5r
13t 1E-4 10.41 50.67 21.11 6.83
Other 240. 1.21 87.53 278.67 10Q.42 88.68 20 760 36 1519
240t 2.14 142.08 449.38 161.33 126.08
Unknown 35. - 10.32 53.76 38.38 12.93 25 222 24 222
35t - 12.03 62.24 47.03 18.39
Unknown 25. 1.15 11.00 29.41 9.38 9.24 6.9 14 24 212
25t 2.23 15.45 38.61 11.88 13.13
Abnonnal instrument reading 5. 1E-4 2.49 11.59 4.69 1.85 2.3 3.5· 3.3 7.o·
5t 1E-3 3.15 13.57 5.26 2.63
Ex1ernalleakage- Fuel 1. - 0.41 2.15 1.71 0.37 4.0 4.o· 8.5 8S
1t - 0.59 2.91 1.23 0.53
Vibration 1. - 0.38 1.99 1.46 0.37 - -
1t - 0.53 2.78 1.94 0.53
Olher r 0.49 2.61 6.10 1.80 2.59 8.3 1o.o· 24 78.
7t 0.94 3.80 8.26 2.33 3.68
UnknoYm 11. 0.03 5.04 17.97 6.64 4.06 8.0 w 32 212
11t 0.05 7.00 23.80 8.76 5.78
All modes 3345. 217.19 1158.22 2712.85 803.20 1236.04 17 1500 27 3001
3345t 412.20 2303.45 5454.88 1624.29 1757.29
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand - 1_7. 1Q-2
©OREDA

Item· Gas Turbines
AIR BRD ELF ELU ERO FTS HID INL LOO NOI
Actuatinq device 0.09 - - 0.03 0.31 - -
Air inlet 0.24 0.03 0.15 0.03 O.o7 0.03 0.33 -
Burners/fuel nozzles - 0.37 0.03 0.04 0.21 0.03 0.12
Cablin!l & junction boxes 0.52 - 0.03 0.06 0.13 - - -
Casing - 0.03 0.06 0.16 - - - -
Combustion chambers 0.03 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.12 - - 0.03
Compressor rotor - 0.03 - - 0.03 - 0.03
Compressor stator - - 0.09 -
Control un~ 1.49 0.03 - 0.03 0.18 0.85 0.06 0.12
Coole~s) - 0.57 - - -
Exhaust 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.45 0.03 - - 0.03 0.18
Filler(s) 0.10 - 0.34 0.03 0.06 - 0.03 0.16
Fuel control 0.09 - 0.16 - 0.42 0.76 - 0.03 0.12
Fuel filter 0.03 - 0.03 - o.oa 0.06 - 0.21
Fuel oumo - 0.30 - - - - 0.04
Fuel scrubber/coalescer 0.03 - 0.06 o.oa - - - - -
Hood 0.03 - 0.03 - 0.12 - - 0.03
HP turbine - - - - - - 0.06
Instrument, flame 0.39 - - - 0.06 - -
Instrument, flow 0.34 - - - 0.03 0.03 - -
Instrument, general 0.96 - - - 0.03 0.04 - - 0.03 0.03
Instrument, level 0.42 0.06 0.06 - -
Instrument, pressure 2.60 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.25 - 0.03 0.06 -
Instrument, speed 0.85 - 0.03 0.11 0.36 0.12 0.03 -
Instrument, temperature 3.81 - o.oa - 0.10 0.03 - - - -
Instrument, vibration 1.30 - 0.03 0.03 0.07 - 0.03 -
lnlsmal DDWOr SUDDIY 0.27 - - 0.06 0.06 - - 0.03 -
Monitoring 1.76 - - - 0.03 - - -
Oil - - - 0.06 0.04 - - 0.01
Other 0.33 0.06 0.15 0.81 0.15 0.42 0.09 0.09 -
Piping - o.oa 0.55 1.46 - o.oa 0.03 0.01 0.03
Pump w/motor 0.06 0.03 0.70 0.04 OD6 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.09
Purge air 0.06 0.03 - - o.oa - 0.06 0.03
Radial beainq 0.06 - 0.06 0.03 - - - -
ReseiVOir incl. heating system - - 0.06 - 0.03 - 0.03
Rotor 0.12 - - 0.03 - - 0.03
Seats - 0.43 1.09 O.Q1 0.01 0.06 -
Start control o.oa - O.Q1 0.15
Start energy (battery, air - - 0.03 0.06 0.18 - -
Starting unit - 0.06 0.33 0.06 1.05 - 0.03 0.03
Stator - - - - - 0.03 - 0.03
Subunit 0.12 0.09 0.06 0.18 0.09 0.93 - 0.03 0.78
Thrust bearing 0.03 0.03 - 0.03 - o.oa - - - -
Unknown 1.43 0.12 0.39 0.69 0.15 1.23 0.06 0.15 0.15 0.03
Valves 0.34 0.09 1.09 1.33 0.91 1.14 0.03 0.33 0.72 0.03
Total 17.76 0.81 4.04 8.94 2.84 9.12 0.30 0.96 3.38 0.48
©OREDA

Item· Gas Turbines
Actuating device 0.24 0.09 0.09 - 0.85
Air inlet 0.24 0.87 0.88 1.15 0.03 0.24 0.25 0.03 4.57
Burners/fuel nozzles 2.84 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.10 - 0.10 - 4.30
Cabling & junction boxes 0.09 0.33 0.03 0.36 - 0.03 0.28 1.87
Casina 0.03 0.09 0.03 0.09 0.06 0.06 - 0.03 0.64
Combustion chcmbers 0.01 0.09 O.Q3 0.03 0.03 0.55
Compressor rotor 0.01 0.03 - 0.12 0.25
Compressor stator 0.04 0.03 - O.Q1 0.18
Control unit 0.03 0.58 0.30 0.27 0.03 0.12 1.27 0.03 5.40
Cooler(s) 0.12 0.11 0.06 0.12 0.09 0.12 0.01 1.20
Exhaust 0.06 0.51 0.03 0.36 0.57 0.03 0.16 0.06 2.56
Filter(s) 0.03 0.25 0.48 0.72 - 0.21 - 2.41
Fuel control 0.01 0.21 0.21 0.21 - 0.03 0.75 - 3.00
Fuel filter - 0.12 0.18 1.12 0.03 0.06 0.12 - 1.99
Fuel pump 0.12 0.03 - 0.09 - 0.58
Fuel scrubber/coalescer 0.03 0.06 - 0.06 0.03 - 0.30
Hood 0.18 0.57 0.51 0.09 - 0.12 0.03 1.70
HP turbine 0.03 0.03 0.01 - 0.06 - 0.19
Instrument, flame O.Q3 - 0.09 - 0.57
Instrument, flow 0.03 0.06 - - - 0.03 - 0.52
Instrument, aeneral - 0.40 0.03 0.09 - 0.03 0.03 0.27 - 1.94
Instrument, level 0.12 0.06 - - - - 0.72
lnsbument, pressure 0.15 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.03 0.03 0.33 - 4.23
lnsbument. soeed - 0.12 0.09 0.06 - 0.06 - 0.66 - 2.49
Instrument, temperature 0.15 0.39 0.21 0.18 - - 0.03 0.58 - 5.51
Instrument, vibration - - 0.03 - - - 0.57 0.22 2.28
lntemal power supply 0.18 0.12 - - 0.03 0.39 - 1.14
Monitorina - 0.09 0.09 0.15 - - 0.03 . 0.06 2.21
Oil 0.03 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.03 - - 0.13 - 0.86
Oltler 0.15 0.69 0.40 1.97 0.36 - 0.30 0.25 0.09 6.31
Pi~na 0.01 0.31 0.01 0.42 0.10 - 0.03 0.04 0.07 3.16
Pump w/motor 0.06 0.61 0.13 0.18 - - 0.12 0.34 0.01 2.59
Purge air 0.06 0.24 0.03 1.02 0.03 - - 0.09 1.67
Radial bearing - 0.09 - 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.51
ReseiVOir inct heatina svstem - 0.06 0.03 0.12 - - 0.33
Rotor - - 0.06 0.03 - - 0.03 0.30
Sea~ 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.03 - 0.03 0.01 1.78
Start control - 0.06 - - 0.06 - 0.31
Start enel!lv (batterv, air) - 0.12 0.09 0.12 0.03 - - 0.63
Staiing unit - 0.24 - 0.09 - - 0.06 0.03 1.97
Stator - - - 0.03 - - 0.09
Subunit 0.06 0.64 0.18 0.48 0.03 - 0.03 0.39 0.15 4.23
Thrust bearina 0.03 O.Q3 - - 0.06 - 0.24
UnknoiNJ'l 0.30 1.23 0.33 1.67 0.36 0.18 1.58 0.18 10.22
Valves 0.26 1.32 0.51 0.54 0.13 0.09 0.36 1.39 0.01 10.62
Total 4.99 11.51 4.99 13.12 2.27 0.24 1.88 11.15 1.23 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Gas Turbines
AIR BRC ELF ELU ER FTS HIO INL . LOO NOI

0.30 - -0.06 0.18 - - 0.63 -
Breakage 0.69 0.09 0.12 0.21 0.1 .12 - - - 0.03
- - 0.12 0.12 - - - 0.03 - -
~..n1alion - - 0.18_ - - 0.03
- - 0.09 0.06 - 0.09 - .03 0.03 -
- - 0.03 - 0.03 0.12 - - 0,03 -
Commoo mode failure :_ - ------0.03-
.12 - - 0.03 1.03 - 0.27
1.30 - - 0.09 .33 0. - 0.21 -
1.27 - 0.12 0.39 0.12 - 0.03 - -
1.03 ).12 0.21 0.81_ 0.03 0. 0.03. -0.03 - 0.09
'faull 0.06 - - - 1.06 - .-
ElectriCal failure- general 0.84 - - - .33 0.66 - - 0.09 -
Erosion 0.03 - 0.15 0.18 - 0.03 - - - -
>- oeneral 0.12 - 0.0 0.03 0.06 - _, 0.18 -
Fatigue 0.03 - - 0 - 1..03 - 0.03 0.03 0.03
Faully 0.03 --0-1.03----
Faully 4.96 - - 0 0.18 1.45 - - )3 -
1failure- oeneral ).09 0 0.27 .11 0.12 -
Leakage 09 0.03 2.. 0,03 14 - -
21 - 0. - .12 - ).03
~alerial· I - 1. 0.06 .03 - 1.9 -
· I F.Oiure - oeneral
~isc. external i
'~9 ~:~~ ~'----t_,~~:61 ;;-
23t+;s;-+-=-
:-+*~-~
~243 +-;o~.-+-"'01..-"-
!2-1
-general - - - - - - - -
Nl cause found - 0.06 0.06_ - 0.03 . 0.03 0.03 0.03
Nl power/ vol1age 0. - - - 0.03 0.06 - - -
N 0.----0.06----
0.---0.030.21----
nher 0.09 0.03 o.o: 0.06 0.30 0.03 - 0.06 0.03
OUIOfl 2.!3 - - l.O: - 0.48 1.03 0.06 0.15
0.06 - - 0. - 0.09 - - - -
0.09 - - - 0.03 0.06 - - O.Q3 -
.18 - 0.03 - - -
.12 0.03 - - 0.12 - 0.06 1.06 -
UrikriOWi1 .18 0.03 0.06 .12 0.06 - - 0.21 -
Vibration 21 - 0.06 0.03 0.06 - - - -
r.We~~~-----------1~0-~~0~.03-+~l.3~6+7.~72~~01
. 12T-~0~.06-+.-~~~~~-+~~~~3~~01.~.1.09~
Tolal 1i. 0.8' 4.04 8.94 2.84 9.12 .30 ~ 3.38 0.48
©OREDA

Item: Gas Turbines
Blockage/plugged 0.15 0.54 1.02 1.88 0.06 0.42 - 5.29
Breakaae 0.12 0.42 0.06 0.51 0.51 - 0.03 0.21 0.03 3.20
Burst - 0.24 0.03 0.21 - - 0.03 0.78
Cavitation - 0.03 0.03 O.oJ - - 0.30
Clearance/ alignment failure 0.03 0.12 0.09 0.06 - - 0.03 0.09 0.72
Combined causes 2.24 0.03 - 0.03 - - 0.12 0.03 2.66
Common mode failure - 0.03 - - 0.06
Contamination 0.69 0.42 0.78 0.84 - 0.27 0.21 0.09 3.n
Control failure 0.03 0.27 0.24 0.12 0.03 - 0.18 1.11 0.03 3.68
Corrosion 0.03 0.27 0.72 0.15 - 0.15 2.33
Deformation 0.06 0.12 0.24 0.06 0.06 - 0.09 2.06
Eartil/~lation faul1 0.03 0.27 0.06 0.09 - - 0.03 0.60
Elec1ricaJ failure- oeneraJ 0.12 0.78 0.12 1.14 - 0.09 0.78 0.06 4.99
Erosion 0.03 - 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.63
Extemal influence - general 0.06 0.39 0.15 0.45 - - 0.12 1.58
Fatigue 0.03 0.03 0.15 0.12 - - - 0.03 0.57
Faui1Y oowerlvol1aQe - 0.03 0.03 - - 0.21 0.36
Faulty signal/indication/alann 0.18 0.42 0.18 0.12 - - 1.26 0.09 7.92
Instrument failure ·general 0.03 0.81 0.45 0.63 0.06 0.03 1.26 O.oJ 9.24
Leakage 0.06 0.48 0.15 0.21 0.18 0.06 0.18 O.oJ 4.81
Looseness - 0.18 0.54 0.03 0.21 0.03 2.24
Material failure - general 0.03 0.21 0.03 0.45 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.03 3.41
Mechanical Failure- general 0.48 1.64 0.54 1.46 0.42 0.09 0.48 1.35 0.18 13.60
Misc. external influences 0.18 0.42 0.09 0.27 - 0.42 0.09 2.03
MisceiiEneOus - general - 0.06 0.03 0.33 - - O.oJ 0.03 - 0.66
No cause found 0.03 0.06 - 0.03 0.18 0.06 0.84
No power/ voHage - 0.03 - 0.09 - 0.33
No sianal/indication/alarm - 0.15 0.06 0.09 - 0.12 - 1.17
Open circuH 0.03 0.09 - 0.09 - 0.03 0.27 - 1.02
01her 0.09 1.11 0.06 0.15 0.03 0.24 - 2.30
Out of afustment 0.06 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.03 0.63 - 4.87
Overheatino 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.06 - - 0.21 - 0.69
Short circuiting 0.15 0.03 0.03 - - - 0.15 - 0.57
Software failure - - - - 0.36
S1ickino - 0.42 0.03 0.51 - - - 0.12 1.73
Unknown 0.06 0.42 0.33 0.15 - - 0.27 0.30 0.06 2.66
Vibration - 0.09 0.03 0.27 0.03 - 0.57 0.15 1.61
Wear 0.06 0.45 O.oJ 0.96 0.24 - 0.12 0.09 0.09 4.36
To1al 4.99 11.51 4.99 13.12 2.27 0.24 1.88 11.15 1.23 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.2.1 Machinery
Gas Turbines
Aeroclerivative
Population Installations Aggregated time in seNice (10& hours) No of demands
43 13 Calendar time * Operational time • 6864
1.5255 1.0028
Failure mode No of Failure rate IDer 10S hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
failures Lower Mean Upper SD nn Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 621. 7.22 338.55 1046.28 368.88 407.07 22 565 28 604
621t 2.53 545.13 2011.40 742.88 619.26
Abnonnal instrument reading 2. - 1.93 9.64 4.26 1.31 4.0 4.0' 29 53'
2t - 2.84 13.88 5.80 1.99
Breakdom 16. 3.20 9.75 19.20 5.02 10.49 61 223' 74 301
16t 0.83 14.17 41.73 13.87 15.96
Erratic output s· 0.07 5.36 17.08 6.16 5.24 84 230' 75 284'
at 0.16 8.17 25.43 9.02 7.98
External leakage- Fuel 35. 0.11 21.88 79.41 29.34 22.94 10 40 16 80
35t 0.14 34.25 129.62 47.80 34.90
Extemalleakage - Utility s· 0.42 3.31 8.49 2.65 3.28 43 100' 34 100'
medium st 0.54 4.84 12.73 4.02 4.99
Fail to start on demand 184. 9.72 112.02 311.32 101.21 120.61 22 324 26 324
184t 2.13 166.45 533.52 192.91 183.48
Fail to stop on demand r 1.17 4.29 9.01 2.48 4.59 5.6 12' 6.3 12'
7t 6E-3 6.26 26.15 9.99 6.98
High output 6. 0.18 3.62 10.85 3.63 3.93 11 26' 22 52'
6t 4E-4 5.59 25.78 10.37 5.98
Internal leakage 4. - 2.47 11.64 4.75 2.62 13 28' 13 28'
4t 0.46 4.05 10.64 3.36 3.99
Low output 2o· 14.15 70.50 -30.03 13.11 49 364 53 604
20t 1E-4 19.75 97.23 41.02 19.94
Overheating so· 22.05 121.14 73.88 32.78 19 129 33 243
sot - 36.43 210.18 115.87 49.86
Parameter deviation w 7E-4 6.37 29.11 11.61 9.18 22 96 23 96
14t - 11.17 56.78 24.49 13.96
Spurious stop 250. 0.19 127.74 519.11 195.97 163.88 17 565 23 565
250t 0.04 218.88 974.09 384.36 249.30
Structural deficiency T 1.07 5.12 2.11 1.31 244 244' 122 244'
2t 1.61 8.31 3.65 1.99
Vibration 10. 0.99 6.40 15.72 4.79 6.56 25 108' 65 326'
10t 0.19 10.18 31.72 11.26 9.97
Other r 0.37 5.23 15.04 4.96 4.59 43 112' 45 114'
7t 0.22 8.24 25.19 8.78 6.98
Unknown 1. - 1.09 5.97 2.79 0.66 - -
1t - 1.25 6.50 2.88 1.00
Degraded 401. 28.58 228.50 587.58 183.32 262.88 17 560 27 768
401t 23.71 351.00 1015.05 335.24 399.87
Abnormal instrument reading 22. 0.09 13.96 48.83 18.02 14.42 10 35 15 70
22t 0.12 21.07 74.36 27.46 21.94
Comments
(cont.\
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.2.1 Machinery
Gas Turbines
Aeroderivative
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (10e hours) No of demands
1.5255 1.0028
Failure mode No of Failure rate foer 10' hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
Erratic output 27" 11.39 17.82 25.43 4.30 17.70 18 66 28 150
27t 10.67 26.87 49.04 11.94 26.92
External leakage· Fuel 31" 0.01 15.99 68.09 26.27 20.32 8.9 24 15 84
31t 4E-4 28.17 136.69 56.69 30.91
External leakage- Utility 67" 13.65 39.64 76.62 19.71 43.92 19 250 35 768
medium 67t 5.76 58.02 156.96 50.36 66.81
Fail to start on demand 1" - 0.60 3.07 1.33 0.66 6.0 6.o· 10.0 1o.o·
1t - 1.03 5.95 3.29 1.00
High output 3" 0.42 1.98 4.49 1.31 1.97 1.3 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
3t 0.01 3.22 12.41 4.58 2.99
Internal leakage 10" 0.02 6.48 25.43 9.4S S.5S 25 go· 25 109
10t 0.04 10.01 38.51 14.19 9.97
low output 45" 3.1S 35.83 99.29 32.24 29.50 14 77 30 520
45t 3.85 52.14 148.87 48.94 44.87
Minor in-service problems 10" 0.03 7.1S 2S.24 9.S9 S.5S 4.0 1o.o· 13 3S
10t 0.04 10.35 39.94 14.75 9.97
Noise 4" 4E-3 2.41 9.80 3.70 2.S2 44 145. 88 31:r
4t 0.01 3.77 14.79 5.50 3.99
Ovemeating 64" - 28.57 147.8S 110.80 41.95 9.4 74 17 82
64t - 44.78 231.91 172.30 S3.82
Parameter deviation 31" 2.74 17.75 43.SS 13.32 20.32 7.0 24 9.2 39
31t 0.37 27.35 87.29 31.49 30.91
Structural deficiency 13" 0.45 8.38 24.92 8.30 8.52 59 245 108 490
13t 0.31 12.58 38.55 13.47 12.9S
Vibration s· 0.02 3.89 13.73 5.07 3.93 115 sso· 102 560.
st 0.02 5.8S 22.94 8.52 5.98
Other S6" 10.59 42.39 91.59 25.7S 43.2S 17 100 22 200
sst 18.03 S1.40 125.84 34.02 S5.81
Unkoown 1" o.so 3.07 1.33 o.ss 14 w 14 w
1t 1.03 5.95 3.29 1.00
Incipient 964" 57.75 536.74 1425.93 452.91 631.91 9.3 187 14 358
964t 17.05 859.44 2667.34 944.17 961.29
Abnonnal instrument reading 344" 11.36 188.05 551.74 183.10 225.49 8.1 184 11 184
344t 2.S9 304.14 1012.88 371.15 343.03
Erralic output 2" 1E-4 2.S6 12.46 5.07 1.31 1.0 1.o· 8.5 16.
2t 3.33 15.88 6.53 1.99
Extemalleakage - Fuel 15" 0.20 9.96 30.85 10.90 9.83 8.7 25 10 25
15t 0.08 15.97 57.62 21.29 14.96
External leakage - Utilily 110" 0.30 54.35 193.74 71.58 72.11 9.0 51 1S 235
medium 110t 0.07 94.54 397.40 152.31 109.69
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.2.1 Machinery
Gas Turbines
Aeroderivative
43 13 Calendar time * Operational time 6a64
1.5255 1.002a
Failure mode No of Failure rate loer 106 hoursl. Active re . hrs Man hours
failures Lower Mean Upper 50 nl< Mean Max Mean Max
Fail to start on demand 1. - 0.93 4.a7 2.20 0.66 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
1t - 1.23 6.37 2.7a 1.00
Internal leakage 12. 0.05 6.72 23.08 a.50 7.a7 11 30 13 4a
12t 1E-3 11.24 51.19 20.40 11.97
Low output 5. 1E-4 3.42 16.14 6.60 3.2a 7.5 12" 15 2a"
5t - 6.22 30.67 12.96 4.99
Minor in-seNice problems 276. 1.74 134.1a 429.55 155.22 1a0.92 a.4 1a7 10 1a7
276t 1.14 221.11 799.27 295.34 275.22
Noise a· 0.26 4.66 13.7a 4.5a 5.24 2a 7a" 84 294"
at 0.05 7.12 24.42 9.00 7.9a
Overheating 5. 0.33 3.27 a.a1 2.a2 3.2a 5.5 w 13 30"
5t 0.24 5.17 15.52 5.20 4.99
Parameter deviation 22. 2E-3 21.33 97.36 38.a3 14.42 5.7 22 5.7 22
22t 1E-3 27.95 130.a2 53.20 21.94
Structural deficiency 26. 0.14 19.aa 68.40 25.21 17.04 24 aa· 46 175
26t 0.21 2a.9a 9a.93 36.42 25.93
Vibration r - 4.79 24.40 10.53 4.59 10 24" 15 3a"
7t 6E-4 7.07 32.49 13.03 6.98
Other 123. 1.12 74.44 235.49 84.55 a0.63 13 120 23 35a
123t 1.01 113.22 376.4a 137.90 122.65
Unknown a· 11.36 61.64 2a.69 5.24 29 44" 23 35"
at - 12.3a 6a.94 35.70 7.9a
Unknown 17. 1.51 13.47 35.40 11.17 11.14 7.3 14" 29 212
17t 3.15 18.73 45.09 13.57 16.95
Abnonnal instrument reading 1. - 0.93 4.a7 2.20 0.66 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
1t - 1.23 6.37 2.78 1.00
Other 6. 1.01 4.00 8.63 2.42 3.93 9.0 10.0" 26 78"
6t 1E-4 6.95 33.55 13.85 5.9a
Unknown 10. 0.29 7.99 24.13 8.23 6.56 7.8 14" 34 212"
10t 0.77 11.03 31.73 10.46 9.97
All modes 2003. 108.69 1112.08 3018.77 970.32 1312.98 14 565 21 768
2003t 29.74 1771.09 5556.56 1984.05 1997.37
Comments
On demand probabilitY for conseauence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =1.6- 1G-2
©OREDA

Item· Gas Turbines - Aeroderivative
AIR BRO ELF ELU ERO FTS HID INL LOO NOI
Actuating device 0.10 - - 0.05 0.37 - -
Air inlet 0.15 - 0.15 0.05 0.05 - 0.05 0.35 -
Burners/fuel nozzles 0.50 0.05 0.02 0.15 - 0.05 0.15
Cabling & junction boxes 0.57 - 0.05 - 0.10 -
Casing - 0.05 0.05 - -
Combustion chambers 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.20 - 0.05 -
Compressor rotor - 0.05 0.05 0.05 -
Compressor stator - - - - -
Control unit 1.60 0.05 - 0.05 - 0.92 0.05 0.10 -
Cooler(s - - 0.65 - - -
Exhaust 0.05 - 0.05 0.30 - - 0.05 0.25
Filte~s) 0.17 - 0.42 0.05 0.10 - 0.05 0.27
Fuel control 0.10 - 0.17 - 0.30 1.00 - 0.20
Fuel filler 0.05 - - 0.05 0.05 - 0.05
Fuel pump - 0.50 - - - 0.07
Fuel scrubberfcoalescer 0.05 - - - -
Hood - - 0.05 - 0.20 -
HP turbine - - - - 0.10 -
Instrument, flame 0.30 - - - 0.05 -
Instrument, flow 0.47 - - 0.05 - -
Instrument, aeneral 0.55 - - - 0.05 - 0.05
Instrument, level 0.20 - 0.05 0.05 - -
Instrument, pressure 3.14 0.17 0.12 0.05 0.37 0.05 0.10 -
Instrument, speed 1.07 - 0.05 0.12 0.60 0.20 0.05
Instrument, temperature 4.29 0.05 - 0.10 0.05 - -
Instrument, vibration 1.79 - 0.05 - 0.12 - 0.05 -
Internal power supply 0.25 - - 0.10 - - - - 0.05
Monitorina 1.95 - - - 0.05 - - - - -
Oil - - 0.05 0.07 - - 0.02 -
Other no 0.05 0.15 1.05 0.10 0.60 - 0.10 0.10
Piping - 0.05 0.27 1.42 - 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.05
Pump w/motor 0.10 0.05 - 0.87 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.10
Purge air 0.05 0.05 - - 0.05 - 0.10 0.05
Radial bearing - 0.05 - -
Reservoir incl. heating system - 0.05 - 0.05 - 0.05 -
Rotor - - - - 0.05 -
Seats - - 0.57 0.72 0.02 0.02 0.10 -
Start control 0.05 - - 0.10 - -
Start enerov (batterv, ailj - - 0.05 0.05 0.10 - -
Starting unit - - 0.10 0.45 0.05 0.90 - 0.05
Stator - - - 0.05 - - 0.05 -
Subunit 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.15 0.90 0.05 0.35 -
Thrust bearina 0.05 0.05 - - - 0.05 -
UnknO\\fl 0.70 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.15 0.40 0.10 0.20 0.05 0.05
Valves 0.27 0.15 0.95 1.52 0.32 1.45 0.05 0.40 0.95 0.05
TellO 18.42 0.80 4.04 9.09 1.85 9.29 0.45 1.30 3.49 0.60
©OREDA

Item: Gas T.
OHE OTH PDE SER Sl STP UNK USl VIB Sum
Actuating dev~e . 0.20 - 0.15 - - - 0.15 - 1.)2
~inlet - 0.50 0.35 1.22 - _:. 0.10 _1
·I nozzles_ 4.68 .22 0. O.Oi - - - 6
Cabfln~ & junction boxes - - 0.41 - - - - 1 ;O
Casing - - 0.0 0.05 - 0.10 - -
0.02 - - 0.05 -
- 0.05 - - - .15
----0.05--- l.02
Control un~ 0.05 0.35 0.05 0.20 - - 0.10 1.67 0.05
Coole!(· - 0.06 -_ 0.10 0.15_ - 0.10 1.06
Exhaus .10 1.60 0.30 0.35 - - 0.05 •.10 2.20
~F~ilkel(~s)~---------4~.0=-5~1.~26~l~ . 40~~1~. 20~+--~~~-~~--r~0.35-+----~~3l~ . 33~
Fuelconlrol .02 0.25 0.15 ).~ - 0.05 - 0.75 - 3.19
Fuel filter 0.15 0.05 - - - 1.97
Fuel pump - 0.20 - - - - - ).82
Fuel - - - - - - 0.05 - ).2
Hood 0.25 0.35 - 1.71 0.10 - - 0.10 0.05 ,o
HP turbine l.05 ).05 0.02 ~ -
·-
.name - - - - - - - ~ -
,flow - 0.05 - 0.10 - - - 0.05 - 1.72
,general - - 0.05 0.10 - 0.05 .05 0.15 -
:,pressure - .12 ~ o. -- -- - -
0.32 -
:, speed - 0.20 - 0. - 0.10 - 0.90 - ,g
0.10 0.45 0.15 0. - - .05 0.80 -
:, vibration - - 0.05 - - 0.85 •.22
- 0.15 - 0.15 - - .05 0.60 -
- 0.15 0. - - - 0.05 0.10 - 2
Oil 0 11 0.1 10 - 0.22 0.79
other .75 35 0.40 - 10 0.32 - 6.
Piping .22 40 O.Oi - - - 0.12 2.79
Pump wlmotor 0.59 ).05 - - 0.05 0.47 - 1.81
Purooair .10 0.35 1.20 0.05_ 0.15 -
Radial beanno - - - - - - .05 - .10 1.20
Keservoirincl.heatingsystem - - l.05 0.10 - - - - - 10
_Botor - - - 0.05 - - - 0.05
Seas 0.05 ).02 0.05 - - - 0.02 -
Startcontrol - - - - - - 0.10 -
- - - 015 - - - - - 15
_§tarting un~ - - 0.05 - - - 0.05 -
Stator - - - - - -
Subunit - ).52 •.10 0.35 0.05 - 0.05 0.45 0.10
- = - - - - - ~ -
Unknown 0. 0.90 0.: .45 0.4! ).11 0.90 6.8<
11.:14
100.0
The figures are percentages of the total failure rate for the actuat maintainable item/failure mode combination.
©OREDA

Item: Gas Turbines- Aeroderivative
AIR BRD ELF ELU ERO FTS HIO INL LOO NOI
Blockaoeloluaaed 0.30 - - 0.05 0.20 - 0.70
BreakaQe 0.75 0.05 0.10 0.30 0.10 0.05 0.05
Burst 0.15 0.20 - - 0.05
Cavitation - - 0.05
Clearance! alianmenl failure - 0.15 0.10 0.15 - 0.05 0.05
Combined causes - - - 0.20 - 0.05
Common mode failure - - - - - 0.05
Contanination 0.15 0.05 0.05 - 0.10
Control failure 0.30 0.10 0.20 0.70 0.05 - 0.15
Corrosion 0.15 0.55 0.05 0.15 -
Defonnation 0.05 0.20 0.25 1.00 - 0.10 0.05 0.05 - 0.10
Earth/isolation fault - - - - -
Electrical failure - oeneral 0.70 - 0.05 0.50 - - 0.05
Erosion - 0.15 0.10 - 0.05 - -
External influence - general 0.15 - 0.05 0.05 0.10 - -
Fatioue 0.05 0.10 - 0.05 - 0.05 0.05 0.05
Faulty power/volta!:le 0.05 - 0.05 - -
Faulty signal/indicalion/alann 5.24 - - 0.10 0.35 - 0.05
Instrument failure -general 4.29 0.10 0.15 0.05 0.25 1.35 0.20 - 0.20
Leakaae 0.10 0.05 0.55 1.85 - 0.15 0.25 0.25 -
Looseness 0.30 0.30 0.80 - 0.20 - 0.05 0.05 0.05
Material failure -general 0.05 - 0.55 1.40 0.05 - - 0.05 0.15
Mech<11ical Failure- general 0.25 0.25 1.00 1.35 0.45 2.40 - 0.35 0.55 0.15
Misc. external influences 0.05 - - - - 0.05 - 0.05 -
Miscellaneous- general 0.05 - - 0.20 - -
No cause found 0.10 0.10 0.10 - 0.15 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
No oower/ vottaoe 0.05 - - - - - -
No signaVindication/alarm 0.90 - - 0.05 - -
Open circuit 0.30 - - 0.30 - - - -
Other 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.35 0.05 - 0.05
Out of adiustment 2.45 0.05 0.65 0.05 0.10 0.25 -
Overfleatino - - - - -
Short circuiting 0.05 - - 0.10 - - -
Software failure 0.30 - - 0.05 0.15 - - - -
Stickino 0.15 0.05 - 0.10 0.35 - 0.05 0.10 -
Unknown 0.10 0.05 0.15 0.10 - - 0.15 -
Vibration 0.40 - 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.05 - - -
Wear 0.65 0.05 0.50 0.65 0.15 0.05 - 0.15 0.45 0.10
Total 18.42 0.80 4.04 9.09 1.85 9.29 0.45 1.30 3.49 0.60
The figures are percentages of the total fa1lure rate for the actual failure mechanism/failure mode combination.
©OREDA

ttem: Gas Turbines- Aeroderivative
OHE OTH PDE SER sm STP UNK UST VIB Sum

Blockaoelplugged 0.15 0.60 0.80 2.70 - 0.30 5.79
Breakage 0.10 0.35 0.10 0.45 0.45 - 0.20 3.05
Burst 0.40 0.05 0.20 - 0.05 1.10
Cavitation - - - - 0.05
Clearooce/ aliqnrnent failure - 0.15 0.15 0.10 - 0.05 0.05 1.00
Combined causes 3.74 0.05 - 0.05 0.05 0.05 4.19
Common mode failure - 0.05 - - - 0.10
Contamination 0.90 0.50 0.25 1.25 0.15 0.25 0.15 3.79
Control failure 0.35 0.10 0.10 0.05 1.25 0.05 3.39
Corrosion 0.05 0.20 0.90 0.20 - - 2.25
Deformation 0.05 0.15 - 0.40 0.10 0.10 - 0.15 - 2.75
Earth/isolation fault - 0.15 0.10 - - 0.05 - 0.30
Electrical failure - general 0.10 0.65 0.15 0.80 0.05 0.95 0.10 4.09
Erosion - - 0.10 0.05 - - 0.05 0.50
External influence - general 0.05 0.10 - - 0.15 - 0.65
Fatigue 0.05 0.05 0.20 0.10 - - - 0.75
Faully po..,/vollage - 0.05 - - 0.30 0.45
Faully ~gnal/indicalion/aann - 0.20 0.15 - - 1.75 0.05 7.89
Instrument failure - aeneral - 0.70 0.30 0.55 - 0.10 0.05 1.60 0.05 9.94
Leakaae 0.05 0.65 0.15 0.05 0.30 - 0.25 0.05 4.69
Looseness 0.15 0.80 0.05 - 0.30 3.05
Material failure - general - 0.15 - 0.60 0.05 0.10 0.15 - 3.30
Mechanical Failure- aeneral 0.25 1.35 0.55 1.05 0.30 0.15 0.20 1.50 0.15 12.23
Misc. external influences 0.05 0.05 - - - 0.25 0.10 0.60
Miscellaneous - general - 0.05 0.05 0.40 - - 0.05 0.05 0.85
No cause found 0.05 - - - - - 0.10 0.80
No POwer/ voltaae 0.05 - - 0.15 - 0.25
No signaVindication/alann 0.20 0.05 - 0.20 - 1.40
Open circuit 0.05 0.05 0.15 - 0.05 0.35 - 1.25
Other 0.10 1.05 0.05 0.10 0.05 - 0.35 2.35
Out of adjustment 0.05 0.25 0.15 0.50 - - 0.55 5.04
Overheating 0.05 0.05 - 0.10 - - 0.10 0.30
Short circuiting - 0.10 0.05 0.05 - - 0.25 0.60
Software failure - - - - 0.50
Sticking 0.65 0.05 0.70 - 0.15 2.35
Unknown 0.10 0.25 0.20 0.10 - 0.20 0.25 - 1.65
Vibration 0.10 - 0.35 - 0.40 0.25 1.75
Weill: 0.10 0.55 0.05 1.20 0.20 - 0.10 0.05 0.05 5.04
Tolal 5.94 10.08 3.34 14.28 2.05 0.35 1.00 12.48 1.15 100.0
The ftgures are percentages of the total failure rate for the actual failure mechanism/failure mode combination.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.2.1.1 Machinery
Gas Turbines
Aeroderivative
-10000) kW
12 4 Calendar time 11
Operational time ' 108
0.2484 0.2271
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 10' hours . Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 77" 188.47 292.46 415.03 69.34 "''
310.04 9.3 68 22 326
nt 162.56 316.24 511.15 107.42 339.00
Abnormal instrument reading 1" 5E-3 7.11 30.07 11.56 4.03 - 53 53'
1t 6E-3 8.66 36.65 14.10 4.40
Breakdown 2" 0.05 6.56 22.51 8.29 8.05 - 37 72"
2t 0.09 7.15 22.95 8.30 8.81
External leakage- Fuel 2" 0.05 8.49 29.84 11.02 8.05 4.5 5.o· 4.5 5.o·
2t 0.02 10.47 41.94 15.72 8.81
External leakage- UtiiKy 1" 0.04 3.56 11.45 4.15 4.03 - 1.0 1.0'
medium 1t 0.05 3.85 12.23 4.40 4.40
Fail to start on demand 45" 20.42 151.98 385.46 119.50 181.19 18 68' 18 109
45t 35.80 163.31 366.90 105.91 198.12
H~h output 1" 0.04 3.56 11.45 4.15 4.03 - 36 36'
1t 0.05 3.85 12.23 4.40 4.40
Internal leakage 1" 7E-4 4.25 19.02 7.53 4.03 10.0 10.0' 10.0 10.0'
1t 0.40 4.82 13.50 4.40 4.40
Spurious stop 22" 36.11 86.24 153.78 36.53 88.58 6.7 16 16 120
22t 23.98 96.66 209.35 58.97 96.86
Vibration 1" 5E-3 7.11 30.07 11.56 4.03 - 326 326'
1t 6E-3 8.66 36.65 14.10 4.40
Other 1" 5E-3 7.11 30.07 11.56 4.03 - 4.0 4.0'
1t 6E-3 8.66 36.65 14.10 4.40
Degraded 38" 73.59 140.74 225.45 46.77 153.01 5.9 9.1r 37 520
38t 89.85 157.57 240.69 46.33 167.30
Erratic output 6" 6.01 23.48 50.36 14.09 24.16 8.5 9.0' 9.8 1T
6t 5.76 26.04 58.37 16.82 26.42
External leakage- Fuel 1" 0.04 3.56 11.45 4.15 4.03 - 20 20"
1t 0.05 3.85 12.23 4.40 4.40
External leakage - UtiiRy 8" 3.59 25.93 65.35 20.20 32.21 4.0 4.0" 38 156"
medium 8t 8.97 30.07 61.29 16.50 35.22
Low output 7" 0.54 45.37 146.32 53.05 28.19 6.3 8.o· 103 520'
7t 0.73 56.32 180.23 65.11 30.82
Minor in-service problems 1" 7E-4 4.25 19.02 7.53 4.03 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
1t 0.40 4.82 13.50 4.40 4.40
Parameter deviation 3" 0.09 11.44 38.68 14.22 12.08 5.5 6.0' 5.7 6.0'
3t 3.67 13.51 28.41 7.83 13.21
Structural deficiency 1" 0.04 3.56 11.45 4.15 4.03 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.05 3.85 12.23 4.40 4.40
Vibration 1" 0.04 3.56 11.45 4.15 4.03 - 30 30'
1t 0.05 3.85 12.23 4.40 4.40
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.2.1.1 Machinery
Gas Turbines
Aeroderivative
-10000) kW
0.2484 0.2271
Failure mode No of Failure rate IDer 106 hours). Active reo. hrs Manhours
Other 10. O.o1 25.39 110.73 43.14 40.27 29 130"
10t 0.03 27.00 111.23 42.21 44.03
Incipient 75. 38.03 325.37 846.78 265.55 301.99 3.2 17 11 121
75t 33.61 400.12 1118.46 364.54 330.20
Abnormal instrument reading 21. 12.72 75.54 181.84 54.74 84.56 2.0 8.0 2.8 8.0
21t 7.34 86.59 241.65 78.70 92.46
Erratic ou1put 2. 0.86 9.82 27.22 8.84 8.05 1.0 1.0" 8.5 16"
2t 0.53 12.24 36.80 12.42 8.81
External leakage - Utifity r 1E-3 27.81 129.79 52.67 28.19 5.8 17" 8.5 34"
medium 7t 2E-3 35.90 167.57 68.01 30.82
Fail to start on demand 1. 7E-4 4.25 19.02 7.53 4.03 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
1t 0.40 4.82 13.50 4.40 4.40
Internal leakage 1. 7E-4 4.25 19.02 7.53 4.03 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.40 4.82 13.50 4.40 4.40
Low output 1. 5E-3 7.11 30.07 11.56 4.03 - 28 28"
1t 6E-3 8.66 36.65 14.10 4.40
Minor in--service problems 13. 23.37 51.54 88.62 20.20 52.35 3.5 10.0" 3.9 10.0
13t 18.23 57.79 115.45 30.55 57.23
Overheating 1. 5E-3 7.11 30.07 11.56 4.03 - 30 30"
1t 6E-3 8.66 36.65 14.10 4.40
Parameter deviation 12. 7E-4 46.71 226.37 93.71 48.32 3.3 8.0 3.3 8.0
12t 1E-3 60.93 291.48 119.89 52.83
Structural deficiency 9. 0.72 52.83 168.44 60.74 36.24 1.0 1.0" 52 121"
9t 0.79 63.14 202.73 73.36 39.62
Vibration 1. 5E-3 7.11 30.07 11.56 4.03 - 14 14"
1t 6E-3 8.66 36.65 14.10 4.40
Other 6. 4.09 28.42 71.04 21.86 24.16 2.7 6.0" 14 47"
6t 3.38 34.97 95.15 30.62 26.42
Unknown 3. 0.15 19.25 65.30 24.02 12.08 1.0 1.0.. 9.0 18"
3t 0.18 23.74 80.34 29.54 13.21
Abnormal instrument reading 1. 7E-4 4.25 19.02 7.53 4.03 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
1t 0.40 4.82 13.50 4.40 4.40
Other 1. 5E-3 7.11 30.07 11.56 4.03 - - 8.0 8.0"
1t 6E-3 8.66 36.65 14.10 4.40
Unknown 1. 5E-3 7.11 30.07 11.56 4.03 - - 18 w
1t 6E-3 8.66 36.65 14.10 4.40
All modes 193. 458.91 759.24 1120.76 202.93 7n.12 5.1 68 21 520
193t 370.65 876.98 1557.67 368.40 849.71
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand= 0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.2.1.2 Machinery
G~ Turbines
Aeroderivative
10000-50000)kW
26 a Calendar time* Operational time 6159
1.0144 0.623a
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours)~ Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 489' 5.26 385.85 1230.12 443.59 482.05 21 565 28 604
489t 3.42 689.01 2508.11 926.70 783.85
Abnormal instrument reading 1' 0.90 4.19 1.69 0.99 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
1t - 1.63 a.94 4.19 1.60
Breakdown 8' 0.52 7.23 20.75 6.84 7.a9 31 79" 63 2a6"
at 0.06 12.63 46.74 17.26 12.82
Erratic output a· 0.92 a.13 21.30 6.71 7.a9 84 230" 75 284"
at 2.55 12.90 29.a2 a.76 12.a2
External leakage · Fuel 33' 0.96 30.93 93.90 32.37 32.53 11 40 17 ao
33t 1.30 50.04 153.10 53.37 52.90
External leakage • Utility 4' 0.13 3.a6 11.69 4.01 3.94 43 100" 42 100"
medium 4t 0.22 6.03 1a.23 6.23 6.41
Fail to start on demand 123' 2.60 100.69 30a.13 107.44 121.25 22 324 2a 324
123t o.a6 17a.9a 656.37 242.4a 197.17
Fail to stop on demand 6' 0.66 5.25 13.47 4.20 5.91 4.0 6.0" 5.2 10.0"
6t 0.01 a.62 34.84 13.12 9.62
High output 5' 0.04 4.20 13.76 5.02 4.93 11 26" 19 52"
5t 6E-4 7.43 34.25 13.77 a.01
Internal leakage 2' 0.32 1.91 4.62 1.39 1.97 19 2a· 19 2a"
2t 4E-4 3.26 14.a7 5.93 3.21
Low output 16' 1E-3 20.35 94.22 3a.02 15.77 53 364 58 604
16t 2E·3 27.90 129.a1 52.56 25.65
Overheating 4a· 34.34 1aa.75 a9.a9 47.32 19 129 33 243
4at 57.06 309.33 143.aa 76.94
Parameter deviation 7' 5.03 27.42 12.aO 6.90 11 1a" 13 26"
7t . 10.ao 59.34 2a.32 11.22
Spurious stop 211' 0.40 15a.a9 627.46 233.84 20a.oo 16 565 23 565
211t 0.22 295.24 1242.41 476.47 33a.23
Structural deficiency 2' 7E-4 1.60 6.92 2.69 1.97 244 244" 122 244"
2t 2E-4 2.53 11.62 4.65 3.21
Vibration a· 2.21 7.59 15.62 4.24 7.a9 26 1oa· 34 172"
at 0.35 12.24 37.31 12.93 12.a2
Olher 6' 2.56 6.06 10.75 2.54 5.91 43 112" 53 114"
6t 1.63 10.26 25.07 7.62 9.62
Unknown 1' . 1.72 a.55 3.64 0.99 . . . .
1t . 1.99 9.34 3.ao 1.60
Degraded 311' 37.84 277.25 700.94 216.97 306.58 17 560 27 768
311t 42.53 449.58 1228.66 396.28 498.52
Abnormal instrument reading 22' 2.19 21.84 5a.9a 1a.90 21.69 10 35 15 70
22t 3.96 33.a5 aa.09 27.63 35.27
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.2.1.2 Machinery
Gas Turbines
Aeroderivative
10000-50000)kW
Population Installations Aggregated time In service (111' hours) No of demands
26 a Calendar time* Operational time "l 6159
1.0144 0.623a
Failure mode No of Failure rate leer 10e hours I. Active re . hrs Manhours
Erratic output ta• 5.35 17.43 35.17 9.38 17.74 21 66 2a 75
1at 4.75 27.94 67.10 20.16 2a.a5
External leakage- Fuel 29" 0.15 23.40 a1.75 30.17 2a.59 a.9 24 16 84
29t 0.03 43.09 180.95 69.32 46.49
External leakage - Utility 46. 10.19 41.05 aa.a9 25.03 45.35 21 250 39 76a
medium 46t 5.09 67.71 192.76 63.30 73.74
Fail to start on demand t• - 0.90 4.19 1.69 0.99 6.0 6.0" 10.0 10.0"
It - 1.63 a.94 4.19 1.60
High output J• o.a2 2.9a 6.22 1.71 2.96 1.3 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
3t 0.12 5.oa 15.57 5.45 4.at
Internal leakage a· 0.03 a.?t 33.80 12.51 7.a9 17 34" 16 34"
at 0.06 13.66 50.29 ta.5a 12.a2
Low output 30" 1.69 34.49 103.33 34.55 29.57 17 77 20 121
Jot 1.61 52.43 159.25 54.93 4a.09
Minor in-service problems 7" 7E-3 a.ta 34.27 13.11 6.90 5.5 10.0" 17 36"
7t 6E-3 12.00 51.70 20.03 11.22
Noise 3" JE-3 2.aa 1t.a5 4.50 2.96 10 11" 14 20"
3t 0.02 4.70 17.74 6.54 4.a1
Overheating 63" - 45.56 256.46 135.50 62.11 9.3 74 17 a2
63t - 71.61 405.13 215.52 100.99
Paraneter deviation 17" 0.91 15.13 44.38 14.73 16.76 6.6 15 11 39
17t 0.12 26.36 97.46 35.99 27.25
Structural deficiency tt• 0.56 10.88 32.52 10.a5 10.84 59 245 129 490
11t 0.92 17.29 51.46 17.15 17.63
Vibration 5" 0.05 4.79 15.a3 5.79 4.93 115 560" 116 560"
5t 3.ta a.04 14.70 3.58 a.ot
Other 47" 13.64 4a.34 100.40 27.42 46.33 19 100 22 200
47t 24.a2 74.07 144.64 37.55 75.34
Unknown t• - 0.90 4.19 1.69 0.99 14 14" 14 14"
1t - 1.63 a.94 4.19 1.60
Incipient 726" 68.64 627.93 1661.87 526.66 715.69 8.2 120 14 358
726t 28.39 1058.66 3234.28 1125.22 1163.75
Abnormal instrument reading 276" 24.44 244.41 660.24 211.6a 272.0a 6.2 104 9.a 172
276t 9.95 411.72 1264.04 442.49 442.42
External leakage - Fuei 13" 0.90 14.06 40.97 13.56 12.a2 9.7 25" 11 25
13t 0.35 23.29 73.66 26.44 20.84
External leakage - Utility 92" 0.67 67.69 222.45 at22 90.69 9.7 51 ta 235
medium 92t 0.32 125.51 494.57 184.18 147.47
Internal leakage tt• 0.22 8.89 27.25 9.52 10.84 12 30" 14 48
11t 0.01 15.52 64.90 24.80 17.63
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.2.1.2 M~hinery
Gas Turbines
Aeroderivative
I'10000-50ooO)kW
26 a Calendar time* Operational time T 6159
1.0144 0.6238
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 11)6 hours). Active reo. hrs Man hours
failures Lower Mean Upper 50 nit Mean Max Mean Max
low output 4. 3.19 15.27 6.2a 3.94 7.5 12' 10.0 1T
4t 6.31 33.19 15.02 6.41
Minor in-service problems 1ao· 2.14 149.53 474.77 170.a2 177.44 6.5 80 10 161
1aot 1.72 25a.90 a96.1a 330.49 2aa.53
Noise 3. 0.11 3.0a 9.33 3.19 2.96 a.o 16' 16 16'
3t 0.06 5.23 16.8a 6.12 4.a1
Overheating 3. 0.01 2.67 9.aa 3.65 2.96 6.0 w 11 30'
3t 0.55 4.7a 12.4a 3.92 4.a1
Parameter deviation r 6E-3 9.9a 42.62 16.46 6.90 11 22' 11 22'
7t 0.02 12.75 52.3a 19.a6 11.22
Structural deficiency 17. 3.57 14.23 30.72 a.63 16.76 27 aa· 44 175
17t o.aa 22.23 66.95 22.72 27.25
Vibration 4. 0.05 3.a1 12.2a 4.45 3.94 10 24' 15 38'
4t 0.20 6.17 1a.73 6.44 6.41
Other 1oa· 6.57 99.73 2a9.41 95.70 106.47 13 120 23 35a
10at 7.67 155.95 467.23 156.1a 173.12
Unknown a· 4E-4 1a.25 a7.74 36.17 7.a9 29 44' 23 35'
at . 19.91 103.51 45.97 12.a2
Unknown 12" 2.13 13.48 32.98 10.03 11.83 7.3 13" 36 212
12t 6.09 19.85 40.07 10.69 19.24
Other 4. 3E-4 4.13 19.14 7.72 3.94 9.0 10.0' 31 7a'
4t 0.02 6.44 25.34 9.44 6.41
UnknoVIKl a· 0.54 9.63 2a.5o 9.4a 7.a9 6.6 13' 40 212'
at 1.40 13.67 36.70 11.73 12.a2
All modes 1538. 117.00 1299.45 3586.17 1162.12 1516.16 14 565 21 768
1538t 45.83 2212.58 6849.53 2418.88 2465.36
Comments
On demand orobabilitv for conseauence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =1.8- 1fr2
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.2.1.3 Machinery
Gas Turbines
Aeroderivative
Unknown
5 1 Ca~ndar time* Operational time • 597
0.2628 0.1518
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
failures Lower Mean Upper so nh: Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 55• 165.14 209.30 262.01 28.22 209.30 33 238 36 301
sst 285.80 362.23 453.45 48.84 362.23
Breakdown 6. 9.95 22.83 45.06 9.32 22.83 76 223. 99 301.
at 17.22 39.52 77.98 16.13 39.52
Fail to stat on demand 16. 38.19 60.89 92.47 15.22 60.89 24 120 25 120
16t 66.09 105.38 160.03 26.34 105.38
Fail to stop on demand 1. 0.19 3.81 18.06 3.81 3.81 12 12. 12 12.
1t 0.33 6.59 31.25 6.59 6.59
Internal leakage 1. 0.19 3.81 18.06 3.81 3.81 6.0 s.o· 6.0 s.o·
1t 0.33 6.59 31.25 6.59 6.59
low output 4. 5.19 15.22 34.84 7.61 15.22 35 107" 35 107"
4t 8.99 26.34 60.29 13.17 26.34
Overheating 2. 1.35 7.61 23.96 5.38 7.61 22 32. 22 32.
2t 2.34 13.17 41.46 9.31 13.17
Parameter deviation r 12.50 26.84 50.04 10.07 26.84 31 9s· 34 96.
7t 21.63 46.10 86.61 17.42 46.10
Spurious stop 17' 41.22 84.69 97.03 15.69 64.69 30 238 30 238
17t 71.33 111.96 167.92 27.15 111.96
Vibration 1. 0.19 3.81 18.06 3.81 3.81 18 18. 26 26.
1t 0.33 6.59 31.25 . 6.59 6.59
Degraded 52. 155.01 197.89 249.32 27.44 197.89 16 145 22 312
52t 268.27 342.47 431.48 47.49 342.47
EIT3tic output 3. 3.12 11.42 29.51 6.59 11.42 10.0 16. 57 150"
3t 5.40 19.76 51.07 11.41 19.76
External leakage- Fuel 1. 0.19 3.81 18.06 3.81 3.81 8.0 8.o· 8.0 s.o·
1t 0.33 6.59 31.25 6.59 6.59
Extern,; leakage - Utility 13. 29.26 49.47 78.64 13.72 49.47 16 108 18 122
medium 13t 50.63 85.62 136.10 23.75 85.62
Internal leakage 2. 1.35 7.61 23.96 5.38 7.61 54 go· 63 109"
2t 2.34 13.17 41.46 9.31 13.17
low output 8. 15.15 30.44 54.93 10.76 30.44 7.0 2r 7.0 2r
at 26.21 52.69 95.07 18.63 52.69
2t 2.34 13.17 41.46 9.31 13.17
Noise 1. 0.19 3.81 18.06 3.81 3.81 145 145. 312 312"
1t 0.33 6.59 31.25 6.59 6.59
Overheating 1. 0.19 3.81 18.06 3.81 3.81 16 w 16 w
1t 0.33 6.59 31.25 6.59 6.59
Parameter deviation 11' 23.48 41.86 69.30 12.62 41.86 7.8 24. 7.9 24
11t 40.64 72.45 119.93 21.84 72.45
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.2.1.3 Machinery
Gas Turbines
Aeroderivative
Unknom
Population Installations Aggregated time In service (106 hours) No of demands
0.2628 0.1518
Structural deficiency 1' 0.19 3.81 18.06 3.81 3.81 - 3.0 3.0'
1t 0.33 6.59 31.25 6.59 6.59
01her 9' 17.87 34.25 59.77 11.42 34.25 11 30' 11 30"
9t 30.92 59.27 103.43 19.76 59.27
Incipient 163' 542.60 620.30 706.38 48.59 620.30 15 187 17 294
163t 939.04 1073.51 1222.48 84.08 1073.51
Abnormal instrument reading 47' 138.21 178.86 228.09 26.09 178.86 19 184 19 184
47t 239.20 309.54 394.73 45.15 309.54
External leakage - Fuel 2' 1.35 7.61 23.96 5.38 7.61 3.5 4.0' 3.5 4.0"
2t 2.34 13.17 41.46 9.31 13.17
External leakage · Utility 11' 23.48 41.86 69.30 12.62 41.86 6.4 12 6.7 12
medium 11t 40.64 72.45 119.93 21.84 72.45
Minor in-service problems 83' 261.07 315.86 379.12 34.67 315.86 13 187 12 187
B3t 451.82 546.64 656.11 60.00 546.64
Noise 5' 7.50 19.03 40.02 8.51 19.03 39 78" 111 294'
5t 12.97 32.93 69.25 14.73 32.93
Overheating 1' 0.19 3.81 18.06 3.81 3.81 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.33 6.59 31.25 6.59 6.59
Parameter deviation 3' 3.12 11.42 29.51 6.59 11.42 5.7 8.0" 5.7 8.0'
3t 5.40 19.76 51.07 11.41 19.76
Vibration 2' 1.35 7.61 23.96 5.38 7.61 -
2t 2.34 13.17 41.46 9.31 13.17
01her 9' 17.87 34.25 59.77 11.42 34.25 23 52' 27 52"
9t 30.92 59.27 103.43 19.76 59.27
Unknown 2' 1.35 7.61 23.96 5.38 7.61 14 14' 14 14'
2t 2.34 13.17 41.46 9.31 13.17
Other 1' 0.19 3.81 18.06 3.81 3.81 - - -
1t 0.33 6.59 31.25 6.59 6.59
Unknown 1' 0.19 3.81 18.06 3.81 3.81 14 14' 14 14'
1t 0.33 6.59 31.25 6.59 6.59
All modes 272' 934.07 1035.10 1144.46 62.76 1035.10 19 238 22 312
272t 1616.53 1791.38 1980.64 108.62 1791.38
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =3.4· 1Q-3
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.2.2 Machinery
Gas Turbines
Industrial
1.1807 0.9007
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 106 hours). Active re . hrs ManhOUnl
Critical 337" 52.29 362.73 906.50 278.95 285.43 35 1500 59 3001
337t 116.40 535.28 1205.39 348.51 374.16
Abnonnal instrument reading 2" 2.70 14.87 7.27 1.69 49 8T 97 163.
2t . 3.32 17.99 8.36 2.22
Breakdom 11" 0.12 9.22 29.42 10.62 9.32 56 229. 72 229.
11t 1.92 11.87 28.87 8.75 12.21
Erratic output 13" 0.02 12.33 49.52 18.59 11.01 15 47 28 93
13t 0.08 15.09 54.69 20.21 14.43
External leakage- Fuel 10" 0.03 16.77 67.03 25.09 8.47 49 3W 154 1113.
10t 0.14 23.66 83.17 30.71 11.10
External leakage - Utility 10" 0.06 11.15 40.28 14.88 8.47 14 46. 26 92
medium 10t 0.15 13.51 44.00 16.02 11.10
Fail to start on demand 118" 24.53 119.73 274.16 80.12 99.94 32 306 44 511
118t 37.76 195.22 453.80 133.80 131.01
Fail to stop on demand 1" 0.97 4.50 1.82 0.85 . . .
1t 1.31 7.58 4.11 1.11
Internal leakage 2" 1.70 8.78 3.85 1.69 92 172. 178 343"
2t 4E-4 2.64 11.91 4.73 2.22
Low output 9" 0.59 7.91 22.57 7.42 7.62 11 32. 21 64"
9t 1.33 10.73 27.63 8.62 9.99
Overheating 4" SE-3 4.84 20.17 7.69 3.39 11 1r 17 33.
4t 0.03 5.68 20.93 7.73 4.44
Parameter deviation 17" 0.12 21.76 78.05 28.84 14.40 21 125 40 249
17t 0.23 26.28 87.67 32.14 18.87
Spurious stop 123" 0.70 124.27 442.04 163.30 104.18 26 1024 41 1024
123t 3.70 177.47 549.14 193.84 136.56
Structural deficiency s· 0.35 4.28 12.02 3.93 4.23 347 15W 693 3001.
5t 2.24 5.62 10.23 2.48 5.55
Vibration s· 0.02 4.05 15.12 5.58 4.23 81 154. 138 3or
st 0.01 5.68 23.06 8.70 5.55
Olher s· 0.05 4.94 16.35 5.98 4.23 24 sa· 39 115.
st 0.08 7.03 22.85 8.31 5.55
Unknown 2" 1.55 8.03 3.52 1.69 68 68" 68 68"
2t 2.02 9.83 4.10 2.22
Degraded 330" 47.74 29D.63 704.12 212.83 279.50 20 470 31 939
330t 100.80 379.16 803.20 222.66 366.39
Abnonnal instrument reading 13" 0.11 8.57 27.37 9.88 11.01 6.3 16. 9.6 48.
13t 1.24 12.12 32.56 10.41 14.43
Erratic output 33" 5.10 25.66 59.23 17.40 27.95 8.5 36 15 72
33t 13.63 34.99 64.38 15.81 36.64
Comments
(coni.\
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.2.2 Ma:hinery
Gas Turbines
Industrial
1.1807 0.9007
Failure mode No of Failure rate Coer 1()6 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
External leakage- Fuel 27" 4.19 22.26 52.10 15.42 22.87 15 47 16 47
27t 1.44 33.01 99.18 33.43 29.98
External leakage- Util~y 52' 8.61 48.61 115.42 34.42 44.04 41 470 58 939
medium 52t 18.15 63.59 131.58 35.84 57.73
High output t• 2E-4 0.74 3.24 1.27 0.85 8.0 8.0" 8.0 8.0"
tt 5E-3 0.98 3.58 1.32 1.11
Internal leakage 2' 0.17 1.79 4.90 1.58 1.69 22 22" 22 22"
2t - 2.60 12.94 5.50 2.22
Low output 34' 0.03 31.82 132.14 50.27 28.80 25 112 27 224
34t 0.08 38.49 153.93 57.64 37.75
Minor in-service problems 2' - 6.36 32.15 13.82 1.69 - - 8.0 8.0"
2t - 7.07 36.37 15.78 2.22
Noise t• 0.04 0.87 2.62 0.88 0.85 - 23 23"
tt - 1.19 6.62 3.39 1.11
Overheating 29' 0.29 22.71 72.87 26.36 24.56 17 55 33 110
29t 2.24 29.96 85.36 28.04 32.20
Pcrameter deviation 40' - 38.27 202.47 92.25 33.88 5.7 38 11 76
40t - 46.73 242.85 107.75 44.41
Structural deficiency tr - 15.31 76.05 32.33 14.40 11 44 13 46
17t 3E-4 18.36 88.95 36.81 18.87
Vibration 6' 0.09 5.07 15.84 5.63 5.08 26 72" 60 224"
6t 0.38 6.82 20.19 6.72 6.66
Diller 60' 6.25 59.99 160.59 51.23 50.82 32 177 48 354
60t 10.97 81.86 207.71 64.41 66.62
Unknown 13' 9.90 53.23 24.62 11.01 45 116" 45 116"
d 12.49 65.76 29.79 14.43
Incipient 667' 178.60 566.53 1131.95 299.63 564.93 16 760 26 1519
667t 534.62 1760.87 3566.45 954.79 740.55
Abnonnal instrument reading 206' 69.55 174.08 316.87 76.94 174.48 7.4 59 12 75
206t 142.44 691.10 1579.95 461.29 228.71
Erratic oulput 12' 0.60 9.09 26.40 8.73 10.16 9.0 28 13 28
12t 3.35 12.47 26.31 7.27 13.32
External leakage - Fuel 16' - 12.57 69.22 34.43 13.55 13 32 13 32"
16t - 15.76 86.63 42.25 17.76
External ~kage - Utilily 55' 11.69 45.69 97.99 27.42 46.58 14 51 20 102
medium sst 12.97 180.04 515.92 169.84 61.06
Fail to start on demand t• - 0.77 4.04 1.82 0.85 4.0 4.0" 8.0 s.o-
tt - 1.01 4.75 1.93 1.11
Internal ~kage 2' - 2.02 10.94 5.09 1.69 4.0 6.0" 4.0 6.0"
2t - 5.61 29.54 13.38 2.22
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.2.2 Machinery
Gas Turbines
Industrial
1.1807 0.9007
failures Lower Mean Upper SD nn Mean Max Mean Max
Minor in-service problems 151. 4.24 164.83 504.51 175.95 127.89 16 472 27 963
151t 43.88 346.32 888.41 276.88 167.65
Noise 3. 2.31 11.28 4.71 2.54 40 104. 80 209.
3t 0.02 3.48 11.90 4.38 3.33
Overheating 15. 2.32 11.61 26.78 7.86 12.70 23 83 40 165
1St 8.68 16.05 25.26 5.10 16.65
Parameter deviation 43. - 36.05 183.00 78.88 36.42 13 118 19 215
43t - 44.42 224.95 96.84 47.74
Structural deficiency 13. 3.43 11.03 22.16 5.89 11.01 22 33. 29 134
13t 0.06 14.53 55.15 20.33 14.43
Vibration 6. 0.04 4.99 16.76 6.15 5.08 13 29. 22 sr
6t 6E-4 16.48 77.79 31.78 6.66
Other 117" 0.35 86.88 331.07 122.02 99.10 26 760 50 1519
117t 1.35 157.59 526.60 193.11 129.90
Unknown 27" - 18.50 101.10 47.26 22.87 25 222 25 222
27t - 22.90 123.03 56.85 29.98
Unknown 8. 0.80 6.811 17.92 5.62 6.78 5.9 9.o· 8.1 14+
at 1.48 9.53 23.41 7.14 8.88
Abnormal instrument reading 4. 4E-3 3.62 15.04 5.72 3.39 3.5 3.5· 4.5 1.o·
4t 0.04 4.74 16.01 5.88 4.44
External leakage- Fuel 1' - 0.82 4.49 2.24 0.85 4.0 4.o· 8.5 8.s·
1t - 1.31 7.56 4.09 1.11
Vibration 1. - 0.78 4.15 1.91 0.85 -
1t - 1.08 5.64 2.54 1.11
Other 1. - 0.82 4.49 2.24 0.85 7.0 7.o· 14 w
1t - 1.31 7.56 4.09 1.11
Unknown 1. 7E-4 0.93 3.92 1.50 0.85 9.0 9.o· 9.0 9.o·
1t 1.30 7.49 4.05 1.11
All modes 1342. 312.24 1224.19 2628.48 735.99 1136.63 22 1500 36 3001
1342t 959.80 2687.16 5122.26 1301.57 1489.97
Comments
On demand orobabilitv for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand = 1.8- 1fr2
©OREDA

Item· Gas Turbines - Industrial
Actuatin~ device 0-07 - 0.22 - -
Air inlet 0.37 0-07 0.15 0.11 - 0.30 -
Burners/fuel nozzles - 0.19 0-07 0.30 - 0-07 -
Cablina & jL:_Jnction boxes 0.45 - 0.15 0.19 - - -
Casin!:l - 0.07 0-07 0.34 - - -
Combustion chambers - 0.15 - - -
Compressor rotor - - - - -
Compressor stator - - - 0.22
Control unit 1.34 - 0.45 0.75 0.07 0.15 -
Coole~s) - 0.45 - -
Exhaust - O.o? 0.67 0.07 - O.o?
Filter(s - 0.22 - - - - -
Fuel control 0-07 0.15 0.60 0.41 - O.o? - -
Fuel filter - 0.07 O.o? - 0.45 -
Fuel oumo - - -
Fuel scrubber/coalescer - 0.15 O.o? - - -
Hood 0-07 - - 0.07
HP turbine - - - -
Instrument, flame 0.52 0.07 - - -
Instrument, flow 0.15 - O.o? - - -
Instrument, general 1.56 0.07 0.04 - O.o?
Instrument, level 0.75 0.07 0.07 - - -
Instrument, pressure I .79 0.07 0.07 - -
Instrument, speed 0.52 - 0.10
Instrument, temperature 3.09 0.10 - -
Instrument, vibration 0.56 O.o? - - -
lntemal oower supply 0.30 - 0.15 - -
Monitoring 1.49 -
Oil - 0.07 - - -
Other 0.52 0.07 0.15 0.45 0.22 0.15 - 0.07 O.o? -
Piping - 0.97 1.53 - -
Pump w/motor - 0.45 0.07 0.07 - O.o?
P!!!D_e air O.o? - - - - - - -
Radial bearing 0.07 0.15 O.o? -
Reservoir incl. healing system - O.o? - - - -
Rotor 0.30 - - 0.07 - - -
s.s. - 0.22 1.64 - - - - - -
Start control - - 0.02 0.22 - - - -
Start energy (battery, air) - - - 0.07 0.30 - - - -
Starting unit - - 0.15 0.07 1.27 - - O.o? -
Stator - - - - - - -
Subunit 0.07 0.07 - 0.15 - 0.97 - - 1.42 -
Thrust bearing - - O.o? - - - - - -
Unknom 2.53 0.15 0.52 0.97 0.15 2.46 0.07 0.30 -
Valves 0.45 - 1.30 1.04 1.79 0.67 0.22 0.37 -
Total 16.77 0.82 4.02 8.72 4.32 8.87 O.o? 0.45 3.20 0.30
©OREDA

Item· Gas Turbines - Industrial
OHE OTH PDE SER STD STP UNK UST VIS Sum
ActuatinQ device 0.30 - - - 0.60
Air inlet 0.60 1.42 1.68 1.04 O.Ql 0.45 0.48 0.07 6.82
Burners/fuel nozzles O.Ql 0.07 O.Ql 0.15 0.15 - 0.07 1.23
Cablina & ·unction boxes 0.22 0.45 0.07 0.30 - - O.Ql O.Ql 1.97
Casing O.o7 0.15 0.07 0.15 0.07 - - 0.07 1.08
Combustion chambers 0.07 - - - - 0.07 O.Ql 0.37
Compressor rotor 0.04 - - 0.07 0.11
Compressor stator 0.11 - - - - 0.34
Control unit 0.93 0.67 0.37 0.07 0.15 0.67 - 5.63
Coole~s) 0.30 0.19 0.15 0.15 - 0.15 0.04 1.42
Exhaust - 0.37 0.07 0.45 0.89 0.07 0.34 3.09
Filler(s - 0.22 0.60 - - - 1.04
Fuel control - 0.15 0.30 0.22 - - 0.75 2.72
Fuel filter O.Ql 0.45 0.45 0.15 0.30 2.01
Fuel oumo - - - - 0.22 - 0.22
Fuel scrubber/coalescer 0.07 - 0.15 - - 0.45
Hood 0.07 0.89 0.22 0.07 - 0.15 1.56
HPturbine - - - - 0.07 O.Ql
Instrument, flame - O.Ql - - 0.15 - 0.82
Instrument, flow - - - - 0.22
Instrument, general 1.01 - 0.07 - 0.45 3.28
Instrument, level - 0.22 - - 1.12
Instrument, pressure 0.37 0.07 0.30 0.15 0.07 0.07 - 0.34 3.32
Instrument, speed - 0.22 - - - 0.30 - 1.14
Instrument. temperature 0.22 0.30 0.30 0.07 - - - 0.26 - 4.35
Instrument, vibration - - 0.15 0.22 1.01
Internal power supply - 0.22 - 0.07 - 0.07 0.82
Mon~oring - 0.07 0.37 - - 1.94
Oil 0.30 0.30 0.22 0.07 - - - 0.97
01her 0.30 0.60 0.30 1.42 0.30 - 0.60 0.15 0.22 5.59
Piping - 0.45 - 0.45 0.15 - O.Ql 0.11 - 3.73
Pump wlmotor - 0.63 0.19 0.37 - - 0.22 0.15 0.04 227
Purge air - O.Ql 0.75 - - 0.89
Radial bearino - 0.22 - 0.07 - O.Ql 0.22 0.07 0.97
Reservoir incl. heating system - 0.15 0.15 - - - - 0.37
Rotor - - 0.07 0.07 - 0.52
Seals - - 0.07 - 1.94
Start control - - - - - - 0.25
S1art energy (battery, air - 0.15 0.22 0.07 0.07 - - 0.89
S1arting un~ 0.30 0.15 - 0.15 - - 2.16
S1ator - - - 0.07 - - O.Ql
Subunit 0.15 0.82 0.30 0.67 - - 0.30 0.22 5.14
Thrust bearing 0.07 - - 0.07 0.22
Unknown 0.60 1.71 0.45 2.01 0.22 - 0.30 2.61 0.22 15.28
Valves 0.37 1.34 0.37 0.75 0.15 - 0.67 0.48 - 9.99
Total 3.58 13.64 7.45 11.40 2.61 0.07 3.20 9.17 1.34 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Gas Turbines- Industrial
•.30 . .15 !.07 0.15 . . 1.52 .
Breakaoe 0.60 0.15 0.15 0.07 . 0.22 . . . .
Burst . . O.o? . . . . . . .
Cav~ation . . . 0.45 . . . . . .
I i . . . . .
i . . O.o? . O.o? . . . . .
i 0.07 . . . . 0.07 . . !.52 .
0.30 . . 0.07 0.52 0.67 O.Oi . 0.30 .
1.45 . 0.30 0.15 0.22 . . O.o? . .
. . 0.15 0.52 0.07 0.07 . . . 0.07
I I 1 faun 0.15 . . . . 0.15 . . . .
EIEl<:lliCIO failure- general .04 . . . 0.75 0.89 . . 0.15 .
Erosion .07 . 0.15 0.30 . . . . . .
Ex1emal i -general .Q7 . . . . . . . 1.45 .
Fa1igue . . . . . . . . . .
.07 . . . .
i i i .55 . . 0.15 0.30 1.60 . . . .
I -general .so .07 . . 0.30 0.75 . 0.07 . .
.eekage O.Q7 . 0.37 2.83 O.o? 0.37 .:. 0.15 . .
.07 o.: . . . .
Malena! failure -general
· I Failure -general
Misc. ex1emal '
.15
0.15
0,45
.
1.60
.
it
0.07
1.4:
0.1•
0.07
0.89
0.30
0.07
2.31
!.07
.
.
.
O.o?
.
.
0.52
0.15
.
0.07
.
1- oeneral . . . . !.07 . . . .
No cause lbund 12 . . . . . . . . .
022 . . . 0.07 0.15 . . . .
I . . 1.07 . .
~circuit 12 . . . 0.07 1.07 . . . .
15 . O.o? . . 0.22 . . O.o? O.o?
)ut, '.16 . . . . .22 . . .
1.15 0.07 . •.22 . . .
i .15 . . . O.o? . . . O.o? .
il . . . . . 0.15 . . . .
Stickina 0.07 . . . . O.o? . ,_
0.30 . 0.15 O.o7 . . 0.30 .
~ . . . . . . . .
Wear 0.37 . 0.15 0.82 . . 0.15 0.07
Total 16.77 0.82 4.02 8.72 4.32 8.87 O.Oi 0.45 3.20 0.30
©OREDA

Item: Gas Turbines -Industrial
Blockage/plu~~ed 0.15 0.45 1.34 0.67 0.15 - - 0.60 4.55
Breakage 0.15 0.52 0.60 0.60 O.o7 0.22 0.07 3.43
Burst 0.22 - 0.30
Cavitation O.o7 O.o7 0.07 - 0.67
Clearance/ alignment failure 0.07 O.o7 - - - 0.15 0.30
Combined causes - - - - - 0.22 0.37
Contamination 0.37 0.30 1.56 0.22 - 0.45 0.15 - 3.73
Control failure 0.07 0.15 0.45 0.15 0.07 0.37 0.89 - 4.10
Corrosion 0.37 0.45 0.07 0.37 - - 2.46
Deformation O.o7 0.07 - - - - - 1.04
EarthJisolation fault O.o7 0.45 0.15 O.o7 - - 1.04
Electrical failure - aeneral 0.15 0.97 O.o7 1.64 0.15 0.52 6.33
Erosion O.o7 - O.o7 - - 0.07 om 0.82
External influence - general 0.15 0.89 0.37 0.97 - - - om 2.98
Fatiaue - O.o7 0.15 - 0.07 0.30
Faulty PQlMlr/voltage - 0.07 - - - - O.o7 0.22
Faulty signaUindication/alarm 0.45 1.04 0.15 0.07 - - - 0.52 0.15 7.97
Instrument failure - general 0.07 0.97 0.67 0.75 - 0.75 - 8.20
Leakage om 0.22 0.15 0.45 - - 0.15 om - 4.99
Looseness - 0.22 - 0.15 - - 0.07 0.07 1.04
Material failure -general 0.07 0.30 0.07 0.22 0.22 0.15 0.07 0.07 3.58
Mechooical Failure- general 0.82 2.09 0.52 2.09 0.60 - 0.89 1.12 0.22 15.65
Misc. external influences 0.37 0.97 0.22 0.67 - - 0.67 0.07 4.17
Miscellaneous - general - om 0.22 - - - 0.37
No cause found 0.07 O.o7 0.07 0.30 0.15 0.89
No vower/ voltage - - - - 0.45
No signal/indication/alarm - 0.07 0.15 0.15 - - 0.82
Open circuit - 0.15 - - - 0.15 0.67
Other 0.07 1.19 O.o7 0.22 - 0.07 2.24
Out of acfustment 0.07 0.45 0.67 0.22 O.o7 - - 0.75 - 4.62
Overheatina 0.15 om 0.22 - - - 0.37 - 1.27
Short circuiting 0.22 - - - - 0.52
Software failure - - - - - 0.15
Stickina - O.o7 0.22 - - - 0.07 - 0.82
Unknown - 0.67 0.52 0.22 - - 0.37 0.37 0.15 4.17
Vibration - O.o7 0.07 0.15 0.07 - - 0.82 - 1.42
Werr - 0.30 0.60 0.30 - 0.15 0.15 0.15 3.35
Total 3.58 13.64 7.45 11.40 2.61 O.o7 3.20 9.17 1.34 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.2.2.1 M~hinery
Gas Turbines
Industrial
-10000) kW
0.8037 0.5903
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours). Active reo. hrs Man hours
failures Lower Mean Upper so n/< Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 162* 27.13 236.97 619.96 195.07 201.57 41 1024 53 1024
162t 79.41 437.80 1033.55 307.27 274.45
Breakdown s· 3E-3 7.46 32.22 12.50 7.47 120 229" 82 229"
st 0.08 9.83 32.91 12.07 10.16
Erratic output 3" 0.03 3.62 12.34 4.54 3.73 4.0 6.5" 6.7 13"
3t 1.36 5.04 10.62 2.93 5.08
External leakage- Fuel 3" 0.02 4.09 14.82 5.48 3.73 9.5 12" 9.5 12"
3t 2E-3 9.26 41.37 16.36 5.08
Extemalleakage- Utility 1" - 3.56 18.38 8.02 1.24 - 8.0 s.o·
medium 1t - 4.22 21.35 9.18 1.69
Fail to start on demand 68" 4.68 92.29 276.04 92.13 84.61 42 306 49 511
sst 18.96 188.43 508.33 162.86 115.20
Fail to stop on demand 1" 3E·3 1.37 5.49 2.06 1.24 - -
1t - 1.92 10.45 4.87 1.69
Internal leakage 1" 0.08 1.29 3.76 1.24 1.24 12 12" 12 12"
1t - 3.39 17.28 7.46 1.69
Low output 2" - 2.79 13.59 5.66 2.49 4.8 7.5" 8.5 15"
2t 0.02 4.63 17.95 6.65 3.39
Overllealing 2" - 2.76 13.39 5.54 2.49 17 17" 18 33"
2t 3E-3 3.65 15.24 5.81 3.39
P...ameter deviation 4" 2E-4 8.78 41.89 17.21 4.98 20 52" 39 104"
4t 7E-4 10.88 50.35 20.31 6.78
Spurious stop 64" 9.12 99.42 273.35 88.43 79.63 44 1024 63 1024
64t 23.47 157.34 390.21 119.59 108.42
Structural deficiency 1" 0.07 1.29 3.86 1.29 1.24 6.0 6.0" 12 12"
1t - 1.89 10.13 4.68 1.69
Vibration 2" - 2.76 13.39 5.54 2.49 78 78" 112 176"
2t 3E·3 3.65 15.24 5.81 3.39
Other 2" 2.74 13.24 5.46 2.49 - - 9.0 9.0"
2t 0.02 4.64 18.01 6.67 3.39
Unknown 2" 1E-4 2.20 10.19 4.12 2.49 68 68" 68 68"
2t 3E-3 3.03 12.61 4.80 3.39
Degraded 198" 52.29 275.88 644.49 190.55 246.36 17 116 22 224
198t 108.89 388.86 809.67 221.56 335.44
Abnonnal instrument reading 9" 8E-4 7.11 32.41 12.92 11.20 6.3 16" 11 48"
9t 0.08 10.71 36.25 13.33 15.25
Erratic output 25" 0.95 27.73 83.91 28.76 31.11 5.3 16" 12 45
25t 0.55 42.14 134.81 48.70 42.35
External leakage - Fuel 24" 7.08 30.10 66.21 18.84 29.86 16 47 17 47
24t 4.79 52.88 145.78 47.22 40.66
Comments
Icont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.2.2.1 Machinery
Gas Turbines
Industrial
-10000) kW
0.8037 0.5903
External leakage - Utility 25' 2.06 34.07 99.92 33.16 31.11 34 78. 33 155
medium 25t 8.03 46.82 112.15 33.65 42.35
High output 1' 4E-3 1.07 4.08 1.50 1.24 8.0 s.o· 8.0 s.o·
1t 0.02 1.48 4.70 1.69 1.69
Internal leakage 2' 0.51 2.59 5.98 1.76 2.49 22 22. 22 22.
2t 2E-3 3.82 16.48 6.39 3.39
Low output 27' 0.19 38.22 139.78 51.64 33.60 25 99 20 99
27t 0.36 47.69 162,03 59.61 45.74
Minor in-service problems 2' 3E-4 8.78 41.57 17.02 2.49 8.0 s.o·
2t 2E-4 10.12 48.57 20.01 3.39
Noise 1' 0.08 1.28 3.75 1.24 1.24 - - 23 23.
1t - 1.77 9.15 4.01 1.69
Overheating 6' 0.11 8.42 26.84 9.68 7.47 10.0 1o.o· 26 45.
6t 0.08 13.76 48.53 17.92 10.16
Parameter deviation 24' 3E-3 55.02 255.67 103.45 29.86 52 23 10 55
24t 5E-3 67.77 312.63 125.75 40.66
Structural deficiency 8' 0.92 9.48 25.80 8.30 9.95 13 44. 4.5 12.
at 6.01 13.29 22.90 5.23 13.55
Vibration 5' 0.03 6.82 26.05 9.60 6.22 29 n· 65 224.
5t 0.07 9.66 32.73 12.04 8.47
Olher 26' 0.68 36.77 114.66 40.75 32.35 26 76. 33 106
26t 4.65 53.08 147.27 47.84 44.05
Unknown 13' 13.55 67.50 28.76 16.18 45 116' 45 116'
13t 5E-4 17.92 85.42 35.08 22.02
Incipient 363' 139.34 451.38 908.70 241.99 451.67 14 760 20 1519
363t 788.16 2328.68 4529.56 1171.75 614.97
Abnonnal instrument ref.Kting 118' 124.86 146.39 169.34 13.53 146.82 6.9 59 11 75
118t 279.47 1011.93 2116.44 580.99 199.91
Enatic output 6' 0.05 6.47 21.87 8.04 7.47 13 28. 13 28.
6t 1.18 9.24 23.69 7.38 10.16
External leakage- Fuel 16' . 17.22 90.39 40.79 19.91 13 32 13 32•
16t - 22.45 116.10 50.92 27.11
Extema leakage • Utility 40' 10.78 50.25 113.61 32.94 49.77 11 37 13 61
medium 40t 40.69 282.39 705.76 217.18 67.77
Fail to start on demand 1' 0.07 1.29 3.86 1.29 1.24 4.0 4.o· 8.0 8.o·
1t 1.89 10.13 4.68 1.69
Internal leakage 2' 2.78 14.09 6.07 2.49 4.0 6.o· 4.0 6.o·
2t 8.02 39.80 16.91 3.39
Minor in-service problems 65' 6.97 108.26 315.07 104.28 80.88 6.7 30 13 66
65t 65.13 374.32 893.03 267.21 110.12
Comments
(cont.'
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.2.2.1 Machinery
Gas Turbines
Industrial
-100001 kW
0.8037 0.5903
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours). Active re .h .. Man hours
Overheating 10. 0.90 10.45 29.06 9.45 "''12.44 23 w 34 159"
10t 4.62 15.39 31.30 8.41 16.94
Parameter deviation 35. " 39.07 208.18 95.55 43.55 14 118 18 215
35t " 49.38 263.33 120.95 59.29
Structural deficiency w 6.93 13.50 21.85 4.60 13.69 22 33" 29 134"
11t 0.36 18.36 57.02 20.20 18.64
Vibration 3. 4E-3 4.13 17.16 6.54 3.73 3.0 3.0" 5.0 6.0"
3t 0.21 32.13 111.50 41.13 5.08
Other 29. 4.23 37.96 100.00 31.60 36.08 51 760 88 1519
29t 2.60 84.98 258.20 89.11 49.13
UnknoVtll'l 27' " 25.42 127.70 54.72 33.60 25 222 25 222
27t 4E-4 32.81 159.33 66.17 45.74
Unknown j• " 3.56 18.38 8.02 1.24 " " 2.0 2.(F
1t " 4.22 21.35 9.18 1.69
Abnormal instrument reading j• " 3.56 18.38 8.02 1.24 2.0 2.0"
1t " 4.22 21.35 9.18 1.69
Allmodu 724. 258.97 966.87 2042.97 565.24 900.85 21 1024 28 1519

724t 1165.28 3117.46 5836.68 1457.93 1226.55
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demood =1.2 10·2
©OREDA
no
15 7
jAb1nom1al instrument rea:ling
leakage- Fuel
leakage - Utility
IP~ram,eter deviation
IStnoctu1ral deficiency
jAb110m1all instrument reading
leakage- Fuel
leakage - Utility
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.2.2.2 Machinery
Gas Turbines
Industrial
10000-50000\kW
15 7 Calendar time * Operational timeT 7SS
0.3770 0.3104
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hoursl. Active reo. hns Man hours
low output r 5E-4 25.S3 124.46 51.35 1S.57 2S 112. 55 224'
7t 6E-4 2S.64 137.41 56.60 22.55
Overheating 23' 2.2S 57.95 174.5S 59.27 61.01 17 55 34 110
23t 6.22 66.30 1S1.4S 5S.5S 74.09
Parameter deviation 16' 0.14 57.77 229.12 S5.51 42.44 6.4 3S 13 76
16t 0.16 63.57 250.53 93.30 51.54
Structural deficiency 9' SE-4 35.75 170.94 70.30 23.S7 9.3 23" 16 46'
9t 5E-4 3S.30 1S6.33 77.55 2S.99
Vibration 1' O.D1 2.33 S.5S 3.17 2.65 1S w 35 35"
1t - 3.00 14.17 5.79 3.22
Other 34" 21.2S 95.37 213.13 61.30 90.19 34 177 60 354
34t 23.44 114.25 261.51 76.41 109.53
Incipient 304' 301.76 644.78 1610.29 409.17 806.38 17 472 33 963
304t 357.74 995.36 1892.81 479.90 979.33
Abnonnai instrument reading SS' 66.7S 259.77 556.37 155.51 233.43 S.1 36 15 71
sst 93.62 297.96 596.03 157.92 2S3.49
Erratic output 6' 6E-3 13.66 5S.93 22.S5 15.92 6.6 12" 13 23.
st 0.05 16.04 62.72 23.29 19.33
Extema) leakage - Utility 15' 24.11 39.36 57.63 10.27 39.79 20 51 41 102
medium 1St 5.04 43.43 113.22 35.54 4S.32
Minor in·seiVice problems S6' 27.51 310.93 S60.96 279.43 228.12 24 472 40 963
sst 35.13 353.00 954.55 306.20 277.05
Noise 3' 0.17 6.94 21.31 7.46 7.96 40 104. 80 209.
3t 0.04 8.69 32.29 11.92 9.66
Overheating 5' 0.07 13.51 49.35 18.23 13.26 25 83. 50 165.
5t 0.16 14.97 48.74 17.74 16.11
Parameter deviation 8' 0.13 22.77 81.01 29.93 21.22 9.4 23. 24 so·
at 0.20 25.04 84.26 30.95 25.77
Structural deficiency 2' 0.03 7.79 29.23 10.79 5.31 23 23" 28 46'
2t 0.03 9.02 34.S6 12.88 6.44
Vibration 3' 0.17 6.94 21.31 7.46 7.96 16 29" 33 5r
3t 0.04 8.69 32.29 11.92 9.66
Other 88' 25.03 185.13 468.92 145.28 233.43 20 201 39 402
sat 5.67 231.96 711.80 249.02 283.49
Unknown r 1.34 17.67 50.26 16.50 18.57 5.9 9.1r 9.6 w
7t 2.27 21.11 56.07 17.81 22.55
Abnonnal instrument reading 3' 0.02 7.72 30.06 11.14 7.96 3.5 3.5· 7.0 7.0'
3t 0.05 8.58 30.36 11.22 9.66
External leakage - Fuel 1' 0.01 2.33 8.58 3.17 2.65 4.0 4.o· 8.5 a.s·
1t - 3.00 14.17 5.79 3.22
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.2.2.2 Machinery
Gas Turbines
Industrial
10000-50000)kW
Population Installations Aggregated time in setvice (1()6 hours) No of demands
15 7 Calendar time"' Operational time 1 788
0.3770 0.3104
failures Lower Mean Upper so nit Meen Max Mean Max
Vibration 1" 2.63 12.87 5.39 2.65 -
1t 3E-4 2.94 13.49 5.39 3.22
Other 1" O.Q1 2.33 8.58 3.17 2.65 7.0 7.0" 14 14"
1t - 3.00 14.17 5.79 3.22
Unknown 1" 1E-3 3.42 14.81 5.75 2.65 9.0 9.0" 9.0 9.0"
1t 0.01 3.72 14.78 5.52 3.22
All modes 618" 481.70 1868.88 3999.29 1117.14 1639.29 23 1500 44 3001
618t 621.08 2147.12 4422.99 1200.56 1990.88
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =4.3- 1o-2
©OREDA
Pumps
The boundary applies both to general service- and fire pumps, as shown in Figure 10. The
Pump system is further subdivided in Subunits and Maintainable Items as shown in Table
10.
Pump driver (e.g. el.motor) is not included. Inlet and outlet valves and suction strainer is
not within boundary.
Fuel or
El. power
EXHAUST Inlet
POWER
DRIVER
STARTING TRANS-
(Diesel, El. PUMP UNIT
SYSTEM MISSION
motor, etc,.)
(Gearbox, etc.)
CONTROL
LUBRICATION MISC.
AND
SYSTEM
MONITORING
............... ------ .................................. --------- ----------------------------------t--------------------'
Remote
Power Coolant
instr.
-------------------------- Boundary
Figure 10- Pumps, boundary definition
©OREDA
T able 10- Pumps, Subd"IVIsion in Mamtama bl e I terns

PUMP
Control and
Power transmission Pump Lubrication system Miscellaneous
monitoring
Gearboxlvar. drive Support Instruments Instruments Purge air

Bearing Casing Cabling & Check valves Cooling/heating
junction boxes system
Seals Impeller Reservoir w/heating
Control unit system Filter, cyclone
Lubrication Shaft
Actuating device Pump w/motor Pulsation damper
Coupling to driver Radial bearing
Monitoring Filter
Coupling to driven Thrust bearing
unit Internal power Cooler
Seals
supply
Instruments Valves
Valves
Valves
Piping
Piping
7 Oil
Cylinder liner
Seals
Piston
Diaphragm8
Instruments
...
(For all subuntts the Mls "Unknown" and "Subumt are Included.)

BRD Breakdown
ELU External leakage- Utility medium
ERO Erratic output
HIO Higb output
INL Internalleakage
LOO Low output
NOI Noise
OHE Overheating
OTH Other
UNK Unknown
UST Spurious stop
VIB Vibration
7
Reciprocating pumps
8
Diaphragm pumps
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.3 Machinery
Pumps
212 21 Calendar time • Operational time T 5119
4.0911 2.7825
Failure mode No of Failure rate toer 106 hours . Active reo. hrs Manhours
Critical 225' 3E-4 28.08 136.71 56.95 55.00 18 126 34 378
225t 0.03 60.76 260.23 100.62 80.86
Abnormal instrument reading 1' 0.31 1.72 0.89 0.24 44 44. 88 as·
1t 0.52 2.71 1.21 0.36
Breakdown 12' 0.51 2.45 5.59 1.63 2.93 15 30. 47 211
12t 0.11 3.21 9.71 3.33 4.31
Erratic output 1' - 0.33 1.91 1.04 0.24 126 126. 378 378.
1t 0.60 3.29 1.56 0.36
Ex1emalleakage - Process 48' - 3.80 19.72 15.61 11.73 25 96 28 96
medium 48t - 6.72 38.99 21.23 17.25
Ex1emalleakage • Utili1y 39' - 3.24 11.62 15.60 9.53 15 45 27 90
medium 39t - 5.57 31.89 17.85 14.02
Fail to start on demand 18' 0.06 3.54 11.10 3.96 4.40 7.3 33 28 336
18t 0.06 5.99 19.81 7.24 6.47
H~h output 3' - 2.15 11.51 5.30 0.73 - - 3.3 6.o·
3t BE-4 5.37 24.25 9.63 1.08
Internal leakage 4' 2E-3 0.79 3.16 1.19 0.98 - 25 48.
4t 6E-3 1.34 4.98 1.84 1.44
Low output 8' 1.38 6.71 2.80 1.96 16 sa· 32 115.
at 0.02 2.28 7.79 2.87 2.88
Noise 3' 0.07 0.66 1.77 0.56 0.73 16 16. 69 122.
3t 0.15 1.03 2.56 0.79 1.08
Ovemeating 2' 0.06 0.46 1.18 0.37 0.49 23 23. 24 45.
2t 0.11 0.69 1.69 0.51 0.72
Parameter deviation 7' 0.03 1.29 4.02 1.43 1.71 13 44. 24 as·
7t 0.30 2.06 5.13 1.58 2.52
Spurious stop 37' - 6.25 30.48 12.71 9.04 12 124 16 248
37t 0.02 11.40 46.01 17.31 13.30
Structural deficiency 26' - 2.01 4.14 11.14 6.36 15 54 30 108
26t - 3.34 17.37 12.65 9.34
Vibration 15' 0.51 3.82 9.68 3.00 3.67 27 n· 105 320
15t 0.66 63.47 207.68 75.72 5.39
Other 1' 0.31 1.72 0.89 0.24 22 22. 94 94.
1t 0.52 2.71 1.21 0.36
Degraded 226' 0.60 43.89 139.90 50.44 55.24 7.5 88 17 210
226t 2.22 102.15 315.35 111.06 81.22
Abnormal instrument reading 2' - 0.66 3.44 1.53 0.49 9.0 12. 12 12.
2t - 1.20 5.77 2.37 0.72
Erratic output 15' - 5.78 28.68 12.18 3.67 12 12. 18 32
15t 0.02 15.97 65.53 24.83 5.39
External leakage~ Process 10' - 2.10 10.59 4.55 2.44 9.9 33. 24 99.
medium 10t - 3.95 20.19 8.73 3.59
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.3 Machinery
Pumps
212 21 Calendar time" Operational time T 5119
4.0911 2.7825
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
External leakage - Utility 104' 0.05 16.48 64.18 23.79 25.42 7.6 88 16 178
medium 104t 2.59 31.00 86.75 28.29 37.38
Internal leakage 15' - 5.66 27.49 11.41 3.67 15 45" 18 90
15t 6E-3 13.78 59.43 23.04 5.39
Low output 14' 1.01 3.35 6.81 1.83 3.42 6.1 31 13 92
14t 0.66 63.33 207.11 75.50 5.03
Minor in-service problems 1' 0.50 2.75 1.34 0.24 - - 24 24"
1t 0.69 3.25 1.32 0.36
Noise 1' 5E-3 0.23 0.70 0.24 0.24 13 13" 25 25"
1t 6E-3 0.32 1.01 0.36 0.36
Parameter deviation 5' 0.09 1.08 3.03 0.99 1.22 7.8 16" 14 24"
5t 0.04 1.71 5.27 1.86 1.80
Structural deficiency 17' 1.57 8.22 6.70 4.16 4.3 16 6.9 31
17t 2.76 15.07 7.04 6.11
Vibration 29' 4.62 23.60 10.21 7.09 6.2 12 25 210
29t 7E-3 9.60 40.54 15.57 10.42
Other 13' 0.03 4.44 14.99 5.51 3.18 4.0 4.0" 15 60
13t 0.52 8.12 23.69 7.85 4.67
Incipient 266' 3.97 49.74 140.26 45.88 65.02 7.1 136 11 206
266t 165.72 655.50 1411.37 395.97 95.60
Abnonnal instrument reading 142* 0.07 23.85 93.26 34.63 34.71 5.3 24 6.7 72
142t 19.59 250.84 709.84 232.54 51.03
Erratic output 2' - 1.61 8.83 4.32 0.49 - - 25 26"
2t - 3.97 18.94 7.78 0.72
External leakage - Process 22' - 3.01 15.96 7.29 5.38 10 44 23 206
medium 22t 6E-4 5.51 25.18 10.05 7.91
External leakage - Utility 14' 1E-3 3.34 14.60 5.69 3.42 29 136" 20 136
medium 14t 0.06 5.89 19.23 7.01 5.03
Internal leakage 5' 1.16 6.06 2.70 1.22 6.2 16" 17 65"
5t 4E-3 1.98 7.93 2.98 1.80
Low output 1' 5E-3 0.23 0.70 0.25 0.24 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.01 0.34 1.04 0.36 0.36
Minor in-service problems 38' 5E-4 10.92 51.14 20.80 9.29 5.7 27 9.4 32
38t 61.21 255.56 559.31 158.64 13.66
Noise 4' 0.05 0.93 2.77 0.92 0.98 9.3 18" 20 40"
4t 3E-3 1.52 6.09 2.28 1.44
Parameter deviation 15' 2.15 11.07 4.81 3.67 9.6 36 16 72
15t 2E-3 3.86 16.74 6.50 5.39
Structural deficiency 5' 5E-3 1.00 3.69 1.36 1.22 5.1 16" 7.2 24"
5t 0.01 1.51 4.97 1.82 1.80
Vibration 1' 5E-3 0.23 0.70 0.24 0.24 5.0 5.0" 10.0 10.0"
1t 6E-3 0.32 1.01 0.36 0.36
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.3 Machinery
Pumps
212 21 Calendar time"' Operational timeT 5119
4.0911 2.7825
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hoursl. Activere .h.. Man hours
Other 17• 7E-3 3.74 15.06 5.66 4.16 7.1 16 20 130
17t 4E-4 18.13 86.98 35.82 6.11
Unknown 14. 0.01 4.18 16.21 6.00 3.42 1.5 1.s+ 6.7 29
14t 0.09 9.34 30.84 11.28 5.03
External leakage - Utility 1. . 0.71 3.91 1.99 0.24 . 29 29'
medium 1t . 1.73 8.63 3.68 0.36
Other 2. . 1.18 6.56 3.38 0.49 . 11 14'
2t . 2.87 14.41 6.17 0.72
UnknoiMl w . 2.42 11.94 5.05 2.69 1.5 1.5' 3.2 6.0'
11t 4E-4 5.03 23.19 9.31 3.95
All modes 731. 2.50 124.59 386.40 136.69 178.68 11 136 20 378
731t 148.27 807.26 1900.20 564.07 262.72
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand - 1.8- 1(}3
©OREDA

Item: Pumps
AIR BRD ELP ELU ERO FTS HIO INL LOO

Bearin~ - - 0.14 0.07 - - - -
Cabling & junction boxes 0.14 0.14 - -
c.,;ng - 0.41 0.96 0.14 - - - -
Control unit 0.82 - 0.96 0.27 - - 0.14
Cooler(s) - - - 0.14 - -
Cooling/heating system - - -
Coupling to driven unit - - - - - -
Couplina to driver 0.14 -
Cyclone separator - -
Cylinder liner - 0.14 - -
Fiker(s) 0.27 - - - -
Filter, cvclone - - - - - 027
Gearbox/var.drive - 0.14 - - - - -
Impeller - - 0.05 - - - -
Instrument flow 4.10 - 0.14 - - - O.D7 -
Instrument, general 1.92 - 0.68 -
Instrument, level 0.14 - - - -
Instrument, pressure 5.40 0.07 0.27 - - - - -
Instrument, soeed 0.68 - - - - - -
Instrument, temperature 2.05 - - 0.14 - -
Instrument, vibration 2.33 - - - - -
Lubrication - - - -
Monitorina 0.68 - - - -
Oil - - 0.68 0.14 - -
other - - - 1.23 - 0.14 - 0.48 0.27
Piping - - 2.33 3.35 - 1.23
P~tontsl 0.14 - - -
Pulsation damper - 0.27 0.62 -
Pump - - - - - -
Pump w/motor - - - 0.27 - - -
Radial bearing - - 0.05 - - - -
Reservoir incl. heating system 0.14 - -
Seals - 0.14 6.09 12.59 - - 1.16
Shall - - 0.18 - 0.14
Subunit - 0.55 0.14 - - 0.27
Support - - - -
Thrust beari_l}fl 0.14 0.14 0.14 - -
Unknown 0.55 0.27 0.14 1.23 0.14 1.09 0.41 0.55 0.82
Valves 1.09 0.14 1.09 - 0.41
\\!ring 0.89 - - - - -
To1al 19.84 1.64 10.94 21.61 2.46 2.46 0.41 3.28 3.15
©OREDA

Item: Pumps
NOI OHE OTH POE SER STD UNK UST VIB Sum
Bearing 0.14 0.14 0.27 O.o7 0.14 0.96
Cabling & junction boxes - - 0.14 0.41
Casing 0.14 - - 0.55 - 2.19
Control un~ - - 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 3.28
Coole~s - - - 0.41 - 0.55
Cooling/heaung system 0.14 - - 0.14
Couolina to driven unit 0.14 - 0.41 0.14 - 0.68
Couplina to driver - - - - 0.14
Cyclone separator - 0.41 - 0.41
Cylinder liner - - - - 0.14
Filtertsl - 0.14 - 0.27 - - 0.68
Filter, cyclone - 1.78 - - 2.05
Gearbox/var.drive - 0.14 0.14 - 0.41
Impeller - - - 0.21 - 0.18 0.43
Instrument, flow - - - 0.14 4.45
Instrument, general - 0.68 0.27 - - 0.41 3.97
Instrument, level - - 0.14 - 0.27
Instrument, oressure - - 0.14 0.27 0.14 1.37 7.66
Instrument, speed - - 0.41 - - - 1.09
Instrument, temperature - - - - - - 0.55 2.74
Instrument, vibration - - - - - 0.55 2.87
Lubrication - - - 0.14 - - 0.14
Monitorint:~ - 0.14 0.27 - 0.41 1.50
Oil 0.27 0.14 0.14 - - 1.37
Other - 0.55 0.14 0.41 0.14 0.14 3.49
Piping - 0.14 1.37 0.55 1.23 10.19
Pistons - - - - - 0.14
Pulsation damper - - - - - - 0.89
Pun1p - - 0.14 - - - - 0.14
Pump wlrootor - - - - - - 0.27
Radial bearing 0.21 - - - - 0.80 1.05
Reservoir incl. heating system - - - 0.14
Seals 0.07 0.41 0.14 0.14 0.41 - 0.21 21.34
Shaft 0.27 - - 0.14 - 0.11 0.84
Subunit - - - 0.68 0.96 0.14 0.27 3.01
Support - - - - 2.87 2.87
Thrust bearing - - 0.48 - 0.14 1.03
Unknovm - 0.96 - 0.14 0.55 1.37 1.23 0.96 10.40
Valves 0.27 0.68 0.14 0.41 0.14 - 4.38
'Mring - - 0.14 - - - 0.27 - 1.30
Total 1.09 0.27 4.51 3.69 5.34 6.57 1.50 5.06 6.16 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Pumps

Blockage/plugged 1.23 0.41 0.96 0.41 - 1.78
Breakaae 0.14 0.14 - - 0.27 - - - -
Cavitation 0.27 0.41 0.41 - - - -
Clearance/ alignment failure 0.55 0.27 0.14 -
Combined causes 0.14 - - -
Contamination - 0.27 0.14
Control failure 0.27 - 0.68 0.14 - -
Corrosion 0.68 - 0.27 0.27 - - 0.14 -
Defonnation - 0.14 - -
Earth/isolation faun - - - 0.27 -
Electrical failure - aeneral 0.41 - 0.14 -
Erosion - 0.14 - - -
External influence- ~neral - - - 0.14 - -
Faulty si!ln8Vindication/alarm 2.05 - - - -
Instrument failure - oeneral 9.71 - - 0.55 0.14 - 0.14
Leakage 0.27 - 1.92 4.51 0.27 - 0.96 0.14
Looseness - 0.82 0.14 - -
Material failure - aeneral - 0.55 1.37 - - 0.14 0.27 -
Mechanical Failure -general 0.55 0.82 6.02 9.99 0.55 0.41 - 1.09 0.82
Misc. external influences 0.96 0.14 0.14 1.23 - - -
Miscellaneous- general - - - -
No cause found - - 0.14 -
No signal/indication/alarm 0.68 - - - -
Open circuit 0.55 - - - -
Other - - - 0.14
Out of acfustment 1.37 - 0.27 - -
Ovemeating 0.14 - - - -
Stickino - - -
Unknown 0.14 - - 0.55 0.41 0.14 0.27 0.14
Vibration 0.27 - - 0.14 - - -
Wear - - 0.14 1.64 - - - 0.27 0.14
Total 19.84 1.64 10.94 21.61 2.46 2.46 0.41 3.28 3.15
©OREDA

Item: Pumps
NOI OHE OTH PDE SER STD UNK UST VIB Sum
Blockage/plugged - - 1.50 0.82 0.55 0.27 7.93
Breakage - 0.41 0.14 - - 0.41 1.50
Cavitation 0.14 - - - - - - 1.23
Clearance/ alignment failure - 0.14 - - 0.27 - 1.50 2.87
Combined causes - - - - - - 0.14
Contamination - - - 2.05 - - 2.46
Control failure - - 0.14 0.27 - 0.41 1.92
Conusion - - 0.41 - - 0.14 - - 1.92
Deformation - - - - 0.14
Earth/isolation fault - - - 0.27
Electrical failure- general - - 0.14 0.55 - 1.23
Erosion - - - - 0.14
External influence -general - - - - 0.14
Faultv signal/indication/alarm 0.14 - - - - - - 2.19
Instrument failure -general - 0.55 0.41 0.27 0.41 2.19 - 14.36
Leakage - 0.14 0.55 0.55 0.27 - - 9.58
Looseness - 0.14 - - - - 1.09
Material failure - general - - - 1.78 0.14 - 4.24
Mechanical Failure- general 0.82 0.27 1.09 0.27 0.27 3.01 0.41 0.96 1.37 28.73
Misc. external influences - - 0.55 0.14 0.96 - 0.14 1.50 5.75
Miscellaneous - aeneral - 0.14 0.41 - - - - 0.55
No cause found - - - - - 0.14
No signal/indication/alarm - 0.14 - - - - 0.82
Open circu~ - - 0.55
01her - 0.41 - - - - 0.55
Out of ad' us1men1 - - - - - 0.27 0.14 2.05
Overlleating - - - - - - 0.14
Slicking - 0.14 - - - 0.14
Unknown - 0.14 - 0.68 0.27 2.74
Vibration 0.14 - - 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.55 1.50
Wewr - - - 0.14 0.27 - 0.41 3.01
Tolal 1.09 0.27 4.51 3.69 5.34 6.57 1.50 5.06 6.16 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.3.1 Machinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
3.2412 2.1290
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10S hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 210" . 39.63 205.38 90.59 64.79 18 126 36 378
210t 0.05 86.51 369.80 142.88 98.64
Abnonnal instrument reading 1" . 0.35 1.94 0.93 0.31 44 44' 88 88'
1t . 0.58 2.96 1.27 0.47
Breakdom 12" . 2.67 12.73 5.23 3.70 15 30" 47 211
12t 0.11 4.65 14.32 5.03 5.64
Erratic output 1" . 0.38 2.09 1.09 0.31 126 126' 378 378"
1t 0.66 3.55 1.64 0.47
External leakage - Process 47" 4.93 26.48 17.09 14.50 25 96 28 96
medium 47t 8.89 48.13 22.36 22.08
External leakage - Utility 39' . 5.35 14.77 27.31 12.03 15 45 27 90
medium 39t . 8.86 45.81 34.79 18.32
Fail to sta1 on demand 17" 0.06 4.53 14.55 5.26 5.24 7.8 33 30 336
17t 0.13 7.86 24.62 8.79 7.98
High output 3' . 2.41 12.85 5.89 0.93 . 3.3 6.0'
3t 1E-3 6.11 27.34 10.82 1.41
Internal leakage 2' 1E-3 0.54 2.18 0.82 0.62 . . 42 48"
2t 3E-3 0.91 3.56 1.32 0.94
Low output 5" 0.01 1.52 5.10 1.87 1.54 20 58' 42 115"
st 5E-3 2.25 8.95 3.34 2.35
Noise 3' 0.11 0.82 2.07 0.64 0.93 16 16' 69 122'
3t 0.22 1.28 3.09 0.93 1.41
Overheating 2' 0.02 0.59 1.79 0.62 0.62 23 23' 24 45'
2t 0.08 0.92 2.58 0.84 0.94
Parameter deviation 6" 0.02 1.60 5.25 1.92 1.85 15 44' 27 88'
6t 0.03 2.45 7.81 2.81 2.82
Spurious stop 35' . 9.06 45.52 19.51 10.80 13 124 17 248
35t 0.02 16.75 69.64 26.51 16.44
Structural deficiency 21" 2.97 7.27 15.63 6.48 18 54 35 108
21t 4.87 25.23 19.73 9.86
Vibration 15" 0.05 5.83 19.47 7.14 4.63 27 17' 105 320
15t 0.83 73.17 237.10 86.14 7.05
Other 1' . 0.35 1.94 0.93 0.31 22 22' 94 94'
1t . 0.58 2.96 1.27 0.47
Degraded 192" 0.11 54.87 219.55 82.24 59.24 7.5 88 17 210
192t 1.07 114.16 377.52 138.08 90.18
AbnoiTTial instrument reading 2' . 0.75 3.68 1.55 0.62 9.0 12" 12 12'
2t 2E4 1.33 5.96 2.36 0.94
Erratic output 10' . 6.09 32.57 15.00 3.09 12 12' 16 24
10t 4E4 12.04 56.78 23.19 4.70
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.3.1 Machinery
Pumps
Centnfugal
156 19 Calendar time* Operational time ' 5018
3.2412 2.1290
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
External leakage - Process g• 0.02 2.35 7.84 2.87 2.78 9.9 33" 25 gg·
medium gt 0.08 3.79 11.71 4.13 4.23
External leakage - Util~y 93. 2E-3 22.45 103.84 41.86 28.69 7.5 88 16 178
medium 93t 0.29 41.92 144.26 53.17 43.68
Intern~> leakage g• 0.01 4.55 18.24 6.84 2.78 15 45" 21 go·
gt 0.08 8.43 27.88 10.20 4.23
Low output 12. 1.21 3.60 7.04 1.83 3.70 6.3 31 14 92
12t 1.75 78.83 243.05 85.49 5.64
Minor in-service problems I. 0.55 3.02 1.41 0.31 - - 24 24"
It 3E-4 0.71 3.11 1.21 0.47
Noise I. 2E-4 0.30 1.26 0.48 0.31 13 13" 25 25"
It 4E-3 0.45 1.51 0.55 0.47
Parameter deviation I. IE-3 0.29 1.11 0.41 0.31 1.0 1.0" 6.0 6.o·
It 2E-3 0.47 1.80 0.66 0.47
Structural deficiency w - 2.19 10.44 9.96 4.32 4.4 16 7.5 31
14t - 3.65 20.06 12.26 6.58
Vibration 28. - 8.23 42.92 19.18 8.64 6.3 12 26 210
28t 4E-3 15.05 66.49 26.14 13.15
Other 12. 0.03 4.90 17.39 6.43 3.70 4.0 4.0" 13 60
12t 0.30 8.52 25.77 8.82 5.64
Incipient 256" 1.02 62.23 195.59 69.93 78.98 7.2 136 II 206
256t 197.13 759.71 1622.20 452.42 120.24
Abnonnal instrument reading 137" 0.01 33.84 149.03 58.45 42.27 5.4 24 6.8 72
137t 28.18 304.28 835.12 269.92 64.35
External leakage - Process 22. - 3.63 17.31 7.11 6.79 10 44 23 206
medium 22t 0.03 6.68 24.73 9.13 10.33
External leakage - Utility 14" 3E-3 4.25 17.92 6.88 4.32 29 136" 20 136
medium 14t 0.08 7.20 23.47 8.55 6.58
Internal leakage 5" 1.32 6.62 2.83 1.54 6.2 16" 17 65"
5t 0.01 2.22 8.45 3.11 2.35
Low output I. 5E-3 0.27 0.86 0.31 0.31 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
It 7E-3 0.42 1.31 0.47 0.47
Minor in-service problems 38. 6E-3 14.16 61.29 23.79 11.72 5.7 27 9.4 32
38t 66.45 285.79 630.82 179.87 17.85
Noise 4. - 1.02 5.29 3.78 1.23 9.3 18" 20 40"
4t 0.11 1.72 5.04 1.67 1.88
Parameter deviation 15• 9E-4 2.66 11.60 4.52 4.63 9.6 36 16 72
15t 0.08 4.85 15.20 5.42 7.05
Structural deficiency 3. 1E-3 0.91 3.74 1.42 0.93 6.5 16" 10.0 24"
3t O.ot 1.43 5.21 1.92 1.41
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.3.1 Machinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1Q6 hours) No of demands
3.2412 2.1290
Vibration 1' 2E-4 0.30 1.26 0.48 0.31 5.0 5.0' 10.0 10.0'
1t 4E-3 0.45 1.51 0.55 0.47
Other 16' 0.06 4.19 13.30 4.79 4.94 7.1 16 12 48
16t 19.03 94.74 40.35 7.52
Unknown 8' 9E-4 3.36 14.79 5.80 2.47 1.5 1.5' 7.7 29'
at 0.03 7.64 29.49 10.89 3.76
External leakage - Utility 1' - 0.78 4.33 2.18 0.31 - 29 29'
medium 1t - 1.92 9.58 4.08 0.47
Unknown 7' - 2.60 12.96 5.52 2.16 1.5 1.5' 4.2 6.0'
7t 1E-3 5.79 25.96 10.28 3.29
All modes 666' 0.41 159.57 629.15 234.35 205.48 11 136 21 378
666t 213.75 1021.22 2324.77 676.94 312.82
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand= 1.8· 1Q-3
©OREDA
Item: Pumps- Centrifugal

Bearing 0.15 0.08 - - -
Cablina & junction boxes 0.15 - 0.15 - -
Casing 0.45 1.05 0.15 -
Control un~ 0.75 - 1.05 0.15 0.15
Coole~s) - 0.15 - - -
Cooling/heating system - - - - -
Coupling to driven unit - -
Coupling to driver 0.15 -
Fi11el(s) - 0.30 - - -
Filter, cvclone - - - - 0.30
Gearboxlvar.drive 0.15 - -
Impeller - - -
Instrument, flow 4.35 - 0.15 - 0.08 -
Instrument, c:~eneral 2.10 - - 0.75 - -
Instrument, level 0.15 - - -
Instrument, pressure 5.63 - 0.08 0.30 - -
Instrument, speed 0.75 - - - - - - -
Instrument, temperature 2.25 - - 0.15 - - -
Lubrication - - - - -
Oil - 0.75 - 0.15 - -
Other - 1.20 - 0.15 0.30 0.15
PiDina - 2.55 3.38 - - - 1.35
Pump - - - -
Pump wlmotor - 0.30 - - - -
Radial bearing - -
Reservoir incl. heating system - - - 0.15 - - -
Seals 0.15 6.68 13.66 - 1.13 -
Shaft - 0.15 - 0.15
Subunit - 0.60 0.15 - - -
SUPPOrt - - - - - - - -
Thrust bearino 0.15 0.15 0.15 - - -
Unknown 0.60 0.30 0.75 0.15 1.20 0.45 0.45 0.60
Valves - - 1.05 0.15 0.45 - - 0.45 -
Wlrina 0.83 - - - - -
Total 21.02 1.80 11.71 22.07 1.65 2.55 0.45 2.40 2.70
©OREDA

Item: Pumps -Centrifugal
NOI OHE OTH PDE SER SID UNK UST VIB Sum
Bearing 0.15 - - 0.30 0.08 0.15 0.90
Cablino & iunction boxes - - - 0.15 - - - 0.45
Casing 0.15 - - - 0.60 - - 2.40
Control unit - - 0.30 0.30 0.15 0.30 - 3.15
Coole~sl - 0.45 - 0.60
Cooling/heatino system - 0.15 - - - - - 0.15
Coupling to driven unit 0.15 - 0.45 0.15 - 0.75
Coupling to driver - - - - - - 0.15
FiR~) - 0.15 - 0.30 - - 0.75
Filter, cyclone - 1.95 - - - 2.25
Gearbox/var.drive - - - - 0.15 - 0.30
Impeller - - - 0.23 - - 0.20 0.43
Instrument, llow 0.15 - 4.73
Instrument, general 0.75 0.30 - - 0.45 4.35
Instrument, level - - 0.15 - - - 0.30
lnstrumentl!_ressure - - 0.30 0.15 1.20 7.66
Instrument, speed 0.45 - - - 1.20
Instrument, temperature - - - 0.60 - 3.00
Instrument, vibration - - - 0.60 3.15
Lubrication - 0.15 - - 0.15
Monitorirn:l 0.15 0.30 - - 0.45 1.65
Oil 0.30 0.15 0.15 - - - 1.50
Other - 0.60 - 0.45 0.15 - 0.15 3.15
Piping - - 0.15 1.50 0.60 1.05 - - 10.59
Pump - 0.15 - - - 0.15
Pump w/motor - - - - 0.30
Radial bearing 0.23 - - 0.88 1.10
Reservoir incl. heating svstem - - - - - - - 0.15
Seals 0.08 0.30 0.15 0.15 - 0.23 22.52
Shaft 0.30 - - - - - 0.13 0.73
Subunit - - - 0.75 0.75 0.15 030 2.70
SUPPOrt - - - - - 3.00 3.00
Thrust bearing - - - - 0.53 - 0.15 1.13
Unknown - - 0.90 0.15 0.45 0.90 1.35 1.05 9.31
Valves 0.30 - 0.75 0.15 0.45 - 0.15 - 3.90
l'llrino - - - 0.15 - - 0.30 - 1.28
Total 1.20 0.30 4.35 3.30 5.86 5.71 1.05 5.26 6.61 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Pumps- Centrifugal
AIR BRD ELP ELU ERO FTS HID INL LOO

Blockaoe/oluooed 1.35 0.45 1.05 0.45 1.80
Breakaoe 0.15 0.15 .
Cavitation 0.30 0.45 0.45 .
Clearance/ alianment failure 0.60 0.30 0.15 . .
Combined causes . 0.15 .
Contamination . 0.30 0.15 .
Control failure 0.30 0.75 0.15 .
Corrosion 0.75 0.30 0.30 0.15
Defonnation 0.15 .
Earth/isolation fault 0.30
Electrical failure -general 0.45 0.15
Erosion 0.15 . .
External influence- !leneral 0.15 .
Faulty signaUinclication/alann 2.25 . . .
Instrument failure - general 10.21 . . 0.60 0.15 0.15
LeakaQe 0.30 1.80 4.05 0.15 . . 0.75
Looseness . 0.90 0.15 . . .
Material failure -general 0.60 1.05 0.15 .
Mechanical Failure- aeneral 0.60 0.90 6.61 10.81 0.30 0.75 0.45
Misc. external influences 0.90 0.15 0.15 1.35 . . .
Miscellaneous - general . . . . .
No cause found . . . 0.15 .
No sianaVindicationlalaiTJ 0.75 . . . . .
Open circuit 0.60 . . .
Other 0.15 .
Ou1 of adjusbnent 1.35 . . 0.30 .
Overlleatino 0.15 .
Sticking . .
Unknown 0.15 0.60 0.45 0.15 0.30 0.15
Vibration 0.30 . 0.15 .
Wefll: . . 0.15 1.65 . 0.15 0.15
Total 21.02 1.80 11.71 22.07 1.65 2.55 0.45 2.40 2.70
©OREDA

Item: Pumps - Centrifugal
NOI OHE OTH PDE SER STD UNK UST VIB Sum
Blockaoelolll!laed - - - 1.65 0.90 0.45 - 0.30 8.41
Breakaoe - 0.30 0.15 - - 0.45 1.20
Cavitation 0.15 - - - - - 1.35
Clearancel alianment failure - 0.15 0.30 - - 1.65 3.15
Combined causes - - - - 0.15
Contamination 2.25 - 2.70
Control failure - 0.15 0.30 - 0.30 1.95
Corrosion - 0.45 - - 0.15 - 2.10
Defonnation - - - 0.15
Earth/isolation fault - - 0.30
Electrical failure - general - 0.60 1.20
Erosion - - - - 0.15
External influence - general - - - 0.15
Faulty signallindicationlalann - 0.15 - - 2.40
Instrument failure - general - - 0.60 0.45 0.30 - 0.45 2.25 15.17
leakaae 0.15 0.60 0.30 - 8.11
Looseness - - 0.15 - 1.20
Material failure -general - - 1.20 - 0.15 - 3.15
Mechanical Failure - aeneral 0.90 0.30 0.75 0.30 0.30 3.15 0.15 1.05 1.50 28.83
Misc. external influences - - 0.60 0.15 1.05 - 0.15 1.50 6.01
Miscellaneous- general - 0.15 0.30 - - 0.45
No cause found - - - - - - 0.15
No sianal/indication/alarm - 0.15 - - - - 0.90
Open circuij - - - - - - - 0.60
other - 0.45 - - - 0.60
Out of adjustment - - - - - 0.30 0.15 2.10
Overfleatino - - - - - 0.15
Sticking - 0.15 - - - 0.15
UnknO\Wl - 0.15 - 0.45 - 0.30 2.70
Vibration 0.15 - 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.60 1.65
Werr - - 0.15 - - 0.45 2.70
Total 1.20 0.30 4.35 3.30 5.86 5.71 1.05 5.26 6.61 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.3.1.1 Machinery
Pumps
Cen1rifugal
Combined function
4 1 Calendar time* Operational time T
0.1971 0.1460
Critical 6" 13.27 30.44 60.07 12.43 30.44 58 96' 59 96'
st 17.91 41.09 81.09 16.78 41.09
External leakage - Process 5" 10.00 25.37 53.35 11.35 25.37 70 96" 70 96"
medium 5t 13.49 34.24 72.01 15.31 34.24
Fail to start on demand 1" 0.25 5.07 24.08 5.07 5.07 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.o·
1t 0.34 6.85 32.50 6.85 6.85
Degraded 2" 1.80 10.15 31.94 7.18 10.15 3.0 4.0" 3.0 4.o·
2t 2.43 13.70 43.11 9.69 13.70
External leakage - Process 1" 0.25 5.07 24.08 5.07 5.07 2.0 2.o" 2.0 2.o·
medium 1t 0.34 6.85 32.50 6.85 6.85
External leakage - Utility 1" 0.25 5.07 24.08 5.07 5.07 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
medium 1t 0.34 6.85 32.50 6.85 6.85
Incipient 5" 10.00 25.37 53.35 11.35 25.37 35 136' 29 136'
5t 13.49 34.24 72.01 15.31 34.24
Abnonnal instrument reading 1" 0.25 5.07 24.08 5.07 5.07 1.5 1.5" 1.5 1.5"
1t 0.34 6.85 32.50 6.85 6.85
External leakage - Process 3' 4.16 15.22 39.35 8.79 15.22 1.5 2.o· 2.7 5.o·
medium 3t 5.62 20.55 53.11 11.86 20.55
External leakage- Utility 1' 0.25 5.07 24.08 5.07 5.07 136 136" 136 136"
medium 1t 0.34 6.85 32.50 6.85 6.85
All modes 13' 39.01 65.96 104.86 18.29 65.96 41 136 39 136
13t 52.65 89.03 141.53 24.69 89.03
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.3.1.2 Machinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Condensate processinQ
10 2 Calendar time "' Operational time 554
0.1752 0.0853
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
failures Lower Mean Upper 5D nl< Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 10" 0.90 118.44 402.19 147.95 57.08 . . 10 48
10t 1.85 240.47 815.03 299.72 117.25
Fail to start on demand 3" 0.66 28.44 87.47 30.69 17.12 . 8.3 w
3t 1.42 57.74 177.08 61.92 35.18
High output 2" 0.09 26.40 102.15 37.75 11.42 . . 4.5 6.o·
2t 0.19 53.53 207.04 76.51 23.45
Internal leakage 1" 0.10 5.19 16.12 5.71 5.71 . 48 48•
1t 0.21 10.66 33.10 11.73 11.73
Spurious stop 3" 0.15 40.67 157.00 57.96 17.12 5.7 1o.o·
3t 0.30 82.48 318.34 117.51 35.18
Vibration 1" 0.04 12.13 47.17 17.48 5.71 . 5.0 5.o·
1t 0.08 24.58 95.49 35.36 11.73
Degraded 20" 75.65 114.16 159.12 25.53 114.16 . . 28 178
20t 155.15 234.24 326.62 52.44 234.51
External leakage - Utility w 48.80 80.43 118.46 21.36 79.91 . 33 178
medium 14t 100.06 165.02 243.15 43.87 164.16
Other 6" 14.47 33.73 59.53 13.98 34.25 . 18 so·
6t 29.66 69.22 122.23 28.72 70.35
Incipient 11" 14.55 86.02 206.81 62.20 62.79 . . 11 48
11t 30.52 175.02 417.29 124.80 128.98
Abnonnal instrument reading s· 2.67 78.02 236.07 80.88 45.66 . 7.8 24•
at 5.76 158.55 478.81 163.41 93.80
Other 3" 0.42 14.37 43.74 15.13 17.12 . . 20 48•
3t 0.83 29.50 89.93 31.19 35.18
Unknown 4" 4.59 29.97 73.87 22.58 22.83 . . 5.0 6.o·
4t 9.75 60.88 148.45 45.05 46.90
Unknown 4" 4.59 29.97 73.87 22.56 22.83 5.0 6.o·
4t 9.75 60.88 148.45 45.05 46.90
All modes 45" 69.67 358.16 825.52 243.00 258.85 . . 18 178

45t 146.51 725.32 1667.16 488.35 527.64
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =1.8· 1Q- 3
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.3.1.3 Mcrihinery
Pumps
Cenliifugal
Cooling sys1ems
Population Installations Aggregated time in teNice (10& hours) No of demands
150
0.1051 0.0601
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 11)6 hours . Active reD. hrs Man hours
Critical 1' 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 . . 122 12T
1t 0.83 16.65 78.98 16.65 16.65
Noise 1' 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 . 122 12£
1t 0.83 16.65 78.98 16.65 16.65
All modes 1' 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 . . 122 12T
1t 0.83 16.65 78.98 16.65 16.65
Comments
On demand orobabilitv for conseauence class: Critical Md failure mode: Fail to start on demood =0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.3.1.4 Machinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Crude oil handling
5 2 Calendar time * Operational time T
0.1052 0.0876
Critical 4"
4t
0.33
0.28
38.00
55.18
126.92
199.42
46.54
73.69
38.01
45.66
- - 115 231"
Spurious stop 1" 0.04 9.50 36.48 13.43 9.50 - 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.90 12.37 35.40 11.65 11.42
Vibration 3" 0.38 28.50 91.12 32.90 28.51 - 152 231'
3t 0.24 40.91 144.56 53.39 34.25
Degraded 27" 118.50 256.54 437.26 98.65 256.56 16 4!> 41 210
27t 69.15 338.18 774.82 228.52 308.22
Erratic output 6" 0.35 57.00 199.35 73.58 57.01 - - 12 24"
6t 0.39 83.71 309.09 114.16 68.49
medium 1t 0.08 10.65 36.52 13.45 11.42
External leakage - Utilily 5" 18.72 47.51 86.99 21.25 47.51 11 20" 36 83"
medium 5t 16.69 59.24 123.10 33.63 57.08
5t 22.49 57.08 104.51 25.53 57.08
Low output 3" 7.79 28.51 59.82 16.46 28.51 12 12" 20 24"
3t 9.14 33.94 71.57 19.77 34.25
Vibration 6" 8.97 57.01 139.60 42.47 57.01 12 12" 93 210"
6t 4.17 78.23 232.76 77.58 68.49
Other 1" 0.04 9.50 36.48 13.43 9.50 - - 8.0 8.0"
1t 0.90 12.37 35.40 11.65 11.42
Incipient 26" 128.19 247.06 397.41 82.94 247.05 9.1 27 14 30
26t 205.86 294.84 396.45 58.21 296.80
Abnormal instrument reaiing 7" 31.21 66.51 112.50 25.14 66.51 9.3 11" 12 30"
7t 16.53 86.74 202.37 59.79 79.91
External leakage - Utility 1" 0.04 9.50 36.48 13.43 9.50 - 8.0 8.0"
medium 1t 0.90 12.37 35.40 11.65 11.42
Minor in-service problems 17" 17.12 161.56 430.73 137.10 161.54 8.9 27 14 27
17t 46.67 181.10 387.54 108.26 194.06
Other 1" 0.48 9.50 28.46 9.50 9.50 12 12" 24 24"
1t 0.08 10.65 36.52 13.45 11.42
All modes 57" 429.25 541.62 684.77 71.74 541.62 11 45 34 231

57t 333.26 681.75 1130.67 246.14 650.68
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.3.1.5 M~hinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Flare, vent & blow-down
4 1 Calendar time * Operational timeT
0.1971 0.1460
Critical 1" 0.25 5.07 24.08 5.07 "''
5.07 25 2s< 25 2s<
1t 0.34 6.85 32.50 6.85 6.85
External leakage - Process 1" 0.25 5.07 24.08 5.07 5.07 25 25' 25 25'
medium 1t 0.34 6.85 32.50 6.85 6.85
All modes 1" 0.25 5.07 24.08 5.07 5.07 25 2s< 25 2s<
1t 0.34 6.85 32.50 6.85 6.85
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.3.1.6 Macttinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Gas processing
0.1051 0.0978
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours). Active re~ hrs Man hours
failures Lower Mean Upper so nn Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 18. 110.66 171.23 253.90 40.36 171.23 14 37 27 73
1St 118.96 184.08 272.94 43.39 184.08
Breakdown 3. 7.80 28.54 73.77 16.48 28.54 11 1r 21 33"
3t 8.39 30.68 79.31 17.71 30.68
External leakage- Process 1. 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 19 19" 37 37"
medium 1t 0.51 10.23 48.52 10.23 10.23
External leakage • Utility 6. 24.88 57.08 112.63 23.30 57.08 16 37" 32 73"
medium 6t 26.74 61.36 121.08 25.05 61.36
Spurious stop 3. 7.80 28.54 73.77 16.48 28.54 3.0 s.o· 3.0 5.0"
3t 8.39 30.68 79.31 17.71 30.68
Structural deficiency 4. 12.99 38.05 87.09 19.03 38.05 17 26" 35 51"
4t 13.96 40.91 93.62 20.45 40.91
Vibration 1. 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 25 25" 50 so·
1t 0.51 10.23 48.52 10.23 10.23
Degraded 2T 141.67 209.28 298.83 44.62 209.28 4.0 20 6.0 39
22t 152.30 224.98 321.25 47.97 224.98
External leakage - Process 2. 3.38 19.03 59.88 13.45 19.03 2.5 2.5" 5.0 5.0"
medium 2t 3.63 20.45 64.38 14.46 20.45
External leakage • Utility 10. 51.61 95.13 161.34 30.08 95.13 4.2 20 8.3 39
medium 10t 55.48 102.26 173.44 32.34 102.26
2t 3.63 20.45 64.38 14.46 20.45
Vibration 8. 37.86 76.10 137.32 26.91 76.10 4.3 7.0" 4.3 14"
8t 40.70 81.81 147.62 28.92 81.81
Incipient 4. 12.99 38.05 87.09 19.03 38.05 2.8 4.0" 3.5 4.0"
4t 13.96 40.91 93.62 20.45 40.91
Abnormal instrument reOOing 3. 7.80 28.54 73.77 16.48 28.54 3.0 4.0" 3.3 4.0"
3t 8.39 30.68 79.31 17.71 30.68
Minor in-service problems 1. 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 2.0 2.0" 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.51 10.23 48.52 10.23 10.23
All modes 44• 320.45 418.57 538.17 63.10 418.57 8.4 37 14 73

44t 344.48 449.96 578.53 67.83 449.96
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.3.1.7 Machinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Gas treatment
0.1927 0.0723
Failure mode No of Failure rate~ 1()6 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
failures Lower Mean Upper SD nl< Mean Max Mean Max
Incipient 1" 1E·3 4.75 20.83 8.15 5.19 . . 40 41r
1t 0.08 12.75 44.21 16.31 13.83
Noise 1" 1E-3 4.75 20.83 8.15 5.19 40 40"
1t 0.08 12.75 44.21 16.31 13.83
Unknown 1" 3E-4 5.03 23.46 9.51 5.19 . . 29 29'
1t 0.05 13.33 51.51 19.03 13.83
Extemalleakage • Utilny 1" 3E-4 5.03 23.46 9.51 5.19 . . 29 29"
medium 1t 0.05 13.33 51.51 19.03 13.83
All modes T 0.34 9.89 29.94 10.26 10.38 . . 35 4lr

2t 3.72 26.46 66.49 20.52 27.67
Comments
On demand orobabilitv for conseQuence class: Critical ood failure mode: Fail to start on demand =0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.3.1.8 Machinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Heatina medium
7 2 Calendar time * Operational time r 12
0.1226 0.0947
failures lower Mean Upper SD nit Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 1' 0.04 7.72 27.32 10.09 8.15 3.5 3.5' 7.0 7.11'
1t 0.20 9.64 29.87 10.58 10.58
External leakage - Utility 1' 0.04 7.72 27.32 10.09 8.15 3.5 3.5' 7.0 7.0'
medium 1t 0.20 9.64 29.87 10.56 10.56
Dagraded 4' 0.58 29.90 92.95 32.95 32.62 5.6 16' 11 31'
4t 7.38 37.50 86.76 25.51 42.23
Structural deficiency 1' 0.04 7.72 27.32 10.09 8.15 16 16' 31 31'
1t 0.20 9.64 29.87 10.56 10.56
Vibration 3' 1.22 22.76 67.70 22.56 24.46 2.3 2.5' 4.7 5.0'
3t 6.65 28.92 64.02 18.29 31.67
Incipient 4' 0.58 29.90 92.95 32.95 32.62 4.5 8.0' 4.5 8.11'
4t 7.38 37.50 86.76 25.51 42.23
Abnormal instrument reading 4' 0.58 29.90 92.95 32.95 32.62 4.5 8.0' 4.5 8.0'
4t 7.38 37.50 86.76 25.51 42.23
All modes 9' 0.43 65.57 227.25 83.81 73.39 4.9 16' 7.8 31'
9t 1.83 74.42 228.27 79.83 95.02
Comments
On demood probability for conseQuence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand= 0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.3.1.9 Ma::hinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Oil export
4 2 Calendar time " Operational time T 480
0.1018 0.0792
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10S hours). Active reD. hrs Man hours
Critical 19. 121.72 186.12 261.64 42.80 186.58 14 45 23 90
19t 144.86 238.62 351.32 63.30 240.00
Breakdown 1. 0.04 9.67 36.47 13.45 9.82 18 18' 35 35'
1t 0.06 12.21 44.87 16.57 12.63
External leakage - Process 6. 0.35 60.58 214.15 79.09 58.92 8.6 16' 11 16'
medium 6t 0.44 81.27 291.26 107.62 75.79
External leakage - Utility 10. 0.50 95.46 344.12 127.16 98.20 16 45' 29 go·
medium 10t 0.66 118.26 421.59 155.76 126.32
Noise 1. 0.54 9.93 29.48 9.82 9.82 -
1t 0.79 12.99 38.07 12.63 12.63
Spurious stop 1. 0.04 9.67 36.47 13.45 9.82 8.0 8.o· 8.0 8.o·
1t 0.06 12.21 44.87 16.57 12.63
Degraded 12. 2.61 115.19 354.81 124.67 117.84 5.5 15 8.6 30
12t 4.47 143.92 437.00 150.66 151.58
External leakage- Utility r 7.90 67.69 176.19 55.26 68.74 4.7 w 7.1 30'
medium 7t 13.04 85.56 211.15 64.53 88.42
Vibration 5. 0.37 47.89 162.25 59.66 49.10 6.6 8.5' 11 17'
5t 0.54 59.66 198.12 72.54 63.16
Incipient 32' 100.04 310.91 616.58 162.23 314.24 3.4 12 3.7 12
32t 152.50 395.56 731.12 180.34 404.21
Abnormal instrument reading 25. 54.80 242.28 539.20 154.61 245.50 2.9 10.0 3.0 10.0
25t 83.90 307.08 644.45 177.34 315.79
Extemalleakage - Utility 2. 3.49 19.65 46.60 13.89 19.64 7.0 12' 7.0 1£
medium 2t 4.52 25.31 59.98 17.86 25.26
1t 0.79 12.99 38.07 12.63 12.63
Vibration 1. 0.04 9.67 36.47 13.45 9.82 5.0 5.o· 10.0 10.0'
1t 0.06 12.21 44.87 16.57 12.63
Other 3. 7.98 29.36 61.73 17.01 29.46 7.0 8.o· 7.0 8.o·
3t 10.18 37.64 79.28 21.88 37.89
Unknown 1.
1t
0.04
0.06
9.67
12.21
36.47
44.87
13.45
16.57
9.82
12.63
- - -
Unknown 1. 0.04 9.67 36.47 13.45 9.82 -
1t 0.06 12.21 44.87 16.57 12.63
All modes 64. 158.90 620.35 1330.15 372.09 628.49 6.6 45 10 90

64t 238.75 786.19 1592.22 426.23 808.42
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand = 0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hom
1.3.1.10 Machinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Oil processing
2 1 Calendar time • Operational time
0.0985 0.0776
Critical 15' 93.81 152.22 234.36 39.30 152.22 15 77 15 80
15t 119.11 193.26 297.55 49.90 193.26
Breakdown 1' 0.51 10.15 48.15 10.15 10.15
1t 0.64 12.88 61.13 12.88 12.88
External leakage - Process 10' 55.05 101.48 172.11 32.09 101.48 11 20. 11 20.
medium 10t 69.90 128.84 218.51 40.74 128.84
Fait to start on demand 1' 0.51 10.15 48.15 10.15 10.15 6.0 6.o· 6.0 6.o·
1t 0.64 12.88 61.13 12.88 12.88
Spurious stop 2' 3.60 20.30 63.88 14.35 20.30 3.5 4.0' 3.5 4.o·
2t 4.57 25.77 81.10 18.22 25.77
Vibration 1' 0.51 10.15 48.15 10.15 10.15 77 7r 80 so·
1t 0.64 12.88 61.13 12.88 12.88
Degraded 3' 8.32 30.44 78.70 17.58 30.44 6.2 8.o· 6.0 8.1r
3t 10.56 38.65 99.91 22.32 38.65
External leakage - Utility 3' 8.32 30.44 78.70 17.58 30.44 6.2 8.o· 6.0 8.o·
medium 3t 10.56 38.65 99.91 22.32 38.65
Incipient 13' 78.02 131.92 209.71 36.59 131.92 7.9 36 7.9 36
13t 99.05 167.49 266.26 46.45 167.49
Abnonnal instrument reCiting 4' 13.85 40.59 92.90 20.30 40.59 1.8 3.o· 1.8 3.o·
4t 17.59 51.54 117.95 25.77 51.54
External leakage - Process 2' 3.60 20.30 63.88 14.35 20.30 21 36. 21 36.
medium 2t 4.57 25.77 81.10 18.22 25.77
Ex1emal leakage - U1ility 2' 3.60 20.30 63.88 14.35 20.30 24 24. 24 24.
medium 2t 4.57 25.77 81.10 18.22 25.77
Minor in-service problems 5' 19.99 50.74 106.70 22.69 50.74 1.4 2.o· 1.4 2.o·
5t 25.38 64.42 135.47 28.81 64.42
All modes 31' 227.75 314.58 424.55 58.50 314.58 11 77 11 80

31t 289.16 399.40 539.02 71.73 399.40
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.3.1.11 Machinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Oily water treatment
Population Installations Aggregated Ume in service (106 hours) No of demands
0.1051 0.0806
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 47" 345.50 447.11 570.16 65.22 447.11 12 30 23 60
47t 450.71 583.26 743.78 85.08 583.26
Breakdown 5' 1a.74 47.56 100.03 21.27 47.56 17 30. 33 so·
5t 24.45 62.05 130.49 27.75 62.05
External leakage - Process a· 37.86 76.10 137.32 26.91 76.10 10 15. 21 30.
medium at 49.39 99.28 179.13 35.10 99.28
External leakage - Utility 19' 118.35 180.75 265.20 41.47 180.75 11 25 23 49
medium 19t 154.39 235.78 345.95 54.09 235.78
Fail to start on demand 1' 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 7.5 7.5· 15 w
1t 0.62 12.41 58.Ba 12.41 12.41
Low output 1' 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 18 18. 35 w
1t 0.62 12.41 58.88 12.41 12.41
Overheating 1' 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 23 23. 45 45.
1t 0.62 12.41 58.88 12.41 12.41
Spurious stop 2' 3.38 19.03 59.88 13.45 19.03 3.5 s.o· 4.0 6.o·
2t 4.41 24.82 7a.12 17.55 24.82
Structural deficiency 9' 44.66 85.62 149.40 28.54 85.62 11 1r 21 33.
9t 58.26 111.69 194.89 37.23 111.69
Vibration 1' 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 - -
1t 0.62 12.41 58.88 12.41 12.41
Degraded 39' 278.98 371.00 484.58 59.41 371.00 4.5 13 7.6 25
39t 363.93 483.98 632.14 77.50 483.98
External leakage - Utility 27" 181.29 256.85 354.20 49.43 256.a5 4.1 12 7.1 24
medium 27t 236.49 335.06 462.05 64.48 335.06
low output 3' 7.80 28.54 73.77 16.48 28.54 2.0 2.5· 4.0 5.o·
3t 10.18 37.23 96.24 21.49 37.23
Noise 1' 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 13 13. 25 25.
1t 0.62 12.41 58.88 12.41 12.41
Structural deficiency 4' 12.99 3a.05 87.09 19.03 38.05 3.3 4.5· 6.7 9.o·
4t 16.94 49.64 113.61 24.82 49.64
Vibration 4' 12.99 38.05 87.09 19.03 38.05 9.a w 9.8 21.
4t 16.94 49.64 113.61 24.a2 49.64
Incipient 25' 165.35 237.82 332.14 47.56 237.82 2.3 6.0 3.1 10.0
25t 215.70 310.24 433.28 62.05 310.24
Abnormal instrument reading 18' 110.66 171.23 253.90 40.36 171.23 2.3 s.o· 2.6 s.o·
1St 144.36 223.38 331.21 52.65 223.38
Minor in-service problems 7" 31.25 66.59 125.10 25.17 66.59 2.3 5.o· 3.7 1o.o·
7t 40.77 86.87 163.19 32.83 86.87
Unknown 1' 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 1.5 1.~ 3.0 l.o·
1t 0.62 12.41 58.88 12.41 12.41
Comments
(coni.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.3.1.11 Machinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Oilv water treatment
0.1051 0.0806
Unknown 1' 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 1.5 1.5· 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.62 12.41 58.88 12.41 12.41
All modes 112* 905.42 1065.45 1246.54 100,68 1065.45 7.4 30 14 60

112t 1181.13 1389.89 1626.12 131.33 1389.89
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.3.1.12 M~hinery
Pumps
Cenbifugal
Seawater lift
0.3526 0.2411
Critical 18' 33.23 51.29 72.55 12.03 51.05 35 124+ 94 336
tat 47.88 74.28 105.39 17.60 74.67
Breakdown I' 7E-4 2.92 12.90 5.07 2.84 - -
It 2E·3 4.05 17.62 6.85 4.15
External leakage - Process s· 0.34 15.01 46.28 16.27 14.18 15 31' 20 31'
medium st 1.04 20.22 60.37 20.14 20.74
External leakage - Utility I' 7E-4 2.92 12.90 5.07 2.84 26 26' 34 34'
medium It 2E·3 4.05 17.62 6.85 4.15
Fail to start on demand 3' 1.03 8.80 22.92 7.19 8.51 33 33' 135 336'
3t 0.84 14.11 41.47 13.77 12.45
High output t• 0,02 2.52 8.61 3.17 2.84 - - 1.0 1.0'
It 0.01 3.82 15.36 5.77 4.15
Internal leakage I' 0.02 2.52 8.61 3.17 2.84 - - 36 36'
It 0.01 3.82 15.36 5.77 4.15
Low output I' 0.06 3.19 9.90 3.50 2.84 58 58' 115 115'
It 6E-4 4.27 19.37 7.71 4.15
Overlleating t• 0.02 2.52 8.61 3.17 2.84 - - 3.0 3.0'
It 0.01 3.82 15.36 5.77 4.15
Spurious stop t• 0.06 3.19 9.90 3.50 2.84 124 124' 248 248'
It 6E-4 4.27 19.37 7.71 4.15
Structural deficiency t• 0.06 3.19 9.90 3.50 2.84 15 15' 15 15'
It 6E-4 4.27 19.37 7.71 4.15
Vibration 2' 0.02 4.69 17.17 6.34 5.67 - 285 320'
2t 1.25 7.89 19.30 5.87 8.30
Degraded 7' 1.54 19.71 55.78 18.28 19.85 3.1 7.tr 4.9 14'
7t 4.39 27.85 68.16 20.73 29.04
External leakage - Process 2' 0.01 7.10 29.00 10.97 5.67 4.5 7.0' 9.0 14'
medium 2t 0.06 8.54 29.61 10.92 8.30
External leakage - Utility 2' 0.02 4.69 17.17 6.34 5.67 - 3.5 4.0'
medium 2t 1.25 7.89 19.30 5.87 8.30
Internal leakage t• 7E-4 2.92 12.90 5.07 2.84 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
It 2E·3 4.05 17.62 6.85 4.15
Structural deficiency t• 0.06 3.19 9.90 3.50 2.84 1.5 1.5' 3.0 3.0'
It 6E-4 4.27 19.37 7.71 4.15
Other t• 0.02 2.52 8.61 3.17 2.84 - 4.0 4.0'
It 0.01 3.82 15.36 5.77 4.15
Incipient 14' 6.26 41.02 101.19 30.92 39.70 3.2 8.tr 4-2 12
14t 15.13 56.25 118.69 32.81 58.08
Abnonnal instrument reading 8' 1.80 25.65 73.77 24.32 22.69 3.4 8.0' 3.4 8.0'
at 5.34 33.08 80.50 24.40 33.19
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.3.1.12 Machinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Sea water lift
0.3526 0.2411
failures Lower Mean Upper SD nl< Meen Max Mean Max
External leakage - Utility 3. 0.80 7.77 20.88 6.67 8.51 - - 5.0 12.
medium 3t 0.70 11.59 34.00 11.28 12.45
2t 0.17 8.14 25.16 8.87 8.30
other 1. 7E-I 2.92 12.90 5.07 2.84 -
1t 2E-3 4.05 17.62 6.85 4.15
Unknown 1. 0.02 2.52 8.61 3.17 2.84 . . 2.0 2.0'
1t 0.01 3.82 15.36 5.77 4.15
Unknown 1. 0.02 2.52 8.61 3.17 2.84 . - 2.0 2.o·
1t O.D1 3.82 15.36 5.77 4.15
All modes 40. 68.04 114.94 171.77 31.82 113.44 18 124 47 336
40t 73.88 160.12 273.05 61.64 165.94
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand = 3.8- 1o- 3
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.3.1.13 Machinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Water fire fiahlina
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1oe hours) No of demands
0.6542 0.2837
Critical 7" 0.17 10.36 32.61 11.67 10.70 41 126' 114 371r
7t 663.94 1161.90 1772.79 340.56 24.67
Breakdown I. 1.44 7.91 3.81 1.53 - 211 211'
It 0.09 3.57 10.94 3.82 3.52
Erratic output I. 0.08 1.54 4.59 1.53 1.53 126 126" 378 378'
It 488.67 819.00 1218.31 223.81 3.52
Low output I. - 1.44 7.91 3.81 1.53 52 52'
It 0.09 3.57 10.94 3.82 3.52
Parameter deviation I. - 1.36 7.09 3.17 1.53 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.0"
It 0.12 3.40 10.30 3.52 3.52
Spurious stop I. - 1.44 7.91 3.81 1.53 5.0 5.0" 5.0 5.0"
It 0.09 3.57 10.96 3.83 3.52
Vibration 2. - 3.24 16.28 6.98 3.06 31 31' 76 92'
2t 460.26 835.13 1300.26 258.26 7.05
Degraded 21. 3.58 31.34 82.03 25.82 32.10 25 88 27 92
21t 2859.37 4340.13 6072.56 982.78 74.02
Erratic ootput 4. - 4.89 25.79 11.70 6.11 12 12" 21 24"
4t 0.79 13.05 38.27 12.70 14.10
Extemalleakage - Utility 8. 0.08 13.79 48.52 17.92 12.23 48 88" 40 88'
medium 8t 3172.00 4616.33 6282.06 950.21 28.20
Internal leakage 2. 5E-4 2.89 12.94 5.12 3.06 - 8.0 8.o·
2t 0.19 7.18 21.94 7.64 7.05
Low output I. 3E-4 1.70 7.63 3.02 1.53 31 31' 92 92'
It 659.36 1045.38 1503.62 258.54 3.52
Minor in-service problems I. - 1.44 7.91 3.81 1.53 - 24 24"
It 0.09 3.57 10.96 3.83 3.52
Parameter deviation I. - 1.36 7.09 3.17 1.53 1.0 1.0" 6.0 6.0'
It 0.12 3.40 10.30 3.52 3.52
Other 4. 0.01 5.71 22.57 8.42 6.11 4.0 4.0' II 12'
4t 1.73 14.38 37.24 11.65 14.10
Incipient ta• 1.05 29.48 89.09 30.44 27.51 7.7 16' 9.9 32
tat 6221.52 8357.84 10753.29 1382.05 63.44
Abnonnal instrument reading 8. 0.36 12.78 38.97 13.52 12.23 8.3 12" 6.1 12"
at 2417.75 3605.49 4986.78 785.40 28.20
Extemalleakage- Utility 4. 0.97 6.19 15.16 4.61 6.11 4.0 4.0' II 24'
medium 4t 397.40 841.76 1419.77 316.11 14.10
Internal leakage I. - 1.44 7.91 3.81 1.53 - - 9.0 9.0'
It 0.09 3.57 10.94 3.82 3.52
Minor in-service problems 3. 5E-3 5.33 22.19 8.46 4.59 10.0 16" 19 32"
3t 1803.21 2612.52 3544.44 531.94 10.57
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Kern
1.3.1.13 Machinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Water fl.;fighting
34 9 Calendar time * Operational time •
0.6542 0.2837
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
Other 2. - 3.07 14.68 6.03 3.06 5.0 s.o- 8.0 12"
2t 91.40 255.22 486.02 123.38 7.05
All modes 46. 9.02 71.18 182.61 56.91 70.31 21 126 34 378
46t 12775.27 16289.91 20156.90 2248.89 162.13
Comments
©OREDA
no
1.3.1.14
30 5 720
leakage - Process
leakage- Utility
slop
Degraded
Ex1emalleakage - Process
medium
Ex1emalleakage - Utility
medium
lnlemalleakage
Low output
Structural deficiency 3.7 a.s·

2.74 12 12"
3.47
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.3.1.14 Machinery
Pumps
Centrifugal
Water injection
0.7287 0.5771
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 106 hours . Active reD. hrs Manhours
Incipient 103. 9.44 174.09 517.04 172.23 141.35 8.1 44 14 206
103t 13.01 215.19 631.28 209.49 178.48
Abnormal instrument reading 51. 0.78 116.15 401.46 148.03 69.99 7.9 24 10 72
51t 1.09 141.92 481.21 176.97 88.38
External leakage · Process 17" 0.20 18.81 61.41 22.37 23.33 10 44 27 206
medium 17t 0.18 23.88 81.19 29.87 29.46
External leakage - Utility 1. 1E-3 2.25 9.67 3.75 1.37 5.0 5.o· 10.0 10.0'
medium 1t 2E-3 2.68 11.31 4.35 1.73
Internal leakage 2. 0.03 2.75 8.93 3.25 2.74 8.3 16' 33 65'
2t 0.12 3.38 10.22 3.50 3.47
Low output j• 4E-3 1.26 4.90 1.82 1.37 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
1t 3E-3 1.61 6.51 2.45 1.73
4t 0.01 5.92 23.41 8.73 6.93
Noise 3. 0.12 3.67 11.12 3.82 4.12 9.3 18' 9.3 18'
3t 0.05 4.67 15.20 5.53 5.20
Parameter deviation 15. 0.02 15.74 65.12 24.75 20.59 9.6 36 16 72
15t 0.01 20.25 85.80 33.02 25.99
Structural deficiency 3. 0.04 6.45 22.21 8.19 4.12 6.5 16' 10.0 24'
3t 0.06 7.50 25.54 9.40 5.20
Other 6. 1.99 8.56 18.90 5.39 8.23 6.9 16' 6.9 16'
6t 2.84 10.85 23.12 6.44 10.40
All modes 201. 4.75 390.16 1256.18 455.15 275.85 11 84 17 206

201t 6.44 475.18 1515.47 546.60 348.30
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =8.3· 1(}3
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.3.2 Machinery
Pumps
Reciorocatina
0.8323 0.6371
Critical 6. 0.22 6.92 20.98 7.22 7.21 4.5 6.1r 7.2 1o.o·
External leakage - Process ,.

6t
,t
0.25 10.41
1.37
31.97
6.33
11.20
2.55
9.42
1.20 - 10.0 to.o·
medium 2E-3 2.17 9.14 3.50 1.57
Internal leakage 2. 0.01 2.73 10.61 3.93 2.40 - 7.5 to.o·
Low output ,.
2t
,t
0.01
-
4.34
1.37
16.81
6.33
6.22
2.55
3.14
1.20 - - 6.0 6.o·
2E-3 2.17 9.14 3.50 1.57
Structural deficiency 2. O.Dl 1.97 5.96 2.04 2.40 4.5 6.o· 6.0 6.o·
2t 0.32 2.72 7.07 2.22 3.14
Degraded 31. 6.29 54.26 141.52 44.44 37.25 8.5 36 17 145
31t 17.01 145.64 392.21 123.55 48.66
Erratic output 5. 0.13 14.29 47.25 17.28 6.01 - 23 32.
5t 2.70 40.69 117.95 38.99 7.85
External leakage - Process 1. 8E-4 2.83 12.47 4.89 1.20 - 16 16·
medium ,t 0.01 6.31 25.62 9.67 1.57
Extemalleakage - Utility to· - 12.10 62.42 27.18 12.01 11 36- 23 145
medium tot 17.66 92.64 41.75 15.70
Internal leakage s· IE-3 13.47 62.03 24.92 7.21 - 12 40-
Low output ,.
at
,t
0.58
IE-3
62.98
1.92
208.56
8.16
76.31
3.15
9.42
1.20 - 3.0 3.o·
0.03 8.58 32.74 12.07 1.57
Parameter deviation 4. 2E-4 5.16 24.21 9.85 4.81 9.5 ts· 16 24-
4t 3E-4 7.94 37.36 15.24 6.28
Structural deficiency 3. 0.05 2.76 8.61 3.06 3.60 4.0 5.o· 4.0 5.o·
Other ,.
3t 0.48
8E-4
3.92
2.07
10.10
9.01
3.15
3.50
4.71
1.20 - - 32 32-
It 4E-3 4.58 19.23 7.36 1.57
Incipient 4. 0.04 11.15 43.14 15.94 4.81 2.0 2.1r 46 131r
l 0.12 22.78 82.45 30.47 6.28
Abnonnal instrument reading 1. - 1.37 6.33 2.55 1.20 2.0 2.o· 5.0 5.o·
1t 2E-3 2.17 9.14 3.50 1.57
Erratic output 2. 4E-3 6.53 27.65 10.64 2.40 - 25 26-
Other ,.
2t
,t
0.04
8E-4
13.90
2.83
54.60
12.47
20.31
4.89
3.14
1.20 - 130 130.
0.01 6.31 25.62 9.67 1.57
Unknown 6.
6t
0.85
0.78
8.79
15.73
23.93
47.12
7.70
15.74
7.21
9.42
- - 5.2 14-
Other 2. 9E-4 4.65 20.70 8.16 2.40 - - 11 w

2t 7E-3 9.85 41.61 15.99 3.14
Comments
(cont.\
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.3.2 Machinery
Pumps
Reciprocatino
55 5 Calendar time* 7 101
Operational time
0.8323 0.6371
Unknown 4. 0.11 4.88 15.03 5.28 4.81 - - 1.3 2.0"
4t 0.12 7.45 23.40 8.36 6.28
All modes 47. 12.97 80.66 196.47 59.59 56.47 7.4 36 17 145
47t 31.96 195.51 474.24 143.46 73.77
Comments
On demand orobabilitv for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand= 0
©OREDA

Item: Pumps - Reciprocating

Bearing - - - -
Control unit 2.13 - - - -
Cyclone separator - -
Cylinder liner - - 2.13 - -
Gearboxlvar.drive - - -
Impeller - - 0.71 - - -
Other - 2.13 3.19 2.13
Piping - - 4.26 - - -
Pislon(s) - - 2.13 - - -
Pulsation damper - - - 4.26 - 9.57
Radial bearing - - 0.71 - - -
Seals - - - - 2.13
Shaft - - 0.71 - -
Unknown - - 2.13 8.51 - - 2.13 2.13
Valves - - 2.13 10.64 - -
Tolal 2.13 - 4.26 21.28 14.89 - 17.02 4.26
©OREDA
Maintainable ttem versus failure mode, continued

Item: Pumps- Reciprocating
NOI OHE OTH PDE SER STD UNK UST VIS Sum
Bearing - 2.13 - - - 2.13
Control unit - - - - 2.13
Cyclone separator - - 6.38 - - 6.38
Cylinder liner - - - 2.13
Gearbox/var.drive - 2.13 - - - 2.13
Impeller - - - 0.71
Other 2.13 - - - - 9.57
Piping - - - - - 4.26
Pis1on(s) - - - - 2.13
Pulsation damper - - 13.83
Radial bearing - - - - 0.71
Seals 2.13 - 6.38 - 10.64
Shaft - - 2.13 - 2.64
Unknown - 2.13 - - 2.13 8.51 - - 27.66
Valves - - - - - 12.77
Total - - 8.51 8.51 10.64 8.51 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Pumps- Reciprocating

Breakaae - 4.26 - -
Electrical failure - general - - -
Instrument failure - neneral 2.13 - - - -
Leakage 4.26 12.77 2.13 - - 4.26 2.13
Material failure - general - - 6.38 - 4.26 -
Mechanical Failure - aeneral - 8.51 - 6.38 2.13
Miscellaneous - general - - -
Unknown - -
Wew: - 2.13 - - 2.13
Total 2.13 4.26 21.28 14.89 - - 17.02 4.26

Item: Pumps - Reciprocating
Breakaae - - 2.13 - - - 6.38
Electrical failure- aeneral - - 2.13 - 2.13
Instrument failure - general - - - - - 2.13
Leakage - 6.38 - - - 31.91
Material failure -general - - - - 6.38 - 17.02
Mechanical Failure - aeneral 6.38 - 2.13 4.26 - 29.79
Miscellaneous- general - 2.13 - - - 2.13
Unknown - 4.26 - 4.26
Well' - - - 4.26
Total - 8.51 8.51 10.64 8.51 - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.3.2.1 Machinery
Pumps
Reciprocating
Chemical i!li~tion
0.4380 0.4255
Critical 2' 0.81 4.57 14.37 3.23 4.57 4.5 6.0' 6.0 6.o·
2t 0.83 4.70 14.79 3.32 4.70
Structural deficiency 2' 0.81 4.57 14.37 3.23 4.57 4.5 6.0" 6.0 6.0"
2t 0.83 4.70 14.79 3.32 4.70
Degraded 3" 1.87 6.85 17.71 3.95 6.85 4.0 5.0' 4.0 5.0'
3t 1.93 7.05 18.23 4.07 7.05
Structural deficiency 3" 1.87 6.85 17.71 3.95 6.85 4.0 5.o· 4.0 5.o·
3t 1.93 7.05 18.23 4.07 7.05
Unknown 1" 0.11 2.28 10.83 2.28 2.28 . . . .
1t 0.12 2.35 11.15 2.35 2.35
Unknown 1" 0.11 2.28 10.83 2.28 2.28 .
1t 0.12 2.35 11.15 2.35 2.35
AU modes 6" 5.97 13.70 27.03 5.59 13.70 4.2 6.0' 4.8 6.0'
6t 6.15 14.10 27.83 5.76 14.10
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.3.2.2 Machinery
Pumps
Reciprocating
Gas processin!:J
15 2 Cilendar time * Operational time T 90
0.1314 0.0657
Degraded 5" 4.00 42.49 116.26 37.52 38.05 . . 26 3T
5t 7.99 84.98 232.52 75.04 76.10
Erratic output 3" 0.16 27.27 96.37 35.59 22.83 . 27 3r
3t 0.32 54.54 192.75 71.19 45.66
External leakage - Process 1" 0.60 8.24 23.60 7.77 7.61 . 16 16"
medium 1t 1.20 16.49 47.21 15.53 15.22
Other 1" 0.05 7.10 24.35 8.97 7.61 . 32 32"
1t 0.10 14.21 48.70 17.94 15.22
Incipient 3" 0.16 27.27 96.37 35.59 22.83 . . 60 131r
3t 0.32 54.54 192.75 71.19 45.66
Erratic output 2" 0.14 17.76 59.81 21.97 15.22 . 25 26"
2t 0.29 35.51 119.62 43.94 30.44
Other 1" 0.60 8.24 23.60 7.77 7.61 . 130 130"
1t 1.20 16.49 47.21 15.53 15.22
Unknown 2" 2.25 14.40 35.33 10.76 15.22 . . 11 14"
2t 4.49 28.80 70.66 21.53 30.44
Other 2" 2.25 14.40 35.33 10.76 15.22 . . 11 14"
2t 4.49 28.80 70.66 21.53 30.44
All modes 10" 15.59 83.08 194.57 57.60 76.10 . . 33 130

10t 31.17 166.16 389.14 115.21 152.21
Comments
On demand probability for conseQuence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand = 0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.3.2.3 Machinery
Pumps
Reciprocating
Gas treatment
6 2 Calendar time * Operational time II
0.1052 0.0402
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours . Active reD. hrs Manhours
Critical 4. 3.42 33.28 89.36 28.56 38.03 . . 7.8 IO.o+
4t 1.58 91.88 287.76 102.62 99.53
External leakage - Process I. 0.11 8.72 27.92 10.09 9.51 . 10.0 10.0"
medium It 0.13 23.65 84.42 31.19 24.88
lntemallec;i(age 2. 2.56 17.56 43.76 13.45 19.02 . 7.5 10.0"
2t 6.70 47.77 120.08 37.07 49.76
low output I. 0.11 8.72 27.92 10.09 9.51 . . 6.0 6.0"
It 0.13 23.65 84.42 31.19 24.88
Degraded 15• 35.93 165.12 371.76 107.47 142.63 . . 12 40
15t 218.26 379.47 576.90 110.11 373.23
Erratic output 2. 0.13 26.13 94.44 34.90 19.02 . 18 21"
2t 0.67 54.25 174.56 63.23 49.76
ExtemiO leakage • Utility 6. 1.58 47.55 144.03 49.45 57.05 . 12 18"
medium 6t 1.21 135.99 452.43 165.74 149.29
Internal leakage 6. 0.35 83.13 313.85 115.76 57.05 . 12 40"
6t 0.85 168.41 611.72 226.03 149.29
Low output I. 0.12 11.88 39.01 14.24 9.51 . 3.0 3.0"
It 1.78 26.09 75.36 24.88 24.88
Unknown 3. 5.35 26.15 59.88 17.50 28.53 . . 1.3 2.o+
3t 3.11 69.82 209.65 70.57 74.65
Unknown 3. 5.35 26.15 59.88 17.50 28.53 . . 1.3 2.0"
3t 3.11 69.82 209.65 70.57 74.65
All modes 22. 138.09 213.45 302.14 50.20 209.19 . . 9.9 40

22t 369.33 546.14 751.16 116.71 547.40
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demCild =0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.3.2.4 Machinery
Pumps
Reciprocating
Main oower
0.0526 0.0007
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1Q6 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
All modes o· 0.03 8.50 32.64 12.02 . . . . .

ot 0.60 153.92 591.05 217.67 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.3.2.5 Machinery
Pumps
Reciprocating
Water fire fighting
0.1051 0.1050
Failure mode No of Failure rate foer 106 hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
Degraded s· 37.86 76.10 137.32 26.91 76.10 10 36. 27 1<W
at 37.90 76.17 137.45 26.93 76.17
External leakage · Utility 4. 12.99 38.05 87.09 19.03 38.05 11 36. 39 145.
medium 4t 13.00 38.09 87.17 19.04 38.09
Parameter deviation 4. 12.99 38.05 87.09 19.03 38.05 9.5 16. 16 24.
4t 13.00 38.09 87.17 19.04 38.09
Incipient 1. 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 2.0 2.o· 5.0 5.o·
1t 0.48 9.52 45.18 9.52 9.52
Abnonnal instrument reafing 1. 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 2.0 2.o· 5.0 5.0"
1t 0.48 9.52 45.18 9.52 9.52
All modes 9. 44.66 85.62 149.40 28.54 85.62 9.2 36' 25 1<W
gt 44.70 85.70 149.54 28.57 85.70
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.3.3 Machinery
Pumps
Rotarv
1 1 Calendar time* Operational timeT
0.0175 0.0164
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 11)6 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 9' 267.98 513.70 896.40 171.23 513.70 5.9 11r 10 31'
9t 286.64 649.85 959.49 183.28 549.85
Fail to start on demand 1' 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
1t 3.05 61.09 289.89 61.09 61.09
Low output 2' 20.26 114.16 359.30 80.72 114.16 10.0 16' 20 31'
2t 21.69 122.19 384.59 86.40 122.19
Parameter deviation 1' 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
1t 3.05 61.09 289.89 61.09 61.09
Spurious stop 2' 20.26 114.16 359.30 80.72 114.16 5.0 5.0' 5.0 5.0'
2t 21.69 122.19 384.59 86.40 122.19
Structural deficiency 3' 46.80 171.23 442.64 98.86 171.23 6.5 10.0' 13 20'
3t 50.10 183.28 473.79 105.82 183.28
Degraded 3' 46.80 171.23 442.64 98.86 171.23 3.7 5.0' 7.3 10.0'
3t 50.10 183.28 473.79 105.82 183.28
Extemalleak19e- Utility 1' 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 2.0 2.0' 4.0 4.0'
medium 1t 3.05 61.09 289.89 61.09 61.09
Low output 1' 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 4.0 4.0' 8.0 8.0'
1t 3.05 61.09 289.89 61.09 61.09
Vibration 1' 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 5.0 5.0' 10.0 10.0'
1t 3.05 61.09 289.89 61.09 61.09
Incipient 6' 149.26 342.47 675.80 139.81 342.47 2.8. 5.0' 2.8 5.0'
6t 159.76 366.57 723.36 149.65 366.57
4t 83.39 244.38 559.32 122.19 244.38
Structural deficiency 2' 20.26 114.16 359.30 80.72 114.16 3.0 4.0' 3.0 4.0'
2t 21.69 122.19 384.59 86.40 122.19
All modes 18' 663.99 1027.40 1523.40 242.16 1027.40 4.6 16 7.6 31
1St 710.72 1099.71 1630.62 259.20 1099.71
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Pumps - Rotary

Control unit - - - 5.56
Instrument, flow 5.56 - - - -
Instrument, pressure 11.11 - - - -
Piping - - - -
Seals - - 5.56 - -
Subunit - - - - 11.11
Support - - - - - - -
Unknown - - - 5.56
Wirinq 5.56 - - - -
Total 22.22 - 5.56 5.56 - - 16.67
The figures are percentages of the total failure rate tor the actual maintainable item/failure mode combination.

Item: Pumps- Rotary
Control unit - - - - 5.56 11.11
Instrument, flow - - - 5.56
Instrument, pressure - - 5.56 11.11 27.78
Piping - - 11.11 11.11
Seals - - - - - - 5.56
Subunit - - 11.11 - - 22.22
Support - - - - 5.56 5.56
Unknown - - - - 5.56
11\lrino - - - - - 5.56
Total 5.56 27.78 - 11.11 5.56 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Pumps- Rotary

Blockage/plugged - - 5.56
Control failure - - - -
Instrument failure - aeneral 11.11 -
Leakage - - -
Material failure - general - - - - -
Mechooical Failure - general - 5.56 - 5.56 11.11
Misc. extemal influences 5.56 - -
Out of ad~stment 5.56 - - - -
Wear - - - - -
Total 22.22 - 5.56 - 5.56 16.67

Item: Pumps- Rotary
Blockage/plugged - - - 5.56 - - 11.11
Control falure - - - - 5.56 5.56
Instrument failure - aeneral - - - - 5.56 - 16.67
Leakage - - - 5.56 - 5.56
Material failure - general - - 11.11 - - 11.11
Mechanical Failure- general - - 22.22
Misc. external influences - - - - 5.56 11.11
Out of adjustment - - - 5.56
Wear - - - 11.11 - - 11.11
Total - 5.56 - 27.78 - 11.11 5.56 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.3.3.1 Machinery
Pumps
Rotary
1 1 Calendar time 11
Operational time T
0.0175 0.0164
Critical 9. 267.98 513.70 896.40 171.23 513.70 5.9 11i 10 w
9t 286.84 549.85 959.49 183.28 549.85
Fail to start on demand 1. 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 3.05 61.09 289.89 61.09 61.09
Low output 2. 20.26 114.16 359.30 80.72 114.16 10.0 16" 20 31"
2t 21.69 122.19 384.59 86.40 122.19
Parameter deviation 1. 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 3.05 61.09 289.89 61.09 61.09
Spurious stop 2. 20.26 114.16 359.30 80.72 114.16 5.0 5.o· 5.0 5.o·
2t 21.69 122.19 384.59 86.40 122.19
3t 50.10 183.28 473.79 105.82 183.28
Deg,.ded 3. 46.80 171.23 442.64 98.86 171.23 3.7 5.0' 7.3 10.0'
3t 50.10 183.28 473.79 105.82 183.28
External leakage - Utility 1. 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 2.0 2.0" 4.0 4.0"
medium 1t 3.05 61.09 289.89 61.09 61.09
low output 1. 2.85 57.08 27D.83 57.08 57.08 4.0 4.0" 8.0 8.o·
1t 3.05 61.09 289.89 61.09 61.09
Vibration 1. 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 5.0 5.o· 10.0 10.0"
1t 3.05 61.09 289.89 .61.09 61.09
Incipient 6. 149.26 342.47 675.80 139.81 342.47 2.8 5.0' 2.8 5.0'
6t 159.76 366.57 723.36 149.65 366.57
Abnormal instrument reading 4. 77.91 228.31 522.55 114.16 228.31 2.7 5.0" 2.7 5.o·
4t 83.39 244.38 559.32 122.19 244.38
2t 21.69 122.19 384.59 86.40 122.19
All modes 18. 663.99 1027.40 1523.40 242.16 1027.40 4.6 16 7.6 31
18t 710.72 1099.71 1630.62 259.20 1099.71
Comments
©OREDA
Combustion Engines
The boundary defmition is shown in Figure II and corresponding subdivision in
Maintainable Items in Table II.
The boundary defmition applies to combustion engines (diesel/gas) driving equipment such
as compressors, generators and pmnps. The combustion engines are further subdivided in
Subunits and Maintainable Items as shown in Table 11. Included within the boundary is the
starting system and auxiliaries related to the engine.
Subunits that are common to the driver (i.e. the combustion engine) and the driven unit
(e.g. generator) are a part of the driven unit. Power transmission systems are also regarded
as part of the driven unit.
Power Fuel supply
.......................................
STARTING SYSTEM
(e.g start batteries) r-----~
ENGINE
(Diesel/gas) -
:J
L _ _ __ __J
LUBRICATION COOLING CONTROL AND

MISC.
SYSTEM SYSTEM MONITORING
........
Coolant Coolant Power Remote

instr.
· · · · · · · · · · · · ·- · · Boundary
Figure 11- Combustion engines, boundary definition
©OREDA
us on E D21DC, Su bd"IVISIOD
Ta bel l l-C om bti . . .ID M.
amtama bl e I terns
COMBUSTION ENGINE
Starting Control & Lubrication

Engine Cooling system Miscellaneous
system monitoring system
Instrument Air inlet Actuating device ReseNoir Heat exchanger Hood
Start control Cam shaft Cabling & junction Pump w/motor Fan w/motor Heater
boxes
Start energy Cylinders Filter Filter
(battery. air) Control unit
Exhaust Cooler Valves
Starting unit Instruments
Fuel filter Check valves Piping
Internal povver
Fuel pump Valves Pump
supply
Injections Piping Instruments
Monitoring
Instruments Oil
Valves
Piping Instrument
Piston Seals
Radial bearing
Seals
Shaft
Super charger
Thrust bearing
Timing
chainN-belt
Valves
..
(For all subunits the Mls ..Unknown .. and ..Subumf are tncluded.)

BRD Breakdown
ERO Erratic output
HIO Higb output
INL Internalleakage
LOO Low output
NOI Noise
OHE Overheating
OTH Other
UNK Unknown
UST Spurious stop
VIB Vibration
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.4 Machinery
Combustion Enaines
9ll 41 Calendar time* Operational time T 2776
1.5308 0.5892
Failure mode No of Failure rate {per 1()6 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 54' 0.50 38.41 122.83 44.36 35.28 37 217 33 217
54t 637.24 2224.36 4596.99 1250.91 91.65
Breakdown 8' 7E-3 4.62 18.76 7.08 5.23 67 21r 79 21r
8t 0.02 83.46 368.25 144.61 13.58
Extemalleakage • Utilily 3' . 3.30 18.15 8.52 1.96 . 3.5 6.0'
medium 3t 69.00 413.76 998.50 301.05 5.09
Fail to start on demand 19' - 15.50 80.41 35.53 12.41 30 121 30 121
19t 1102.48 2741.53 4976.14 1204.72 32.25
Fail to stop on demand 1' - 0.84 4.67 2.78 0.65 - - 6.0 6.0'
1t - 2.33 12.82 6.26 1.70
low output 1' - 0.84 4.67 2.78 0.65 - - 0.5 0.5'
1t - 2.25 11.76 9.51 1.70
Minor in-service problems 1' - 0.84 4.67 2.78 0.65 - - 1.0 1.0'
1t - 2.33 12.82 6.26 1.70
Noise 1' - 0.68 3.57 2.97 0.65 - 5.0 5.0'
1t - 1.58 7.38 2.99 1.70
Overlleating 3' 2.35 13.63 7.43 1.96 32 32' 4.5 8.0'
3t - 7.93 42.35 19.49 5.09
Parameter deviation 1' - 1.10 5.72 4.56 0.65 1.0 1.0'
1t 2.34 12.84 6.28 1.70
Spurious stop 10' 5.73 27.70 11.44 6.53 28 170' 28 170'
10t 2.58 17.51 43.54 13.36 16.97
Structural deficiency 1' 0.84 4.67 2.78 0.65 - 6.0 6.0'
1t 2.25 11.76 9.51 1.70
Vibration 1' - 0.84 4.67 2.78 0.65 - - -
1t - 2.33 12.82 6.26 1.70
01her 4' - 2.48 13.88 7.26 2.61 16 28' 40 111'
4t - 6.35 32.44 14.03 6.79
Degraded 150' 29.65 91.31 180.46 47.35 97.99 21 116 25 221
150t 6.97 481.40 1527.14 549.18 254.58
Abnormal instrument reading 2' 1E-3 1.14 4.78 1.83 1.31 7.0 8.0' 7.0 8.0'
2t - 3.62 18.71 8.18 3.39
Erratic output 4' 2.48 13.66 6.83 2.61 20 43' 31 85'
4t 6.64 34.76 15.63 6.79
Extemalleakage - Fuel 8' 3E-4 4.55 21.02 8.46 5.23 16 32' 18 32'
8t 2E-3 13.66 61.43 24.36 13.58
Extemalleakage- Utilily 35' 0.25 18.30 58.33 21.03 22.86 24 111 27 129
medium 35t 7.20 65.33 172.56 54.62 59.40
Fail to su.t on demand 8' 1.01 5.28 12.32 3.64 5.23 5.8 12' 9.0 18'
8t 4E-3 15.96 70.42 27.65 13.58
High output 3' - 1.78 9.80 4.59 1.96 7.3 12' 7.3 12'
3t - 29.35 155.92 71.36 5.09
Comments
(coni.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.4 Machinery
Combustion En"ines
1.5308 0.5892
Internal leakage t3• 0.54 7.59 21.82 7.19 8.49 24 s8· 21 68
13t 6E-4 143.34 710.45 301.47 22.06
Low output tt• 4E-4 8.53 39.85 16.19 7.19 9.4 16' 21 74
Minor in-service problems ,.

Itt -
-
82.70
0.84
426.39
4.67
185.44
2.78
18.67
0.65 - - 2.0 2.o·
It 2.33 12.82 6.26 1.70
Noise s· 4E-4 3.12 14.09 5.60 3.27 34 ss· 21 56'
st 3E-4 7.24 33.94 13.81 8.49
Overheating s· 0.29 3.47 9.72 3.17 3.27 18 w 32 st·
st 3.50 8.66 15.70 3.80 8.49
Parameter deviation s· 2.92 15.36 6.95 3.27 36 tt6• 29 116'
5t 2E-4 8.27 39.70 16.36 8.49
Spurious stop 2. 1.36 6.89 6.12 1.31 12 t2• 19 25.
2t - 4.51 24.53 15.32 3.39
Structural deficiency tt• 0.82 6.94 18.02 5.65 7.19 16 77 56 221
Itt 3.28 209.49 660.53 236.65 18.67
Vibration 4. 5E-4 2.20 9.74 3.83 2.61 41 60. 59 12o·
4t - 7.61 38.03 16.23 6.79
Other 32. 0.11 22.47 82.02 30.30 20.90 20 91 18 91
Unknown
,t
,.
32t 5.59
-
63.13
0.84
174.80
4.67
56.73
2.78
54.31
0.65 - - 4.0 4.o·
- 2.25 11.76 9.51 1.70
Incipient 146. 6.87 111.05 324.84 107.70 95.38 18 170 18 170
146t 13.30 488.69 1492.03 518.62 247.80
Abnormal instrument reading 16. 0.41 9.77 29.38 9.92 10.45 12 28 II 28
16t 0.36 28.92 92.92 33.64 27.16
Erratic output s· 0.22 5.24 15.77 5.33 5.23 9.5 15' 23 ss·
External leakage- Fuel

at
,. 0.76
-
211.12
0.84
814.91
4.67
300.83
2.78
13.58
0.65 - - 6.0 s.o·
,t - 2.33 12.82 6.26 1.70
Extemat leakage- Utility 2t• 0.63 14.21 42.67 14.37 13.72 14 33 18 66
medium 21t 0.01 81.55 371.94 148.28 35.64
Fail to start on demand ts• IE-3 16.79 77.52 31.20 9.80 - - 19 148
Fail to stop on demand ,.

15t 0.11
-
48.44
0.84
192.71
4.67
71.99
2.78
25.46
0.65 - - 8.0 s.o·
It - 2.33 12.82 6.26 1.70
Internal leakage 2. - 1.20 5.95 2.53 1.31 22 32. 28 32.
2t - 3.07 15.03 6.31 3.39
Minor in-service problems 15' 4.69 9.70 16.16 3.54 9.80 10 18. 16 48
15t 3E-4 138.82 700.64 301.05 25.46
Noise 1. - 0.59 3.19 1.48 0.65 6.0 6.o· 6.0 s.o·
,t IE-3 1.57 6.66 2.57 1.70
Comments
/cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.4 Machinery
Combustion Enaines
1.5308 0.5892
failures Lower Mean Upper 50 nl• Mean Max Mean Max
Overheating r 0.02 4.41 16.50 6.09 4.57 19 35' 1a 35'
7t 22.17 127.65 70.63 11.aa
Parameter deviation 2. 0.11 1.35 3.77 1.23 1.31 21 24'
2t 3.a1 19.76 14.47 3.39
Spurious stop 9. 0.01 9.10 37.79 14.3a 5.aa 16 66'
9t 0.22 24.61 a2.03 30.06 15.2a
Structural deficiency 3. 1.77 a.61 3.57 1.96 7.a a.o· 20 3a'
3t 5.33 27.73 12.33 5.09
Vibration 1. 1.10 5.72 4.56 0.65 - 16 16'
1t - 2.34 12.84 6.2a 1.70
Other 44. 0.10 37.41 147.00 54.69 2a.74 37 170 20 170
44t 5.22 9a.25 292.4a 97.49 74.6a
Unknown 24. 0.02 27.15 115.41 44.48 15.68 75 171r 27 170
24t 12.26 559.01 1724.98 607.23 40.73
Fail to start on demood 2. - 1.92 10.57 5.25 1.31 - 2.0 2.o·
2t O.Q7 3.76 11.75 4.1a 3.39
Minor in-service problems 1. - 1.10 5.72 4.56 0.65 - 1.0 1.o·
1t - 2.34 12.84 6.2a 1.70
Overtleating 1. - 0.59 3.26 1.62 0.65 1a 1a· 35 35'
1t - 1.a3 10.20 6.02 1.70
PCI'ameter deviation 1. - 1.10 5.72 4.56 0.65 - - 1.0 1.o·
1t - 2.34 12.84 6.2a 1.70
Other 11. - 11.76 64.71 31.93 7.19 170 170' 42 170
11t 4E-4 30.a1 149.67 62.17 1a.67
Unknown a· - 10.09 53.65 24.57 5.23 38 3a' 11 3a'
at 300.84 1064.46 2209.77 603.34 13.5a
All modes 374. 46.09 260.98 620.08 185.00 244.32 23 217 23 221
374t 764.58 2908.61 6184.49 1719.37 634.76
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =2.9· 1(}-3
©OREDA

Item: Combustion Engines
Actuating device - - - 0.27 - -
Air inlet - - - - 0.27 0.27
CablinQ & ·unction boxes - - - - 0.27 -
Control unit - - - - 0.27 - 0.27 -
Coole~s) 0.53 - - 0.27
CYlinders 0.53 - - 0.27 - 0.53
Exhaust - - 0.27 0.80 - - - -
Fan - - 0.53 - - -
Filte~s) - - - - -
Fuel oump - - 1.34 0.27 0.27 0.27
Heat exchanger 0.27 0.53 - -
Hood - - -
llljectors - 0.13 0.27 - - - -
Instrument, general 0.53 - - - - - - - - -
Instrument, level 0.27 - -
Instrument. pressure 1.07 - - - 0.27 0.27
Instrument, soeed 0.27 - 0.27 - - 0.27 -
Instrument, temperature 0.80 - 0.80 - - - -
Internal po~M:~r supply - 0.27 1.07 -
Monitoring 0.27 - - 0.27 - - - -
Other 0.27 0.27 0.53 2.94 1.34 - 0.53 0.53 0.27
Piping - - 3.21 - - 1.07
Piston(s) - - - - 0.27 -
Pump - 1.60 - 0.53
Se~s - - 0.27 1.07 - 0.27 -
Shaft - - 0.27 - - - -
Start control - - 0.53 - - - -
Start enerav (batterv, air) - 2.94 0.53 0.27 -
Starting un~ - - 0.80 - 2.14 -
Subunit - - - 0.27 0.27 - - -
Super charger - - - 0.80 - - - -
Unknown 1.07 1.07 2.14 0.80 1.87 0.53 0.80 0.80 0.53
Valves - 0.27 0.53 0.13 0.27
Totai 4.81 2.14 2.41 15.78 3.21 11.76 0.80 4.01 3.21 1.87
©OREDA

Actuating device 0.27 0.27 - 0.27 1.07
Air inlet - - 0.27 0.80
Cablina & ·unction boxes - 0.27 - - 0.27 - 0.80
Control unit 1.07 0.27 - - 0.27 0.27 2.41
Coole~s) - - - - - - - 0.80
Q}1inders 0.27 0.40 0.27 0.27 - - 0.27 0.27 3.07
Exhaust 0.27 1.60 - - 0.53 3.48
Fan - - - 0.27 0.80
Fille~s) - - 0.27 - 0.27
Fuel pump - - - - - - 2.14
Heat exchan!ler 0.53 0.53 0.27 - 2.14
Hood - - - - 0.27 - 0.27
Injectors - 0.27 - - - - 0.67
Instrument, aeneral - - - - - - 0.53
Instrument, level - 0.27 - 0.27 - 0.80
Instrument, pressure - 0.27 - 0.27 - 0.27 - 2.41
Instrument, speed - 0.53 - - 1.34
Instrument, temperature 0.80 0.53 0.27 - 3.21
lnlemal power supply 0.27 1.34 - 0.27 - - 3.21
Monitoring - - 0.27 - - - - 0.80
Other 0.53 7.62 1.07 1.34 0.80 - 0.27 1.60 0.27 20.19
Piping - - - 0.53 - 0.27 5.08
Piston{s 0.27 0.27 0.27 - - - 1.07
Pump 0.53 - - - 2.67
Seas - - - - 1.60
Shall - - - - - 0.27
Start conlrol - - - - - 0.53
Start energy (battery, air) - - - 3.74
Starting unit 0.80 - 0.53 0.27 - - 4.55
Subunit 0.53 - - 0.27 1.34
Super charger - - - 0.80
Unknown 1.60 7.49 0.27 1.34 0.80 - 1.34 1.87 0.27 24.60
Valves 0.27 0.53 0.27 - 0.27 2.54
Total 4.28 24.33 2.41 4.81 4.01 0.53 2.41 5.61 1.60 100.0
©OREDA

Blockaoe/plugged - - - - -
Breakage 0.53 - 0.27 0.27 0.27 -
Clearance} alignment failure - 0.27 - -
Combined causes - 0.53 0.53 0.27
Common mode failure - - - -
Contamination - - 0.27 0.27 0.27 -
Control failure 0.80 - - - 0.27 - - 0.53 -
Corrosion - - 0.53 - - - 0.53 - -
Earth/isolation fault - - -
Electrical failure -general 0.27 - - - 0.27 1.60 0.27
Erosion 0.27 - - - - - - -
FatiQue - - 027 -
Faulty power/voltage - - 0.53 - 0.27 -
Faulty signal/indicationfalann 0.80 - - - - - -
lnstmment failure - aeneral 1.60 - 0.53 0.27 -
Leakaoe - - 1.34 3.74 - 0.27 0.27 - -
Looseness - 0.53 - -
Material failure - general 0.27 0.27 1.87 0.27 0.80 0.80 0.27
Mechanical Failure - aeneral 0.53 2.14 0.53 2.41 - 0.27 0.53 1.34
Misc. external influences - - - - - - - -
Miscellaneous - general - - 0.53 0.27 0.53 - - -
No cause found - - - - -
No oower/ voltaae - - 0.80 - -
No sianal/indication/alarm 0.80 - - - -
Open circuit - 0.27 - -
Other 0.27 0.27 0.27 - 0.27
Out of acf ustrnent - - - 0.27 - - 0.53 -
Overheating 0.27 0.27 - - - - -
Short circuiting - - 0.53 - - 0.27 -
Sticking - - 0.27 - -
Unknown - 0.53 4.28 0.53 2.14 1.07
Vibration - - - - -
Wew: 1.07 0.27 0.53 0.27 0.53 0.27
Total 4.81 2.14 2.41 15.78 3.21 11.76 0.80 4.01 3.21 1.87
©OREDA

OHE OTH PDE SER STD STP UNK USl VIB Sum
0.27 0.2< . . . . . . . 0.53
Breakage . . . 0.27 . . . . . 1.60
0.27 . . . . . . 0.53
I causes 0.27 0.53 0.2< •.27 .27 . . }.53 . 3.48
Common . 0.27 . . . . . }.27 . 0.53
. 0.27 . 0.27 . . . . . 1.34
Control failure 0.27 . . . }.53 . 3.:
Corro~on . . . }.53 . . . . 2.14
1 fault . . . . . . . . 0.27
Eleclrica · ·1 I 0.53 iO . 0.53 0.27 0.53 . .
Erosion . . '
. . . . 0.27
Fat~ue . . . . . . . . .
FauHy1 . . . . . . . . . '10
Faultv' 0.27 . . . . }.53
I failure · Qeneral . 0.53 0.2< '.27 . . . . .
Leakage . 1.34 . 0.27 }.27 . . . .
. . . 0.27 . . . . . 0.10
'I • Qeneral 0.27 0.27 . . '.27 . 6.42
I Failure • Qeneral 0.53 . 1.60 . 0.53 1.60 0.53 17.65
Misc. external i . . . . . . . 0.53
·general 0.53 . . 0.27 0.2< 0.27 . 3.74
No• 0.27 . . 0.53 . . 0.80
No power/ voltaQe . . . . . . . . . 0.80
No< . . . . . . . 0.27 . 1.07
Ooen circuit 0.27 0.27 . . 0.80
Other 5.61 I.Oi •.27 . . . 1.07 . 9.09
OutOfi . 0.27 0.53 L27 . . . . . 1.87
0.27 1.07 . . . . . . 0.27 2.14
~uitina . . . . . . 0.80
. . . . . . . . . 0.27
UiikiiOWi1 0.53 1.87 . . . . 0.53 0.27 . 11.76
Vibration . . . . . . __:_ . 0.53 0.53
Wear 1.07 1.8i . <.27 LBO 0.27 . . . 7.22
Total 4.28 24.33 2.41 4.81 4.01 0.53 2.41 5.61 1.60 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.4.1 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Diesel enaine
1.1452 0.3241
Critical 23. 0.02 24.17 101.82 39.07 20.08 51 217 50 217
23t 2825.55 5340.29 8501.61 1748.05 70.97
Breakdown 5. 3E-3 3.97 16.64 6.37 4.37 86 21r 105 21r
5t 19.52 223.78 621.31 201.89 15.43
External leakage · Utility 1. - 2.46 12.95 8.90 0.87 - -
medium 1t 507.35 1096.75 1868.02 421.07 3.09
Fail to start on demand w - 18.07 93.35 40.84 12.22 20 65' 23 88
14t 2177.94 4553.09 7631.82 1685.22 43.20
Noise 1. 0.94 5.03 3.26 0.87 - - 5.0 5.0'
1t 0.06 2.99 9.28 3.29 3.09
Spurious stop 2. O.Q1 1.56 5.43 2.00 1.75 91 170' 97 170'
2t 0.04 6.93 24.26 8.96 6.17
Degraded 100. 16.95 71.59 157.20 44.68 87.32 19 111 24 216
100t 271.59 1300.96 2963.75 863.41 308.55
Abnormal instrument reading 2. 0.01 1.56 5.43 2.00 1.75 7.0 8.o- 7.0 8.0'
2t 0.04 6.93 24.26 8.96 6.17
Erratic output 3. 2E-3 2.47 10.34 3.95 2.62 20 43' 34 85'
3t 0.95 9.06 24.20 7.71 9.26
External leakage- Fuel 7. 4E-3 5.41 22.87 8.79 6.11 17 32' 20 32'
7t 0.64 24.67 75.49 26.31 21.60
medium 28t 57.60 92.03 133.00 23.09 86.39
Fail to start oo demand 5. 5E-3 4.25 17.52 6.65 4.37 5.8 12' 8.8 12'
5t 86.84 560.36 1377.34 419.97 15.43
High output 1. 0.88 5.00 2.67 0.87 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t 10.95 114.79 313.19 100.93 3.09
Internal leakage 12. 2.24 9.81 21.77 6.23 10.48 25 68' 22 68
12t 2.09 326.58 1137.32 419.66 37.03
Low output 4. - 3.92 19.98 8.63 3.49 6.2 7.5' 10 15'
4t 32.74 307.06 817.51 259.99 12.34
Noise 4. - 3.44 16.67 6.90 3.49 11 11' 12 22'
4t 0.10 12.23 40.98 15.04 12.34
Ovemeating 2. - 1.84 9.69 6.67 1.75 18 18' 36 36'
2t 11.95 65.78 32.70 6.17
Parameter deviation 3. 2E-3 2.34 9.81 3.76 2.62 8.7 15' 8.7 15'
3t 0.58 9.65 28.33 9.40 9.26
Spurious stop 1. - 0.81 4.13 1.78 0.87 12 12' 12 12'
1t 2E-4 3.51 16.33 6.61 3.09
9t 99.17 488.28 1120.71 328.00 27.77
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.4.1 Mochinery
Combustion Engines
Diesel engine
64 34 calendar time* Operational time • 1240
1.1452 0.3241
failures Lower Mean Upper so niT Mean Max Mean Max
Vibration 3" 1E-3 2.21 9.47 3.66 2.62 40 so· 64 120.
3t 0.05 10.77 39.11 14.45 9.26
Other 16" 2.48 13.42 31.53 9.35 13.97 19 91 24 91
16t 4.27 57.40 163.70 53.79 49.37
Incipient 54" 8.13 45.44 107.61 32.04 47.15 14 76 19 76
54t 2275.57 4161.91 6508.39 1301.83 166.62
Abnormal instrument reading 12" 0.57 10.36 30.75 10.24 1D.48 15 28. 13 28
12t 0.31 53.54 189.59 70.03 37.03
Erratic output 5" - 4.67 22.70 9.43 4.37 13 w 16 27'
5t 764.81 1602.75 2689.62 594.84 15.43
Ex1emalleakage- Util~y 10" - 7.05 39.52 20.72 8.73 14 33. 25 66
medium 10t 141.25 694.35 1593.00 466.11 30.86
Fail to start on demand 2" - 4.91 26.81 12.52 1.75 - 12 23.
2t 1313.88 2193.47 3255.41 595.46 6.17
Internal leakage 1" - 0.81 4.13 1.78 0.87 12 12. 24 24.
1t 2E-4 3.51 16.33 6.61 3.09
Minor in-service problems 10" - 7.82 43.01 21.05 8.73 11 18. 17 48.
10t 7.87 383.97 1189.38 420.26 30.86
Noise 1" - 0.81 3.92 1.63 0.87 6.0 s.o· 6.0 6.o·
1t 0.09 2.93 8.92 3.09 3.09
Overheating 2" - 1.82 9.41 4.15 1.75 9.0 . w 9.0 w
2t 1.83 91.67 284.43 100.65 6.17
Parameter deviation 1" - 0.94 5.03 3.26 0.87 - 24 24.
1t 0.06 2.99 9.29 3.29 3.09
Slructural deficiency 3" 2E-3 2.45 10.24 3.91 2.62 7.8 8.o· 20 38.
3t 0.07 10.46 36.53 13.48 9.26
Other 7" 0.94 6.10 15.01 4.58 6.11 34 76. 34 76.
7t 39.32 462.44 1289.81 419.98 21.60
Unknown 5" . 5.96 33.25 17.31 4.37 75 1711' 63 1711'
5t 905.10 2069.55 3621.00 842.04 15.43
Overheating 1" . 0.81 4.13 1.78 0.87 18 18• 35 35.
1t 2E-4 3.51 16.33 6.61 3.09
Other 1" . 0.80 3.72 1.51 0.87 170 170. 170 170•
1t - 4.81 25.51 11.64 3.09
Unkno\Nil 3" - 5.71 32.05 18.67 2.62 38 38. 23 38.
3t 1148.22 2341.59 3877.38 842.35 9.26
All modes 182" 25.62 137.24 321.78 95.32 15ll.92 22 217 27 217
182t 7989.34 12092.96 16889.51 2722.03 561.56
Comments
On demand probability for conseQuence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand= 3.2- 1()-3
©OREDA

Item: Combustion Engines - Diesel engine
AIR BRD ELF ELU ERO FTS HID INL LOO NOI
Actuatino device - 0.55 - - -
Air inlet - - - 0.55 0.55 -
Cabling & junction boxes - - -
Control unit - - - 0.55 -
Coolerts - - 1.10 - - 0.55 -
Cylinders 1.10 - - - 0.55 - 1.10
Exhaust - - 0.55 1.10 - -
Filte~s) - - - -
Fuel oumo - - 2.75 0.55 0.55 - 0.55
Heat exchanaer 0.55 1.10 - - - -
Hood - - - -
Injectors - 0.27 0.55 -
Instrument, aeneral 0.55 - - - - -
Instrument, level 0.55 - - - -
Instrument, pressure 2.20 0.55 0.55 - -
Instrument, speed 0.55 - - - - -
lnstmment, temperature 1.65 - - 1.65 - - -
Internal power supply - - - - - -
Monitoring 0.55 - - 0.55 - -
Other 0.55 - - 3.30 1.10 - 1.10 0.55 0.55
Pioina - - - 4.40 - - 2.20 -
Pump - 1.65 - - 1.10
Seals 0.55 1.65 - - -
Shalt - - 0.55 - -
Start eneruv {baHerv, air - - - 3.85 - 1.10 0.55 -
Starting un~ - 1.65 - 1.65 - -
Subunit - - - 0.55 - 0.55 - - -
Super charaer - - - 1.65 - - -
Unknown 0.55 1.10 - 1.65 0.55 1.10 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
Valves - 0.55 - 1.10 0.27 - - 0.55
Total 7.69 2.75 3.85 21.43 4.40 11.54 0.55 7.14 2.20 3.30
©OREDA

Actuating device - 0.55 - - - - - 1.10
Air inlet - - - - 0.55 1.65
Cabling & junction boxes 0.55 - - - - 0.55
Control unit 1.65 0.55 - 0.55 0.55 3.85
Coole~s - - - - - - 1.65
C~inders 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 - - - 0.55 0.55 6.04
Exhaust 0.55 1.10 - 1.10 - - 4.40
FiHer(s 0.55 - - - - 0.55
Fuel pump - - - 4.40
Heat exchooger 1.10 1.10 - - - - 3.85
Hood - 0.55 - - - 0.55
Injectors - - - 0.82
Instrument, general - - 0.55
Instrument, level - - - 0.55
Instrument, oressure - 0.55 - - - 3.85
Instrument, speed - - - - - 0.55
Instrument, temperature - - - - - - 3.30
Internal power supp~ - 0.55 - - - - 0.55
Monitoring 0.55 - - 1.65
Other 2.20 0.55 2.20 1.65 - - 13.74
Piping 0.55 - - 7.14
Pumo 0.55 - - - - 3.30
Seals - - 2.20
Shaft - - - - 0.55
Start energy (battery, air) - - 5.49
Startina unit 1.65 - 1.10 - - - 6.04
Subunit 1.10 - 0.55 2.75
Super ch!Wller - - 1.65
Unknown 0.55 1.10 - 0.55 1.10 - 1.10 - 11.54
Valves 0.55 - 1.10 0.55 - - 0.55 5.22
Total 2.75 13.19 2.20 5.49 6.59 - 1.65 1.65 1.65 100.0
©OREDA

Blockaoe/oluooed - - - - - - -
Breakage - 0.55 - 0.55 - -
Clearance/ alignment failure - - 0.55 - - -
Combined causes - 0.55 - -
Contamination - - 0.55 0.55 0.55
Control failure 0.55 - - 0.55 - -
Corrosion - 0.55 1.10
Earth/isolation fault - - -
Electrical failure - Qenerar 0.55 - 1.65 - -
Erosion - 0.55 - - -
Fatigue - - 0.55 -
Fa~lty oowerlvoltaae - - - 1.10 - 0.55
Faulty siQnal/indication/alarrn 1.65 - - - - -
Instrument failure - general 3.30 0.55 - - - -
Leakage - 1.65 2.75 0.55 -
Looseness - - 1.10 - - -
Material failure - Qeneral - 2.75 0.55 1.10 1.10 0.55
Mechanical Failure - general 1.10 - 3.85 1.10 1.10 - 0.55 2.75
Misc. external influences - - - -
Miscellaneous - oeneral - 1.10 - - 0.55 - - -
No power/ voltage - - 0.55 -
No signaUindication/alarm 1.65 - - -
Ooen circuit - - - 0.55 - - -
Other 0.55 0.55 - - - -
Out of adjustment - - 0.55 - 0.55 -
Overlleating_ - - - - - -
Unknown - 1.10 8.79 1.10 2.20 2.20
Wear - - 0.55 - 1.10 0.55 0.55 - 0.55
Total 7.69 2.75 3.85 21.43 4.40 11.54 0.55 7.14 2.20 3.30
©OREDA

Item: Combustion Engines -Diesel engine
Blockage/plugged 0.55 0.55 - - - - - 1.10
Breakage - - - - - 1.10
Clearance/ aliQnment failure - 0.55 - - 1.10
Combined causes - - - 0.55
Contamination - 0.55 - - 2.20
Control failure - 1.10 0.55 - 0.55 3.30
Corrosion - 0.55 0.55 - 2.75
Earth/isolation fault - 0.55 - - 0.55
Electrical failure -general - 0.55 - 0.55 3.30
Erosion - - - - 0.55
Fatigue - - - - 0.55
Faulty power/voltage - - - 1.65
Faulty signal(lndication/alarm - - - - - 1.65
Instrument failure - aeneral - 0.55 0.55 - 4.95
Leakage - 2.20 - - - 7.14
Looseness - - - - - - 1.10
Material failure - general - - 0.55 0.55 - 0.55 - 7.69
Mechanical Failure- aeneral 1.10 1.65 1.10 3.30 0.55 0.55 1.10 19.78
Misc. external influences - 0.55 - - - 0.55
Miscellaneous - general 0.55 - 0.55 - - - 2.75
No cause found - - - - 1.10 - 1.10
No power! volla!:le - - - - 0.55
No signal/indication/alarm - - - - - 1.65
Open circuit 0.55 0.55 - - - - 1.65
Other - 1.10 0.55 - - - 2.75
Out of adjustment - 0.55 0.55 - - - - 2.20
Overheating - - - - 0.55 0.55
Unknown 0.55 3.30 - - - - - 19.23
Wear - 0.55 - 0.55 1.65 - 6.04
Total 2.75 13.19 2.20 5.49 6.59 1.65 1.65 1.65 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.4.1.1 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Diesel engine
Ernergen~..,r
0.2541 0.0162
failures lower Mean Upper so nit Mean Max Mean Max
Critical
7t
7" - 28.01
1178.29 10502.10
153.95
27616.35
73.44
8717.53
27.55
433.44
20 21F 18 3T
External leakage - Utility I" 4.29 22.31 9.93 3.94 - -

medium It 58.27 1992.41 6064.35 2098.61 61.92
Fail to start on demand 6" - 23.24 133.64 74.10 23.61 20 20' 18 32'
6t 404.33 8432.73 25278.14 8465.13 371.52
Degraded 9" 0.02 27.75 118.24 45.62 35.42 34 56" 26 56"
9t 295.72 3168.29 8682.35 2804.09 557.28
External leakage- Fuel I" 3.37 17.63 7.93 3.94 32 32' 32 3r
It 2.82 61.43 184.32 61.92 61.92
External leakage- Utility 2" 5E-3 6.77 28.53 10.95 7.87 20 39' 20 39'
medium 2t 21.45 122.85 292.84 87.57 123.84
Fail to start on demand I" - 4.29 22.31 9.93 3.94 - 12 12'
It 58.27 1992.41 6084.35 2098.61 61.92
Internal leakage I" - 4.29 22.31 9.93 3.94 - 2.0 2.0'
It 58.27 1992.41 6084.35 2098.61 61.92
Low output I" 3.37 17.63 7.93 3.94 - - -
It 2.82 61.43 184.32 61.92 61.92
Overheating I" - 3.37 17.63 7.93 3.94 - - -
It 2.82 61.43 184.32 61.92 61.92
Other 2" 5E-3 e.n 28.53 10.95 7.87 48 56' 48 56'
2t 21.45 122.85 292.84 87.57 123.84
Incipient 12" 0.12 44.47 175.13 65.20 47.22 18 28" 18 28
12t 5227.10 13608.37 25191.73 6223.63 743.03
Abnonnal instrument reading 3" BE-4 9.42 43.35 17.40 11.81 19 28' 19 28'
3t 49.73 184.28 388.40 107.25 185.76
Erratic output 2" 0.02 8.49 34.14 12.82 7.87 - - 27 27"
2t 628.50 3984.39 9751.71 2965.99 123.84
External leakage - Utility I" - 4.29 22.31 9.93 3.94 - 12 12"
medium ,t 58.27 1992.41 6084.35 2098.61 61.92
Fail to start on demand 2" 0.02 8.49 34.14 12.82 7.87 - - 12 23"
2t 628.50 3984.39 9751.71 2965.99 123.84
Minor in-service problems 2" 7.09 37.95 24.74 7.87 18 18' 21 24'
Overtleating ,.
2t
,t
31.26 1848.56
- 3.37
5796.75
17.63
2069.08
7.93
123.84
3.94 15 15" 15 15"
2.82 61.43 184.32 61.92 61.92
Other I" - 4.29 22.31 9.93 3.94 - - -
It 58.27 1992.41 6064.35 2098.61 61.92
Unknown 2" -
9.41
2t 175.65 4160.68
49.85
12510.09
33.41
4226.54
7.87
123.84
- - 8.0 8.o·
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.4.1.1 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Diesel engine
Emergency power
0.2541 0.0162
Unknown 2. - 9.41 49.85 33.41 "''
7.87 - 8.0 8.o·
2t 175.65 4160.68 12510.09 4226.54 123.84
All modes 30" 18.14 109.81 265.66 80.23 118.06 25 56 20 56

30t 14983.39 32462.46 55349.98 12492.55 1857.59
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =3.2· 1Q-3
©OREDA
Taxonomy no hem
1.4.1.2 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Diesel engine
Main power
11 5 Calendar time * Operational time '
0.2806 0.1222
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 106 hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 6. 0.12 22.74 81.76 30.21 21.38 101 21r 126 21r
6t 1.12 50.65 156.25 54.99 49.09
Breakdown 2" 0.03 7.03 27.14 10.02 7.13 157 21r 205 21r
2t 0.16 16.99 56.32 20.61 16.36
Fail to start on demand 2" 3E-3 8.93 39.13 15.29 7.13 55 55· 77 88.
2t 0.05 17.19 67.24 24.97 16.36
Spurious stop 2. 0.03 7.03 27.14 10.02 7.13 91 170. 97 170.
2t 0.16 16.99 56.32 20.61 16.36
Degraded 57" 48.45 221.28 497.28 143.58 203.15 22 111 30 216
57t 119.19 492.09 1073.45 303.83 466.35
Abno1111al instrument reading 2" 0.03 7.03 27.14 10.02 7.13 7.0 s.o· 7.0 s.o·
2t 0.16 16.99 56.32 20.61 16.36
External leakage- Fuel 4" O.Q7 15.85 59.78 22.05 14.26 16 20. 18 20.
4t 0.79 34.11 104.92 36.81 32.73
External leakage - Utifrty 21" 44.15 77.10 117.51 22.53 74.84 22 111 30 129
medium 21t 105.52 178.18 266.23 49.31 171.81
Fail to start on demand 2" 0.02 5.81 22.84 8.50 7.13 10.0 12. 10.0 12"
2t 0.07 16.75 62.33 23.01 16.36
Internal leakage 6" 1.57 18.90 52.94 17.27 21.38 32 6s· 33 6s·
6t 0.22 52.67 199.67 73.62 49.09
low output 1" 0.04 4.03 13.39 4.91 3.56 7.5 7S 15 15"
1t 1E-4 8.60 41.70 17.29 8.18
Noise 1. 1E-3 5.67 25.09 9.87 3.56 11 w 22 22"
1t 0.01 10.93 45.68 17.45 8.18
Overheating 1" 1E-3 3.36 14.58 5.67 3.56 18 18" 36 36.
1t 0.04 7.19 25.97 9.60 8.18
2t 0.16 16.99 56.32 20.61 16.36
Spurious stop 1" 0.04 4.03 13.39 4.91 3.56 12 12" 12 12"
1t 1E-4 8.60 41.70 17.29 8.18
Structural deficiency 5" 1.13 19.93 58.94 19.61 17.82 26 72" 56 216"
5t 6.36 42.48 105.27 32.24 40.91
Vibration 3" 0.59 11.25 33.52 11.18 10.69 40 so· 64 120.
3t 6.86 25.26 53.10 14.63 24.54
Other s· 0.15 36.25 136.66 50.41 28.51 20 91. 23 91'
at 0.53 70.77 240.83 88.62 65.45
Incipient 16" 4.87 73.14 211.92 70.04 57.02 15 76 18 76
16t 18.37 143.43 367.20 114.34 130.91
Abnormal instrument reOOing 4" 0.13 19.65 67.75 24.98 14.26 12 1s· 12 18"
4t 0.66 37.12 116.04 41.32 32.73
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.4.1.2 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Diesel engine
Main po~~Wr
11 5 Calendar time * Operational time
0.2806 0.1222
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours . Active reo. hrs Manhours
Erratic output 3" 0.65 9.42 27.16 8.96 10.69 13 w 13 w
3t 0.10 22.77 85.88 31.68 24.54
External leakage- Utility 1" 0.04 4.03 13.39 4.91 3.56 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
medium 1t 1E-4 8.60 41.70 17.29 8.18
1t 1E-4 8.60 41.70 17.29 8.18
Noise 1" 1E-3 3.36 14.58 5.67 3.56 6.0 6.0" 6.0 6.0"
1t 0.04 7.19 25.97 9.60 8.18
Structural deficiency 2" 0.35 9.11 27.46 9.34 7.13 7.8 8.0" 12 w
2t 3.73 17.57 39.84 11.57 16.36
Other 4" 0.25 21.26 68.79 24.98 14.26 34 76" 42 76"
4t 1.03 40.17 122.99 42.91 32.73
Unknown 3" 0.11 13.07 44-02 16.17 10.69 75 170" 81 170"
3t 0.41 25.65 80.73 28.89 24.54
Overtleating 1" 0.04 4.03 13.39 4.91 3.56 18 18" 35 35"
1t 1E-4 8.60 41.70 17.29 8.18
Other 1" 1E-3 5.67 25.09 9.87 3.56 170 170" 170 170"
1t 0.01 10.93 45.68 17.45 8.18
Unknown 1" 1E-3 3.36 14.58 5.67 3.56 38 38" 38 38"
1t 0.04 7.19 25.97 9.60 8.18
All modes 82" 46.58 333.74 839.82 259.35 292.25 28 217 37 217
82t 136.04 704.62 1638.62 483.25 670.89
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.4.1.3 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Diesel engine
Process shutdown and ESD
2 2 Calendar time ,., Operational time •
0.0526 0.0105
Failure mode No of Failure rate (loer 106 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
Critical 1. 0.95 19.01 56.93 19.01 19.01 108 108' 108 108'
1t 4.76 95.24 285.24 95.24 95.24
Breakdown 1. 0.95 19.01 56.93 19.01 19.01 108 108. 108 106.
1t 4.76 95.24 285.24 95.24 95.24
Degraded 1. 0.95 19.01 56.93 19.01 19.01 28 28' 28 28'
1t 4.76 95.24 285.24 95.24 95.24
External leakage - Utility 1. 0.95 19.01 56.93 19.01 19.01 28 2a· 28 2a·
medium 1t 4.76 95.24 285.24 95.24 95.24
All modes 2. 1.90 38.02 113.86 38.02 38.02 68 108' 68 108'

2t 9.52 190.48 570.48 190.48 190.48
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.4.1.4 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Diesel engine
Water fire fiohtino
27 9 Calendar time " Operational time r
0.5316 0.1610
Critical a· 0.09 15.a9 56.17 20.74 15.05 5.2 IT 7.4 IT
at 127.67 524.14 1141.44 322.72 49.70
Breakdown 2" - 3.67 17.58 7.24 3.76 4.0 6.0' 5.0 6.0'
2t 252.42 688.27 1298.53 326.74 12.43
Fail to start on demand 5" 2E-4 10.34 50.o7 20.70 9.41 5.8 12' 8.8 12'
5t 3.24 30.24 a0.39 25.55 31.06
Noise I" 0.04 1.92 5.96 2.11 1.88 - - 5.0 5.0'
It 0.21 6.16 18.64 6.39 6.21
Degraded 29" 1.60 60.73 1a5.65 64.65 54.55 6.7 43 13 a5
29t 1780.35 3253.25 5084.92 1016.32 1a0.17
Erratic output 2" 0.71 3.82 8.97 2.66 3.76 24 43' 46 a5·
2t 361.26 830.54 1456.ao 339.72 12.43
External leakage - Fuel 2" - 4.07 20.89 9.06 3.76 II 12' 17 24'
2t 0.38 12.21 37.07 12.77 12.43
External leakage • Util~y 3" 0.01 5.85 23.aO 8.99 5.64 - 8.0 12'
medium 3t 1.17 28.94 87.11 29.51 la.64
Fail to start on demand 2" - 4.07 20.89 9.06 3.76 1.5 2.0' 6.0 6.0'
2t 0.38 12.21 37.07 12.77 12.43
High output I" - 1.83 10.15 5.18 l.as 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
It 100.46 311.94 61a.45 162.68 6.21
Internal leakage 5" 0.01 10.24 42.75 16.33 9.41 5.0 5.o· 12 22'
5t 5.34 30.46 72.52 21.67 31.06
Low output 2" 0.06 4.07 12.84 4.60 3.76 5.5 6.0' 8.0 10.0'
2t 571.20 1161.79 1921.21 416.64 12.43
Noise 3" - 6.19 33.12 15.25 5.64 - 8.7 12'
3t 0.52 18.18 55.39 19.19 18.64
Parameter deviation I" 0.04 1.92 5.96 2.11 1.88 5.0 5.0' 5.0 5.o·
It 0.21 6.16 la.63 6.39 6.21
Structural deficiency 3" 0.03 5.95 21.15 7.81 5.64 2.7 4.0' 6.7 12'
3t 1117.91 1897.64 2844.06 529.69 la.64
Other 5" 2E-4 10.34 50.o7 20.70 9.41 3.8 6.0' 17 20'
5t 3.24 30.24 80.39 25.55 31.06
Incipient 26" 9.92 48.84 112.11 32.81 48.91 12 33 20 66
26t 9215.35 12515.84 16231.18 2140.11 161.53
Abnormal instrument reading 5" - 9.95 48.73 20.46 9.41 12 12' 8.8 12'
5t a5.02 431.90 999.45 293.92 31.06
Extemalleakage - Util~y s· 0.47 14.75 44.74 15.40 15.05 15 33' 29 66'
medium at 3a09.95 5331.13 7061.6a 992.56 49.70
Minor in-service problems a· 0.46 14.46 43.a6 15.09 15.05 9.6 12' 16 4a'
at 3773.75 5425.08 7321.47 IOa3.60 49.70
Comments
(oont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.4.1.4 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Diesel engine
Water fire fighting
0.5316 0.1610
Failure mode No of Failure rate (ger 10& hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
Overheating 1. - 1.83 10.15 5.18 1.88 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.0"
1t 100,46 311.94 618.45 162.68 6.21
Parameter deviation 1. 0.04 1.92 5.96 2.11 1.88 - - 24 24"
1t 0.21 6.16 18.65 6.40 6.21
Structural deficiency 1. 0.04 1.92 5.96 2.11 1.88 - - 38 38"
1t 0.21 6.16 18.65 6.40 6.21
Other 2. 4.07 20.89 9.06 3.76 - - 23 40"
2t 0.38 12.22 37.10 12.79 12.43
All modes 63. 19.11 125.37 309.36 94.54 118.51 8.5 43 15 85

63t 13087.16 17384.88 22184.53 2773.78 391.40
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.4.1.5 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Diesel engine
Water iniection
0.0263 0.0143
Critical 1. 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 8.0 8.0" 8.0 8.o·
1t 3.51 70.13 332.75 70.13 70.13
Fail to start on demand 1. 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 8.0 8.o· 8.0 8.o·
1t 3.51 70.13 332.75 70.13 70.13
Degraded 4. 51.89 152.07 348.05 76.03 152.07 11 17" 16 33"
Erratic output
4t
1.
1t
95.72
1.90
280.50
38.02
642.01
180.39
140.25
38.02
280.50
38.02 11 11" 11 ,.
3.51 70.13 332.75 70.13 70.13
External leakage- Utility 1. 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 17 17" 33 33"
medium 1t 3.51 70.13 332.75 70.13 70.13
Structural deficiency 1. 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 5.0 5.o· 10.0 10.0"
Other
1t
1.
1t
3.51
1.90
70.13
38.02
332.75
180.39
70.13
38.02
70.13
38.02 11 ,. 11 ,.
3.51 70.13 332.75 70.13 70.13
All modes 5. 74.89 190.09 399.75 85.01 190.09 10 17" 15 33"

5t 138.15 350.63 737.38 156.81 350.63
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.4.2 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Gas engine
0.3856 0.2651
Critical 31' 11.95 69.68 166.92 50.08 80.40 25 121 21 121
31t 0.79 122.33 425.38 156.94 116.94
Breakdown 3' IE-3 6.01 26.61 10.47 7.78 36 84' 36 84'
3t 1.17 10.24 26.84 8.45 11.32
External leakage • Utility 2' . 5.54 30.70 15.72 5.19 . 3.5 6.0'
medium 2t 1.18 8.04 20.03 6.15 7.54
Fail to start on demand 5' 0.01 9.13 38.04 14.51 12.97 45 121' 45 12r
5t 0.32 13.98 43.06 15.12 18.86
Fail to stop on demand I' IE-4 2.84 13.31 5.42 2.59 - 6.0 6.0'
1t - 4.62 23.30 10.00 3.77
Low output I' - 2.55 13.55 8.97 2.59 - 0.5 0.5'
1t - 4.10 21.85 14.35 3.77
Minor in-service problems 1' IE-4 2.84 13.31 5.42 2.59 - - 1.0 1.0'
It - 4.62 23.30 10.00 3.77
Overheating 3' 8.57 42.06 17.68 7.78 32 32' 4.5 8.0'
3t 17.27 87.24 37.51 11.32
Parameter deviation I' IE-4 2.84 13.31 5.42 2.59 - 1.0 1.o·
1t - 4.62 23.30 10.00 3.77
Spurious stop 8' 4.65 19.44 42.57 12.08 20.75 7.3 16' 8.6 16'
at 5E4 36.45 176.90 73.38 30.18
Structural deficiency I' - 2.55 13.55 8.97 2.59 - - 6.0 6.0'
It 4.10 21.85 14.35 3.77
Vibration 1' 1E4 2.84 13.31 5.42 2.59 - - -
It 4.62 23.30 10.00 3.77
Other 4' 0.01 8.44 34.78 13.20 10.37 16 28' 40 111'
4t - 13.46 72.60 46.27 15.09
Degraded 50' 66.26 127.41 204.68 42.64 129.68 30 116 26 221
50t 76.84 196.97 362.21 88.87 188.61
Enatic output I' IE-4 2.84 13.31 5.42 2.59 - 23 23'
It - 4.62 23.30 10.00 3.77
External leakage· Fuel 1' - 2.55 13.55 8.96 2.59 8.0 8.0' 8.0 s.o·
It 3.62 19.93 9.43 3.77
External leakage - Utility 7' 3.74 18.21 41.65 12.17 18.16 36 78' 25 78'
medium 7t 1.46 28.33 84.60 28.22 26.41
Fail to start on demand 3' - 8.60 44.67 19.82 7.78 - 9.5 18'
3t 2.26 12.28 28.89 8.57 11.32
High output 2' O.ot 4.02 16.00 5.97 5.19 9.0 12' 9.0 12'
2t 0.31 6.20 18.56 6.20 7.54
Internal leakage 1' 0.01 2.25 8.08 2.99 2.59 16 16' 16 16'
It 0.04 3.24 10.42 3.77 3.77
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.4.2 Ma:hinery
Combustion Engines
Gas engine
34 18 Calendar time * Operational Ume T 1536
0.3856 0.2651
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active reD. hrs Man hours
low output r O.o7 16.79 62.97 23.24 "''18.16 13 16" 25 w
Minor in-service problems ,.
7t 0.08
1E4
25.07
2.84
97.35
13.31
36.04
5.42
26.41
2.59 - 2.0 2.0"
Noise ,.
,t
,t
O.D1
- 4.62
2.25
23.30
8.08
10.00
2.99
3.77
2.59
3.77
56 56" 56 56"
0.04 3.24 10.42 3.77
Overheating 3. - 8.06 40.61 17.43 7.78 - 30 51"
3t - 12.20 61.09 26.12 11.32
Parameter deviation 2. - 4.30 24.93 13.61 5.19 116 116" 60 116"
Spurious stop ,.
2t
,t
1E4
- 6.34
2.84
34.41
13.31
21.57
5.42
7.54
2.59 - 25 25"
- 4.62 23.30 10.00 3.77
Structural deficiency 2. - 6.19 35.49 19.14 5.19 - - 153 221"
Vibration ,.
2t 10.07
2.55
57.41
13.55
30.79
8.96
7.54
2.59 42 42" 42 42.
,t 7.36 42.32 22.88 3.77
Other w 0.55 42.49 136.07 49.18 41.50 25 63. 12 63
Unkno\Ml ,.
16t
,t
0.72 69.60
2.55
227.74
13.55
83.03
8.97
60.35
2.59 - 4.0 4.o·
4.10 21.85 14.35 3.77
Incipient 92. 56.57 229.52 498.06 140.49 238.61 22 170 17 170
92t 89.33 371.06 810.90 229.79 347.04
Abnonnal instrument reading 4. - 7.70 40.73 18.55 10.37 5.5 12" 5.5 12"
4t - 16.96 93.29 46.10 15.09
Erratic output 3. - 6.87 35.65 15.76 7.78 - - 36 65"
External leakage - Fuel ,.

3t
1E4
- 10.46
2.84
55.20
13.31
25.09
5.42
11.32
2.59 - 6.0 6.o·
Ex1emalleakage - Utilily ,,.

,t
1.23
- 4.62
27.19
23.30
81.60
10.00
27.44
3.77
28.53 15 16" 11 33
medium ,,t 0.98 41.91 128.89 45.21 41.49
Fail to start on demand 13. 0.17 42.97 165.14 60.82 33.72 - - 20 148
Fail to stop on demand ,.

13t 0.29
1E4
70.02
2.84
265.43
13.31
97.87
5.42
49.04
2.59 - 8.0 8.o·
Internal leakage ,.
,t
,t
0.01
4.62
2.25
23.30
8.08
10.00
2.99
3.77
2.59 32 32. 32 32.
0.04 3.24 10.42 3.77 3.77
Minor in-service problems 5. 2E4 8.80 42.34 17.46 12.97 8.8 16. 13 18.
5t 2E4 12.14 58.61 24.20 18.86
Overheating 5. 0.01 9.13 38.05 14.51 12.97 24 35. 21 35"
5t 0.05 13.19 49.90 18.40 18.86
Comments
(coni.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.4.2 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Gas engine
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (10& hours) No of demands
0.3856 0.2651
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10a hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
Parameter deviation t• 1E-4 2.84 13.31 5.42 2.59 - 18 18"
1t - 4.62 23.30 10.00 3.77
Spurious stop 9. 2.94 26.53 69.94 22.11 23.34 - - 16 66"
9t 3.73 43.57 121.38 39.51 33.95
Vibration t• 1E-4 2.84 13.31 5.42 2.59 - 16 16"
1t 4.62 23.30 10.00 3.77
Other 37" 13.07 92.44 231.98 71.54 95.96 38 170" 17 170
37t 18.27 148.06 381.69 119.21 139.57
Unknown 19.
19t
0.43
0.69
56.33
91.38
190.93
310.34
70.22
114.16
49.28
71.67
- - 18 142
Fail to start on demand 2. 5.54 30.70 15.72 5.19 - 2.0 2.0"

2t 1.18 8.04 20.03 6.15 7.54
Minor in-service problems t• 1E-4 2.84 13.31 5.42 2.59 - 1.0 1.0"
1t - 4.62 23.30 10.00 3.77
Parameter deviation t• 1E-4 2.84 13.31 5.42 2.59 - 1.0 1.0"
1t - 4.62 23.30 10.00 3.77
Other to• 5E-4 28.96 139.97 57.81 25.94 - 29 142
10t 1E-3 46.89 224.39 92.31 37.72
Unknown 5. - 15.61 81.08 35.91 12.97 - 5.5 12"
5t 25.37 131.10 57.43 18.86
All modes 192. 200.77 475.20 844.18 199.69 497.98 25 170 20 221
192t 246.19 786.94 1576.63 418.23 724.25
Comments
On demand probability for conseauence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand= 2.6- 1(}3
©OREDA

Item: Combustion Engines -Gas engine
Actuatino device - - - - - -
Cabling & ·unction boxes - - - 0.52 - -
Control unit - - - - - 0.52 -
C~inders - - - - -
Exhaust - - - 0.52 - -
Fan - - 1.04 -
Heat exchanger - - - - -
Injectors - - - - -
Instrument, oeneral 0.52 - - -
Instrument, level - - - - -
Instrument, pressure - - - - - -
lns1rumen1, speed - 0.52 - 0.52 -
Instrument, temperature - - - - -
Internal power supply - - - 0.52 - - 2.08 -
Other - 0.52 1.04 2.60 - 1.56 - 0.52 -
Pioina - - 2.08 - - - -
Piston(s - - - 0.52 - -
Pump - - - 1.56 - - -
Seals - - 0.52 - 0.52 - -
Start control - - - 1.04 - -
Start energy 1battery, air - - - 2.08 -
Starting unit - - - - 2.60 - -
Unknown 1.56 1.04 - 2.60 1.04 2.60 0.52 1.04 1.04 0.52
Total 2.08 1.56 1.04 10.42 2.08 11.98 1.04 1.04 4.17 0.52
©OREDA
Maintainable item versus failure mode1 continued

rtem: Combustion Engines -Gas engine
Actuating device - - - 0.52 0.52 - 1.04
Cabling & junction boxes - - 0.52 1.04
Control unit 0.52 - - - 1.04
Cylinders 0.26 0.26
Exhaust 2.08 - - - 2.60
Fan - - - - - - 0.52 1.56
Heat exchanQer 0.52 - - 0.52
ln'ectors 0.52 - - - 0.52
Instrument, general - - - 0.52
Instrument. level - 0.52 - - 0.52 - 1.04
Instrument, pressure - 0.52 - - - - - 0.52 1.04
Instrument, speed 1.04 - - - 2.08
Instrument. temperature 1.56 1.04 - - 0.52 3.12
Internal power supply 0.52 2.08 - - 0.52 - 5.73
Other 1.04 12.76 1.56 0.52 0.52 3.12 0.52 26.30
Piping - 0.52 0.52 - 3.12
Piston(s) 0.52 0.52 - 0.52 - - - 2.08
Pump 0.52 - - - 2.08
Seals - - - 1.04
Start control - - - - 1.04
Start energy (battery, air) - - - - - 2.08
Startina unit - - - - 0.52 - 3.12
Unknown 2.60 13.54 0.52 2.08 0.52 - 1.56 3.65 0.52 36.98
Total 5.73 34.90 2.60 4.17 1.56 1.04 3.13 9.38 1.56 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Combustion Engines - Gas engine
Breakage - 0.52 0.52 0.52 - -
Combined causes 1.04 0.52 - - 0.52 -
Contamination - -
Control failure 1.04 - - 1.04 -
Corrosion - 0.52 - -
Electrical failure- oeneral - 0.52 1.56 - - 0.52 -
Erosion - -
Faulty signal/indication/alarm - - - - -
Instrument failure -general - 0.52 0.52 - - -
Leakaoe - 1.04 4.69 0.52 - - - -
Looseness - - - -
Material failure -general 0.52 0.52 1.04 - 0.52 - 0.52 -
Mechanical Failure- aeneral - 0.52 3.65 1.04 -
Misc. external influences - - -
Miscellaneous- general - 0.52 0.52 - -
No oower/ vol1aae - 1.04 -
No si!lnaUindicationJalarm - - -
01her - 0.52 - 0.52
Overheatina 0.52 0.52 - -
Short circuiting - - - 1.04 - 0.52 -
Sticking - 0.52 -
Unknown - - 2.08
Vibration - - - - -
Wear - - - 1.56 0.52 - 0.52
Total 2.08 1.56 1.04 10.42 2.08 11.98 1.04 1.04 4.17 0.52
©OREDA

Item: Combustion Engines - Gas engine
Breakage - - - 0.52 - - 2.08
Combined causes 0.52 1.04 0.52 0.52 0.52 1.04 - 6.25
Common mode failure - 0.52 0.52 1.04
Contamination - 0.52 - - 0.52
Control failure - 0.52 - - 0.52 3.12
Corrosion 0.52 - - 0.52 - 1.56
Elecbical failure - Qeneral 1.04 2.60 0.52 0.52 1.04 8.33
Erosion - - - 0.52 0.52
Fa_ulty signal/indication/alarm 0.52 - - 1.04 - 1.56
Instrument failure - aeneral 0.52 0.52 - - - - - 2.08
Leakage 0.52 - 0.52 0.52 - 7.81
Looseness - 0.52 - 0.52
Material failure -general 0.52 1.56 - - - 5.21
Mechanical Failure- aeneral - 6.25 1.04 - 0.52 2.60 - 15.62
Misc. external influences 0.52 - - - - - 0.52
Miscellaneous- general 0.52 2.08 - - - 0.52 0.52 4.69
No cause found - 0.52 - - 0.52
No power/ voltaae - - - - - 1.04
No signal/indication/alarm - - 0.52 - 0.52
Other - 10.94 1.04 - - - 2.08 - 15.10
Out of adiustment - 0.52 0.52 - - - 1.56
Overheatina 0.52 2.08 3.65
Short circuiting - - 1.56
Sticking - - - 0.52
Unknown 0.52 0.52 - - - - 1.04 0.52 - 4.69
Vibration - - - - - 1.04 1.04
Wear 2.08 3.12 - - 0.52 - - 8.33
Total 5.73 34.90 2.60 4.17 1.56 1.04 3.13 9~8 1.56 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.4.2.1 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Gas engine
Crude oil handlina
0.0789 0.0761
Critical w 78.19 139.40 230.76 42.03 139.40 34 121 34 121
Itt 81.10 144.59 239.37 43.60 144.59
Breakdown 2" 4.50 25.34 79.77 17.92 25.34 50 84' 50 84.
2t 4.67 26.29 82.75 18.59 26.29
Fail to start on demand 4" 17.30 50.69 116.02 25.34 50.69 55 121. 55 12t•
4t 17.94 52.58 120.34 26.29 52.58
Spurious stop 3" 10.39 38.02 98.27 21.95 38.02 11 w 11 16'
3t 10.78 39.43 101.94 22.77 39.43
Other 2" 4.50 25.34 79.77 17.92 25.34 10.0 16' 10.0 16'
2t 4.67 26.29 82.75 18.59 26.29
Degraded w 78.19 139.40 230.76 42.03 139.40 32 116 32 116
11t 81.10 144.59 239.37 43.60 144.59
External leakage • Utility t• 0.63 12.67 60.13 12.67 12.67 30 30' 30 30'
medium It 0.66 13.14 62.37 13.14 13.14
H~h output 2" 4.50 25.34 79.77 17.92 25.34 9.0 12' 9.0 12'
2t 4.67 26.29 82.75 18.59 26.29
Internal leakage t• 0.63 12.67 60.13 12.67 12.67 16 16' 16 16'
It 0.66 13.14 62.37 13.14 13.14
Low output 2" 4.50 25.34 79.77 17.92 25.34 12 t6• 12 16'
2t 4.67 26.29 82.75 18.59 26.29
Noise t• 0.63 12.67 60.13 12.67 12.67 56 56. 56 56'
It 0.66 13.14 62.37 13.14 13.14
Parameter deviation t• 0.63 12.67 60.13 12.67 12.67 116 116' 116 tt6·
It 0.66 13.14 62.37 13.14 13.14
Other 3" 10.39 38.02 98.27 21.95 38.02 31 63. 31 63.
3t 10.78 39.43 101.94 22.77 39.43
Incipient 23" 199.19 291.46 412.92 60.77 291.46 24 170 26 170
23t 206.62 302.33 428.31 63.04 302.33
Abnormal instrument reading T 4.50 25.34 79.77 17.92 25.34 10.0 12' 10.0 12'
2t 4.67 26.29 82.75 18.59 26.29
Erratic output t• 0.63 12.67 60.13 12.67 12.67 .
It 0.66 13.14 62.37 13.14 13.14
External k!akage · Utility 3" 10.39 38.02 98.27 21.95 38.02 15 16' 15 16'
medium 3t 10.78 39.43 101.94 22.77 39.43
Internal leakage t• 0.63 12.67 60.13 12.67 12.67 32 32' 32 32'
It 0.66 13.14 62.37 13.14 13.14
Minor in-service problems 4" 17.30 50.69 116.02 25.34 50.69 8.8 16' 12 w
4t 17.94 52.58 120.34 26.29 52.58
Overheating 4" 17.30 50.69 116.02 25.34 50.69 24 35' 24 35'
4t 17.94 52.58 120.34 26.29 52.58
Comments
Ieoni.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.4.2.1 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Gas engine
Crude oil handling
0.07a9 0.0761
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
failures Lower Mean Upper SD niT. Mean Max Mean Max
other a· 50.44 101.3a 1a2.93 35.84 101.3a 40 170' 40 170'
at 52.32 105.16 1a9.74 37.1a 105.16
All modes 45. 437.98 570.26 731.13 85.01 570.26 28 170 29 170
45t 454.31 591.51 758.38 88.18 591.51
Comments
On demood probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =2.8 1Q-2
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.4.2.2 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Gas engine
Ememencv oower
0.0263 0.0053
failures Lower Mean Upper SD ni< Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 6' 99.41 228.10 450.12 93.12 228.10 13 32' 12 2a+
6t 498.10 1142.86 2255.24 466.57 1142.86
Breakdown 1' 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 8.0 8.o· 8.0 8.o·
,t 9.52 190.48 903.81 190.48 19D.48
Overheating 1' 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 32 32'
,t 9.52 190.48 903.81 190.48 190.48
Spurious stop 3' 31.17 114.05 294.82 65.85 114.05 4.0 8.o· 6.0 8.o·
3t 156.19 571.43 1477.14 329.91 571.43
Other 1' 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 28 28' 28 28'
,t 9.52 19D.48 903.81 190.48 190.48
Degraded 3' 31.17 114.05 294.82 65.85 114.05 28 42' 28 42'
3t 156.19 571.43 1477.14 329.91 571.43
External ~akage - Utility 1' 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 24 24' 24 24'
medium It 9.52 190.48 903.81 190.48 190.48
Vibration 1' 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 42 42' 42 42'
,t 9.52 190.48 903.81 190.48 190.48
Other 1' 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 18 18' 18 18'
,t 9.52 190.48 903.81 190.48 19D.48
Incipient 3' 31.17 114.05 294.82 65.85 114.05 9.3 21i 9.3 21i
3t 156.19 571.43 1477.14 329.91 571.43
Abnormal instrument reading 2' 13.50 76.03 239.32 53.76 76.03 1.0 t.o· 1.0 t.o·
2t 67.62 380.95 1199.05 269.37 380.95
Other 1' 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 26 26' 26 26'
,t 9.52 190.48 903.81 190.48 190.48
All modes 12' 263.27 456.20 739.04 131.69 456.20 16 42 16 42

12t 1319.05 2285.71 3702.80 659.83 2285.71
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.4.2.3 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Gas engine
Main power
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1()& hours) No of demands
30 16 Calendar time • 1 1392
Operational time
0.2803 0.1838
Failure mode No of Failure rate fDer 106 hours). Active reD. hrs Man hours
failuresLower Mean Upper so nit Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 14' 5.74 48.00 124.44 38.96 49.94 6.0 6.0' 13 111
14t 7.17 74.27 202.13 65.06 76.18
External leakage - Utility 2' - 6.64 35.83 16.61 7.13 - 3.5 6.0'
medium 2t - 10.44 56.93 26.58 10.88
Fail to start on demand 1' - 3.13 17.79 9.50 3.57 6.0 6.o- 6.0 6.0'
1t 4.60 23.25 10.00 5.44
Fail to stop on demand 1' 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 3.57 6.0 6.0"
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
Low output 1' - 3.13 17.80 9.51 3.57 - - 0.5 0.5"
1t - 4.89 28.14 15.22 5.44
Minor in-service problems 1' 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 3.57 - - 1.0 1.0'
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
Ovemeating 2' - 7.28 40.05 20.22 7.13 4.5 8.0'
2t - 11.48 63.57 32.49 10.88
Parameter deviation 1' 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 3.57 - 1.0 1.0'
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
Spurious stop 2' - 7.25 39.88 19.50 7.13 - - 8.0 10.0'
2t - 11.47 63.09 31.19 10.88
Structural deficiency 1' 3.13 17.80 9.51 3.57 - 6.0 6.0'
1t - 4.89 28.14 15.22 5.44
Vibration 1' 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 3.57 - -
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
Other 1' - 3.13 17.80 9.51 3.57 - - 111 111'
1t - 4.89 28.14 15.22 5.44
Degraded 36' 48.64 125.42 235.31 58.89 128.41 25 78' 24 221
36t 78.06 191.95 346.71 83.51 195.89
Erra1ic ou1put 1' 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 3.57 23 23'
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
External leakage- Fuel 1' - 3.13 17.79 9.50 3.57 8.0 8.0' 8.0 8.0"
1t - 4.60 23.25 10.00 5.44
Extern,; leakage - Utility 5' 0.73 17.29 51.98 17.57 17.84 45 78" 24 78'
medium st 3.45 28.09 66.36 20.60 27.21
Fail to start on demand 3' 1E-4 10.25 49.96 20.84 10.70 - 9.5 18'
3t 1E-4 16.14 79.25 33.35 16.32
low output 5' 0.06 16.98 65.71 24.28 17.84 14 14' 30 74"
st 0.06 25.76 101.70 37.90 27.21
Minor in-service problems 1' 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 3.57 - - 2.0 2.0'
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
Ovemeating 3' 6E-4 9.77 45.35 18.34 10.70 - - 30 51'
3t 7E-4 14.51 67.73 27.49 16.32
Comments
/cont. I
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.4.2.3 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Gas engine
Mai~wer
0.2803 0.1838
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours . Active rep. hrs Man hours
Pcrameter deviation 1' 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 3.57 - - 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
Spurious stop 1' 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 3.57 - 25 25"
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
Structural deficiency 2' - 7.26 40.05 20.22 7.13 - - 153 221"
2t - 11.48 63.57 32.49 10.88
Other 12' 0.20 43.39 160.37 59.23 42.80 12 12' 5.9 24
12t 0.28 67.68 257.13 94.79 65.30
Unknown 1' - 3.13 17.80 9.51 3.57 - 4.0 4.0"
1t - 4.89 28.14 15.22 5.44
Incipient ss· 42.54 231.95 546.1S 1S2.15 235.43 . . 14 148
sst S0.65 388.70 892.92 2S9.83 359.13
Erratic output 2' - 6.64 35.83 16.61 7.13 - 36 65"
2t - 10.44 56.93 26.58 10.88
External leakage - Fuel 1' 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 3.57 - - 6.0 6.0"
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
External leakage - Utility 8' 0.26 27.76 91.79 33.57 28.54 - 9.1 33"
medium at 0.31 43.69 149.91 55.23 43.53
Fail to start on demand 13' 0.35 49.40 169.66 62.51 46.37 - - 20 148
13t 0.51 78.53 273.08 100.75 70.74
Fail to stop on demand 1' 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 3.57 - 8.0 8.0"
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
Minor in-service problems 1' 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 3.57 - 18 18"
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
Ovemeating 1' - 3.13 17.80 9.51 3.57 - 12 12"
1t - 4.89 28.14 15.22 5.44
Parameter deviation 1' 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 3.57 - 18 18"
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
Spurious stop 9' 16.86 32.22 51.60 10.70 32.10 - - 16 66"
9t 21.29 49.72 87.82 20.64 48.97
Vibration 1' 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 3.57 - - 16 16"
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
Other 28' 8.91 95.11 260.45 84.09 99.88 - - 8.7 20
28t 12.07 150.44 423.89 138.62 152.36
Unknown 19' 2.28 S5.82 199.08 S8.15 s1.n . . 18 142
19t 2.64 104.14 318.97 111.33 103.39
Fail to start on demand 2' . 6.64 35.83 16.61 7.13 . . 2.0 2.0"
2t . 10.44 56.93 26.58 10.88
Minor in-service problems 1' 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 3.57 . 1.0 1.0"
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
Comments
(cont.'
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
1.4.2.3 Machinery
Combustion Engines
Gas engine
Main power
0.2803 0.1838
Parameter deviation 1. 0.18 3.58 10.69 3.57 "''3.57 1.0 1.o·
1t 0.30 5.50 16.33 5.44 5.44
Other 10. 3E-3 33.58 153.94 61.56 35.67 29 142
101 4E-3 53.30 245.23 98.40 54.41
Unknown 5. . 18.14 90.19 38.37 17.84 . . 5.5 12•
5t . 28.77 143.74 61.37 27.21
AllmodH 135. 154.18 465.50 913.12 238.02 481.55 22 7t' 17 221

1351 213.84 730.59 1498.93 405.58 734.59
Comments
©OREDA
Turboexpanders
The boundary definition is shown in Figure 12 and corresponding subdivision in
Maintainable Items in Table 12. The turboexpander boundary includes the expander turbine
and recompressor with auxiliaries. Included in the boundary are any inlet mesh screens, but
any quick closure valve in the inlet stream is excluded. Also included is any system for
glycol injection in the inlet stream, but not the power or the glycol feed to such a system.
Note! The boundary for Turboexpanders used for other purposes than recompression
(e.g. driving an electric generator or pump) does not include the driven unit (e.g. the
generator).
Subunits that are common to the driver (i.e. the turboexpander) and the driven unit (e.g. a
pump or an electric generator) are a part of the driven unit.
Gas inlet
Inlet valve
i EXPANDER TURBINE f - - - j RECOMPRESSOR

I
Outlet valve
SHAFT
LUBRICATION CONTROL AND
SEAL MISC.
SYSTEM MONITORING
SYSTEM
·- · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Boundary Coolant Gas Power Remote

instr.
Note! Driven units other than recompressors
(e.g. pumps or generators) are outside the boundary
Figure 12 - Turboexpanders, boundary definition
©OREDA
Table 12 - Turboexpanders, Subdivision in Maintainable Items

TURBOEXPANDERS
Ex pan dO< Control& Lubrication Shaft seal

Miscellaneous Recompressor
turbine monitoring systO<n system
Casing Actuating Reservoir Buffer gas Other Casing
device system
Inlet screen Pump w/motor Instruments
Inlet vanes Cabling& Dry gas seal
Filter Piping
junction boxes
Instruments Filters
Cooler Radial bearing
Control unit
Instruments
Piping Check valves Rotor wlimpeller
Instruments
Overhead tank
Radial bearing Valves Seals
Internal povver
Rotor w/impeller Piping
Pump
supply Thrust bearing
w/motor/gear
Seals Monitoring Oil Valves
Reservoir
Thrust bearing Valves Instruments
Scrubber
Valves Seals
Seal gas
Seal oil
Valves
...
(For all subunits the Mls "Unknown" and "Subumt are Included.)

BRD Breakdown
ERO Erratic output
HIO High output
LOO Low output
NOI Noise
OTH Otber
PDE Parameter divation
UNK Unknown
UST Spurious stop
VIB Vibration
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.5 Machinery
Turboexpanders
0.1752 0.1443
Critical a· a.97 44.36 101.93 29.a5 45.65 - - 113 391r
at 7.19 54.35 13a.26 42.92 55.44
Breakdown 3. 4.97 17.49 36.24 9.88 17.12 - 195 390'
3t 5.84 21.00 43.80 12.00 20.79
Erratic output 1. 0.01 5.39 21.85 8.24 5.71 - 30 30'
1t 4E-3 6.70 28.42 10.94 6.93
Fail to start on demand 2. 0.85 10.89 30.82 10.09 11.41 - 10.0 12'
2t 0.28 13.44 41.59 14.68 13.86
Spurious stop 1. 0.01 5.39 21.85 8.24 5.71 - - 24 24'
1t 4E-3 6.70 28.42 10.94 6.93
Other 1. 0,01 5.39 21.85 8.24 5.71 - 240 240'
1t 4E-3 6.70 28.42 10.94 6.93
Degraded 16.
16t
30.94 a4.77 160.25
219.37
40.40
60.a9
91.30
110.88
- - 12 aa
27.35 103.39
Extemalleakage - Utility 4. 7.21 22.09 43.57 11.41 22.82 - 5.8 12'
medium 4t 8.80 26.89 52.97 13.86 27.72
Olher 12. 24.83 84.51 119.32 29.45 68.47 - 14 88
12t 20.24 78.38 167.84 46.81 83.16
Incipient 23.
23t
6.95 121.12 357.48
462.55
118.86
160.37
131.24
159.40
- - 30 518
4.31 151.78
Abnormal instrument reading 13" 0.65 64.64 211.98 77.34 74.18 - - 9.0 24
13t 0.63 82.93 281.50 103.55 90.09
Minor in-service problems 1" 0.03 7.33 27.28 10.07 5.71 - - 11 11'
1t 0.09 7.76 25.00 9.06 6.93
Pcnmeter deviation 1" 0.03 7.33 27.28 10.Q7 5.71 - 518 518'
1t 0.09 7.76 25.00 9.06 6.93
Other 8" 0.45 40.49 131.60 47.86 45.65 - 6.4 12'
8t 0.39 51.55 175.11 64.42 55.44
Unknown 1"
1t
0.01
0.01
5.39
6.52
21.85
26.92
8.24
10.22
5.71
6.93
- - 3.0 3.1r
Unkno\\11 1" 0.01 5.39 21.85 8.24 5.71 - 3.0 3.0'

1t 0,01 6.52 26.92 10.22 6.93
Allmodn 48"
48t
42.16 247.85 594.97 178.77
252.51
273.90
332.65
- - 37 518
36.81 310.47 806.03
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Turboexpanders
AIR BRO ELU ERO FTS

Control unit 2.08 "
Instrument, pressure 8.33 " " " "
Instrument, speed 2.08 " " " "
Instrument, temperature 4.17 " " "
Instrument, vibration
Monitorino 4.17 " 4.17 2.08
Other 2.08 "
Radial bearing " 2.08 " " "
Unknown 4.17 4.17 4.17 2.08 2.08

Valves " "
'Mring " " "
Total 27.08 6.25 8.33 2.08 4.17

OTH POE SER UNK UST Sum

Control unit " " 2.08 4.17
Instrument, pressure 8.33
Instrument, soeed " " 1.04 " 3.12
Instrument, temperature " " 4.17
Instrument. vibration " " 1.04 " " 1.04
Monitoring " " " " " 10.42
Other 8.33 " " 10.42
Radial bearing 2.08 " " 4.17
Unknown 27.08 " 2.08 45.83
Valves 4.17 " " 4.17
'Mrino 4.17 " " 4.17
To1al 43.75 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 100.0
©OREDA

AIR BRD ELU ERO FTS

Break~e 4.17 -
Control failure - - 2.08
Deformation - -
Electrical failure- aeneral -
Faulty powerlvoltaQe - -
Faulty signal/indication/alarm 10.42 - -
Instrument failure - general 8.33 2.08 2.08
Leakaoe 8.33 -
Mechanical Failure - general 2.08 -
No cause found 2.08 - -
No sianal/indication/alann 2.08 - - -
Other - - -
Out of adjustment 4.17 - -
Overheating - - -
StickinQ - - - - -
Unknown - - -
Total 27.08 6.25 8.33 2.08 4.17
©OREDA


Breakage - - - 4.17
Control failure - - - 2.08
Defonnation 2.08 2.08
Electrical failure -general 2.08 - - 2.08
Faultv oowerlvoltaae 2.08 2.08 4.17
Faulty sional/indicationfalann - - - - 10.42
Instrument failure -general 18.75 - 2.08 33.33
Leakage - - 8.33
Mechanical Failure- aeneral 6.25 - 8.33
No signal/indication/alarm - - - 2.08
Other 4.17 - 4.17
Out of adjustment 6.25 - - - 1o.42
Overheating 2.08 - - 2.08
St~king - 2.08 2.08
Unknown - 2.08 - 2.08
Total 43.75 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
1.5.1 Machinery
TurboexpCJlders
Gas processin~
0.1752 0.1443
Failure mode No of Failure rate fDer 1()6 hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
Critical 8. 8.97 44.36 101.93 29.85 "''45.65 - - 113 390"
8t 7.19 54.35 138.26 42.92 55.44
Breakdown 3. 4.97 17.49 36.24 9.88 17.12 - 195 390"
3t 5.84 21.00 43.80 12.00 20.79
Erratic output 1. 0.01 5.39 21.85 8.24 5.71 . - 30 30"
1t 4E-3 6.70 28.42 10.94 6.93
Fail to start on demand 2. 0.85 10.89 30.82 10.09 11.41 - - 10.0 12"
2t 0.28 13.44 41.59 14.68 13.86
Spurious stop 1. 0.01 5.39 21.85 8.24 5.71 - - 24 24"
1t 4E-3 6.70 28.42 10.94 6.93
Other 1. 0.01 5.39 21.85 8.24 5.71 - - 240 240"
1t 4E-3 6.70 28.42 10.94 6.93
Degraded 16.
16t
30.94
27.35
84.77
103.39
160.25
219.37
40.40
60.89
91.30
110.88
- - 12 88
External leakage- Utility 4" 7.21 22.09 43.57 11.41 22.82 - 5.8 12"
medium 4t 8.80 26.89 52.97 13.86 27.72
Other 12" 24.83 64.51 119.32 29.45 68.47 - 14 88
12t 20.24 78.38 167.64 46.81 83.16
Incipient 23. 6.95 121.12 357.48 118.86 131.24 . - 30 518
23t 4.31 151.78 462.55 160.37 159.40
Abnonnal instrument reading 13" 0.65 64.64 211.98 77.34 74.18 - 9.0 24
13t 0.63 82.93 281.50 103.55 90.09
Minor in-service problems 1" 0.03 7.33 27.28 10.07 5.71 - - 11 11"
1t 0.09 7.76 25.00 9.06 6.93
Parameter deviation 1. 0.03 7.33 27.28 10.07 5.71 - - 518 518"
1t 0.09 7.76 25.00 9.06 6.93
Other 8. 0.45 40.49 131.60 47.86 45.65 - - 6.4 12"
8t 0.39 51.55 175.11 64.42 55.44
Unknown 1"
1t
0.01
0.01
5.39
6.52
21.85
26.92
8.24
10.22
5.71
6.93
- - 3.0 3.0"
Unknown 1" 0.01 5.39 21.85 8.24 5.71 3.0 3.0"

1t 0.01 6.52 26.92 10.22 6.93
All modes 48. 42.16 247.85 594.97 178.77 273.90 . - 37 518

48t 36.81 310.47 806.03 252.51 332.65
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Turboexpanders- Gas processing
AIR BRD ELU ERO FTS

Control unit 2.08 - - -
Instrument, pressure 8.33 -
Instrument, soeed 2.08 -
Instrument, temperature 4.17 -
Instrument, vibration - -
Monitoring. 4.17 - 4.17 - 2.08
Other 2.08 - - -
Radial bearing 2.08 - -
Unknown 4.17 4.17 4.17 2.08 2.08
Valves -
Vllrino - - -
Tolal 27.08 6.25 8.33 2.08 4.17


Control unit - - 2.08 4.17
Instrument. pressure - 8.33
Instrument, speed 1.04 3.12
Instrument, temperature - - 4.17
Instrument, vibration - - 1.04 - - 1.04
Monitoring - - - - 1o.42
Other 8.33 - - - - 1o.42
Radial bearing 2.08 - - 4.17
Unknown 27.08 - 2.08 45.83
Valves 4.17 - 4.17
\!\Iring 4.17 - 4.17
Total 43.75 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 100.0
©OREDA

AIR BRD ELU ERO FTS

Breakaae 4.17 - -
Control failure 2.08
Defonnation - - -
Electrical failure - general -
Faultv oower/voltaae - - -
Faulty signal/indication/alarm 10.42 - -
Leakage 8.33 -
Mechooical Failure- oeneral 2.08 - -
No cause found 2.08 - -
No signal/indication/alarm 2.08 - -
0111er - - -
Out of a:fustment 4.17 - -
Overheating -
Sticking - - -
Unknown - - -
Total 27.08 6.25 8.33 2.08 4.17
©OREDA


Breakaoe - - - 4.17
Deformation 2.08 - 2.08
Electrical failure - aeneral 2.08 - 2.08
Faui1Y oower/vollaoe 2.08 2.08 4.17
Faulty signal/indication/alarm 1D.42
Instrument failure - general 18.75 - 2.08 33.33
Leal<_age - - - 8.33
Mechanical Failure- general 6.25 - - - 8.33
No signal/indication/alarm - - - 2.08
Other 4.17 - 4.17
Out of acfustment 6.25 - 10.42
Overheating 2.08 - - - 2.08
Sticking - 2.08 - 2.08
Unknown - 2.08 - - - 2.08
Total 43.75 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
1.5.1 .1 Machinery
Turboexpanders
Gas processing
Cen1rifugal
0.1752 0.1443
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 1()6 hours). Active re . hrl Manhours
Critical s· 8.97 44.36 101.93 29.85 45.65 . . 113 391r
at 7.19 54.35 138.26 42.92 55.44
Breakdown 3. 4.97 17.49 36.24 9.88 17.12 . 195 390"
3t 5.84 21.00 43.80 12.00 20.79
Erratic output 1. 0.01 5.39 21.85 8.24 5.71 . 30 30"
1t 4E-3 6.70 28.42 10.94 6.93
Fail to start on demand 2. 0.85 10.89 30.82 10.09 11.41 . . 10.0 12"
2t 0.28 13.44 41.59 14.68 13.86
Spurious stop 1. 0.01 5.39 21.85 8.24 5.71 . . 24 24"
1t 4E-3 6.70 28.42 10.94 6.93
Other 1. 0.01 5.39 21.85 8.24 5.71 . . 240 240"
1t 4E-3 6.70 28.42 10.94 6.93
Degraded 16. 30.94 84.77 160.25 40.40 91.30 . . 12 88
16t 27.35 103.39 219.37 60.89 110.88
External leakage· Utility 4. 7.21 22.09 43.57 11.41 22.82 . . 5.8 12"
medium 4t 8.80 26.89 52.97 13.86 27.72
Other 12. 24.83 64.51 119.32 29.45 68.47 . 14 88
12t 20.24 78.38 167.64 46.81 83.16
Incipient 23. 6.95 121.12 357.48 118.86 131.24 . . 3D 518
23t 4.31 151.78 462.55 160.37 159.40
AbnoiTilal instrument reading 13. 0.65 64.64 211.98 77.34 74.18 . 9.0 24
13t 0.63 82.93 281.50 103.55 90.09
Minor in-service problems 1. 0.03 7.33 27.28 10.07 5.71 11 11"
1t 0.09 7.76 25.00 9.06 6.93
Pa-ameter deviation 1. 0.03 7.33 27.28 10.07 5.71 . 518 518"
1t 0.09 7.76 25.00 9.06 6.93
Olher s· 0.45 40.49 131.60 47.86 45.65 6.4 12"
at 0.39 51.55 175.11 64.42 55.44
Unknown 1. 0.01 5.39 21.85 8.24 5.71 . . 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.01 6.52 26.92 10.22 6.93
Unknown 1. 0.01 5.39 21.85 8.24 5.71 . 3.0 3.0"
1t 0.01 6.52 26.92 10.22 6.93
All modes 48. 42.16 247.85 594.97 178.77 273.90 . . 37 518

48t 36.81 310.47 806.03 252.51 332.65
Comments
©OREDA
©OREDA
ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT
Electric Generators
Maintainable Items in Table 13.
The generator is identified by its interface with the electric distribution system, i.e. terminal
box (included), connecting the electrical cables to the bus bar circuit breaker.
The following specific auxiliary equipment/subunits are included in the boundary:
• Generator control, protection and trip devices

• Generator cooling system
• Bearing lubrication system
Remote instrumentation/alarms is excluded from the boundary as well as the generator

separate enclosure with its equipment
Fuel or
El Power
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
........... .............. . ....... ............
I
~
DRIVER POWER BUS
STARTING ELECTRIC
SYSTEM (Gas turbine,
Diesel, etc.) -+- TRANSMISSION 1---
(Gearbox, etc.)
GENERATOR
' BAR
CONTROL AND
COOLING SYSTEM LUBRICATION MISC.
MONITORING

supply instrumentation
Boundary
Figure 13 - Electric generators, boundary definition
©OREDA
Table 13 - Electric Generators Subdivision in Maintainable Items

'
ELECTRIC GENERATOR
Power Electric Control and Lubrication

Cooling system Miscellaneous
transmission generator unit monitoring system
Gearbox Automatic valtage Instruments Check valves Heat exchanger Hood

Bearing
regulator
Cabling & junction Reservoir Fan w/motor Purge air
Seals
Stator boxes w/heating system
Filter Anti condensation
Rotor Control unit Pump w/motor heater
Lubrication Valves
Excitation Actuating device Filter
Coupling to driver Piping
Instruments Monitoring Cooler
Coupling to driven Pump
unit Radial bearing Internal pO'Ner Valves
Instruments
supply
Instruments Thrust bearing Piping
Valves
Oil
Instruments
Seals
. ' are tncluded.)
(For all subuntts the Mls "Unknown " and "Subuntf

BRD Breakdown
ELU External leakage- Utility medium
FOF Faulty output frequency
FOV Faulty output voltage
LOO Low output
NOI Noise
OHE Overheating
OTH Other
SYN Fail to synchronize
UNK Unknown
UST Spurious stop
VIB Vibration
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
2.1 Electric Equipment
Electric Generators
0.8948 0.5158
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active reo. hrs Man hours
Critical 26" 3.58 35.37 95.27 30.50 29.06 30 125 43 251
26t 2.35 76.19 231.42 79.82 50.41
Breakdown s· O.o1 8.44 34.09 12.84 5.59 66 125" 99 251"
st 0.05 20.35 81.03 30.28 9.69
Fail to start on demand s· 0.09 7.60 24.49 8.88 5.59 27 69" 22 69"
st 0.05 14.31 55.26 20.41 9.69
Fail to stop on demand 3" . 5.01 26.14 11.70 3.35 7.3 22" 22 22"
3t 5E-4 19.87 94.60 38.83 5.82
Fail to synctlronize t• 9E-4 1.29 5.44 2.09 1.12 . . 100 too·
,t . 2.00 10.90 5.10 1.94
Spurious stop 11" 0.08 11.07 38.18 14.08 12.29 24 105 25 110
Structural deficiency ,.
Itt
,t
0.38
.
20.26
1.64
63.08
8.82
22.39
4.08
21.33
1.12 4.0 4.0" 8.0 8.0"
0.02 2.12 7.18 2.64 1.94
Degraded 18" 7E·3 30.29 134.17 52.81 20.12 24 96 24 96
18t 0.16 58.72 230.73 85.84 34.90
Abnormal instmment reading t• 9E-4 1.29 5.44 2.09 1.12 . . 12 12"
,t . 2.00 10.92 5.11 1.94
Ex1emalleakage · Utility 3" . 5.76 31.88 16.20 3.35 1.8 2.5" 3.0 5.0"
medium 3t . 7.48 41.13 19.97 5.82
Faulty output voltage 3" . 4.67 24.97 11.49 3.35 7.2 13" 7.2 13"
3t 5E-4 19.88 94.62 38.83 5.82
Low output t• . 1.99 10.95 5.37 1.12 82 82" 82 82"
Noise ,.
It
9E-4
. 8.69
1.29
44.17
5.43
19.06
2.08
1.94
1.12 68 68" 68 68"
Overlleating ,.
,t
,t
9E-4
.
.
3.81
1.29
20.67
5.44
9.63
2.09
1.94
1.12 . . 2.0 2.0"
2.00 10.92 5.11 1.94
Pcrameter deviation 3" . 5.76 31.88 16.20 3.35 5.0 7.0" 6.5 7.0"
3t . 7.48 41.13 19.97 5.82
Structural deficiency 3" . 5.76 31.88 16.20 3.35 5.7 to.o· 5.7 10.0"
Vibration ,.
3t
,t
0.01
. 7.48
0.98
41.13
3.10
19.97
1.12
5.82
1.12 56 56" 88 88"
5E-3 1.73 6.75 2.50 1.94
Other t• 0.01 0.98 3.10 1.12 1.12 96 96" 96 96"
,t 5E-3 1.73 6.75 2.50 1.94
Incipient 59" 0.01 37.99 165.66 64.54 65.94 15 84 18 156
59t 4E-3 80.76 377.14 153.12 114.39
Abnormal instrument reading 29" 0.12 20.40 72.43 26.76 32.41 12 63 12 63
29t 7E-3 36.72 163.94 64.80 56.23
External leakage- Util~y 13" 0.14 10.11 32.17 11.59 14.53 23 84 35 156
medium 13t 0.01 18.69 80.37 31.12 25.20
Comments
Icont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Electric Generators
0.8948 0.5158
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours}. Active re~ hrs Manhours
Minor in-seiVice problems g• 0.21 6.94 21.11 7.30 10.06 12 40' 15 so·
9t 2E-4 11.55 55.91 23.10 17.45
Other 5. - 3.77 20.90 10.67 5.59 3.5 s.o· 3.8 s.o·
5t - 9.14 45.26 19.20 9.69
Unknown 3" 0.17 3.74 11.23 3.77 3.35 32 63. 43 63.
3t 2E-4 8.90 42.48 17.46 5.82
All modes 103. 3.46 103.44 313.23 107.47 115.11 20 125 25 251
103t 5.00 225.25 694.63 244.36 199.70
Comments
On demood orobabilitv for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand = 2.4- 1Q-3
©OREDA
Item: Electric Generators
AIR BRD ELU FOV FTS LOO NOI OHE OTH

Control unit 4.85 - 2.91 0.97 - 0.97 1.94
Coupling to driver - 0.97 - - -
Excitation - 0.97 -
Fan 0.97 - - -
Filte~s) 0.97 0.97 - - - -
Gearbox - - -
Heat exchanger - 0.97 - 0.97
Instrument, freauencv/RPM 1.94 - -
Instrument, general 3.88 - -
Instrument, level 2.91 - - - - -
Instrument, temperature 3.88 - - - - -
Instrument, voltage 0.97 - - -
Lubrication - - -
Monitoring 1.94 - - - - -
Other 0.97 1.94 - - -
Pioina 3.88 - - - -
Pump - - - - - - -
Purge air - - - 1.94
RadiaJ bearing - - 0.97 -
Rotor - - - -
Seals - 4.85 - - - -
Stator - - - - 0.97
Subunit - 3.88 - 1.94 0.97 -
Unknown - - 0.97 1.94 -
Valves - - 0.97 - - -
IMring 1.94 - - -
Total 29.13 4.85 15.53 2.91 4.85 0.97 0.97 0.97 5.83
©OREDA

PDE SER SID STP SYN UNK UST VIB Sum

Control unit 0.97 - 0.97 2.91 - 1.94 - 18.45
Couolina to driver - - 0.97
Excitation 0.97 - - 0.97 2.91
Fan 0.97 - - 1.94
Filte~s) 0.97 - - - - - 2.91
Gecrtox - 0.97 - 0.97 - 1.94
Heat exchanger 0.97 - - 2.91
Instrument, frequency/RPM - - - 1.94
lnstrumentJI!!neral - - - - 3.88
Instrument, level - - - - - - 2.91
Instrument, temperature - 0.97 - 1.94 - 6.80
Instrument, vibration - - 3.88
Instrument, voltaae - - - 0.97
Internal power supply - 0.97 - - 0.97 - 1.94
lubrication - - - - - 0.97 - 0.97
Monitoring - - - 1.94
Other 0.97 - 3.88
Pip ina - - - 3.88
Pump - 2.91 - 0.97 - - 3.88
Purge air - 1.94
Radial bearirn:l - - - - 0.97
Rotor - 0.97 0.97
Seals - - - - - 4.85
Stator - - - - 0.97
Subunit - - 0.97 - - 0.97 - 8.74
UnknOlMl - - 0.97 1.94 5.83
Valves 0.97 - - - 1.94
VVirina 0.97 - 0.97 - 0.97 - 4.85
Total 2.91 8.74 3.88 2.91 0.97 2.91 10.68 0.97 100.0
©OREDA


Blockage/plugged 0.97 - -
Breakage - - - -
Cavitation -
Clearance/ alk:mment failure - 0.97 -
Contamination 2.91 - - 0.97
Control failure 4.85 - 1.94 0.97 0.97
Deformation - 3.88 - - -
Electrical failure - ueneral 2.91 - - - 0.97 0.97
Faulty signaVindication/alarrn 4.85 - 0.97 -
Instrument failure - general 1.94 - -
Leakooe - - 0.97
Looseness 1.94 - 1.94 - -
Material failure - general - 0.97 - - - -
Mechanical Failure- general - 1.94 3.88 - - 0.97 1.94
Misc. external influences 0.97 - - - -
No cause found 0.97 - 0.97 - -
No signal/indication/alam 0.97 - - - -
Ooen circuit 0.97 - - - - -
Out of adjustment 0.97 - - - - -
Overheating - 0.97 0.97 - -
Unknown 3.88 1.94 2.91 - 2.91 0.97 - -
To1al 29.13 4.85 15.53 2.91 4.85 0.97 0.97 0.97 5.83
©OREDA

POE SER STD STP SYN UNK UST VIB Sum

Blockage/plugged - - 0.97 1.94
Breakaae - 1.94 - - 1.94
Cavitation - 0.97 - - 0.97
Clearance! alignment failure - 0.97 - - - 0.97 2.g1
Contamination - 0.97 - - - 4.85
Control failure - 0.97 - 0.97 - 10.68
Deformation - - - 3.88
Electrical failure -general - 0.97 0.97 1.94 0.97 1.94 2.91 14.56
Faulty signal/indication/alarm - - 0.97 6.80
Instrument failure - aeneral - - - - 1.94
LeakaQe - - - - o.g7
Looseness o.g7 - - 4.85
Material failure ::-__g_eneral - - - 0.97
Mechanical Failure- aeneral 0.97 1.94 0.97 - o.g7 2.91 - 16.50
Misc. external influences 1.94 1.94 - - 4.85
No cause found - - - - - 1.94
Nc;J_signaVindication/alarm - - - 0.97
Open circuit - - - - - 0.97
Out of CKfustment - - - 0.97 - 1.94
Ovemeating - - 0.97 2.91
Unknown - - - - 12.62
Total 2.91 8.74 3.88 2.91 0.97 2.91 10.68 0.97 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
2.1.1 Electric Equipment
Electric Generators
Motor driven (diesel, gas motor)
0.5962 0.2661
Critical 14" 1.71 27.53 80.51 26.69 23.48 32 90 42 100
14t 0.85 87.63 288.87 105.56 52.62
Breakdown 3" 0.01 5.91 24.21 9.17 5.03 54 go· 54 90'
3t 6E-3 21.23 93.25 36.52 11.28
Fail to start on demand 4" 0.23 7.53 22.90 7.91 6.71 35 69' 28 69'
4t 0.09 16.36 58.02 21.43 15.03
Fail to stop on demand 3" 4E-4 8.03 37.44 15.19 5.03 7.3 22' 22 22'
3t 0.04 36.91 153.85 58.67 11.28
Fail to synchronize 1" - 1.79 10.21 5.49 1.68 - 100 too·
,t 2E-3 3.35 14.28 5.51 3.76
Spurious stop 3" 4E-3 4.60 19.26 7.37 5.03 32 58' 32 58'
3t 0.09 11.23 37.98 13.96 11.28
Degraded 6" 4E·3 13.29 58.07 22.66 10.06 41 82' 30 82'
6t 0.01 46.06 203.49 79.97 22.55
Abnormal instrument reading 1" - 1.79 10.21 5.49 1.68 - 12 12'
,t 2E-3 3.36 14.30 5.52 3.76
FauHy output voltage 2" - 5.53 30.42 14.46 3.35 7.5 13' 7.5 13'
2t IE-4 25.67 126.78 53.64 7.52
Low output t• - 2.41 12.81 5.87 1.68 82 82' 82 82'
,t - 10.69 55.91 25.09 3.76
Noise t• - 1.79 10.21 5.49 1.68 68 68' 68 68'
Overheating ,.
,t
,t
- 4.97
1.79
24.25
10.21
10.14
5.49
3.76
1.68 - - 2.0 2.0'
2E-3 3.36 14.30 5.52 3.76
Incipient 10" 0.02 20.25 84.59 32.30 16.77 8.3 22 8.1 22'
tot 0.21 53.16 203.12 74.84 37.59
Abnonnal instrument reading 4" 6E-4 7.82 36.01 14.46 6.71 8.3 16' 8.3 16'
4t 4E-3 18.38 81.67 32.20 15.03
External leakage · Utility 3" 0.04 5.39 18.67 6.89 5.03 5.7 10.0' 5.7 10.0'
medium
Other ,.
3t 2E-3
-
10.99
2.41
48.69
12.81
19.17
5.87
11.28
1.68 1.0 t.o· 1.0 t.o·
1t - 10.69 55.91 25.09 3.76
Unknown 2" 0.02 3.89 13.77 5.09 3.35 16 22' 22 22'
2t 2E-4 11.64 56.02 23.11 7.52
All modes 30" 0.49 62.67 212.05 77.96 50.32 24 90 28 100

30t 1.80 208.27 695.39 254.97 112.76
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Electric Generators- Motor driven (diesel, gas motor)

Control unit - 6.67 - - 3.33 3.33
Excitation 3.33 - - -
Fllel{s\ - - 3.33
Monitoring 3.33 - - -
Olher 3.33 - -
Radial bearing - - - - 3.33 -
Subunit - 6.67 - 6.67 3.33 -
Unknown - - 3.33 6.67 - -
VViring 3.33 - - -
Total 16.67 10.00 10.00 6.67 13.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33

Item: Electric Generators- Motor driven (diesel, gas motor)
POE SER STD STP SYN UNK UST VIB Sum

Control unit - - - 10.00 - 3.33 26.67
Excitation - - 3.33 6.67
Filter(s - - - 3.33
Instrument, general - - - - 10.00
Monitoring_ - - - - 3.33
Olher - - - 3.33 - - 6.67
Radial bearing - - - - 3.33
Subunit - - - 16.67
Unknown - - 3.33 3.33 16.67
Wiring - - 3.33 - - 6.67
Total 10.00 3.33 6.67 10.00 - 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Electric Generators -Motor driven (diesel, gas motor)

Blockage/plugged - - - - - -
Control failure 3.33 - 6.67 - - -
Electrical failure - general 6.67 - - - - 3.33 3.33
Faulty si!lnallindication/alaiTTl - - 3.33 - -
Mechanical Failure- general - - - - - 3.33 - -
Overheating - 3.33 - - - -
Unknown 6.67 6.67 10.00 10.00 3.33
Tolal 16.67 10.00 10.00 6.67 13.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33

Item: Electric Generators -Motor driven (diesel, gas motor)
PDE SER SID STP SYN UNK UST VIB Sum

Blockage/plugged - - - 3.33 - 3.33
Control failure - - 3.33 - 13.33
Electrical failure - general - - 6.67 3.33 6.67 3.33 33.33
Faulty signallindication/alaiTTl - - - 3.33
Mechanical Failure- general - - - - 3.33 - 6.67
Overheating - - - - - - - 3.33
Unknown - - - - 36.67
Touo - 10.00 3.33 6.67 10.00 - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
2.1.1.1 Electric Equipment
Electric Generators
Emergenci'_IJ()_wer
0.2192 0.0443
Critical 5" 0.17 50.68 196.30 72.59 22.81 27 69' 44 69"
5t 0.85 253.84 983.85 363.92 112.99
Breakdown 1" 0.02 10.95 44.49 16.79 4.56 49 49" 49 49"
1t 0.08 54.93 223.29 84.30 22.60
Fail to start on demand 1. 0.02 10.95 44.49 16.79 4.56 69 69" 69 69"
1t 0.08 54.93 223.29 84.30 22.60
Fail to stop on demand 2" 0.03 23.69 96.75 36.60 9.12 - - - -
2t 0.16 118.76 485.02 183.47 45.20
Spurious stop 1" 0.06 4.01 12.70 4.56 4.56 15 15" 15 15"
1t 0.30 19.88 62.93 22.60 22.60
Degraded 3" 0.05 36.38 148.81 56.33 13.69 32 82" 32 82"
3t 0.24 182.36 745.75 282.26 67.80
Faulty output voltage 2" 0.03 23.69 96.75 36.60 9.12 7.5 13" 7.5 13"
2t 0.16 118.76 485.02 183.47 45.20
Low output 1" 0.02 10.95 44.49 16.79 4.56 82 8£ 82 8£
1t 0.08 54.93 223.29 84.30 22.60
Incipient 2" 0.03 23.69 96.75 36.60 9.12 5.5 10.o- 1.0 1.0"
2t 0.16 118.76 485.02 183.47 45.20
Other 1" 0.02 10.95 44.49 16.79 4.56 1.0 1.o· 1.0 1.o·
1t 0.08 54.93 223.29 84.30 22.60
Unknown 1" 0.02 10.95 44.49 16.79 4.56 10.0 10.0" - -
1t 0.08 54.93 223.29 84.30 22.60
All modes 10. 0.23 114.28 457.65 171.51 45.62 24 82" 33 82"
10t 1.14 572.48 2292.80 859.29 225.99
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
2.1.1.1.1 Electric Equipment
Electric Generators
Emergency power
lt.1QOO)kVA
0.0526 O.Q105
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active rep. hro Man hours
Critical 4" 0.66 76.03 253.96 93.12 76.03 30 6!r 59 69"
4t 3.29 380.95 1272.41 466.57 380.95
Breakdown I" 0.95 19.01 56.93 19.01 19.01 49 49" 49 49"
It 4.76 95.24 285.24 95.24 95.24
Fail to start on demand I" 0.95 19.01 56.93 19.01 19.01 69 69" 69 69"
It 4.76 95.24 285.24 95.24 95.24
Fail to stop on demand 2" 1.90 38.02 113.86 38.02 38.02 .
2t 9.52 190.48 570.48 19D.48 19D.48
Degraded 3" 0.75 57.03 182.33 65.85 57.03 32 82" 32 82"
3t 3.76 285.71 913.52 329.91 285.71
Faulty output voltage 2" 1.90 38.02 113.86 38.02 38.02 7.5 13" 7.5 13"
2t 9.52 190.48 570.48 19D.48 19D.48
Low output I" 0.95 19.01 56.93 19.01 19.01 82 82" 82 82"
It 4.76 95.24 285.24 95.24 95.24
Incipient 2" 1.90 38.02 113.86 38.02 38.02 5.5 10.0" 1.0 1.o·
2t 9.52 190.48 570.48 190.48 190.48
Other I" 0.95 19.01 56.93 19.01 19.01 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
It 4.76 95.24 285.24 95.24 95.24
Unknown t• 0.95 19.01 56.93 19.01 19.01 10.0 10.0" . .
,t 4.76 95.24 285.24 95.24 95.24
All modes 9" 0.89 171.08 617.31 228.10 171.08 25 82" 36 82"
9t 4.46 857.14 3092.92 1142.86 857.14
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Electric Generators
Emergency power
Unknown
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (11)6 hours) No of demands
0.1666 0.0338
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours . Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 1. 0.30 6.00 28.48 6.00 6.00 15 w 15 15'
1t 1.48 29.63 140.59 29.63 29.63
Spurious stop 1. 0.30 6.00 28.48 6.00 6.00 15 w 15 15"
1t 1.48 29.63 140.59 29.63 29.63
All modes 1. 0.30 6.00 28.48 6.00 6.00 15 15' 15 w

1t 1.48 29.63 140.59 29.63 29.63
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric Generators
Main poiNE!r
11 7 Calendar time " Operational time
0.2718 0.1170
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
Critical 7" 1.53 23.95 69.76 23.10 25.75 36 90" 37 91r
7t 0.41 60.53 208.56 76.87 59.81
Breakdown 2. 0.05 6.82 23.49 8.66 7.36 57 oo· 57 go·
2t 1E·3 20.36 94.75 38.38 17.09
Fail to start on demand 2. 0.05 6.82 23.49 8.66 7.36 18 28" 8.0 s.o·
2t 0.01 13.97 59.67 23.05 17.09
Fail to stop on demand 1" 1E·3 4.26 18.70 7.32 3.68 22 22" 22 22"
1t 3E-4 18.60 90.09 37.26 8.54
Spurious stop T 0.03 6.77 25.12 9.28 7.36 40 58" 40 58"
2t 0.81 15.45 46.05 15.35 17.09
Degraded 1" . 3.35 16.78 7.18 3.68 68 68" 68 68"
1t 0.23 9.16 28.05 9.79 8.54
Noise 1" 3.35 16.78 7.18 3.68 68 68" 68 68"
1t 0.23 9.16 28.05 9.79 8.54
Incipient s· 0.08 26.16 102.16 37.91 29.43 9.0 2T 9.0 22"
at 1.77 59.15 179.87 62.15 68.35
Abnonnal instrument reading 4" 0.18 14.21 45.50 16.44 14.72 8.3 16" 8.3 16"
4t 0.69 33.11 102.46 36.17 34.18
External leakage· Utility 3" 0.02 9.79 39.66 14.96 11.04 5.7 10.0" 5.7 10.0"
medium 3t 0.42 21.97 68.33 24.23 25.63
UnknoiNil 1" . 3.35 16.78 7.18 3.68 22 22" 22 22"
1t 0.01 7.57 30.60 11.52 8.54
All modes 16. 2.30 52.38 157.33 53.01 58.86 25 90 24 90

16t 17.01 128.70 327.48 101.68 136.71
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric Generators
Main power
-1000)kVA
0.0965 0.0446
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 106 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 4. 5.50 37.87 94.45 29.04 41.47 29 Sir 29 5lr
4t 2.56 90.18 274.80 95.26 89.79
Fail to start on demand 2. 0.11 17.15 59.51 21.95 20.73 18 28' 8.0 8.0'
2t 3.16 38.43 107.84 35.20 44.89
Fail to stop on demand 1. 0.72 11.37 33.14 10.98 10.37 22 22' 22 22'
1t 0.09 53.21 214.84 80.86 22.45
Spurious stop 1. 0.10 9.21 30.11 10.97 10.37 58 58' 58 58'
1t 0.29 19.68 62.43 22.45 22.45
Incipient 7. 20.18 65.00 130.59 34.72 72.57 8.9 22' 8.9 22'
7t 19.65 139.28 349.67 107.86 157.13
Abnormal instrument reading 4. 5.50 37.87 94.45 29.04 41.47 8.3 16' 8.3 16'
4t 2.56 90.18 274.80 95.26 89.79
External leakage - Utility 2. 0.11 17.15 59.51 21.95 20.73 3.5 6.0' 3.5 6.0'
medium 2t 3.16 38.43 107.84 35.20 44.89
Unknown 1. 0.10 9.21 30.11 10.97 10.37 22 22' 22 22'
1t 0.29 19.68 62.43 22.45 22.45
All modes w 24.14 98.40 213.84 60.37 114.04 16 58 15 58

11t 130.41 238.30 372.48 74.45 246.91
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric Generators
Motor driven (diesel, gas rootor)
Main power
1000-3000lkVA
0.1754 0.0725
Critical 3' 0.23 15.03 47.43 17.00 "''
17.11 45 91r 45 91r
3t 11.21 41.24 86.70 23.89 41.39
Breakdown 2' 1.68 10.79 26.47 8.06 11.40 57 90" 57 90"
2t 0.05 30.15 121.63 45.76 27.59
Spurious stop 1' 3E·3 5.13 21.98 8.50 5.70 22 22" 22 22"
1t 0.12 12.09 39.71 14.49 13.80
Degraded 1' 3E·3 5.13 21.98 8.50 5.70 68 sa+ 68 sa+
1t 1E-I 15.08 73.61 30.78 13.80
Noise 1' 3E-3 5.13 21.98 8.50 5.70 68 68" 68 68"
1t 1E-I 15.08 73.61 30.78 13.80
Incipient 1' 3E·3 5.13 21.98 8.50 5.70 10.0 10.1r 10.0 10.1r
1t 0.12 12.09 39.71 14.49 13.80
Extemalleakage- Utility 1' 3E-3 5.13 21.98 8.50 5.70 10.0 10.0" 10.0 10.0"
medium 1t 0.12 12.09 39.71 14.49 13.80
All modes 5' 0.42 24.13 75.46 26.88 28.51 43 9lr 43 91r
5t 10.48 66.44 162.62 49.46 68.98
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric Generators
Water fire fig hung
0.1051 0.1048
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 10& hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 2' 3.38 19.03 45.14 13.45 19.03 . . 53 101r
2t 3.39 19.09 45.29 13.50 19.09
Fail to start on demand 1' 0.04 9.51 36.53 13.45 9.51 6.0 6.0"
1t 0.48 9.55 28.59 9.55 9.55
Fail to synchronize 1' 0.04 9.51 36.53 13.45 9.51 . 100 100"
1t 0.04 9.54 36.61 13.48 9.55
Degraded 2' 0.95 19.03 56.98 19.03 19.03 . . 7.0 12"
2t 0.94 19.10 57.23 19.13 19.09
Abnormal instrument reOOing 1' 0.04 9.51 36.53 13.45 9.51 . . 12 12"
1t 0.48 9.55 28.59 9.55 9.55
Overheating 1' 0.04 9.51 36.53 13.45 9.51 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.48 9.55 28.59 9.55 9.55
All modes 4' 12.99 38.05 73.77 19.03 38.05 . . 30 101r

4t 13.04 38.19 74.03 19.09 38.18
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Electric Generators
Water fire fighting
-1000\kVA
0.1051 0.1048
Critical 2.
2t
3.38
3.39
19.03
19.09
45.14
45.29
13.45
13.50
19.03
19.09
- - 53 101r
Fail to start on demand 1. 0.04 9.51 36.53 13.45 9.51 - 6.0 6.0"
1t 0.48 9.55 28.59 9.55 9.55
Fail to synchronize 1. 0.04 9.51 36.53 13.45 9.51 - 100 100"
1t 0.04 9.54 36.61 13.48 9.55
Degraded 2.
2t
0.95
0.94
19.03
19.10
56.98
57.23
19.03
19.13
19.03
19.09
- - 7.0 1T
Abnormal instrument reading 1. 0.04 9.51 36.53 13.45 9.51 - 12 12"

1t 0.48 9.55 28.59 9.55 9.55
Overheating 1. 0.04 9.51 36.53 13.45 9.51 - 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.48 9.55 28.59 9.55 9.55
All modes 4.
4t
12.99
13.04
38.05
38.19
73.77
74.03
19.03
19.09
38.05
38.18
- - 30 101r
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Electric Generators
Turbine driven (gas, steam)
10 4 Calendar time ,., Operational time T 425
0.2987 0.2497
Critical 12' 6.88 51.54 130.92 40.61 40.18 29 125 43 251
12t 9.65 62.75 154.50 47.16 48.05
Breakdown 2' 0.01 12.04 50.60 19.40 6.70 83 125' 167 251'
2t 0,01 13.14 55.85 21.52 8.01
Fail to start on demand 1' 3E-3 5.14 21.83 8.41 3.35 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.0'
1t 6E-3 5.71 23.72 9.03 4.00
Spurious stop 8' 8.63 27.72 55.62 14.77 26.79 22 105' 22 110'
at 15.38 33.92 58.34 13.30 32.04
Structural deficiency 1' 3E·3 5.14 21.83 8.41 3.35 4.0 4.0' 8.0 s.o·
1t 6E-3 5.71 23.72 9.03 4.00
Degraded 12' 0.37 69.10 248.45 91.80 40.18 17 96 21 96
12t 0.35 75.64 278.73 102.95 48.05
External leakage- Utility 3' 0.02 19.07 79.45 30.28 10.05 1.8 2.5' 3.0 5.0'
medium 3t 0.01 20.66 87.80 33.84 12.01
Faulty output voltage 1' 1E·3 3.17 13.91 5.44 3.35 6.5 6.5' 6.5 6.5'
1t 9E-4 3E2 17.39 6.85 4.00
3t 0.01 20.66 87.80 33.84 12.01
3t 0.01 20.66 87.80 33.84 12.01
Vibration 1' 1E-3 3.17 13.91 5.44 3.35 56 56' 88 88'
1t 9E-4 3.92 17.39 6.85 4.00
Other 1' 1E-3 3.17 13.91 5.44 3.35 96 96' 96 96'
1t 9E-4 3.92 17.39 6.85 4.00
Incipient 49' 0.17 144.48 594.61 225.58 164.07 17 84 20 156
49t 0.18 180.04 749.38 285.50 196.22
Abnonnal instrument reading 25' 0.49 78.10 212.n 100.67 83.71 13 63 13 63
25t 0.50 95.94 345.98 127.84 100.11
Extemalleakage - Utility 10' SE-4 28.42 134.67 55.15 33.48 28 84 44 156
medium tot 9E-4 35.60 169.64 69.66 40.04
Minor in-service problems 9' 0.06 26.99 107.85 40.37 30.14 12 40' 15 so·
9t 0.08 34.75 138.46 51.75 36.04
Other 4' 0.01 11.99 50.45 19.34 13.39 6.0 6.0' 4.7 6.0'
4t 0,01 14.93 63.96 24.73 16.02
Unknown 1' 4E-3 3.04 12.52 4.75 3.35 63 63' 63 63'
1t 0.02 3.54 13.17 4.86 4.00
AllmodH 73' 18.34 270.66 782.38 258.36 244.43 19 125 24 251

73t 18.31 324.68 960.23 319.45 292.32
Comments
On demood probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand = 2.4· 1Q-3
©OREDA

Item: Electric Generators -Turbine driven (gas, steam)

Control unit 6.85 - - 1.37 1.37 1.37
Coupling to driver - 1.37 -
Excitation - - -
Fan 1.37 - -
Filter(s 1.37 - - -
Gearbox - -
Heat exchanger - - 1.37 1.37
Instrument, frequency/RPM 2.74 -
Instrument, temperature 5.48 - - - -
Instrument, voltage 1.37 - - -
Lubrication - - - -
Moni1orino 1.37 - - - - - -
01her 1.37 1.37 - - - - -
Piping - 5.48 - - - -
Pump - - - - - -
Pui'Qe air - - - - - 2.74
Rotor - - - - - - -
Seals - 6.85 - - - - -
Stator - - - - - 1.37
Subunit - 2.74 - - - -
Unknown - - - - - -
Valves - 1.37 - - - - -
IMrino 1.37 - - - - -
To1al 34.25 2.74 17.81 1.37 1.37 - - 6.85
©OREDA

Item: Electric Generators- Turbine driven (gas, steam)
PDE SER STD STP SYN UNK UST VIB Sum

Control unij 1.37 1.37 - - - 1.37 - 15.07
Coupling to driver - - - - - 1.37
Excitation 1.37 - - 1.37
Fan 1.37 - - 2.74
Fine~s) 1.37 - - - 2.74
Gearbox 1.37 - 1.37 2.74
Heat exchall!ler - 1.37 - - 4.11
Instrument, frequency/RPM - - - - - 2.74
Instrument, general - - - - - 1.37
Instrument, level - - 4.11
Instrument, temperature 1.37 - - 2.74 - 9.59
Instrument, vibration - - 5.48
Instrument. voltage - - - - 1.37
lntemal pov.er supply 1.37 - - - 1.37 2.74
Lubrication - - - 1.37 - 1.37
Monitoring - - 1.37
Other - - 2.74
Piping - - 5.48
Pump 4.11 - - - 1.37 5.48
Purge air - - - - 2.74
Rotor - - - - - - 1.37 1.37
Seals - - - - - - - 6.85
Stator - - 1.37
Subunit - 1.37 - 1.37 - 5.48
Unknown - - - 1.37 - 1.37
Valves - 1.37 - - - 2.74
1M ring 1.37 1.37 - - - 4.11
Total 4.11 12.33 5.48 - - 1.37 10.96 1.37 100.0
©OREDA


Blockaaeloluaaed 1.37 -
BreakaQe - - -
Cavitation - -
Clearance.l alignment failure - 1.37 -
Contamination 4.11 - - 1.37
Control failure 5.48 - 1.37 1.37
Oefonnation - 5.48 -
Elecbical failure- genera! 1.37 -
Faultv sk:lnal/indicationfalann 6.85 - -
Instrument failure -general 2.74 - -
Leakage - - - 1.37
Looseness 2.74 2.74
Material failure -general - - 1.37 - - - -
Mechanical Failure - general 2.74 5.48 - - 2.74
Misc. external influences 1.37 -
No cause found 1.37 1.37 -
No signal/indication/alarm 1.37 - -
Open circuit 1.37 - - -
Ou1 of adjustment 1.37 - - -
Overheatina - - - 1.37 - - -
Unknown 2.74 - - - -
Total 34.25 2.74 17.81 1.37 1.37 - 6.85
©OREDA

PDE SER STD STP SYN UNK UST VIB Sum

Blockage/oluaaed - - - - - 1.37
Breakaae 2.74 - 2.74
Cavitation 1.37 - 1.37
Clearance/ alignment failure - 1.37 - - 1.37 4.11
Contamination 1.37 - - - 6.85
Control failure - - - - - 1.37 9.59
Electrical failure - general 1.37 1.37 2.74 - 6.85
Faultv sianalfindication/alann - - 1.37 8.22
Instrument failure - general - - - - 2.74
Leakage - - - - - 1.37
Looseness 1.37 - - - 6.85
Material failure - qeneral - - - - - 1.37
Mechanical Failure- general 1.37 2.74 1.37 1.37 2.74 - 20.55
No sianallindication/alam - - - - 1.37
Open circuit - - - - 1.37
Out of adjusbnent - - - 1.37 - 2.74
Ovemeatina - - - 1.37 2.74
Unknown - - - - 2.74
Total 4.11 12.33 5.48 - - 1.37 10.96 1.37 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
2.1.2. 1 Electric Equipment
Electric Generators
Essential oower
0.0175 0.0165
Critical 3. 46.80 171.23 442.64 98.86 171.23 56 12ir 112 251+
3t 49.64 181.60 469.43 104.85 181.60
Breakdown 2. 20.26 114.16 359.30 80.72 114.16 83 125. 167 251.
2t 21.49 121.07 381.05 85.61 121.D7
Fail to start on demand 1. 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 3.03 60.53 287.23 60.53 60.53
Degraded T 20.26 114.16 359.30 80.72 114.16 4.5 1.rr 4.5 1.rr
2t 21.49 121.07 381.05 85.61 121.07
Parameter deviation 1. 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 7.0 1.o· 7.0 1.o·
It 3.03 60.53 287.23 60.53 60.53
Incipient ,.
1t
,t
3.03
2.85
60.53
57.08
287.23
270.83
60.53
57.08
60.53
57.08 6.0 6.rr 6.0 6.rr
3.03 60.53 287.23 60.53 60.53
AOOormal instnment reading 1. 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 6.0 6.o· 6.0 6.o·
1t 3.03 60.53 287.23 60.53 60.53
All modes 6. 149.26 342.47 675.80 139.81 342.47 31 12ir 59 251.

6t 158.29 363.20 716.71 148.27 363.20
Comments
On demand prnbability for consequence class: Critical Clld failure mode: Fail to start on demCild =1.4 1Q-2
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric Generators
Essential power
1000-3000)kVA
0.0175 0.0165
Critical 3" 46.80 171.23 442.64 98.86 171.23 56 12SO 112 251'
3t 49.64 181.60 469.43 104.85 181.60
BreakdoiNn 2" 20.26 114.16 359.30 80.72 114.16 83 125. 167 251.
2t 21.49 121.07 381.05 85.61 121.07
Fail to start on demand 1" 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 3.03 60.53 287.23 60.53 80.53
Degraded 2" 20.26 114.16 359.30 80.72 114.16 4.5 7.1r 4.5 7.1r
2t 21.49 121.07 381.05 85.61 121.07
Palcllleter deviation 1" 2.85 57.08 270.S3 57.08 57.08 7.0 7.o· 7.0 7.o·
1t 3.03 80.53 287.23 60.53 60.53
Structural deficiency 1" 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
1t 3.03 60.53 287.23 60.53 60.53
Incipient 1" 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 6.0 6.1r 6.0 6.0'
1t 3.03 60.53 287.23 60.53 60.53
Abnormal instrument reading 1" 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08 6.0 6.0' 6.0 6.o·
1t 3.03 60.53 287.23 60.53 60.53
All modes 6" 149.26 342.47 675.80 139.81 342.47 31 12SO 59 251'
6t 158.29 363.20 716.71 146.27 363.20
Comments
On demand I?IUbability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =1.4- 1Q-2
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric Generators
Main POwer
0.2811 0.2332
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Man hours
Active rep. hrs
failures lower Mean Upper so n/t Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 9. 1D.43 37.14 77.26 21.13 32.01 20 105' 21 11/r
9t 12.32 48.31 103.74 29.05 38.59
Spurious stop a· 6.70 31.10 70.23 20.34 28.46 22 105. 22 110.
at 16.34 37.39 65.43 15.22 34.30
Structural deficiency 1. 0.02 9.76 39.40 14.83 3.56 4.0 4.o· 8.0 a.o·
1t 0.01 10.65 43.86 16.65 4.29
Degraded 10. 1.68 99.74 312.90 111.72 35.57 20 96' 25 9/i
10t 1.25 108.26 350.24 127.16 42.88
External leakage - Utility 3. 0.23 37.26 130.15 48.04 10.67 1.8 2.5· 3.0 5.o·
medium 3t 0.18 40.01 147.97 54.65 12.86
Faulty oulput voltage 1. 3E-3 3.41 14.24 5.44 3.56 6.5 6.5" 6.5 6S
1t 3E-3 4.24 17.85 6.85 4.29
Parameter deviation 2. 0.11 23.29 85.12 31.45 7.11 3.0 3.o· 6.0 s.o·
2t 0.09 25.13 96.76 35.67 8.58
Structural deficiency 2. 0.11 23.29 85.12 31.45 7.11 7.5 10.o- 7.5 10.0"
2t 0.09 25.13 96.76 35.67 8.58
Vibration 1. 3E-3 3.41 14.24 5.44 3.56 56 55· 88 sa·
1t 3E-3 4.24 17.85 6.85 4.29
Other 1. 3E-3 3.41 14.24 5.44 3.56 96 96. 96 9s·
1t 3E-3 4.24 17.85 6.85 4.29
Incipient 48. 0.12 148.05 611.85 234.05 170.74 17 84 20 156
48t 0.11 181.81 772.97 297.94 205.83
Abnonnal instrument reading 24. 0.41 78.81 284.56 105.15 85.37 13 63 13 63
24t 0.42 96.98 363.81 134.25 102.91
External leakage - Utility 10. 1E-3 29.71 139.18 56.63 35.57 28 84 44 156
medium 10t 1E-3 37.04 175.71 72.00 42.88
Minor in-service problems 9. 0.10 28.58 110.72 40.95 32.01 12 40" 15 so·
9t 0.11 36.63 142.63 52.87 38.59
Other 4. 0.02 12.84 51.89 19.54 14.23 6.0 s.o· 4.7 s.o·
4t 0.02 15.98 66.15 25.15 17.15
Unknown 1. O.Q1 3.26 12.79 4.75 3.56 63 63. 63 63.
1t 0.03 3.64 13.20 4.86 4.29
All modes 67" 22.21 293.29 834.05 273.77 238.32 18 105 21 156
67t 21.03 350.35 1028.68 341.47 287.30
Comments
On demand orobabilKv for conseauence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Electric Generators
Main power
-1000)kVA
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (10& hours} No of demands
0.1512 0.1393
Failure mode No of Failure rate fper 106 hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 3" 3.99 22.93 54.68 16.36 "''19.84 17 2T 17 2T
3t 2.62 28.04 76.82 24.81 21.54
Spurious stop 3" 3.99 22.93 54.68 16.36 19.84 17 22" 17 22"
3t 2.62 28.04 76.82 24.81 21.54
Degraded 3" 0.13 30.76 115.56 42.64 19.84 53 9&+ 64 9&+
3t 0.15 38.78 148.08 54.56 21.54
Faulty output voltage 1" 0.06 9.01 31.28 11.54 6.61 6.5 6.5" 6.5 6.5"
1t 0.05 11.38 42.12 15.56 7.18
Vibration 1" 0.06 9.01 31.28 11.54 6.61 56 56" 88 88"
1t 0.05 11.38 42.12 15.56 7.18
Other 1" 0.06 9.01 31.28 11.54 6.61 96 96" 96 96"
1t 0.05 11.38 42.12 15.56 7.18
Incipient 26" 1.91 262.11 894.88 329.46 171.96 20 84 25 156
26t 2~7 326.88 114025 420.79 186.65
Abnonnal instrument reating 12" 1.35 115.79 374.28 135.84 79.37 12 60 12 60
12t 1.27 143.71 478.77 175.45 86.15
External leakage - Utility 6" 0.26 63.38 241.ot 88.84 39.68 37 84" 58 156"
medium 6t 0.31 79.87 306.04 112.73 43.07
Minor in-seNice problems 5" 0.22 52.51 199.22 . 73.45 33.07 14 40" 18 60"
5t 0.26 66.17 253.41 93.35 35.90
Other 2" 0.09 19.89 73.62 27.19 13.23 6.0 6.0" 5.0 6.o·
2t 0.10 25.08 95.31 35.13 14.36
Unknown 1" 0.11 6.05 18.89 6.72 6.61 63 63" 63 63"
1t 0.13 6.53 20.28 7.18 7.18
All modes 32" 2.50 321.19 1086.84 399.56 211.64 23 96 28 156

32t 2.66 400.19 1384.89 510.70 229.73
Comments
On demMd P!Ubability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Electric Generators
Main poiNE!r
ii3000-10000)kVA
0.0664 0.0409
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10S hours . Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 3. 12.34 45.16 116.74 26.07 45.16 37 105' 39 111r
3t 20.05 73.36 189.63 42.35 73.36
Spurious stop 3. 12.34 45.16 116.74 26.07 45.16 37 105" 39 110"
3t 20.05 73.36 189.63 42.35 73.36
Incipient 2. 5.34 30.11 94.76 21.29 30.11 1.5 2.0" 1.5 2.0+
2t 8.68 48.90 153.93 34.58 48.90
Abnonnal instrument reading 1. 0.75 15.05 71.43 15.05 15.05 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 1.22 24.45 116.03 24.45 24.45
1t 1.22 24.45 116.03 24.45 24.45
All modes 5. 29.65 75.26 158.28 33.66 75.26 23 105' 24 110"

5t 48.17 122.26 257.12 54.68 122.26
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Electric Generators
Main power
20000-30000lkVA
0.0635 0.0530
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours . Active re . hrs Man hours
Critical 3" 6.56 58.92 155.25 49.07 47.24 4.0 6.o+ 5.3 8.o·
3t 12.71 64.25 148.52 43.65 56.59
Spurious stop 2" 5.62 34.14 82.68 24.98 31.49 4.0 6.0' 4.0 6.0'
2t 7.99 39.60 91.05 26.68 37.73
1t 0.18 25.12 86.05 31.70 18.86
Degraded 7" 0.77 194.90 745.69 274.72 110.23 3.9 10.o+ 5.0 10.o+
7t 0.84 206.83 786.61 289.96 132.04
Extemalleatage · Utility 3" 0.33 50.74 306.89 113.13 47.24 1.8 2.5' 3.0 5.0'
medium 3t 0.37 85.69 320.84 118.41 56.59
Parameter deviation 2" 0.22 52.20 196.89 72.63 31.49 3.0 3.0' 6.0 6.0'
2t 0.26 55.40 204.01 75.35 37.73
2t 0.26 55.40 204.01 75.35 37.73
Incipient 20" 22.02 250.76 695.33 225.82 314.94 15 63 16 63
20t 17.40 304.14 898.03 298.62 377.26
Abnonnat instrument rea:ting 11" 53.86 156.35 302.10 77.69 173.22 15 63 15 63
11t 41.65 183.39 407.62 116.78 207.49
Extemalleakage- Ulility 4" 12.63 56.29 125.56 36.07 62.99 15 20' 23 so·
medium 4t 9.03 66.21 167.40 51.82 75.45
Minor in-service problems 3" 9.88 43.07 95.42 27.27 47.24 14 22' 14 22'
3t 12.09 51.94 114.60 32.67 56.59
Other 2" 0.43 27.28 85.91 30.75 31.49 4.0 4.0'
2t 0.37 32.82 106.55 38.74 37.73
All modes 30" 336.08 482.50 650.57 96.06 472.41 11 63 12 63

Jot 410.51 569.16 749.06 103.32 565.89
Comments
On demand probabilitv for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand = 0
©OREDA
Electric Motors
The boundary defmition is shown in Figure 14 and corresponding subdivision in
Maintainable Items in Table 14.The boundary defmition applies to electric motors.
Included within the boundary are the starting system and possible auxiliaries related to the
motor. Subunits that are common to the driver (i.e. the electric motor) and the driven unit
(e.g. a pump) are a part of the driven unit. The power transmission system is also regarded
as part of the driven unit.
Bus
ELEC1RIC MOTOR
(Incl. circuit breaker)
CONTROL AND
LUBRICATION COOLING MISCEL·
MONITORING
SYSTEM SYSTEM LANEOUS
SYSTEM
........................................... ············ ············ ......................... .

instr.
Figure 14- Electric motors, boundary definition
©OREDA
Table 14- Electric Motors Subdivision in Maintainable Items

'
ELECTRICAL MOTORS
Control& Lubrication
Cooling system Electric motor Miscellaneous
monitoring system
Actuating device Heat exchanger Casing Check valves Hood
Cabling & junction Fan w/motor Circuit breaker Reservoir
boxes Filter Coupling Pump w/motor
Control unit
Valves Excitation Filter
Instruments
Piping Instruments Cooler
Internal power supply
Pump Overload protection Valves
Monitoring
Instruments Radial bearing Piping
Valves
Rotor Oil
Stator Instruments
Thrust bearing_ Seals
...
(For all subunits the Mls "UnklliJIM'l" and "Subunit are rncluded.)

BRD Breakdown
ERO Erratic output
HIO High output
LOO Low output
NOI Noise
OHE Overheating
OTH Other
UNK Unknown
UST Spurious stop
VIB Vibration
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Electric motors
3.4249 2.6212
Failure mode No of Failure rate toer 1()6 hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
Critical 57" 3.14 25.11 64.55 20.14 16.64 13 73 24 211
57t 5.05 31.27 76.09 23.06 21.75
Breakdown 4' 4E-4 2.06 9.15 3.61 1.17 12 w 68 2W
4t 7E-4 2.25 9.85 3.85 1.53
Fail to start on demand 13' 0.56 5.24 13.97 4.44 3.80 7.2 16' 9.6 24
13t 0.74 6.73 17.79 5.64 4.96
low output 11' 3E-3 8.48 37.05 14.45 3.21 16 48 22 48
11t 1E-3 9.34 42.23 16.78 4.20
Noise 1' - 0.33 1.45 0.57 0.29 - 60 so·
1t - 0.51 2.62 1.14 0.38
Overheating 2' 5E-3 0.75 2.61 0.97 0.58 3.0 4.0' 3.0 4.0'
2t 0.10 0.82 2.11 0.66 0.76
3t 0.01 1.88 6.46 2.38 1.14
Spurious stop 13' 0.77 4.32 10.24 3.05 3.80 16 65 23 129
13t 0.63 5.82 15.44 4.90 4.96
Structural deficiency 8' - 1.55 7.74 3.30 2.34 19 73' 36 146'
at 1E-3 1.99 8.52 3.29 3.05
Vibration 2' 0.02 0.59 1.82 0.63 0.58 24 24'
2t 2E-3 0.79 3.11 1.16 0.76
Degraded 31' 1.63 13.78 35.80 11.22 9.05 9.9 114 15 114
31t 2.33 16.23 40.61 12.50 11.83
External leakage - Utility 5' 0.04 3.13 9.94 3.58 1.46 2.6 5.o· 3.1 5.o·
medium 5t 0.03 4.22 14.28 5.25 1.91
Fail to start on demood 1' - 0.94 4.58 1.91 0.29 114 114' 114 114'
1t - 1.01 4.94 2.07 0.38
Fail to stop on demand 1' - 0.94 4.58 1.91 0.29 - -
1t - 1.01 4.94 2.07 0.38
Low output 1' - 0.69 3.38 1.41 0.29 3.5 3.5' 7.0 7.0'
1t - 0.78 3.72 1.53 0.38
Parameter deviation 6' 0.02 3.97 14.81 5.47 1.75 5.4 1r 9.3 34'
6t 0.02 5.09 19.59 7.22 2.29
Structural deficiency 12' - 1.96 10.90 5.60 3.50 7.5 14 7.8 14
12t - 2.41 12.95 5.99 4.58
Vibration 3' 5E-3 0.77 2.69 0.99 0.88 5.5 s.o· 7.3 12.
3t 0.02 0.97 3.02 1.08 1.14
Other 2' - 1.94 9.36 3.87 0.58 - - 72 112.
2t - 2.07 10.21 4.31 0.76
Incipient 37" 1.70 16.05 42.81 13.63 10.80 5.2 50 6.8 100
37t 2.53 19.32 49.27 15.31 14.12
Abnormal instrument reading 14' 0.08 4.27 13.30 4.72 4.09 7.3 50 11 100
14t 0.07 5.10 16.24 5.85 5.34
Comments
(cont.'
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric motors
143 11 Calendar time * Operational time ' 2440
3.4249 2.6212
Failure mode No of Failure rate fDer 106 hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
External leakage - Utility 1' - 0.75 3.67 1.54 0.29 15 15' 15 15"
medium 1t - 1.20 5.85 2.45 0.38
Minor in-service problems 11" 0.03 3.20 10.65 3.90 3.21 4.7 18' 5.2 18"
11t 0.12 3.98 12.11 4.18 4.20
Parameter deviation 2" - 1.52 7.52 3.19 0.58 1.0 1.0' 1.0 1.0'
2t 1.71 8.53 3.64 0.76
Vibration 1' 0.69 3.38 1.41 0.29 1.5 1.5' 1.5 1.5"
1t 0.78 3.72 1.53 0.38
Other 5' 0.01 2.80 10.28 3.80 1.46 1.4 2.0' 1.6 3.0"
5t O.Q1 3.70 14.32 5.29 1.91
Unknown 3' 4E-3 2.25 9.08 3.42 0.88 4.5 12' 4.7 12'
3t 4E-3 2.53 10.22 3.85 1.14
Unknown 3' 4E·3 2.25 9.08 3.42 0.88 1.3 4.0" 2.0 4.0'
3t 4E-3 2.53 10.22 3.85 1.14
Overheating 1' 0.69 3.38 1.41 0.29 . .
1t 0.78 3.72 1.53 0.38
Urimown 2' 6E-3 1.38 5.24 1.93 0.58 2.0 4.!r 4.0 4.0'
2t 0.01 1.54 5.61 2.07 0.76
All modes 128' 8.74 58.72 145.69 44.66 37.37 9.4 114 16 211
128t 14.32 72.85 168.66 49.61 48.83
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure roode: Fail to start on demand= 1.6 1fr3
©OREDA

Item: Electric motors
AIR BRD ELU FTS LOO NOI OHE OTH

Control unit 0.78 1.56 - -
Excitation - 0.78 -
Hood - - -
Instrument, current 1.56 - - -
Instrument, general 2.34 0.78 - - -
Instrument, temperature 0.78 - - -
Instrument, vibration 2.34 - -
Monilorin!l 0.78 - - -
Oil - 0.78
01her - 0.78 2.34 5.47 - 0.78 0.78
Pioino 0.78 - -
Pump - - - 0.78
Radial bearing - - 0.78 0.78
Sta1or - - - 0.78 -
Subunit - 1.56 - 1.56 0.78 -
Thrus1 bearing - 0.78 - - -
Unknown - 1.56 1.56 5.47 1.56 - 2.34
IMring 2.34 1.56 - -
To1al 10.94 3.13 4.69 10.94 9.38 0.78 2.34 5.47
©OREDA

POE SER STD STP UNK UST VIB Sum

Control unit - 4.69 - 1.56 8.59
Excitation - - - 0.78 - - 1.56
Hood - 0.78 0.78
Instrument. current 1.56
Instrument, aeneral 1.56 - - 4.69
Instrument. temperature - - - - 0.78
Instrument, vibration 0.78 - - - 3.13
Monitoring - 0.78 - 1.56
Oil 0.78 - - 1.56
Other 2.34 4.69 0.78 0.78 2.34 - 21.09
Piping - - 0.78
Pump 0.78 1.56 - - - 3.13
Radial bearina - - - - 1.56
Sla1or - 0.78 - 0.78 2.34
Subunit 0.78 7.03 - 0.78 12.50
Thrust beari!!fJ_ 0.78 0.78 - 3.13 5.47
Unknown 1.56 - 1.56 - 1.56 4.69 0.78 22.66
IMnno 0.78 0.78 - 0.78 - 6.25
Total 8.59 8.59 15.63 0.78 3.91 10.16 4.69 100.0
©OREDA


Blockage/pluaaed 1.56 - -
Breakage - 1.56 - 0.78 -
Cavitation - - - - - -
Clearance/ alionment failure - - - - -
Control failure - - 1.56 - -
Corrosion 2.34 - - - -
Earth/isolation fault - 0.78 - 0.78
Electrical failure- Qeneral 0.78 - 6.25 3.91 1.56 1.56
Faulty signal/indication/alarm - 0.78
Instrument failure - general 3.13 0.78 0.78 3.13 0.78 0.78
Leakaae - - 0.78 - 0.78
Mechanical Failure- general 0.78 3.13 0.78 1.56 0.78 0.78
Misc. external influences 0.78 - 0.78
Open circuit 0.78 - -
Other - - - - -
Short circuiting - - - - -
Vibration 0.78 - - -
Weer - 0.78 - - - - 0.78
Tolal 10.94 3.13 4.69 10.94 9.38 0.78 2.34 5.47
©OREDA

ttem: Electric motors

BlockB!Ielplugged - - - - - 1.56
Breakage - - - - 2.34
Cavi1atioo 0.78 - 0.78
Clearance/ ali~:~nment failure - 0.78 - 0.78 1.56
Control failure - 0.78 - 0.78 3.13
Corrosion 0.78 - - - - 3.13
Electrical failure- general 3.13 3.13 0.78 - 0.78 4.69 26.56
Faulty signS/indication/alann - - - - - - 0.78
Instrument failure - general 3.13 1.56 1.56 0.78 0.78 17.19
Leakage - - - 1.56
Mechanical Failure· aeneral 0.78 - 3.91 1.56 2.34 - 16.41
Misc. external influences 0.78 6.25 - 8.59
Open circuit - 0.78
Other 0.78 - 0.78 - 1.56
Short circuiting - 0.78 0.78 - - - 1.56
Vibration 0.78 - - 0.78 0.78 3.13
Wear - 3.91 - - - 2.34 7.81
Total 8.59 8.59 15.63 0.78 3.91 10.16 4.69 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric motors
Compressor
0.8297 0.6047
Critical 25' 8.16 67.20 173.72 54.32 30.13 12 48 17 62
25t 11.14 80.75 203.71 62.99 41.34
Fail to start on demand 4' 0.15 9.13 28.66 10.24 4.82 11 w 13 21'
4t 0.28 12.43 38.32 13.47 6.61
Low output 11' 0.02 16.77 69.52 26.44 13.26 16 48 22 48
11t 0.04 19.06 76.55 28.73 18.19
Overheating 1' 0.07 1.39 4.15 1.39 1.21 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t - 1.87 8.82 3.60 1.65
3t 0.13 9.37 29.81 10.74 4.96
Spurious stop 6' 1.18 28.47 85.65 28.98 7.23 13 31' 20 62'
6t 1.86 35.64 106.30 35.45 9.92
Degraded 11' 1.74 31.72 94.11 31.34 13.26 4.2 17 6.1 34
11t 2.12 37.44 110.70 36.82 18.19
External leakage- Utility 4' 1.10 6.12 14.47 4.31 4.82 2.9 5.0' 3.1 5.0'
medium 4t 0.90 8.51 22.68 7.22 6.61
Low output 1' 0,07 1.39 4.15 1.39 1.21 3.5 3.5' 7.0 7.0'
1t - 1.87 8.82 3.60 1.65
Parameter deviation 4' 0.05 9.54 33.88 12.52 4.82 6.0 17' 10 34'
4t 0.06 10.71 37.95 14.02 6.61
2t 0.09 17.43 63.24 23.37 3.31
Incipient 20' 6.81 31.17 70.08 20.24 24.10 5.8 50 8.8 100
20t 15.75 37.28 66.22 15.66 33.07
Abnormal instrument reading 3' 0.06 7.30 24.30 8.90 3.62 18 50' 34 100'
3t 0.08 8.22 27.14 9.92 4.96
Extemalleakage - Utilily 1' 0.01 1.52 5.20 1.92 1.21 15 15' 15 15'
medium 1t 3E-3 2.41 9.96 3.78 1.65
7t 0.14 9.78 31.13 11.22 11.58
Parameter deviation 2' 1E-3 3.17 13.83 5.39 2.41 1.0 1.0' 1.0 1.0'
2t 0,01 3.75 14.44 5.33 3.31
Vibration 1' 0.07 1.39 4.15 1.39 1.21 1.5 1.5' 1.5 1.5'
1t - 1.87 8.82 3.60 1.65
Other 3' 0.06 5.78 18.99 6.93 3.62 1.7 2.0' 2.0 3.0'
3t 0.06 7.72 26.25 9.66 4.96
Unknown 3' 0.20 4.66 14.00 4.73 3.62 4.5 12' 4.7 12'
3t 1.39 5.38 11.50 3.21 4.96
Unknown 3' 0.20 4.66 14.00 4.73 3.62 1.3 4.0' 2.0 4.0'
3t 1.39 5.38 11.50 3.21 4.96
Comments
(oont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Elecbic motors
Compressor
0.8297 0.6047
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1oa hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Overheating 1. 0.07 1.39 4.15 1.39 1.21 - - -
1t - 1.87 8.82 3.60 1.65
Unknown 2. 0.01 3.14 11.63 4.29 2.41 2.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
2t 0.03 3.74 12.43 4.55 3.31
All modes sg• 23.08 143.54 349.64 106.04 71.11 8.1 50 12 100
sgt 31.73 170.53 400.17 118.60 97.57
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand= 2.9-1Q-3
©OREDA

Item: Electric motors - Compressor

Control unit 1.69 - 1.69 - -
Excitation - 1.69 - -
Hood - - - -
Instrument, current 1.69 - - -
Instrument, general 1.69 - 1.69 - -
Oil - -
Other 1.69 1.69 11.86 - 1.69
Piping - 1.69 - -
Pum]> - - - 1.69
Radial bearin~:~ - - - - - - 1.69
Subunit - - - 3.39 1.69
Thrust bearing - 1.69 - -
Unknown - 1.69 3.39 3.39 - - 1.69
VWina - - - -
Total 5.08 - 8.47 6.78 20.34 - 3.39 5.08

Item: Electric motors - Compressor
PDE SER STD STP UNK UST VIB Sum

Control unit - - - 3.39 6.78
Excitation - 1.69 - 3.39
Hood 1.69 - - - 1.69
Instrument, current - - - 1.69
Instrument, general 3.39 - - 6.78
Oil 1.69 - - - 1.69
Other 5.08 6.78 1.69 - 1.69 3.39 - 35.59
Pioina - - - 1.69
Pump 1.69 3.39 - - 6.78
Radi,; bearing - - - 1.69
Subunit - - - 1.69 6.78
Thrust bearinQ - - 1.69 3.39
Unknown 3.39 - 3.39 1.69 18.64
\Mring - - 1.69 1.69 - 3.39
Tot,; 15.25 11.86 3.39 8.47 10.17 1.69 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Electric motors- Compressor

Electrical failure - general - 5.08 8.47 3.39 -
Instrument failure - aeneral 3.39 1.69 1.69 6.78 - 1.69
Leakaoe - - 1.69 - - -
Mechanical Failure- general 1.69 5.08 - 3.39 1.69
Misc. external influences - 1.69 -
Olher - - -
Wear - - - 1.69
Total 5.08 - 8.47 6.78 20.34 3.39 5.08

Item: Electric motors- Compressor

Elecbical failure - aeneral 6.78 6.78 1.69 - 1.69 8.47 42.37
Instrument failure - general 6.78 3.39 - - 3.39 - 1.69 30.51
Leakage - 1.69
Mechanical Failure- aeneral 1.69 - 1.69 339 1.69 - 2034
Misc. external influences - - 1.69
Other 1.69 - - - 1.69
Wear - - - 1.69
Total 15.25 11.86 3.39 - 8.47 10.17 1.69 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Electric motors
Compressor
Cooling systems
0.2464 0.1825
Incipient 4. 5.54 16.24 37.16 8.12 16.24 6.0 18" 6.0 18"
4t 7.48 21.92 50.16 10.96 21.92
Minor in-service problems 4. 5.54 16.24 37.16 8.12 16.24 6.0 18' 6.0 18'
4t 7.48 21.92 50.16 10.96 21.92
All modes 4. 5.54 16.24 37.16 8.12 16.24 6.0 18" 6.0 18"
4t 7.48 21.92 50.16 10.96 21.92
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Electric motors
Compressor
Gas (re)injection
0.0756 0.0218
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 108 hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
All modes o· 0.02 6.32 24.29 8.94 - - - - -

ot 0.08 20.18 77.51 28.54 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Electric motors
Compressor
Gasexoort
0.1512 0.0849
Critical 5' 12.29 32.18 59.71 14.79 33.06 14 31. 20 62'
5t 22.11 57.56 106.56 26.33 5a.B7
Fail to start on demand 2' 0.16 11.47 36.52 13.16 13.23 13 w 13 w
2t 0.36 20.39 63.72 22.68 23.55
Parameter deviation 1' 0.12 6.04 18.71 6.61 6.61 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.21 10.72 33.26 11.77 11.77
Spurious stop 2' 2.79 14.08 32.54 9.56 13.23 19 31. 35 62'
2t 3.72 25.92 64.85 19.97 23.55
Degraded 2' 0.16 11.47 36.52 13.16 13.23 4.5 5.0' 4.5 5.0'
2t 0.36 20.39 63.72 22.68 23.55
Extemalleakage • Utility 2' 0.16 11.47 36.52 13.16 13.23 4.5 5.o· 4.5 5.o·
medium 2t 0.36 20.39 63.72 22.68 23.55
Incipient 2' 2.79 14.08 32.54 9.56 13.23 8.5 15' 9.0 15'
2t 3.72 25.92 64.85 19.97 23.55
Extemalleakage • Utility 1' 0.12 6.04 18.71 6.61 6.61 15 15' 15 15'
medium 1t 0.21 10.72 33.26 11.77 11.77
Other 1' 0.05 9.46 33.63 12.42 6.61 2.0 2.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.09 18.38 67.69 25.00 11.77
All modes 9' 29.94 58.32 94.32 19.84 59.51 10 31. 14 62'
9t 53.84 104.40 168.47 35.32 105.96
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric motors
Compressor
Gas processino
Population Installations Aggregated time in seNice (1Q& hours) No of demands
0.2580 0.2424
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours). Active reD. hrs Manhours
Critical 20' 27.91 113.19 245.61 69.27 77.52 12 46 16 46
20t 29.53 124.69 273.80 77.82 82.51
Fail to start on demand 2' 0.23 13.78 43.19 15.41 7.75 9.5 16' 12 21'
2t 0.25 15.30 48.07 17.18 8.25
Low output 11' 14.99 40.53 76.20 19.11 42.64 16 48 22 48
11t 16.48 43.28 80.42 19.94 45.38
Ovemeating 1' 0.02 3.74 13.01 4.80 3.88 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.03 3.98 13.80 5.09 4.13
2t 0.25 15.30 48.07 17.18 8.25
Spurious stop 4' 1.63 52.05 157.99 54.44 15.50 9.6 14' 12 19'
4t 2.15 58.29 175.95 59.98 16.50
Degraded 9' 6.73 59.22 155.24 46.91 34.88 4.1 1r 6.5 34'
gt 7.37 65.43 171.89 64.23 37.13
External leakage - Utility 2' 1.27 7.56 18.21 5.46 7.75 1.3 1.5' 1B 2.0'
medium 2t 1.36 8.05 19.38 5.83 8.25
Low output 1' 0.02 3.74 13.01 4.80 3.88 3.5 3.5' 7.0 7.0'
1t 0.03 3.98 13.80 5.09 4.13
Parameter deviation 4' 1.93 19.03 51.23 16.40 15.50 6.0 17' 10 34'
4t 1.98 20.66 56.29 18.13 16.50
2t 0.62 36.33 113.89 40.64 8.25
Incipient 14' 32.87 54.33 80.17 14.50 54.26 5.3 50 9.6 100
14t 35.06 57.91 85.40 15.44 57.76
Abnormal instrument reading 3' 2.25 14.02 34.18 10.37 11.63 18 so· 34 100'
3t 2.09 15.44 39.11 12.12 12.38
Minor in-service problems 3' 0.64 10.98 32.34 10.75 11.63 0.7 1.0' 1.0 1.0'
3t 0.72 11.71 34.28 11.37 12.38
2t 1.36 8.05 19.38 5.83 8.25
Vibration 1' 0.02 3.74 13.01 4.80 3.88 1.5 1.5' 1.5 1.5'
1t 0.03 3.98 13.80 5.09 4.13
Other 2' 1.27 7.56 18.21 5.48 7.75 1.5 2.0' 1.5 2.0'
2t 126 8.05 19.38 5.83 8.25
Unknown 3' 1.78 11.21 27.38 8.32 11.63 4.5 12' 4.7 12'
3t 1.92 11.95 29.09 8.82 12.38
Unknown 3' 1.78 11.21 27.38 8.32 11.63 1.3 4.0' 2.0 4.0'
3t 1.92 11.95 29.09 8.82 12.38
Qvertleating 1' 0.02 3.74 13.01 4.80 3.88 - -
1t 0.03 3.98 13.80 5.09 4.13
Comments
/cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Electric motors
Compressor
Gas processing
0.2580 0.2424
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()& hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
Unknown 2' 1.27 7.56 18.21 5.48 7.75 2.0 4.o· 4.0 4.0'
2t 1.36 8.05 19.38 5.83 8.25
All modes 46' 89.99 238.07 443.68 110.34 178.29 7.8 50 12 100
46t 94.74 261.50 495.72 125.31 189.n
Comments
On demand orobabilitv for conseauence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand = 2.9- 1(}3
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric motors
Compressor
Gas treatment
0.0985 0.0730
All modes o· 0.02 4.90 18.82 6.93 . . . . .

ot 0.03 6.58 25.28 9.31 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Electric motors
Pump
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1Qfl hours) No of demands
2.5952 2.0165
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10S hours). Active reD. hrs Man hours
Critical 32' 0.54 12.52 37.62 12.69 12.33 14 73 29 211
32t 1.23 15.70 44.41 14.54 15.87
Breakdown 4' 0.01 3.06 11.70 4.31 1.54 12 15' 68 211'
4t O.D1 3.24 12.59 4.66 1.98
Fail to start on demand 9' 0.29 4.17 11.99 3.95 3.47 4.0 6.0' 8.3 24'
9t 0.61 5.10 13.21 4.13 4.46
Noise 1' 2E-4 0.42 1.85 0.72 0.39 - 60 60'
1t 0.05 0.56 1.54 0.50 0.50
Ovemeating 1' 4E-3 0.36 1.17 0.42 0.39 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
1t O.D1 0.45 1.40 0.50 0.50
Spurious stop 7' 0.12 2.50 7.49 2.51 2.70 20 65' 27 129'
7t 0.65 3.48 8.14 2.41 3.47
Structural deficiency 8' 3E-4 2.16 9.80 3.90 3.08 19 73' 36 146'
at 6E·3 2.64 10.56 3.95 3.97
Vibration 2' 0.04 0.77 2.30 0.77 0.77 - - 24 24'
2t 4E·3 1.03 3.86 1.42 0.99
Degraded 20' 1.10 10.39 27.68 8.81 7.71 14 114 20 114
20t 1.27 11.65 30.86 9.79 9.92
Ex1emalleakage • Utility 1' 4E·3 0.36 1.17 0.42 0.39 1.5 1.5' 3.0 3.0'
medium 1t 0.01 0.45 1.40 0.50 0.50
Fail to start on demand 1' 9E-4 1.42 6.00 2.31 0.39 114 1W 114 114'
1t 4E-4 1.48 6.51 2.55 0.50
Fail to stop on demand 1' 9E-4 1.42 6.00 2.31 0.39 - - -
1t 4E-4 1.48 6.51 2.55 0.50
Parameter deviation 2' 4E-3 2.35 9.44 3.55 0.77 3.0 3.0' 7.5 12'
2t 0.02 4.35 16.32 6.02 0.99
Structural deficiency 10' - 2.53 12.36 5.19 3.85 8.3 14 8.7 14
10t 4E-4 3.02 13.69 5.44 4.96
Vibration 3' 6E·3 0.98 3.44 1.27 1.16 5.5 6.0' 7.3 12'
3t 0.02 1.22 3.84 1.38 1.49
Other 2" 4E·3 2.96 12.14 4.60 0.77 - 72 112'
2t 1E·3 3.10 13.33 5.16 0.99
Incipient 17' 0.63 5.66 14.91 4.71 6.55 4.4 17 4.5 17
17t 0.72 6.88 18.41 5.87 8.43
Abnonnal instrument reading 11' 0.03 3.97 13.78 5.08 4.24 4.3 17 4.5 17
11t 0.02 4.80 18.37 6.77 5.45
4t 0.27 1.78 4.40 1.35 1.98
Other 2' 5E·3 0.69 2.32 0.85 0.77 1.0 1.0' 1.0 1.0'
2t 6E·3 0.90 3.12 1.15 0.99
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Electric motors
Pumo
2.5952 2.0165
All modes 69. 3.44 29.49 76.77 24.08 26.59 11 114 20 211
69t 5.95 35.42 85.30 25.69 34.22
Comments
On demand J:!!Pbability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand= 1.4· 1Q-3
©OREDA

Item: Electric motors- Pump

Instrument. current 1.45 - - - -
Instrument, general 2.90 - - - -
Instrument, temoerature 1.45 - -
Instrument, vibration 4.35 - -
Monitoring 1.45 -
Oil - - 1.45
Other - - 2.90 - - 1.45
Ra:iial bearing 1.45 - -
Stator - - - 1.45 -
Subunit - 2.90 - - -
Thrust bearing - - -
Unknown - 2.90 1.45 7.25 - - 2.90
\Mring 4.35 - 2.90 - -
To1al 15.94 5.80 1.45 14.49 - 1.45 1.45 5.80

Item: Electric motors - Pump
PDE SER STD STP UNK UST VIB Sum

Control unit - 8.70 - - - - 10.14
Instrument, current - - - 1.45
Instrument, Qeneral - - - - - 2.90
Instrument, temperature - - - - 1.45
Instrument, vibration 1.45 - - - - 5.80
Monitorina 1.45 - - - - 2.90
Oil - - - - - 1.45
Other 2.90 - 1.45 - 8.70
Radial beaing - 1.45
Stator - - 1.45 - 1.45 - 4.35
Subunit 1.45 13.04 - - 17.39
Thrust bearing - 1.45 5.80 7.25
Unknown - 2.90 - 7.25 1.45 26.09
Wrina - 1.45 - - - 8.70
Total 2.90 5.80 26.09 1.45 - 10.14 7.25 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Electric motors- Pump

Blockaaeloluooed 2.90 - - -
BreakaQe 2.90 - 1.45 - - -
Cav~ation - - -
Clearance/ ~ment failure - - -
Control failure - 2.90 -
Corrosion 4.35 - - - - -
Earth/isolation fault - 1.45 - - - 1.45
Electrical failure .:_general 1.45 - 7.25 - - 2.90
Faulty sianaUindicationlalann - 1.45 - -
Instrument failure -general 2.90 - - 1.45
Leakage - - 1.45
Mechanical Failure- aeneral - 1.45 1.45 1.45
Misc. external influences 1.45 - - - -
Open circuit 1.45 - - -
Other - - - - -
Short circuitino - - - - - - -
Vibration 1.45 - - -
Wear 1.45 -
Total 15.94 5.80 1.45 14.49 1.45 1.45 5.80
©OREDA

Item: Electric motors - Pump
POE SER SID STP UNK UST VIB Sum

Blockaaeloluaaed - - - - - - 2.90
Breakaae - - 4.35
Cavitation 1.45 - - - 1.45
Clearance/ alignment failure 1.45 - 1.45 2.90
Control failure - 1.45 - 1.45 - 5.80
Corrosion - 1.45 - - 5.80
Earth/isolation tau~ - - - - 2.90
Electrical failure -general - - 1.45 - 13.04
Faulty siQnalfindicationlalann - - - 1.45
Instrument failure- general - - - - 1.45 - 5.80
Leakage - 1.45
Mechanical Failure- general - 5.80 - 2.90 13.04
Misc. external influences - 1.45 11.59 - - 14.49
Other - - - 1.45 - 1.45
Short circuitina - - 1.45 1.45 - 2.90
Vibration 1.45 - - 1.45 1.45 5.80
Wear - - 7.25 - - 4.35 13.04
Total 2.90 5.80 26.09 1.45 - 10.14 7.25 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Electric motors
Pump
Chemical iniection
25 1 Cakmdartime * Operational time T
0.4380 0.4330
Failure mode No of Failure rate fDer 10& hoursl. Active re . hrs Manhours
Critical 2. 0.81 4.57 14.37 3.23 4.57 5.0 5.o· 5.0 5.tr
2t 0.82 4.62 14.54 3.27 4.62
2t 0.82 4.62 14.54 3.27 4.62
Degraded 6. 5.97 13.70 27.03 5.59 13.70 9.0 14. 9.0 14.
6t 6.04 13.86 27.34 5.66 13.86
Structural deficiency 6. 5.97 13.70 27.03 5.59 13.70 9.0 w 9.0 w
6t 6.04 13.86 27.34 5.66 13.86
All modes 8. 9.09 18.26 32.96 6.46 18.26 8.0 14. 8.0 14.
at 9.19 18.48 33.34 6.53 18.48
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Electric motors
Pump
Combined function
0.1478 0.1095
Incipient 2. 2.40 13.53 42.59 9.57 13.53 1.5 2.1r 1.5 2.o·
2t 3.24 18.26 57.48 12.91 18.26
Minor in-service problems 1. 0.34 6.77 32.10 6.77 6.77 2.0 2.0- 2.0 2.o·
1t 0.46 9.13 43.33 9.13 9.13
01her 1. 0.34 6.77 32.10 6.77 6.77 1.0 to· 1.0 1.o·
1t 0.46 9.13 43.33 9.13 9.13
AU modes T 2.40 13.53 42.59 9.57 13.53 1.5 2.1r 1.5 2.1r
2t 3.24 18.26 57.48 12.91 18.26
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric motors
Pump
Condensate_!>rocessing
0.2102 0.1199
Critical 5' 9.88 24.38 44.09 10.64 23.78 5.5 6.0' 14 24'
5t 5.56 39.41 98.94 30.52 41.69
Fail to start on demand 2' 0.03 17.52 71.26 26.91 9.51 5.5 6.0' 5.5 6.0'
2t 0.09 19.77 73.76 27.23 16.68
Spurious stop 2' 0.26 7.93 24.01 8.24 9.51 18 24'
2t 0.13 13.87 45.98 16.83 16.68
Vibration 1' 0.06 4.16 13.22 4.76 4.76 - - 24 24'
1t 0.12 7.45 23.49 8.41 8.34
Degraded 1'
1t
0.02
0.03
7.93
14.74
31.27
58.64
11.65
21.91
4.76
8.34
- - 12 1T
Parameter deviation 1' 0.02 7.93 31.27 11.65 4.76 12 12'

1t 0.03 14.74 58.64 21.91 8.34
Incipient 1'
1t
0.02
0.03
7.93
14.74
31.27
58.64
11.65
21.91
4.76
8.34
- - 6.0 6.0'
Abnormal instrument reading 1' 0.02 7.93 31.27 11.65 4.76 - - 6.0 6.0'
1t 0.03 14.74 58.64 21.91 8.34
All modes 7' 12.25 38.90 77.78 20.60 33.30 5.5 6.0' 13 24'
7t 16.86 64.26 136.71 38.03 58.37
Comments
On demand probability for conseauence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric motors
Pump
Cooling systems
0.1051 0.0601
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 1()11 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
Critical 1' 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 . 4.0 4.1r
1t 0.83 16.65 78.98 16.65 16.65
Fail to start on demood 1' 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.83 16.65 78.98 16.65 16.65
All modes 1' 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51 . . 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.83 16.65 78.98 16.65 16.65
Comments
On demand probability for conseauence class: Critical ood failure mode: Fail to start on demand =6.7- 1Q-3
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electnc motors
Pump
Crude oil handling
0.0526 0.0526
Degraded 1' 0.95 19.01 90.20 19.01 19.01 114 114- 114 114"
1t 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03
Fait to start on demand 1' 0.95 19.01 90.20 19.01 19.01 114 114" 114 114"
1t 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03
All modes 1' 0.95 19.01 90.20 19.01 19.01 114 11 ... 114 114..
1t 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Electric motors
Pump
Flare, vent & blow-dam
Population Installations Aggregated time In service (10S hours) No of demands
0.1971 0.1460
All modes o· 0.01 2.34 8.97 3.30 . . . . .

ot 0.01 3.12 11.99 4.42 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Electric motors
Pump
Gas processing
4 1 Calendar time"' Operational time '
0.0701 0.0659
Critical 2. 5.07 28.54 89.83 20.18 28.54 14 1<r 27 2r
2t 5.38 30.33 95.46 21.45 30.33
Structural deficiency 2. 5.07 28.54 89.83 20.18 28.54 14 w 27 2r
2t 5.38 30.33 95.46 21.45 30.33
Degraded 1. 0.71 14.27 67.71 14.27 14.27 14 14" 14 14"
1t 0.76 15.16 71.95 15.16 15.16
Structural deficiency 1. 0.71 14.27 67.71 14.27 14.27 14 14. 14 w
1t 0.76 15.16 71.95 15.16 15.16
Incipient 3. 11.70 42.81 110.66 24.72 42.81 1.3 2.0" 1.3 2.0"
3t 12.43 45.49 117.60 26.27 45.49
Abnormal instrument reading 3. 11.70 42.81 110.66 24.72 42.81 1.3 2.o· 1.3 2.o·
3t 12.43 45.49 117.60 26.27 45.49
All modes 6. 37.31 85.62 168.95 34.95 85.62 6.3 14" 9.0 2r
st 39.65 90.99 179.55 37.15 90.99
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Electric motors
Pump
Gas production
0.0493 0.0365
Failure mode No of Failure rate foer 1()6 hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
All modes o· 0.03 7.55 28.99 1o.&8 . . . . .

ot 0.04 9.88 37.93 13.97 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric motors
Pump
Gas treatment
4 1 Calendar time* Operational time ' 11
0.0701 0.0227
Failure mode No of Failure rate IDer 1Qti hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
All modes o· 0.02 5.74 22.06 8.12 . . . . .

ot 0.05 13.59 52.19 19.22 .
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand = 0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric motors
Pump
HeatiOQ medium
0.0876 0.0597
Critical 1" 0.08 10.65 36.52 13.45 "''11.42 - - 60 60"
1t 1.10 17.34 50.59 16.76 16.76
Noise 1" 0.08 10.65 36.52 13.45 11.42 - - 60 60"
,t 1.10 17.34 50.59 16.76 16.76
All modes 1"

1t
0.08
1.10
10.65
17.34
36.52
50.59
13.45
16.76
11.42
16.76
- - 60 60"
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Electrtc motors
Pump
Oil processing
0.2004 0.1522
failures Lower Mean Upper so niT. Mean Max Mean Max
Critical s· 0.18 45.96 175.99 64.83 24.95 28 7:r 50 1<W
st 0.23 56.59 215.94 79.58 32.86
Breakdown 1. 0.04 7.90 29.24 10.80 4.99 15 w 15 w
1t 0.05 9.71 35.05 12.95 6.57
Spurious stop 1. 0.04 7.90 29.24 10.80 4.99 10.0 10.0' 10.0 10.0'
1t 0.05 9.71 35.05 12.95 6.57
Structural deficiency 2. 0.07 17.42 66.18 24.40 9.98 44 73' 87 146.
2t 0.09 21.43 80.62 29.75 13.14
Vibration 1. 0.04 7.90 29.24 10.80 4.99 - -
1t 0.05 9.71 35.05 12.95 6.57
Degraded 2. 0.07 17.42 66.18 24.40 9.98 5.5 8.o· 5.5 8.o-
2t 0.09 21.43 80.62 29.75 13.14
2t 0.09 21.43 80.62 29.75 13.14
Incipient 3. 1.83 19.47 53.32 1721 14.97 3.0 4.0+ 3.0 4.1r
3t 2.85 24.27 63.11 19.78 19.71
Abnormal instrument reading 1. 0.04 7.90 29.24 10.80 4.99 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.05 9.71 35.05 12.95 6.57
Minor in~seNice problems 1. 0.04 7.90 29.24 10.80 4.99 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.05 9.71 35.05 .12.95 6.57
Other 1. 0.09 4.54 14.10 4.99 4.99 1.0 1.o· 1.0 1.o·
1t 0.12 5.99 18.58 6.57 6.57
All modes 10. 0.52 87.14 307.33 113.50 49.91 15 7:r 24 1<W
10t 0.67 107.71 376.37 138.91 65.71
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Electric motors
Pump
0.1577 0.1203
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 11)6 hours). Active reD. hrs Manhouns
Critical 5. 12.49 31.71 66.69 14.18 "''
31.71 7.1 21r 11 39'
5t 16.38 41.56 87.41 18.59 41.56
Breakdown 1. 0.32 6.34 30.09 6.34 6.34 8.0 8.o· 8.0 8.o·
1t 0.42 8.31 39.44 8.31 8.31
Fail to start on demand 2. 2.25 12.68 39.92 8.97 12.68 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.0'
2t 2.95 16.62 52.33 11.76 16.62
Structural deficiency 2. 2.25 12.68 39.92 8.97 12.68 11 20' 22 39'
2t 2.95 16.62 52.33 11.76 16.62
Degraded 4. 8.66 25.37 58.06 12.68 25.37 5.0 6.1r 7.5 12'
4t 11.35 33.25 76.10 16.62 33.25
1t 0.42 8.31 39.44 8.31 8.31
Vibration 3. 5.20 19.03 49.18 10.98 19.03 5.5 6.o· 7.3 12'
3t 6.82 24.94 64.46 14.40 24.94
All modes 9. 29.78 57.08 99.60 19.03 57.08 6.3 21r 9.7 39'
9t 39.03 74-81 130.55 24.94 74-81
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Electric motors
Pump
Sea water lift
0.3526 0.2508
Critical 3" 0.48 8.00 23.51 7.81 8.51 65 61> 50 12!r
3t 0.42 11.23 33.88 11.54 11.96
Fail to start on demand 1" 0.02 2.52 8.61 3.17 2.84 - 15 15'
1t 4E-3 3.64 15.15 5.77 3.99
Spurious stop 2" 0.06 5.66 18.56 6.77 5.67 65 65' 68 129'
2t 0.29 7.73 23.31 7.94 7.97
Degraded 2" 0.12 7.99 25.34 9.11 5.67 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.0'
2t 0.80 9.04 25.03 8.12 7.97
Fail to stop on demand 1" 7E-3 6.67 27.76 10.57 2.84 - -
1t 4E-3 6.72 28.69 11.08 3.99
Parameter deviation 1" 7E-4 2.92 12.90 5.07 2.84 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.0'
1t 7E-4 3.87 17.31 6.85 3.99
Incipient 3" 0.99 9.61 25.78 8.23 8.51 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.0'
3t 3.33 12.04 25.17 6.91 11.96
Abnormal instrument reading 3" 0.99 9.61 25.78 823 8.51 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.0'
3t 3.33 12.04 25.17 6.91 11.96
Allmodeo 8' 6.93 24.97 52.13 14.29 22.69 15 61> 23 12!r

8t 16.17 32.22 52.73 11.28 31.89
Comments
On demood probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand =1.9· 1fr3
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Electric motors
Pump
Water fire fighting
0.1752 0.1748
Failure mode No of Failure rate foer 1()6 hours). Active reo. hrs Manhours
Critical 4. 0.20 22.83 76.26 27.96 22.83 - 71 2W
4t 0.20 22.89 76.47 28.04 22.89
Breakdown 2" 0.57 11.42 34.19 11.42 11.42 124 2W
2t 0.57 11.44 34.28 11.45 11.44
Fail to start on demood 2. 0.57 11.42 34.19 11.42 11.42 - 18 24"
2t 0.57 11.44 34.28 11.45 11.44
Degraded 2"
2t
0.57
0.57
11.42
11.44
34.19
34.28
11.42
11.45
11.42
11.44
- - 72 112"
Other 2. 0.57 11.42 34.19 11.42 11.42 - 72 112"

2t 0.57 11.44 34.28 11.45 11.44
AU modes 6.
6t
0.21
0.21
34.25
34.34
119.78
120.11
44.21
44.33
34.25
34.33
- - 71 211"
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Electric motors
Pump
Water iniection
0.2814 0.2125
Critical 4. 0.20 55.55 214.64 79.27 14.21 2.5 4.0" 2.5 4.0"
4t 0.23 64.64 249.74 92.24 18.82
Fail to start on demand 1. 0.03 12.75 50.20 18.69 3.55 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.0"
1t 0.04 14.69 57.82 21.52 4.70
Overtleating 1. 0.03 12.75 50.20 18.69 3.55 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.04 14.69 57.82 21.52 4.70
Spurious stop 2. 0.09 27.01 105.02 38.90 7.11 2.5 4.0" 2.5 4.0"
2t 0.10 31.34 121.81 45.12 9.41
Degraded 1. 0.03 12.75 50.20 18.69 3.55 1.5 1.5" 3.0 3.0"
1t 0.04 14.69 57.82 21.52 4.70
medium 1t 0.04 14.69 57.82 21.52 4.70
Incipient 5. 0.30 57.13 205.59 75.97 17.77 10 1r 10 1r
5t 0.38 66.78 237.55 87.76 23.52
Abnormal instrument reading 3. 0.14 4128 159.83 59.09 10.66 8.7 1r 8.7 17"
3t 0.16 47.99 185.78 68.68 14.11
Minor in-service problems 2. 0.34 12.75 38.95 13.56 7.11 15 15" 15 15"
2t 0.88 14.69 43.10 14.30 9.41
All modes 10. 0.57 128.73 479.80 177.12 35.54 5.8 1r 6.0 1r
10t 0.68 150.38 557.48 205.86 47.05
Comments
On demand probability for consequence class: Critical and failure mode: Fail to start on demand= 2.8 1(}3
©OREDA
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
Heat Exchangers
The boundary defmition is shown in Figure 15 and corresponding subdivision in
Inlet, outlet, pressure relief and drain valves are specifically excluded. The only valves are
calibration valves and instrument valves that form a pressure boundary (e.g. block valves,
control valves, calibration valves, local indicators/gauges).
lnlot
BEJ
CONTROL AND MONITORING MISCEL-
LANEOUS
p~ R<mote
instrumentation
Outl<t
Figure 15 -Heat exchangers, boundary definition
©OREDA
T a ble 15 - H eat E XC b angers, s ubdiVISIOn lD

. M'
amtama bl e I terns
HEAT EXCHANGERS
External Internal Control and monitoring Miscellaneous
Support Body/shell Actuating device Fan w/motor

Body/Shell Instruments Cabling & junction boxes
Valves Plates Control unit
Piping Seals (gaskets) Instruments
Instruments Tubes Monitoring
Internal power supply
Valves
. ' are Included.)
(For all subunits the Mls "Unknown" and "Subun1f

ELU External leakage -Utility medium
IHT Insufficient heat transfer
OTH Other
PLU Plugged/Choked
UNK Unknown
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
3.1 Mechanical Equipment
Heat Exchangers
0.8588 0.5092
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
Critical 8" 0.06 8.91 31.13 11.49 9.32 4.2 6.0' 5.3 14"
8t 1.22 13.98 38.81 12.61 15.71
External leakage - Process 3" 6E·3 6.19 25.83 9.85 3.49 3.0 3.0" 2.0 6.0"
medium 3t 0.39 7.97 23.87 7.98 5.89
Insufficient heat transfer 2" 0.24 2.03 5.26 1.65 2.33 5.0 6.0" 8.0 12"
2t 0.39 3.38 8.84 2.78 3.93
Minor in-service problems 1" O.D1 1.01 3.23 1.16 1.16 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.02 1.69 5.43 1.96 1.96
Parameter deviation 1" 0.01 1.01 3.23 1.16 1.16 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.02 1.69 5.43 1.96 1.96
Other 1" 0.01 1.01 3.23 1.16 1.16 6.0 6.0" 14 14"
1t 0.02 1.69 5.43 1.96 1.96
Degraded 4ll" 4E·3 21.27 94.77 37.42 55.89 4.0 17 4.5 17
4llt 3E-4 36.50 178.75 75.00 94.27
Insufficient heat transfer 26" 2.77 18.27 45.17 13.82 30.28 3.6 8.0 4.3 9.0
26t 0.12 25.13 91.78 33.91 51.06
Minor in-service problems 11" 1.55 9.17 22.05 6.63 12.81 3.0 6.0 3.0 6.0
11t 1.58 14.62 38.77 12.30 21.60
Parameter deviation T 0.24 2.03 5.26 1.65 2.33 6.8 8.o· 6.5 8.0"
2t 0.39 3.38 8.84 2.78 3.93
Other 9" 1.49 7.86 18.36 5.43 10.48 5.9 17" 6.5 17"
9t 1.57 12.55 32.26 10.07 17.68
Incipient 46" 0.01 20.85 90.84 35.37 53.57 3.9 14 4.7 24
46t 5E-4 35.42 171.88 71.31 90.34
Abnormal instrument reading 11" 1.55 9.17 22.05 6.63 12.81 3.3 12 4.6 24
11t 1.58 14.62 38.77 12.30 21.60
Insufficient heat transfer 1" 0.01 1.01 3.23 1.16 1.16 . 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.02 1.69 5.43 1.96 1.96
Minor in--service problems 23" 5.82 18.76 37.69 10.02 26.78 3.7 14 3.8 14
23t 0.27 23.86 77.29 28.08 45.17
Parameter deviation 5" 1.18 4.87 10.65 3.02 5.82 6.4 12" 10 14"
5t 1.38 7.86 18.72 5.59 9.82
Other 6" 1.29 5.68 12.63 3.62 6.99 3.7 4.0" 3.7 4.0"
6t 1.48 9.12 22.16 6.71 11.78
Allmodeo 102" 6E-4 40.81 197.93 82.04 118.77 4.0 17 4.6 24

102t 1E-4 72.89 371.45 160.43 200.33
Comments
©OREDA
Maintainable item versus failure mode

Item: Heat Exchangers
AIR ELP IHT OTH POE SER Sum

Actuatino device - 0.98 0.98
Body/shell - 0.98 3.92 0.98 5.88
Control unit 0.98 1.96 - - 7.84 10.78
Fan 0.98 26.47 8.82 5.88 23.53 65.69
Instrument, flow - - - 0.98 0.98
Instrument, general 5.88 - 0.98 6.86
Instrument, level 0.98 0.98
Monitorino 0.98 0.98
Other 0.98 - 1.96 2.94
Piping 1.96 - - - 1.96
\Mring 0.98 - 0.98 - 1.96
Total 10.78 2.94 28.43 15.69 7.84 34.31 100.0
Failure mechanism versus failure mode

Item: Heat Exchangers

Breakage 0.98 1.96 1.96 4.90
Clearance/ a1!9Drnent failure - 0.98 - - 3.92 4.90
Control failure 0.98 - - 0.98 - 1.96
Corrosion 0.98 - - 0.98
Earth/isolation fault - - 1.96 - 1.96
Electrical failure - aeneral 0.98 2.94 1.96 1.96 0.98 8.82
Faulty sk:lnal/indication/alarm 5.88 - - - 5.88
Instrument failure -general 1.96 - 0.98 - - 2.94
Leakage - 0.98 - - 0.98
looseness - - 3.92 1.96 10.78 16.67
Material failure - general 1.96 0.98 0.98 - 0.98 4.90
Mechanical Failure -general - - 3.92 2.94 1.96 2.94 11.76
Miscellaneous ~_general - 2.94 - 2.94
()pen circuit - 1.96 - - 1.96
Out of a~fustment - - 0.98 - - - 0.98
Vibration - - 1.96 1.96 3.92
Wew: 6.86 4.90 0.98 10.78 23.53
Total 10.78 2.94 28.43 15.69 7.84 34.31 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
3.1.1 Mechanical Equipment
Heat Exchangers
Plate
0.0788 0.0762
Critical 2" 2.27 23.15 62.80 20.18 25.37 . . . .
2t 2.29 23.89 65.09 20.96 26.24
External leakage - Process 2" 2.27 23.15 62.80 20.18 25.37 .
medium 2t 2.29 23.89 65.09 20.96 26.24
All modes 2" 2.27 23.15 62.80 20.18 25.37 . . . .

2t 2.29 23.89 65.09 20.96 26.24
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Heat Exchangers- Plate

Piping - 100.0 - - 100.0
Total - 100.0 100.0

Item: Heat Exchangers· Plate

Material failure- ~eneral - 100.0 - - 100.0
Total - 100.0 - - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
3.1.1.1 Mechanical Equipment
Heat Exchangers
Plate
Gas->WaUglycol
1 1 Calendar time* Operational time •
0.0088 0.0088
Failure mode No of Failure rate Coer 1(16 hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
failures Lower Mean Upper SD ni< Mean Max Mean Max
All modes o· 0.06 16.47 63.24 23.29 . . . . .

ot 0.07 16.84 64.66 23.81 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
3.1.1.2 rv1echooical Equipment
Heat Exchangers
Plate
Waterlglycoe>Crude Oil
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (10' hours} No of demands
0.0350 0.0336
Failure mode No of Failure rate toer 10s hoursl. Active re . hrs Man hours
All modes o· 0.03 8.83 33.90 12.48 . . . . .

ot 0.04 9.17 35.20 12.96 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Heat Exchangers
Plate
Waterlglycoi->Sea Water
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (10G hours) No of demands
2 1 Calendar time • Operational time '
0.0350 0.0338
failures Lower Mean Upper 50 niT Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 2' 10.13 57.08 179.65 40.36 57.08 . . . .
2t 10.49 59.09 185.99 41.78 59.09
External leakage - Process 2' 10.13 57.08 179.65 40.36 57.08
medium 2t 10.49 59.09 185.99 41.78 59.09
All modes 2' 10.13 57.08 179.65 40.36 57.08 . . . .

2t 10.49 59.09 185.99 41.78 59.09
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Heat Exchangers
Plate fin
10 2 Calendar time • Operational time T
0.6134 0.2921
failures Lower Mean Upper SD nit Meen Max Mean Max
Critical 6" 0.88 8.56 22.96 7.34 9.78 4.2 6.o- 7.0 w
6t 3.63 20.52 48.72 14.53 20.54
Extemalleakage - Process 1" 0.05 1.56 4.73 1.63 1.63 3.0 3.o· 6.0 6.o·
medium 1t 0.17 3.42 10.25 3.42 3.42
Insufficient heat transfer 2. 0.41 3.09 7.88 2.45 3.26 5.0 6.o· 8.0 12'
2t 1.21 6.84 16.24 4.84 6.85
Minor in-service problems 1. 0.05 1.56 4.73 1.63 1.63 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.o·
1t 0.17 3.42 10.25 3.42 3.42
Parameter deviation 1. 0.05 1.56 4.73 1.63 1.63 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.17 3.42 10.25 3.42 3.42
Other 1. 0.05 1.56 4.73 1.63 1.63 6.0 6.o· 14 14"
1t 0.17 3.42 10.25 3.42 3.42
Degraded 48. 5.17 54.12 147.61 47.56 78.25 4.0 17 4.5 17
48t 28.39 162.93 388.55 116.22 164.31
Insufficient heat transfer 26. 10.49 35.10 71.50 19.24 42.39 3.6 8.0 4.3 9.0
26t 15.56 88.59 210.79 62.95 89.00
Minor in-service problems 11. 1.16 14.56 41.10 13.45 17.93 3.0 6.0 3.0 6.0
11t 6.64 37.58 89.28 26.63 37.65
Parameter deviation 2. 0.41 3.09 7.88 2.45 3.26 6.8 8.o· 6.5 8.o·
2t 1.21 6.84 16.24 4.84 6.85
Other 9. 1.08 12.24 33.90 11.00 14.67 5.9 1r 6.5 17'
9t 5.44 30.76 73.06 21.79 30.81
Incipient 45. 5.43 51.53 137.53 43.80 73.36 4.0 14 4.7 24
45t 26.66 152.82 364.34 108.96 154.04
Abnonnal instrument reading 10. 1.12 13.41 37.51 12.23 16.30 3.5 12 4.9 24
10t 6.04 34.17 81.17 24.21 34.23
Insufficient heat transfer 1. 0.05 1.56 4.73 1.63 1.63 - 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.17 3.42 10.25 3.42 3.42
Minor in-service problems 23. 12.38 32.51 60.39 14.97 37.50 3.7 14 3.8 14
23t 13.79 78.41 186.51 55.69 78.73
Parameter deviation 5. 0.79 7.26 19.26 6.11 8.15 6.4 12' 10 14'
5t 3.03 17.10 40.60 12.11 17.12
Other 6. 0.88 8.56 22.96 7.34 9.78 3.7 4.o· 3.7 4.o·
6t 3.63 20.52 48.72 14.53 20.54
All modes gg• 1.59 98.21 308.95 110.52 161.40 4.0 17 4.7 24
ggt 56.96 333.11 798.54 239.71 338.88
Comments
©OREDA
Maintainable Item versus failure mode

Item: Heat Exchangers - Plate fin
AIR ELP IHT OTH PDE SER Sum

Actuating device - - 1.01 1.01
Body/shell - 1.01 4.04 - 1.01 6.06
Control unit 1.01 2.02 - 8.08 11.11
Fan 1.01 27.27 9.09 6.06 24.24 67.68
Instrument, flow - - 1.01 1.01
Instrument, _general 6.06 - 1.01 7.07
Monitorin~:J 1.01 - - 1.01
Other - - - 1.01 - 2.02 3.03
Wring 1.01 - - 1.01 2.02
To1al 10.10 1.01 29.29 16.16 8.08 35.35 100.0

Item: Heat Exchangers- Plate fin
AIR ELP IHT OTH PDE SER Sum

Breakage - 1.01 2.02 - 2.02 5.05
Clearance! alianment failure 1.01 4.04 5.05
Eal1hlisolalion faJ11 - 2.02 - 2.02
ElecbicaJ failure - general 1.01 - 3.03 2.02 2.02 1.01 9.09
Faultv sionalflndicationfalann 6.06 - - - 6.06
Instrument failure - general 2.02 - 1.01 - - 3.03
Leakage 1.01 - - 1.01
Looseness - 4.04 2.02 - 11.11 17.17
Material failure - Qeneral - - 1.01 1.01 - 1.01 3.03
Mechanical Failure- general - 4.04 3.03 2.02 3.03 12.12
Miscellaneous- general - 3.03 - - 3.03
Open circuit - 2.02 - - 2.02
Out of acl'ustment - 1.01 - - - 1.01
Vibration 2.02 2.02 4.04
Wear - 7.07 5.05 1.01 11.11 24.24
To1al 10.10 1.01 29.29 16.16 8.08 35.35 100.0
The figures are percentages of the total failure rate for the actual failure mechanisrnlfailure mode combination.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Heat Exchangers
Pla1e fin
Air->Sea Water
0.0351 0.0001
All modes o· 0.05 12.44 47.79 17.60 . . . . .

ot 1.21 311.53 1196.27 440.57 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Heat Exchangers
Plate fin
Gas->Air
Population Installations Aggregated time in seiVice (10 6 hours) No of demands
0.5783 0.2920
Failure mode No of Failure rate loer 1()6 hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
Critical 6. 4.52 10.38 20.47 4.24 10.38 4.2 6.0' 7.0 14"
6t 8.95 20.55 40.54 8.39 20.55
medium 1t 0.17 3.42 16.25 3.42 3.42
Insufficient heat transfer 2. 0.61 3.46 10.89 2.45 3.46 5.0 6.0' 8.0 12'
2t 1.22 6.85 21.56 4.84 6.85
Minor in-service problems 1. 0.09 1.73 8.21 1.73 1.73 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
1t 0.17 3.42 16.25 3.42 3.42
Parameter deviation 1. 0.09 1.73 8.21 1.73 1.73 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.17 3.42 16.25 3.42 3.42
Other 1. 0.09 1.73 8.21 1.73 1.73 6.0 6.0' 14 14"
1t 0.17 3.42 16.25 3.42 3.42
Degraded 48. 64.33 83.00 105.57 11.98 83.00 4.0 17 4.5 17
48t 127.38 164.37 209.07 23.72 164.37
Insufficient heat transfer 26. 31.50 44.96 62.38 8.82 44.96 3.6 8.0 4.3 9.0
26t 62.38 89.03 123.53 17.46 89.03
Minor in-service problems w 10.67 19.02 31.49 5.74 19.02 3.0 6.0 3.0 6.0
11t 21.13 37.67 62.36 11.36 37.67
Pnmeter deviation 2. 0.61 3.46 10.89 2.45 3.46 6.8 8.0" 6.5 8.o·
2t 1.22 6.85 21.56 4.84 6.85
Other 9. 8.12 15.56 27.16 5.19 15.56 5.9 17' 6.5 17'
9t 16.08 30.82 53.78 10.27 30.82
Incipient 45. 59.76 77.81 99.77 11.60 77.81 4.0 14 4.7 24
45t 118.35 154.09 197.56 22.97 154.09
10t 18.58 34.24 58.08 10.83 34.24
Insufficient heat transfer 1. 0.09 1.73 8.21 1.73 1.73 - - 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.17 3.42 16.25 3.42 3.42
23t 53.82 78.76 111.58 16.42 78.76
Parameter deviation 5. 3.41 8.65 18.18 3.87 8.65 6.4 12' 10 14'
5t 6.75 17.12 36.01 7.66 17.12
Other 6. 4.52 10.38 20.47 4.24 10.38 3.7 4.0' 3.7 4.0'
6t 8.95 20.55 40.54 8.39 20.55
All modes gg• 143.90 171.19 202.31 17.21 171.19 4.0 17 4.7 24
99t 284.97 339.00 400.63 34.07 339.00
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Heat Exchangers
Printed circuit
0.0680 0.0678
All modes o· 0.02 6.23 23.93 8.81 . . . . .

ot 0.03 6.70 2s.n 9.47 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
3.1.3.1 Mechooical Equipment
Heat Exchoogers
Printed circuit
Gas->Gas
1 1 calendar time* Operational time T
0.0175 0.0175
Failure mode No of Failure rate toer 1()6 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
All modes o· 0.02 5.11 19.63 7.23 . . . . .

ot 0.02 5.42 20.83 7.67 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Heat Exchangers
Printed circuit
Gas->Gas/conden
0.0175 0.0175
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10s hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
AlimodH o· 0.02 5.11 19.63 7.23 . . . . .

ot 0.02 5.42 20.83 7.67 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Heat Exchangers
Printed circuit
Gas->WaUglycol
2 1 Calendar time"' Operational time T
0.0329 0.0328
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active rep. hill Man hours
All modes o· 0.02 4.42 16.97 6.25 . . . . .

ot 0.02 4.66 17.88 6.58 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Heat Exchangers
Shell and tube
Population Installations Aggregated time in seNice (1()6 hours) No of demands
0.0985 0.0730
Incipient 1. 0.51 10.15 48.15 10.15 10.15 1.5 1.s+ 1.5 1.s+
1t 0.68 13.70 64.99 13.70 13.70
Abnonnal instrument reading 1. 0.51 10.15 48.15 10.15 10.15 1.5 1.5· 1.5 1.5·
1t 0.68 13.70 64.99 13.70 13.70
All modes 1. 0.51 10.15 48.15 10.15 10.15 1.5 1-s+ 1.5 1.s+
1t 0.68 13.70 64.99 13.70 13.70
Comments
©OREDA
Maintainable Item versus failure mode

Item: Heat Exchangers - Shell and tube

Instrument, level 100.0 - - 100.0
Tolal 100.0 - - - 100.0

Item: Heat Exchangers - Shell and tube

Corrosion 100.0 - - 100.0
Total 100.0 - - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Heat Exchangers
Shell and tube
Condensate->Gas
0.0493 0.0365
Incipient 1' 1.01 20.30 96.30 20.30 20.30 1.5 1.5" 1.5 1.5"
1t 1.37 27.39 129.99 27.39 27.39
Abnonnal instrument reading 1' 1.01 20.30 96.30 20.30 20.30 1.5 1.5" 1.5 1.5"
1t 1.37 27.39 129.99 27.39 27.39
All modes 1' 1.01 20.30 96.30 20.30 20.30 1.5 1.5" 1.5 1.5"
1t 1.37 27.39 129.99 27.39 27.39
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Heat Exchangers
Shell and tube
Hc-comb->Hc-comb
I 1 Calendar time* Operational time •
0.0493 0.0365
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 11)6 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
All modes o· 0.02 5.07 19.41 7.18 . . . .

ot 0.03 6.85 26.30 9.69 .
Comments
©OREDA
©OREDA
Vessels
Boundary defmition is shown in Figure 16, and defmition of Subunits and Maintainable
Items is shown in Table 16.
Inlet, outlet, pressure relief and drain valves are specifically excluded. The only valves are
calibration valves and instrument valves that form a pressure boundary (e.g. block valves,
control valves, calibration valves, local indicators/gauges).
t- Pressure relief
valve
BB
CONTROL AND MONITORrnG
MISCE!.-
LANEOUS
Drain valve
Remo<o
instrumentation
················ Boundary
Figure 16- Vessels, boundary definition
©OREDA
Table 16 - Vessels' Subdivision in Maintainable Items

VESSELS
External Internal Control and monitoring Miscellaneous
Coupling Body/shell Actuating device Other

Electric motor (electric Corrosion protection Cabling & junction boxes
actuator)
Heater Control unit
Support
Instruments Instruments
Body/Shell
Plates, trays, vanes, pads Monitoring
Valves
Sand trap system Internal power supply
Piping
Valves
Instruments
. ' are Jncluded.)
(For all subumts the Mls "Unknown " and "Subumr

OTH Other
PLU Plugged/Choked
UNK Unknown
UST Spurious stop
VIB Vibration
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Vessels
7.9054 4.2609
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours). Active reD. hrs Man hours
Critical 124. 0.16 24.47 84.87 31.30 15.69 8.5 78 18 264
124t 0.17 28.93 102.54 37.87 29.10
Abnormal instrument reading 57" 2E-4 9.83 4S.93 19.28 7.21 S.2 37 11 74
57t 10.45 54.06 23.7S 13.38
External leakage - Process 28. 2.89 1S.64 9.19 3.54 8.3 74 29 264
medium 28t 4.40 24.19 11.SO S.57
External leakage- Utility 2. 0.70 3.35 1.38 0.25 9.0 w 18 32'
medium 2t 0.75 3.S7 1.55 0.47
Parameter deviation 10. 0.17 1.33 3.42 1.0S 1.2S 26 78' 43 155
10t 5E-3 2.SS 10.70 4.02 2.35
Plugged/Choked s· 1.53 8.02 3.S1 O.S3 2.5 3.0' 9.2 22'
st 2.04 10.59 4.71 1.17
Structural deficiency 10. 4.71 23.14 9.73 1.2S 9.7 18 19 3S
10t 4.97 27.35 12.90 2.35
Other 11. 1E-4 2.87 13.40 5.44 1.39 S.4 23 12 45
11t 3.10 15.54 S.S5 2.58
Unknom 1. 0.32 1.78 0.91 0.13 -
1t 0.35 1.94 0.99 0.23
Degraded 240. 2E-3 24.76 113.56 45.44 30.36 9.2 147 24 2229
240t 0.14 46.92 183.48 68.13 56.33
Abnormal instrument reading 57" - 4.35 17.58 20.42 7.21 S.3 32 9.5 64
57t - 5.58 2S.32 25.49 13.38
Extern,; ~akage - Process 35. 0.01 4.82 19.40 7.29 4.43 5.8 23 7.3 25
medium 35t 0.06 8.11 27.92 10.29 8.21
Extern,; leakage - Utility 12" 2.11 10.83 4.S9 1.52 10 20' 1S 40
medium 12t - 2.38 12.2S 5.35 2.82
PM1meter deviation 28. - 2.44 13.83 7.39 3.54 13 100 24 199
28t 5.25 25.34 10.4S S.57
Plugged/Choked so· 1.02 5.24 12.1S 3.58 S.32 10 147 57 2229
sot 2E-3 15.21 S9.25 27.59 11.73
Structural deficiency w - 2.14 11.1S 4.97 1.90 10 89 43 380
15t - 2.43 12.S3 5.S1 3.52
Other 43. 0.01 S.5S 2S.52 9.98 5.44 12 125 1S 249
43t o.os 9.4S 33.14 12.23 10.09
Incipient 1103. 3E-3 132.24 629.26 258.22 139.53 6.1 297 9.2 594
1103t 0.03 175.27 781.42 308.62 258.87
Abnormal instrument reading 753. - S9.2S 389.23 205.12 95.25 4.9 85 S.2 97
753t - 93.42 513.SO 252.13 17S.72
External leakage - Process so· 0.01 11.22 4S.8S 17.90 7.59 3.7 26 14 79
medium sot 0.02 20.8S 87.22 33.33 14.08
Extemalleakage- Utilily 18. 0.01 4.64 18.5S S.95 2.28 11 27' 16 54
medium 18t 4E-3 5.15 21.7S 8.3S 4.22
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
198 20 Calendar time • Operational timeT
7.9054 42609
Minor in-seNice problems 132. - 16.22 83.17 36.02 16.70 7.4 125 11 217
132t 17.44 92.97 42.69 30.98
Parameter deviation 32. 0.13 8.76 27.74 9.96 4.05 4.8 20 6.9 40
32t 0.15 12.98 41.86 15.18 7.51
Plugged/Choked 34. - 3.03 16.82 8.62 4.30 7.2 74 11 104
34t - 5.80 28.84 12.27 7.98
Structural deficiency 24. 0.01 5.56 22.19 8.30 3.04 18 90 29 179
24t 3E-3 5.98 25.62 9.91 5.63
Other 46. 0.55 11.65 34.95 11.72 5.82 25 297 35 594
46t 0.40 12.57 38.13 13.12 10.80
Unknown 4. - 0.60 2.74 1.09 0.51 4.0 w 4.5 w
4t - 0.73 4.02 2.06 0.94
Unknown 24. 1E-4 3.94 18.76 7.70 3.04 10 42 20 84
24t 1E-4 4.68 22.29 9.15 5.63
Abnonnal instrument reading 5. 2E-4 0.65 2.85 1.11 0.63 15 20" 34 49"
5t 2E-3 0.89 3.59 1.35 1.17
Extemalleakage- Process 2. - 0.36 2.00 0.97 0.25 - - 9.5 10.0"
medium 2t 2E-4 0.47 2.05 0.80 0.47
Parameter deviation 1. 2E-3 0.11 0.35 0.13 0.13 -
1t 0.39 2.20 1.16 0.23
Other 3. 1.54 7.59 3.21 0.38 - 27 52"
3t - 1.62 8.88 4.16 0.70
Unknown 13. - 1.66 9.11 4.29 1.64 8.4 42" 15 84
13t - 1.91 10.28 4.75 3.05
All modes 1491. 0.03 185.23 827.95 327.41 188.61 6.8 297 13 2229
1491t 0.36 255.67 1042.89 394.32 349.93
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Vessels
AIR ELP ELU OTH POE

Actuating device 0.20 0.03 0.07 0.20 0.13
Body/shell 0.07 0.13 0.27 0.13
Control unit 0.80 - 0.27 0.07
Heater 0.03 0.13 0.07 0.27 0.80
Instrument, flow 4.19 - - - 0.34
Instrument, level 41.95 0.80 0.27 0.64 2.25
Instrument, pressure 2.35 0.07 0.07 0.27
Instrument, temperature 1.01
Internal power supply 0.20 - 0.07 0.07
Monitorina 0.27 - - 0.13
Other 0.87 0.07 0.20
Piping 0.03 0.87 O.Ql 0.13 -
Plales, trays, vanes, pads - - -
Sand trao svstem - - - -
Subunit 0.27 0.27 0.07 -
Support - - - 0.07 -
Unknown 1.01 0.20 0.07 0.47 0.20
Valves 5.37 5.06 1.27 3.72 0.84
VI/iring 0.13 - - 0.13 -
Total 58.48 8.38 2.15 6.91 4.76
©OREDA

ttem: Vessels
PLU SER STD UNK Sum

Actuating device - - - - 0.64
Body/shell 0.27 0.87 - 1.74
Control unit 0.07 - 1.21
Heater - 0.27 - 0.07 1.64
Instrument, flow - 0.20 4.73
Instrument, general 0.34 0.03 1.04
Instrument, level 0.13 1.34 - 0.27 47.65
Instrument, pressure 0.20 O.o? 3.02
Instrument, temperature - 0.07 - 1.07
lnlema power supply - O.o? - 0.40
Monitorina - O.o? - 0.47
Other 0.13 0.47 O.o? 1.81
Piping 0.07 1.14 0.91 3.22
Plates, ~vanes, pads - 0.13 - - 0.13
Sand trao system 0.47 - - 0.47
Subunit 2.21 0.47 0.13 - 3.42
Support - 0.07 0.13 - 0.27
Unknown 0.20 0.54 0.20 0.27 3.15
Valves 2.68 3.15 0.80 0.54 23.44
VViring 0.13 0.07 0.47
Total 5.97 8.85 3.29 1.21 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Vessels
AIR ELP ELU OTH POE

Blockaoeloluooed 7.38 0.07 - 0.34 0.20
Breakaoe 0.40 0.07 0.20 0.27 0.20
Burst -
Cavitation 0.13 0.07 O.o? -
Clearance/ aliQnment failure 0.13 - 0.07 O.o?
Combined causes O.o? 0.07 0.07
Common mode failure O.o? - - O.o?
Contamination 0.13 - -
Control failure 0.47 - - 0.20 0.20
Corrosion 0.47 0.07 0.07 0.74
Defonnation O.o? - - 0.13
Ea:thlisolalion tau~ 0.47 - - 0.07
Electrical failure - general 0.54 - - 0.20 0.54
Erosion 1.48 - - 0.13
External influence- general O.o? - - O.o?
Falioue 0.07 -
Faulty signallindication/alann 4.76 O.o? - 0.07 0.13
Instrument failure- general 18.65 0.13 0.67 1.14
Leakage 0.27 3.49 0.74 0.47
Looseness 0.13 0.47 0.07
Material failure -general - 0.34 0.07 0.40 0.13
Mechooical FaHure- general 2.15 0.67 0.20 0.80 0.13
Misc. external influences 1.41 0.34 0.20
Miscellaneous - Qeneral 0.27 -
No cause found O.o? O.o? 0.07 0.07 O.o?
No signallindication/ah:rm 1.41 0.07 -
Ooen circuit 0.13 - -
Other - 0.07 0.13 -
Out of adjusbnent 18.31 0.07 0.67 1.21
Overtleatioo - - - -
Short circuitina 0.07 - 0.13 -
Sticking 0.20 - 0.07 O.o? -
Unknown 0.13 O.o? O.o? 0.20 0.20
Vibration 0.20 - -
Wear 0.20 1.34 0.27 0.47 0.07
Total 58.48 8.38 2.15 6.91 4.76
©OREDA

Item: Vessels
PLU SER STD UNK Sum

Blockage/plugged 3.69 0.74 O.Ql 12.47
Breakage O.Ql 0.13 - 1.34
Burm - 0.13 - 0.13
Cavitation - - 0.67 - 0.94
Clearance/ alignment failure 0.20 0.07 - - 0.54
Combined causes 0.27 - 0.47
Common mode failure - 0.13
Contamination O.D7 O.Ql - 0.27
Control failure O.Q7 - 0.94
Corrosion 0.20 0.87 1.34 - 3.76
Deformation - - 0.07 - 0.27
Earth/isolation fauH - 0.13 - 0.67
Electrical failure - general - 0.20 O.Ql 1.54
Erosion - 1.61
External influence - oeneral 0.07 0.47 - 0.67
Fatigue - - - 0.07
Faulty signallindication/alann - - 5.03
Instrument failure -general 0.34 1.21 0.13 0.67 22.94
Leakooe - 0.20 0.27 5.43
Looseness - - 0.67
Material failure - general - 0.87 O.Ql - 1.88
Mechanical Failure -aeneral 0.34 0.87 0.40 O.Ql 5.63
Misc. external influences 0.13 1.61 0.27 3.96
Miscellaneous- general - 0.27
No sianallindication/alarm - 0.07 1.54
Open circuit - - - 0.13
Other - 0.27 0.07 0.54
Out of adjustment 0.07 0.27 - 0.07 20.66
Ovemeatino 0.07 - - 0.07
Short circuiting - 0.20
Sticking 0.13 0.20 - 0.67
Unknown 0.13 0.20 - 0.13 1.14
Vibration 0.07 0.07 - 0.34
Wear 0.13 0.27 - - 2.75
Total 5.97 8.85 3.29 1.21 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Vessels
Coalescer
0.2147 0.1985
Failure mode No of Failure rate {per 1()6 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
Critical 7. 0.24 30.21 102.24 37.59 32.60 28 71r 55 155'
7t 0.18 34.37 124.30 45.93 35.27
Abnormal instrument reading 3. 0.06 12.53 46.22 17.07 13.97 3.8 7.5' 6.3 15'
3t 0.03 14.25 57.12 21.42 15.12
Parameter deviation 4. 3.29 18.59 44.12 13.16 18.63 46 78' 92 155'
4t 2.19 20.63 54.99 17.50 20.16
Degraded 29. 0.68 119.30 422.93 156.22 135.05 19 125 36 249
29t 0.61 136.63 508.27 187.65 146.13
Abnormal instrument reading 5. 0.01 19.74 85.86 33.38 23.29 7.4 10.0' 10 16'
5t 5E-3 23.00 102.33 40.37 25.19
External leakage - Process 3. 3.94 14.13 29.45 8.07 13.97 4.3 9.0' 8.7 18'
medium 3t 4.41 15.47 32.03 8.73 15.12
Extemalleakage • Utilily 2" 0.05 10.10 36.93 13.64 9.31 12 20' 22 40'
medium 2t 0,07 10.98 38.26 14.12 10.08
Parameter deviation 12. 8E4 44.77 216.06 89.19 55.88 25 100 48 199
12t 1E·3 53.34 256.53 105.75 60.47
Plugged/Choked 2. 1.33 8.73 21.55 6.59 9.31 15 15' 15 15'
2t 1.35 9.30 23.18 7.13 10.08
Other 5. 3.22 24.28 61.72 19.16 23.29 33 125' 65 249'
5t 3.04 26.78 70.23 22.13 25.19
Incipient 124. 0.54 479.75 1981.98 752.88 577.47 5.8 . 125 8.3 165
124t 0.49 561.26 2348.37 897.68 624.81
94t 0.13 415.25 1820.03 711.63 473.65
External leakage - Process 1. 3E-3 4.34 18.49 7.13 4.66 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
medium 1t 9E4 4.88 21.85 8.65 5.04
Minor in-service problems 18. 0.31 73.26 275.17 101.53 83.83 12 125 13 125
18t 0.25 84.28 329.25 122.21 90.70
Plugged/Choked 5. 2.43 22.77 60.62 19.28 23.29 20 74' 28 90'
5t 9.98 25.25 46.18 11.27 25.19
Structural deficiency 2. 0.66 8.85 25.21 8.28 9.31 8.5 8.5' 17 17'
2t 0.11 9.80 31.71 11.52 10.08
Other 4. 1.63 20.85 58.99 19.33 18.63 3.0 3.0' 44 165'
4t 1.73 23.02 65.53 21.52 20.16
Unknown 3. 0.06 12.53 46.22 17.07 13.97 42 42" 84 ~
3t 0.03 14.25 57.12 21.42 15.12
Abnormal instrument reading 1. 3E-3 4.34 18.49 7.13 4.66 -
1t 9E4 4.88 21.85 8.65 5.04
UnknoiM'l 2. 0.66 8.85 25.21 8.28 9.31 42 42' 84 84'
2t 0.11 9.80 31.71 11.52 10.08
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Coalescer
0.2147 0.1985
All modes 163' 0.87 635.n 2597.63 982.83 759.10 9.6 125 16 249
163t 0.78 742.11 3079.50 1171.42 821.32
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Vessels - Coalescer
AIR ELP ELU OTH PDE

Actuatin!l device 0.61 - - - 0.61
Body/shell - - - -
Heater 0.31 1.23 0.61 2.45 7.36
Instrument, flow 1.23 - - -
Instrument, oeneral 0.61 - -
Instrument, level 54.29 0.61 - 0.92
Internal - · suoolv 1.23 0.61 0.61 -
MonitorinQ - - 0.61
Other - 0.61 -
Piping - 0.61 - -
Sand trao svstem - -
Subunit 0.61 - -
Unknown 1.23 - - 0.61 0.61
Valves 2.45 - - 0.61 0.31
Total 63.19 2.45 1.23 5.52 9.82
©OREDA

ttem: Vessels- Coalescer
PLU SER STD UNK Sum

Actuating device - 1.23
Body/shell 0.61 1.23 1.84
Heater 1.84 0.61 14.42
Instrument, flow - - 1.23
Instrument, Qeneral - 0.61 - 1.23
Instrument, level - 0.61 0.61 57.06
Instrument, temperature 0.61
Internal power supply 0.61 - 3.07
Monitorina - - 0.61
Other - 1.23 - 1.84
Piping - 1.84 - 2.45
Sand trap system 1.23 1.23
Subunit 1.23 3.07 4.91
Unknown - - - 2.45
Valves 1.84 0.61 - - 5.83
Total 4.29 11.04 1.23 1.23 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Vessels - Coalescer
AIR ELP ELU OTH POE

Blockage/plugged 6.13 - -
Corrosion 1.84 - 0.61 -
Electrical failure - general 0.61 - 0.61 4.91
Faulty signal/indication/alarm 3.68 0.61
Instrument failure - ~eneral 22.09 - 0.61 1.23
Leakage - 0.61 1.23 -
Looseness 0.61 -
Material failure - aeneral 1.23 - - 0.61
Mechanical Failure- qeneral 2.45 - - 1.23
Misc. external influences 2.45 - 1.84 1.84
Other - - -
Out of afustment 23.31 - -
Overheating - -
Short circuiting 0.61 - - 0.61 -
Unknown - - -
Wear - - -
Total 63.19 2.45 1.23 5.52 9.82
©OREDA

Item: Vessels- Coalescer
PLU SER STD UNK Sum

Blockaoe/oluooed 1.23 1.23 - 8.59
Corrosion - - 1.23 - 3.68
Earthflsolation fault - - 0.61
Electrical failure - aeneral 0.61 0.61 7.36
Faulty sionallindication/alann - 4.29
Instrument failure - general 0.61 0.61 0.61 25.77
Leakage - 1.23 - 3.07
Looseness - 0.61
Material failure - Qeneral 1.64
Mechanical Failure- general 1.23 4.91
Other 1.23 - - 1.23
Overheating 0.61 - - 0.61
Short circuiting - - - - 1.23
Unknown 0.61 0.61
Werr 0.61 0.61
Total 4.29 11.04 1.23 1.23 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Vessels
Coalescer
-101m3
0.0526 0.0512
Degraded 2. 6.75 3a.05 119.77 26.91 3a.05 15 w 15 1s>
2t 6.93 39.05 122.91 27.61 39.05
Plugged/Choked 2. 6.75 38.05 119.77 26.91 38.05 15 15' 15 15'
2t 6.93 39.05 122.91 27.61 39.05
Incipient a· 75.72 152.21 274.64 53.a1 152.21 35 12s> 37 12s>
at 77.71 156.20 2a1.a5 55.23 156.20
Abnormal instrument reading 6. 49.75 114.16 225.27 46.60 114.16 14 30' 14 30'
6t 51.06 117.15 231.18 47.83 117.15
Minor in-service problems j• 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 125 125' 125 125'
1t 0.98 19.53 92.65 19.53 19.53
Plugged/Choked 1. 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 74 74' 90 go·
1t 0.98 19.53 92.65 19.53 19.53
All modes 10. 103.22 190.26 322.6a 60.17 190.26 31 125 33 125
10t 105.92 195.25 331.15 61.74 195.25
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Coalescer
10-1000lm3
0.1622 0.1472
Critical 7. 3.42 35.45 96.50 31.06 43.17 28 78' 55 155'
7t 1.20 38.85 118.01 40.70 47.54
Abnormal instrument reading 3. 2.38 16.15 40.16 12.32 18.50 3.8 7.5' 6.3 w
3t 0.67 17.31 52.17 17.73 20.37
Parameter deviation 4. 1.11 21.47 64.11 21.39 24.67 46 78. 92 155.
4t 0.66 23.72 72.36 25.12 27.17
Degraded 27. 0.50 116.91 439.66 162.21 166.49 20 125 38 249
27t 0.34 133.69 527.82 196.69 183.37
Abnormal instrument reading 5. 0.11 22.78 83.97 31.01 30.83 7.4 1o.o· 10 16.
5t 0.05 25.68 103.46 38.90 33.96
Extemalleakage - Process 3. 0.98 16.82 49.54 16.46 18.50 4.3 9.o· 8.7 18'
medium 3t 0.97 18.56 55.34 18.45 20.37
External leakage - Utility 2. 0.15 11.77 37.74 13.64 12.33 12 20· 22 40.
medium 2t 0.27 12.90 39.96 14.12 13.5S
Parameter deviation 12. 2E-3 47.37 222.85 90.90 74.00 25 100 4S 199
12t 1E-3 55.74 265.94 109.27 S1.50
Other 5. 0.75 27.69 84.53 29.3S 30.S3 33 125. 65 249'
5t 1.01 30.49 92.35 31.70 33.96
Incipient 116. 0.12 463.64 2046.82 804.03 715.31 3.6 16 6.2 165
116t 0.10 544.46 2436.41 963.99 787.81
sst 0.02 404.60 1890.97 76S.16 597.65
External leakage • Process 1. 0.03 5.3S 19.30 7.13 6.17 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
medium 1t 0.02 5.96 23.29 8.65 6.79
Minor in-service problems 1r 0.30 73.S1 281.11 103.61 104.S3 4.0 16 4.6 16
17t 0.17 84.38 337.55 126.42 115.45
Plugged/Choked 4. 0.8S 21.72 65.39 22.15 24.67 2.3 4.o· 12 42.
4t 0.61 24.19 74.14 25.90 27.17
Structural deficiency 2" 0.03 9.92 38.52 14.26 12.33 8.5 S.5· 17 1r
2t 1.75 12.41 31.14 9.60 13.58
Other 4• 8.20 24.39 47.56 12.33 24.67 3.0 3.o· 44 1W
4t 9.02 26.84 52.36 13.5S 27.17
Unknown 3. 2.38 16.15 40.16 12.32 18.50 42 4r 84 s.r
3t 0.67 17.31 52.17 17.73 20.37
Abnormal instrument reading 1. 0.03 5.3S 19.30 7.13 6.17 . .
1t 0.02 5.96 23.29 8.65 6.79
Unknown 2. 0.03 9.92 38.52 14.26 12.33 42 42" 84 84"
2t 1.75 12.41 31.14 9.60 13.58
All modes 153. 0.21 613.51 2680.66 1045.82 943.47 8.1 125 15 249
153t 0.16 718.96 3185.61 1254.03 1039.09
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Vessels
Contactor
0.1761 0.1696
Critical 21' . 87.66 460.28 207.73 119.23 13 37 27 74
21t . 91.37 479.59 216.36 123.82
Abnormal instrument reading 9' . 38.78 195.84 84.19 51.10 15 37' 31 w
9t . 40.39 204.04 87.71 53.07
medium 1t 7E-4 5.26 23.88 9.51 5.90
External leakage - Utility 1' 7E-4 5.06 22.92 9.12 5.68 16 16" 32 32"
medium 1t 7E-4 5.26 23.88 9.51 5.90
Parameter deviation 1' 7E-4 5.06 22.92 9.12 5.68 20 20" 40 40"
1t 7E-4 5.26 23.88 9.51 5.90
Structural deficiency 8' 1E-4 34.71 173.16 73.86 45.42 9.8 18" 20 36"
at 1E-4 36.15 180.41 76.96 47.17
Other 1' 7E-4 5.06 22.92 9.12 5.68 9.5 9.5" 19 19"
1t 7E-4 5.26 23.88 9.51 5.90
Degraded 5' 4.80 28.58 68.82 20.72 28.39 46 89" 43 177'
5t 4. 73 29.75 72.69 22.08 29.48
Abnormal instrument reading 1' 0.30 5.72 17.03 5.68 5.68 - . 20 20"
1t 0.32 5.95 17.70 5.90 5.90
Ex1emalleakage • Process 3' 1.77 17.75 47.98 15.39 17.03 4.0 4.0" 5.7 12"
medium 3t 1.76 18.47 50.42 16.25 17.69
Slruclural deficiency 1' 7E-4 5.06 22.92 9.12 5.68 89 89" 177 177'
1t 7E-4 5.26 23.88 9.51 5.90
Incipient 41' 65.25 226.54 467.33 126.99 232.77 8.9 54 13 66
41t 67.69 234.96 484.68 131.70 241.75
Abnormal instrument reading 16' 0.78 103.11 350.42 128.92 90.84 8.2 54 5.9 12
16t 0.82 106.37 360.60 132.62 94.34
Ex1emalleakage • Process 7' 0.01 38.81 169.67 66.22 39.74 1.0 1.0" 14 40"
medium 7t 0.01 40.70 178.11 69.56 41.27
Ex1emalleakage • Utilily 2' 0.79 10.50 29.89 9.81 11.35 20 24" 39 48"
medium 2t 0.77 10.90 31.30 10.31 11.79
Minor in-service problems 4' 0.24 22.03 71.81 26.15 22.71 4.0 4.0" 8.0 s.o·
4t 0.29 22.71 72.81 26.33 23.59
Pnmeter deviation 2' 0.79 10.50 29.89 9.81 11.35 3.3 3.5" 6.5 7.0"
2t 0.77 10.90 31.30 10.31 11.79
Structural deficiency 2' 0.79 10.50 29.89 9.81 11.35 21 33" 42 66"
2t 0.77 10.90 31.30 10.31 11.79
Other 8' 1.07 39.57 120.85 42.02 45.42 10.0 20" 17 40"
at 1.06 41.11 125.81 43.87 47.17
Unknown 1' 0.30 5.72 17.03 5.68 5.68 . . 9.0 9.11"
1t 0.32 5.95 17.70 5.90 5.90
Comments
Ieoni.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Vessels
Contactor
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (106 hours} No of demands
7 5 Calendar time* Operational time '
0.1761 0.1696
External leakage - Process 1. 0.30 5.72 17.o3 5.68 5.68 - 9.0 9.o·
medium 1t 0.32 5.95 17.70 5.90 5.90
All modes 68. 32.18 348.66 957.62 309.61 386.07 12 89 20 1n

68t 32.95 362.17 997.50 322.94 400.95
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Vessels - Contactor
AIR ELP ELU OTH POE

Body/shell - 1.47 -
Instrument, level 30.88 4.41 4.41
Instrument, pressure 5.88
Internal power supply 1.47 - -
Monitoring - 1.47 -
Other - 1.47
Piping - 1.47 -
Subunit - 4.41 1.47
Unknown - 2.94
Valves - 7.35 4.41 2.94
IMrill!l - 1.47
Total 38.24 17.65 4.41 13.24 4.41

Item: Vessels - Contactor
PLU SER STD UNK Sum

Body/shell - 4.41 5.88
Instrument, level - 39.71
Instrument, pressure - 5.88
Internal cower suoolv - - 1.47
Other - - 1.47
Piping - - 8.82 - 10.29
Subunit - - - 5.88
Unknown - - - 2.94
Valves - 5.88 2.94 23.53
\Mring. - - 1.47
Total 5.88 16.18 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Vessels- Contactor
AIR ELP ELU OTH POE

Blockaoe/oluooed 4.41 - -
Breakage - - 1.47
Cavitation 1.47 - 1.47 -
Contamination 1.47 -
Corrosion - - -
Electrical failure -general 1.47 - - 1.47
Faulty signal/indication/alarm 5.88 1.47
Instrument failure -general - - 1.47 1.47
Leakage - 13.24 1.47 2.94
Material failure - general - - -
Mechanical Failure- general 1.47 1.47
Misc. external influences - - - 1.47 -
Miscellaneous- general - 4.41 -
No signal/indication/alarm 5.88 - - -
Other - 1.47 1.47
Out of adjustment 14.71 - - - 1.47
Sticking 1.47 - -
Unknown - -
Wear 1.47 -
Total 38.24 17.65 4.41 13.24 4.41
©OREDA

Item: Vessels- Contactor
PLU SER s~ UNK Sum

I - - - - 4.41
Breakaoe -- 1.47 - 2.!14
- - 10.29 - 1: .24
- - - - L
Corro~on - - 2.94 - 2.
Electrical! 'I I _- - - 2.94
Faulty' - - - - 7.35
I failure - general - - - - 2.94
Leakaoe _- - 2.94 _: 20.59
~ne~ - 1.47 - - 1.4;
•- general - - - - 2.94
Misc. - - - - 1.47
i - aeneral _- - - ·1
NOI - - - -
Other - - - -
~· - - - - 16.18
-- 1.47 - 94
Unknown - 1.4; - - 47
Wear - - - - 47
Total - 5.88 16.18 - 10.0
The figures are percentages of the total fa~ure rate for the actual failure mechanism/failure mode combination.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Vessels
Contactor
-10)m3
0.0307 0.0291
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1Qt hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
All modes o· 0.06 15.57 59.80 22.02 . . . . .

ot 0.06 16.40 62.99 23.20 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Contactor
10-1000)m3
6 4 calendar time * Operational time T
0.1455 0.1405
Failure mode No of Failure rate loer 10& hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
Critical 21' 7E-4 109.40 538.31 226.95 144.37 13 37 27 74
21t 7E-4 113.98 560.59 236.23 149.47
Abnonnal instrument reading 9' 2E-3 4a.27 226.19 92.04 61.a7 15 37' 31 74'
9t 2E-3 50.24 235.53 95.a7 64.06
External leakage - Process 1' 3E-3 6.19 26.40 10.19 6.a7 21 21' 41 41'
medium 1t 3E-3 6.42 27.4a 10.63 7.12
Eldemalleakage - Utility 1' 3E-3 6.19 26.40 10.19 6.a7 16 16' 32 32'
medium 1t 3E-3 6.42 27.4a 10.63 7.12
Parameter deviation 1' 3E-3 6.19 26.40 10.19 6.a7 20 20' 40 40'
1t 3E-3 6.42 27.4a 10.63 7.12
Structural deficiency a· 3E-3 43.1a 200.07 a0.76 55.00 9.a 1a' 20 36'
at 3E-3 44.94 20a.32 84.13 56.94
Other 1' 3E-3 6.19 26.40 10.19 6.a7 9.5 9.5' 19 19'
1t 3E-3 6.42 27.4a 10.63 7.12
Degraded 5' 10.21 34.91 71.63 19.38 34.37 46 8s+ 43 177'
5t 9.82 36.27 76.37 21.07 35.59
Abnonnal instrument reading 1' 0.39 6.9a 20.66 6.a7 6.a7 . 20 20'
1t 0.41 7.25 21.40 7.12 7.12
External leakage - Process 3' 3.34 21.6a 53.3a 16.29 20.62 4.0 4.0' 5.7 12'
medium 3t 3.25 22.54 56.31 17.33 21.35
Structural deficiency 1' 3E-3 6.19 26.40 10.19 6.a7 a9 a9' 177 177'
1t 3E-3 6.42 27.4a 10.63 7.12
Incipient 41' 197.73 281.02 376.28 54.52 281.86 8.9 54 13 66
41t 200.77 291.00 394.92 59.31 291.82
Abnmmal instrument reading 16' 3.oa 12a.26 393.91 137.95 109.99 a.2 54 5.9 12
16t 3.2a 132.22 405.40 141.69 113.aa
External leakage - Process 7' 0.09 4a.24 193.66 72.6a 4a.12 1.0 1.0' 14 40'
medium 7t 0.09 50.55 203.31 76.37 49.a2
Extemalleakage · Utility 2' 1.34 12.aO 34.25 10.92 13.75 20 24' 39 4a'
medium 2t 1.30 13.25 35.95 11.55 14.24
Minor in-service problems 4' 0.97 27.17 a2.09 2a.05 27.50 4.0 4.0' a.o a.o·
4t 1.27 27.94 a3.a6 2a.19 2a.47
Parameter deviation 2' 1.34 12.aO 34.25 10.92 13.75 3.3 3.5' 6.5 7.0'
2t 1.30 13.25 35.95 11.55 14.24
Structural deficiency 2' 1.34 12.aO 34.25 10.92 13.75 21 33' 42 66'
2t 1.30 13.25 35.95 11.55 14.24
Other a· 5.33 49.39 131.12 41.63 55.00 10.0 20' 17 40'
at 5.34 51.1a 136.95 43.6a 56.94
Unknown 1' 0.39 6.98 20.66 6.87 6.87 . . 9.0 9.0'
1t 0.41 7.25 21.40 7.12 7.12
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Volume 1- Topside Equipment 346 OREDA-2009
Taxonomy no Rem
Vessels
Contactor
10-1000)m3
0.1455 0.1405
External leakage - Process 1. 0.39 6.98 20.66 6.87 6.87 - 9.0 9.o·
medium 1t 0.41 7.25 21.40 7.12 7.12
All modes &8· 103.12 436.05 957.87 272.32 467.47 12 89 20 177

68t 104.17 452.61 1001.89 286.17 4M.OO
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Vessels
DestiUation column
0.0526 0.0522
failures lower Mean Upper so nit Mean Max Mean Max
Degraded 2" 6.74 38.00 119.60 26.87 38.00 . . 197 381r
2t 6.80 38.31 120.59 27.09 38.31
Structural deficiency 1" 0.95 19.00 90.15 19.00 19.00 380 380'
1t 0.96 19.16 90.90 19.16 19.16
Other 1" 0.95 19.00 90.15 19.00 19.00 14 14'
1t 0.96 19.16 90.90 19.16 19.16
Incipient 13" 146.07 247.00 392.65 68.50 247.00 . 39 79
13t 147.28 249.04 395.90 69.07 249.04
External leakage - Process 13" 146.07 247.00 392.65 68.50 247.00 39 79
medium 13t 147.28 249.04 395.90 69.07 249.04
All modes 15" 175.65 285.00 438.80 73.59 285.00 . . 60 380

1St 177.11 287.36 442.43 74.20 287.36
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Vessels- Destination column
AIR ELP ELU OTH PDE

Body/shell - - -
Control unit - 6.67 -
Other 66.67 -
Unknown - 6.67 -
Valves - 13.33 -
Total - 86.67 6.67 -

Item: Vessels- Destillation column
PLU SER STD UNK Sum

Body/shell - 6.67 - 6.67
Control unit - 6.67
Other - - 66.67
Unknown - - - 6.67
Valves - - 13.33
Total - 6.67 100.0
©OREDA

AIR ELP ELU OTH PDE

Control failure 6.67 -
Corrosion
Leakage 86.67 -
Total 86.67 6.67 -

PLU SER STD UNK Sum

Control failure - - - - 6.67
Corrosion - - 6.67 6.67
Leakage - - - - 86.67
Total - - 6.67 - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Vessels
Destillation column
10-10001m3
0.0526 0.0522
Degraded 2"
2t
6.74
6.80
38.00
38.31
119.60
120.59
26.87
27.09
38.00
38.31
- - 197 3W
Structural deficiency 1" 0.95 19.00 90.15 19.00 19.00 380 380"
1t 0.96 19.16 90.90 19.16 19.16
Other 1" 0.95 19.00 90.15 19.00 19.00 14 14"
1t 0.96 19.16 90.90 19.16 19.16
Incipient 13"
13t
146.07
147.28
247.00
249.04
392.65
395.90
68.50
69.07
247.00
249.04
- - 39 79
External leakage · Process 13" 146.07 247.00 392.65 68.50 247.00 - - 39 79

medium 13t 147.28 249.04 395.90 69.07 249.04
AU modes 15"
1St
175.65
177.11
285.00
287.36
438.80
442.43
73.59
74.20
285.00
287.36
- - 60 380
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Flash drum
33 7 Calendar time* Operational time r
1.1348 1.0038
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()& hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
Critical 21" . 12.69 67.05 30.50 18.51 7.2 74 8.4 74
21t . 13.09 68.81 31.10 20.92
Abnormal instrument reading 19" . 9.77 55.18 29.28 16.74 3.4 13 4.3 17
19t . 10.10 56.80 29.96 18.93
External leakage - Process 2" 0.01 2.26 8.38 3.09 1.76 41 74. 46 w
medium 2t O.D1 2.31 8.06 2.97 1.99
Degraded 34" 0.11 26.55 100.38 37.02 29.96 12 147 86 2229
34t 0.14 27.39 99.66 36.82 33.87
Abnormal instrument reading 8" . 4.77 24.86 11.09 7.05 5.7 24" 9.1 48.
8t . 5.04 25.69 11.10 7.97
External leakage - Process 4" 1E4 3.64 17.22 7.05 3.52 4.8 1o.o· 4.8 1o.o·
medium 4t 3E4 3.88 17.91 7.21 3.98
Parameter deviation 3" 0.15 2.44 7.13 2.36 2.64 7.0 w 13 36.
3t 0.67 2.79 6.09 1.73 2.99
Plugged/Choked 9" 0.23 10.78 33.27 11.72 7.93 30 147' 313 2229.
9t 0.32 10.98 33.44 11.58 8.97
Structural deficiency 6" . 3.85 18.68 7.74 5.29 3.8 6.o· 6.2 12•
6t 4E4 4.12 18.94 7.59 5.98
Olher 4" 1.22 3.55 6.85 1.76 3.52 4.3 6.o· 4.3 6.o·
4t 0.03 3.55 11.92 4.38 3.98
Incipient 200" . 110.98 607.24 284.04 176.24 4.2 41 5.3 54
200t . 114.22 623.80 291.48 199.24
Abnormal instrument reading 158" . 81.50 458.68 242.30 139.23 4.2 41 4.5 41
158t . 83.25 470.24 249.61 157.40
External leakage - Process 3" 0.08 2.32 7.01 2.40 2.64 3.0 3.5· 5.3 7.o·
medium 3t 0.16 2.59 7.59 2.52 2.99
External leakage • Utility 2" 0.24 1.83 4.63 1.44 1.76 15 27' 28 54.
medium 2t 0.40 2.05 4.78 1.41 1.99
19t 3.45 16.60 37.84 11.03 18.93
Plugged/Choked 6" . 3.85 18.68 7.74 5.29 6.0 w 9.8 21.
6t 4E4 4.12 18.94 7.59 5.98
6t 0.08 5.38 16.96 6.08 5.98
Other 4" 0.50 3.61 9.11 2.82 3.52 1.7 2.o· 14 52.
4t 1.23 3.92 7.84 2.08 3.98
Unknown 2" 2E-3 1.56 6.34 2.40 1.76 1.5 2.o· 1.5 2.o·
2t 5E-3 1.67 6.56 2.44 1.99
Unknown 10" 0.26 12.67 39.27 13.88 8.81 11 2o+ 19 49
tot 0.28 13.09 40.48 14-26 9.96
Comments
(coni.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Flash drum
1.1348 1.0038
Abnonnal instrument reading 4. 0.50 3.61 9.11 2.82 3.52 15 20. 34 49.
4t 1.23 3.92 7.84 2.08 3.98
External leakage - Process 1. - 1.56 7.24 2.93 0.88 - 10.0 1o.o·
medium 1t - 1.62 7.53 3.05 1.00
Other 2. 4E-4 4.66 21.38 8.56 1.76 - 14 w
2t 3E-4 4.85 22.49 9.08 1.99
Unknown 3. 0.09 2.92 8.86 3.05 2.64 5.0 6.o· 5.3 6.o·
3t 0.27 3.06 8.50 2.76 2.99
All modes 265" 2E-4 162.51 828.86 358.11 233.52 5.5 147 16 2229
265t 3E-4 167.13 849.47 366.39 263.99
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Vessels - Flash drum
AIR ELP ELU OTH PDE

Body/shell 0.38 - 0.75
Instrument, flow 2.64 - -
Instrument, pressure 1.89 0.38 -
Other 0.75 0.38 -
Piping 1.51 0.75 -
Sand trao svstem - -
Subunit 0.38 0.38 - -
Support -
Unknown 2.64 - 0.75 -
Valves 12.45 0.75 0.38 1.89 0.38
Total 71.32 3.77 0.75 3.77 1.13

Item: Vessels - Flash drum
PLU SER STD UNK Sum

Bodvlshell - - 1.13
Instrument, How - - 2.64
Instrument, general 0.38 0.19 2.45
Instrument, level 0.75 1.13 - 49.43
Instrument, pressure - - 2.26
Instrument, temperature - - 0.38 2.26
Other 1.89 - 3.02
Piping 0.38 0.38 1.51 4.53
s,.,d trao svstem 0.75 - - 0.75
Subunit 0.75 0.38 - 1.89
Support - 0.38 0.38
Unknown 0.38 0.38 0.75 0.75 5.66
Valves 2.64 2.64 1.32 1.13 23.58
Total 5.66 7.17 4.53 1.89 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Vessels- Flash drum
AIR ELP ELU OTH POE

Blockaaeloluooed 18.49 - - -
Burst - - -
Cavitation 0.38 -
Clearance/ alignment failure - 0.38 -
Combined causes - - -
Control failure 0.38 0.75
Conosion 0.38 0.75 -
Earth/isolation fauH 1.51 - -
Electrical failure - aeneral 0.38 - -
Erosion - 0.38 -
Faulty signallindication/alarm 0.75 - -
Instrument failure - general 26.79 0.75 0.38
Leakaae 0.38 1.51 0.38 -
Material failure -general - 0.38 -
Mechanical Failure- aeneral 4.53 0.38 1.13
Misc. external influences 3.02
Other - - - -
Out of oojustment 13.58 - 0.75 -
Sucking -
Unknown 0.38 - -
VIbration 0.38 - -
WflFX - 1.13 -
Total 71.32 3.77 0.75 3.77 1.13
©OREDA

Item: Vessels- Flash drum
PLU SER sm UNK Sum

Blockaoeloluaaed 3.02 0.38 - 0.38 22.26
Burst 0.75 - - 0.75
Cavitation - - 0.38
Clearance/ alignment failure 0.38
Control failure - 1.13
Corrosion 1.13 1.51 3.77
Earthlisolatk>n fault - 1.51
Electrical failure - aeneral - 0.38
Erosion - 0.38
Faulty signal/indication/alarm - - 0.75
Instrument failure - aeneral 1.13 0.38 1.13 30.57
Leakage 0.75 - 3.02
Looseness - - 0.38
Material failure -general - - 0.38
Mechanical Failure- aeneral 0.38 1.51 0.75 - 8.68
Misc. external influences 0.38 0.38 0.75 - 4.53
Other - 0.38 - 0.38
Out of adjustment - 0.38 - 14.72
Stickino 0.38 0.38 - - 0.75
Unknown 0.38 0.38 1.13
Vibration - - 0.38 - 0.75
Wear 0.75 - 1.89
Total 5.66 7.17 4.53 1.89 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Vessels
Flash drum
-101m3
0.5136 0.4456
Critical 7. 9E-4 13.46 62.25 25.10 13.63 4.9 1T 5.9 1T
7t 1E-3 13.91 63.68 25.42 15.71
Abnormal instrument reading r 9E-4 13.46 62.25 25.10 13.63 4.9 13. 5.9 13.
7t 1E-3 13.91 63.68 25.42 15.71
Degraded 19. 0.02 37.11 159.50 61.76 36.99 5.7 24 8.4 48
19t 0.02 38.01 162.12 62.58 42.64
Abnormal instrument reading s· 2E-3 9.81 43.65 17.22 9.74 7.6 24. 12 48.
st 4E-3 10.20 44.40 17.27 11.22
External leakage - Process 2. 0.03 4.12 14.05 5.17 3.89 3.5 s.o· 3.5 s.o·
medium 2t 0.14 4.41 13.41 4.63 4.49
Par<ITleter deviation 3. 0.01 6.07 24.61 9.28 5.84 7.0 18. 13 36.
3t 0.03 6.40 24.44 9.00 6.73
Plugged/Choked 3. 0.47 7.07 20.53 6.79 5.84 6.3 9.o· 6.3 9.o·
3t 0.94 7.31 18.70 5.82 6.73
Structural deficiency 3. 0.01 6.07 24.61 9.28 5.84 3.3 5.<r 6.0 1o.o·
3t 0.03 6.40 24.44 9.00 6.73
Other 3" 0.01 6.07 24.61 9.28 5.84 3.5 s.o· 3.5 s.o·
3t 0.03 6.40 24.44 9.00 6.73
Incipient 72" 0.02 133.08 596.41 236.14 140.19 3.7 21 4.8 52
nt 0.03 137.55 611.03 240.87 161.59
Abnormal instrument reading 59. 2E-3 107.63 516.20 212.56 114.88 3.8 21 4.0 21
59t 2E-3 110.04 528.98 218.04 132.41
External leakage - Process 3. 0.05 5.58 18.42 6.73 5.84 3.0 3.5· 5.3 7.0"
medium 3t 0.13 6.25 19.36 6.84 6.73
Minor in-service problems s· 0.82 8.70 23.80 7.68 9.74 4.2 4.5" 7.0 9.o·
st 0.89 9.99 27.64 8.97 11.22
Plugged/Choked 1. 5E-4 2.06 9.08 3.56 1.95 6.0 6.0" 6.0 6.0"
1t 1E-3 2.19 9.38 3.63 2.24
Structural deficiency 1. 5E-4 2.06 9.08 3.56 1.95 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
1t 1E-3 2.19 9.38 3.63 2.24
other 3" 0.29 7.85 23.67 8.07 5.84 1.5 2.0" 18 52"
3t 0.50 8.05 23.53 7.80 6.73
Unknown 5. 0.23 12.46 38.89 13.83 9.74 9.0 20" 13 40"
5t 0.36 12.81 39.06 13.55 11.22
Abnormal instrument reading 2. 0.03 4.12 14.05 5.17 3.89 13 20" 23 40"
2t 0.14 4.41 13.41 4.63 4.49
External leakage - Process 1. 6E-3 5.04 20.67 7.83 1.95 10.0 10.0"
medium 1t 5E-3 5.23 21.76 8.29 2.24
Unknown 2. 0.03 4.12 14.05 5.17 3.89 5.0 6.0" 5.0 6.0"
2t 0.14 4.41 13.41 4.63 4.49
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Vessels
Flash drum
-10)m3
0.5136 0.4456
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
All modes 103. 0.04 195.43 867.14 341.62 200.55 4.4 24 5.9 52
103t 0.05 201.11 887.85 348.76 231.16
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Vessels
Flash drum
10-1000)m3
0.3948 0.3616
Failure mode No of Failure rat~_(per 106 hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
Critical 13. 2E·3 20.99 96.45 38.66 32.93 8.5 74 9.2 74
13t 4E-3 21.97 97.81 38.60 35.95
Abnormal instrument reading 12. . 17.27 90.78 41.02 30.40 2.5 8.5 3.3 17
12t . 17.96 93.39 41.47 33.19
External leakage. Process 1. 0.02 2.86 9.67 3.55 2.53 74 74' 74 74"
medium 1t 0.07 3.02 9.29 3.26 2.77
Degraded 9. 1.39 19.94 57.43 18.94 22.80 30 14r 34 14r
9t 2.39 21.36 56.22 17.76 24.89
Abnormal instrument reading 3. 1.54 6.86 15.28 4.39 7.60 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
3t 0.02 6.15 23.88 8.84 8.30
medium 1t 0.07 3.02 9.29 3.26 2.77
Plugged/Choked 3. 0.18 7.94 24.47 8.60 7.60 72 14r 82 14T
3t 0.48 8.43 24.90 8.28 8.30
Structural deficiency 2" 0.01 4.08 15.76 5.82 5.07 5.0 6.0" 8.0 12"
2t 0.02 4.40 15.95 5.89 5.53
Incipient 121. - 165.19 897.49 418.06 306.52 4.1 41 4.8 43
121t - 168.82 917.91 427.79 334.62
Abnormal instrument reading 97. - 124.48 690.61 354.61 245.72 4.1 41 4.5 41
97t . 126.58 704.05 363.90 268.25
Minor in-service problems 14" 6.35 30.81 7Q.42 20.56 35.47 5.0 22 8.6 43
14t 11.52 34.12 66.43 17.20 38.72
Plugged/Choked 2. 0.01 4.08 15.76 5.82 5.07 3.5 5.0" 3.5 5.0"
2t 0.02 4.40 15.95 5.89 5.53
5t 0.14 11.08 35.51 12.84 13.83
Other 1. 0.01 2.23 7.88 2.91 2.53 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.o·
1t 0.02 2.41 8.04 2.95 2.77
Unknown 2. 0.01 4.08 15.76 5.82 5.07 1.5 2.0" 1.5 2.0"
2t 0.02 4.40 15.95 5.89 5.53
Unknown 4. 0.02 11.16 45.03 16.94 10.13 20 20" 18 39'
4t 0.02 11.77 47.21 17.70 11.06
Abnormal instrument reading 1. 0.01 2.23 7.88 2.91 2.53 20 20" 39 39"
1t 0~2 2.41 8.04 2.95 2.77
Other 2. 7E-4 6.36 29.02 11.57 5.07 . - 14 16"
2t 9E-4 6.73 30.54 12.15 5.53
Unknown 1. 0.02 2.86 9.65 3.55 2.53 . 6.0 6.0"
1t 0.05 3.05 9.62 3.45 2.77
All modes 147* 1E-4 210.36 1088.95 478.98 372.39 6.1 147 7.2 147
147t 1E-4 215.14 1112.79 488.46 406.52
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Flash drum
Unknown
0.2264 0.1966
Failure mode No of Failure rate Coer 1()6 hours). Active reD. hrs Man hours
Critical 1" 0.04 5.11 17.15 6.29 4.42 8.5 8.~ 17 1r
1t 0.24 5.45 16.37 5.51 5.09
External leakage - Process 1" 0.04 5.11 17.15 6.29 4.42 8.5 8.5· 17 1r
medium 1t 0.24 5.45 16.37 5.51 5.09
Degraded 6" 2.23 32.26 92.97 30.67 26.50 3.8 B.lr 450 2229'
6t 3.64 34.06 90.62 28.81 30.51
External leakage - Process 1" 0.05 3.88 12.51 4.54 4.42 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
medium 1t 0.02 4.46 16.59 6.13 5.09
Plugged/Choked 3" 0.24 17.57 56.00 20.19 13.25 4.0 8.o· 1118 2229.
3t 0.51 18.08 55.11 19.11 15.26
1t 0.24 5.45 16.37 5.51 5.09
Other 1" 0.02 5.56 21.70 8.05 4.42 6.0 6.o· 6.0 6.o·
1t 0.05 5.71 19.11 7.01 5.09
Incipient 7" 2.88 36.03 101.56 33.22 30.91 13 31" 20 54'
7t 4.20 38.57 102.18 32.40 35.60
Abnonnal instrument reading 2" 1.75 9.97 23.71 7.08 8.83 18 31. 18 w
2t 2.29 10.88 24.73 7.19 10.17
External leakage· Utility 2" 0.15 8.21 25.62 9.11 8.83 15 2r 28 54.
medium 2t 0.27 9.42 28.69 9.94 10.17
Plugged/Choked 3" 2E-3 17.30 79.35 31.75 13.25 7.7 w 15 21.
3t 2E-3 18.21 83.27 33.22 15.26
Unknown 1" 3E-3 10.55 46.49 18.24 4.42 . . 49 49"
1t 2E·3 10.92 48.76 19.27 5.09
Abnormal instrument reading 1" 3E-3 10.55 46.49 18.24 4.42 . 49 49•
1t 2E-3 10.92 48.76 19.27 5.09
All modes 15" 9.96 85.68 223.25 70.06 66.24 8.9 31 175 2229
1St 13.29 90.07 223.91 68.71 76.29
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Hydrocyclone
0.4854 0.4759
Failure mode No of Failure rate fDer 101 hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 3. 0.04 6.15 21.55 7.95 6.18 1.7 5.0" 170 264'
3t 0.04 6.25 21.55 7.94 6.30
External leakage - Process 3. 0.04 6.15 21.55 7.95 6.18 1.7 5.0' 170 264'
medium 3t 0.04 6.25 21.55 7.94 6.30
Degraded 4. 2.81 8.34 16.24 4.21 8.24 21 70' 24 70'
4t 2.43 8.61 17.89 4.89 8.40
Plugged/Choked 1. 0.01 4.38 17.19 6.39 2.06 70 70' 70 70'
1t 0.02 4.86 18.86 6.98 2.10
Structural deficiency 1. 0.01 1.88 6.40 2.35 2.06 10.0 10.0' 20 20'
1t 0.02 1.93 6.50 2.39 2.10
Other 2. 0.02 3.57 12.73 4.70 4.12 2.5 3.0' 3.5 4.0'
2t 0.02 3.66 12.94 4.78 4.20
Incipient 1. 0.01 1.88 6.40 2.35 2.06 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.0"
1t 0.02 1.93 6.50 2.39 2.10
Other 1. 0.01 1.88 6.40 2.35 2.06 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.0'
1t 0.02 1.93 6.50 2.39 2.10
All modes 8. 8.24 16.52 27.13 5.83 16.48 12 70" 76 264'

8t 8.45 16.90 27.72 5.94 16.81
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Vessels- Hydrocyclone
AIR ELP ELU OTH POE

Pipin!l 25.00 -
Sand trap syslem - - - -
Subunit - -
Valves 12.50 37.50
Tolal 37.50 37.50

PLU SER STD UNK Sum

Pi~no - - 25.00
Sand lrap syslem 12.50 - 12.50
Subunit - 12.50 12.50
Valves - - 50.00
Tolal 12.50 - 12.50 100.0
©OREDA

AIR ELP ELU Oni POE

Combined causes - - - - -
Leakage - 12.50 - 12.50
Mechanical Failure- general - - - 25.00
Wear - 25.00
Total - 37.50 37.50

PLU SER STD UNK Sum

LeakaQe - 25.00
Mechanical Failure- general 12.50 - 37.50
Wear - - 25.00
Total 12.50 - 12.50 - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Vessels
H~~yclone
-10m3
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1(1i hours) No of demands
17 3 Calendar time * 1
Operational time
0.3803 0.3722
Critical 3' 0.58 7.02 19.64 6.41 7.89 1.7 5.1r 170 264'
3t 0.72 7.20 19.45 6.23 8.06
External leakage - Process 3' 0.58 7.02 19.64 6.41 7.89 1.7 5.0' 170 264'
medium 3t 0.72 7.20 19.45 6.23 8.06
Degraded 3' 2.00 8.65 19.13 5.46 7.89 27 70' 31 71r
3t 1.79 9.06 20.96 6.16 8.06
Plugged/Choked 1' 0.01 4.43 17.56 6.55 2.63 70 70' 70 70'
1t 0.01 4.90 19.42 7.25 2.69
Structural deficiency 1' 3E-3 2.64 10.85 4.12 2.63 10.0 10.0' 20 20'
1t 4E-3 2.71 11.06 4.18 2.69
Other 1' 3E-3 2.64 10.85 4.12 2.63 2.0 2.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t 4E-3 2.71 11.06 4.18 2.69
All modes 6' 6.91 15.82 27.69 6.44 15.78 15 71r 101 264'
6t 7.11 16.21 28.34 6.58 16.12
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Vessels
Hydrocyclone
Unknown
0.1052 0.1037
Failure mode No of Failure rat~ (per 108 hours). Active reD. hrs Manhours
Degraded 1' 0.48 9.51 45.11 9.51 9.51 3.0 3.0+ 3.0 3.0'
1t 0.48 9.65 45.77 9.65 9.65
Other 1' 0.48 9.51 45.11 9.51 9.51 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.48 9.65 45.77 9.65 9.65
Incipient 1' 0.48 9.51 45.11 9.51 9.51 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.0'
1t 0.48 9.65 45.77 9.65 9.65
Other 1' 0.48 9.51 45.11 9.51 9.51 3.0 3.o· 3.0 J.o·
1t 0.48 9.65 45.77 9.65 9.65
All modes 2' 3.37 19.01 59.84 13.44 19.01 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.0'
2t 3.42 19.29 60.72 13.64 19.29
Comments
©OREDA
OREDA-2009 365 Volume 1 - Topside Equipment
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Mol sieve drver
0.1053 0.1032
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active reg. hrs Man hours
Incipient 7" 31.21 66.50 124.92 25.13 66.50 . . 10 37"
7t 31.83 67.83 127.42 25.64 67.83
Abnonnal instrument reading 1" 0.47 9.50 45.08 9.50 9.50 . . 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.48 9.69 45.98 9.69 9.69
External leakage - Process 5" 18.71 47.50 99.89 21.24 47.50 . . 6.2 20•
medium 5t 19.09 48.45 101.89 21.67 48.45
Structural deficiency 1" 0.47 9.50 45.08 9.50 9.50 . . 37 37'
1t 0.48 9.69 45.98 9.69 9.69
All modes 7" 31.21 66.50 124.92 25.13 66.50 . . 10 37'

7t 31.83 67.83 127.42 25.64 67.83
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Vessels - Mol sieve dryer
AIR ELP ELU OTH PDE

Other - 14.29 - -
UnknoiMl 14.29 - -
Valves - 57.14
Tot,; 14.29 71.43 - -

Item: Vessels- Mol sieve dryer
PLU SER SID UNK Sum

Other 14.29 28.57
Unknown - - 14.29
Valves - - 57.14
Total 14.29 - 100.0
The f19ures are percentages of the total failure rate for the actual maintainable item/failure mode combination.
©OREDA

AIR ELP ELU OTH POE

Corrosion - -
Faulty signaUindication/alann 14.29 -
Leakage - 71.43 -
Total 14.29 71.43

PLU SER STD UNK Sum

Corrosion - 14.29 14.29
Faultv sianal/indicationlalarm - 14.29
Leakaae - 71.43
Total - 14.29 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Mol sieve dryer
10-1000)m3
0.1053 0.1032
Incipient 7. 31.21 66.50 124.92 25.13 66.50 . - 10 3r
7t 31.83 67.83 127.42 25.64 67.83
Abnonnal instrument reading 1. 0.47 9.50 45.08 9.50 9.50 - - 3.0 3.0'
1t 0.48 9.69 45.98 9.69 9.69
External leakage- Process 5. 18.71 47.50 99.89 21.24 47.50 - - 6.2 20"
medium 5t 19.09 48.45 101.89 21.67 48.45
Structural deficiency 1. 0.47 9.50 45.08 9.50 9.50 . 37 37'
1t 0.48 9.69 45.98 9.69 9.69
All modes 7.
7t
31.21
31.83
66.50
67.83
124.92
127.42
25.13
25.64
66.50
67.83
- - 10 3r
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Scrubber
0.6545 0.6286
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()8 hours}. Active rep. hrs Manhours
failures lower Mean Upper so niT Mean Max Mean Max
Critical II' 0.01 22.98 97.53 37.57 16.81 5.8 14" 8.0 28
lit 0.02 23.96 101.64 39.14 17.50
Aboormal instrument reading I' . 2.13 10.24 4.22 1.53 2.5 2.5" 5.0 5.0'
It . 2.22 10.68 4.40 1.59
External leakage - Process I' 2E-4 1.34 6.04 2.40 1.53 7.0 7.0' 9.0 9.0"
medium It IE-4 1.41 6.51 2.62 1.59
External leakage - Utility I' . 2.13 10.24 4.22 1.53 2.0 2.0" 4.0 4.0"
medium It . 2.22 10.68 4.40 1.59
Parameter deviation 2' 0.20 2.88 8.29 2.74 3.06 . 3.0 4.0'
2t 0.37 3.01 7.77 2.43 3.18
Structural deficiency 2' . 4.97 24.38 10.25 3.06 9.5 14" 19 28"
2t . 5.18 25.41 10.68 3.18
Other 3' 4E-3 5.70 24.09 9.26 4.58 5.3 6.0" 8.7 10.0"
3t 4E-3 5.98 25.22 9.68 4.77
Unknown I' . 2.13 10.24 4.22 1.53 . .
It . 2.22 10.68 4.40 1.59
Degraded 17' 0.01 19.20 81.74 31.53 25.98 II 16" 8.7 22
17t 0.02 19.82 82.99 31.74 27.05
Abnormal instrument reading I' 1.52 7.97 3.60 1.53 . 20 20"
It 1.59 8.36 3.79 1.59
Ex1emalleakage • Process 6' 2.66 8.54 17.12 4.55 9.17 9.3. 16" 7.5 16"
medium 6t 2.72 8.88 17.94 4.79 9.55
Ex1emalleakage- Utildy 3' 2E-3 3.90 16.77 6.49 4.58 . 10 20"
medium 3t 4E-3 4.02 16.74 6.38 4.77
PluggediChoked I' 2E-4 1.34 6.04 2.40 1.53 15 15" 22 22"
It IE-4 1.41 6.51 2.62 1.59
0111er 6' . 6.97 36.52 16.43 9.17 . 5.0 8.0"
6t . 7.08 36.92 16.50 9.55
Incipient 68' 6.53 93.41 268.84 88.64 103.90 II 36 II 53
sst 7.50 96.89 274.57 90.00 108.18
Abnormal instrument reading 43' 0.79 50.06 157.81 56.54 65.70 12 36 II 39
43t 0.91 52.15 163.16 58.14 68.41
External leakage • Utility 4' IE-3 8.70 38.98 15.43 6.11 8.3 21" 14 42"
medium 4t IE-3 9.02 40.53 16.06 6.36
Minor in-service problems 8' 2.10 12.06 28.79 8.61 12.22 14 27" 15 53"
at 2.45 12.50 28.96 8.52 12.73
Parameter deviation 4' 0.25 5.88 17.68 5.97 6.11 . . 8.5 14"
4t 0.40 6.07 17.63 5.83 6.36
Structural deficiency 5' 0.05 8.15 28.84 10.65 7.64 . 6.0 14"
5t 0.05 8.37 29.44 10.87 7.95
Comments
Ieoni.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Vessels
Scrubber
0.6545 0.6286
Failure mode No of Failure rate fper 1()6 hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
failuresLower Mean Upper SD nh: Mean Max Mean Max
Other 3' 0.86 4.91 11.70 3.50 4.58 2.0 2.o· 4.0 8.o·
3t 0.91 5.08 12.02 3.58 4.77
Unknown 1' 2.13 10.24 4.22 1.53 2.0 2.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 2.22 10.68 4.40 1.59
All modes 96' 4.77 134.32 405.92 138.74 146.69 9.7 36 10 53

gst 5.90 139.21 418.52 141.36 152.73
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Vessels - Scrubber
AIR ELP ELU OTH POE

Body/shell - - 1.04 1.04 -
Heater - - - -
Instrument, pressure 4.17 1.04 2.08 -
Instrument, temoerature 2.08 - -
Monitoring - - -
Piping - -
Support -
Unknown 1.04 1.04 -
Vaves 4.17 5.21 7.29
\Mring -
Total 46.88 7.29 8.33 12.50 6.25

Item: Vessels- Scrubber
PLU SER STD UNK Sum

Control unit - - 1.04
Heater - 1.04 - 1.04
Instrument, flow - 0.52
Instrument, level 2.08 - - 51.56
Instrument, pressure - 1.04 - - 8.33
Instrument, temoerature - - - 2.08
Monitoring - 1.04 - 1.04
Piping - 1.56 1.56
SllJlllort - - 1.04 - 1.04
Unknown 2.08 1.04 - 5.21
Valves 1.04 0.52 2.08 20.31
\Mring - 1.04 1.04 2.08
Total 1.04 8.33 7.29 2.08 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Vessels -Scrubber
AIR ELP ELU OTH PDE

Breakage 2.08 - -
Cavitation - 1.04
Clearance/ alignment failure -
Corrosion 1.04 - 1.04
Deformation - 2.08 -
Earthfisolation fault 1.04 - - -
Electrical failure - general - - - -
External influence -general - -
Fatiaue 1.04
Faulty signal/indication/alarm 13.54 - 1.04
Instrument failure -general 5.21 - 1.04 1.04 1.04
Leakage - 4.17 -
Mechanical Failure- general 1.04 1.04 - -
No cause found - 1.04 - -
No signal/indication/alarm 6.25 - - 1.04 -
Other - - 1.04 -
Out of CKf ustment 16.67 - - 1.04 3.12
Unknown - - 1.04 1.04
Vibration - -
Wear 1.04 3.12 1.04 3.12 -
Tot; 46.88 7.29 8.33 12.50 6.25
©OREDA

Item: Vessels- Scrubber
PLU SER SID UNK Sum

Breakage - - 2.08
Cavitation - 2.08 3.12
Clearance! alignment failure 1.04 - - 1.04
Corrosion 3.12 3.12 - 8.33
Deformation - 1.04 - 3.12
Earth/isolation fault - - 1.04
Electrical failure- general - 1.04 1.04
External influence - general 1.04 - 1.04
Fati!:!ue - 1.04
Faulty signal/indication/alarm - 14.58
Instrument failure - general - 1.04 - 9.37
Leakaae - - 4.17
Looseness - - - 1.04
Mechanical Failure -general - 1.04 3.12
No sianallindication/alarm - 1.04 8.33
Other - 1.04 - 1.04 3.12
Unknown - - - 2.08
Vibration - 1.04 1.04
Wear - 8.33
Total 1.04 8.33 7.29 2.08 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Scrubber
11-10)m3
0.4880 0.4675
Critical 11' 0.04 27.83 113.35 42.83 22.54 5.8 14" 8.0 28
11t 0.04 28.99 118.09 44.63 23.53
Abnonnal instrument reading I" 1E-3 2.73 11.90 4.63 2.05 2.5 2.5· 5.0 5.o·
1t 1E-3 2.84 12.39 4.82 2.14
External leakage · Process I" 6E-3 1.81 7.01 2.59 2.05 7.0 1.o· 9.0 9.o·
medium It 4E-3 1.90 7.57 2.83 2.14
Exlemalleakage - Utility I" IE-3 2.73 11.90 4.63 2.05 2.0 2.o· 4.0 4.o·
medium It IE·3 2.84 12.39 4.82 2.14
Parameter deviation 2" IE-3 3.45 14.98 5.82 4.10 - 3.0 4.o·
2t 2E-3 3.55 15.11 5.83 4.28
Structural deficiency 2" 3E-4 6.21 29.09 11.84 4.10 9.5 14. 19 28.
2t 3E-4 6.46 30.30 12.33 4.28
Other 3" 0.03 7.24 27.47 10.13 6.15 5.3 6.o· 8.7 1o.o·
3t 0.03 7.59 28.71 10.59 6.42
Unknown I" IE-3 2.73 11.90 4.63 2.05 - -
It IE-3 2.84 12.39 4.82 2.14
Degraded 16" 0.03 22.31 90.50 34.14 32.78 11 1tr 8.0 22
16t 0.06 23.10 91.29 34.03 34.23
External leakage - Process 6" 0.29 9.93 30.23 10.46 12.29 9.3 16. 7.5 16·
medium 6t 0.31 10.36 31.51 10.89 12.83
Extema leakage - Utility 3" 0.06 5.32 17.32 6.30 6.15 10 20.
medium 3t 0.14 5.56 17.05 5.96 6.42
Plugged/Choked I" 6E-3 1.81 7.01 2.59 2.05 15 15· 22 22.
It 4E-3 1.90 7.57 2.83 2.14
Other 6" IE-4 8.90 43.22 17.94 12.29 - - 5.0 8.o·
6t 2E-4 9.08 43.45 17.87 12.83
Incipient 63" 11.76 105.96 279.35 88.32 129.09 11 36 9.6 53
63t 13.74 110.01 282.94 88.28 134.77
Abnormal instrument reading 39" 1.60 55.41 168.73 58.44 79.91 12 36 9.8 36
39t 2.07 57.76 174.51 59.62 83.43
Extemat leakage - Utility 4" 0.01 10.80 45.74 17.60 8.20 8.3 21. 14 42.
medium 4t 7E-3 11.19 47.53 18.31 8.56
Minor in-service problems 7" 3.17 13.96 31.03 8.89 14.34 14 27" 13 53.
7t 3.84 14.50 30.77 8.54 14.97
Parameter deviation 4" 2.56 8.03 15.97 4.22 8.20 - - 8.5 w
4t 2.74 8.32 16.37 4.28 8.56
Structural deficiency 5" 0.43 10.50 31.61 10.71 10.25 6.0 w
5t 0.54 10.80 32.35 10.80 10.70
Other 3" 0.03 7.35 27.06 10.00 6.15 2.0 2.o· 4.0 8.o·
3t 0.03 7.61 28.24 10.43 6.42
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Scrubber
11-10lm3
0.4880 0.4675
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active rep. h" Man hours
Unknown 1. 1E-3 2.73 11.90 4.63 2.05 2.0 2.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 1E-3 2.84 12.39 4.82 2.14
All modes go• 11.49 151.67 431.32 141.58 184.41 g,7 36 g,1 53
got 13.41 157.17 438.14 142.63 1g2.52
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Vessels
Scrubber
10-1000)m3
0.1664 0.1611
Degraded 1.
1t
0.05
0.05
5.55
5.75
18.38
19.30
6.73
7.08
6.01
6.21
- 20 20'
Abnonnal instrument reading 1. 0.05 5.55 18.38 6.73 6.01 - - 20 20"

1t 0.05 5.75 19.30 7.08 6.21
Incipient 5.
5t
0.77
0.64
25.93
27.00
78.87
82.96
27.26
29.07
30.05
31.04
- - 25 39.
Abnormal instrument reading 4. 1.39 21.17 61.49 20.34 24.04 24 39"

4t 1.17 21.99 65.43 21.81 24.83
Minor in-service problems 1. 0.05 5.55 18.38 6.73 6.01 - - 28 28"
1t 0.05 5.75 19.30 7.08 6.21
All modes 6.
6t
0.55
0.49
30.69
32.00
95.84
101.10
34.11
36.27
36.05
37.25
- - 24 39.
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Separator
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1Qt hours) No of demands
4.6937 1.3051
Failure mode No of Failure rate loer 106 hours . Active rec. hrs Manhours
Critical 59" 0.22 28.86 98.13 36.11 12.57 5.1 23 7.4 45
sst 0.24 35.92 124.00 45.72 45.21
Abnormal instrument reading 23" 1E4 13.44 65.65 27.46 4.90 4.8 10.0 6.9 20
23t 14.03 79.08 41.87 17.62
External leakage - Process 21" 6.92 38.88 20.48 4.47 5.6 18 6.1 18
medium 21t 9.55 55.26 30.03 16.09
Parameter deviation 3" 0.10 0.56 1.32 0.39 0.64 2.2 4.0" 4.0 8.o·
3t 2.39 13.26 6.81 2.30
PluggediChoked 5" 1E-3 3.10 13.59 5.31 1.07 2.5 3.0" 9.2 22"
5t 2E-3 4.05 17.55 6.81 3.83
Other r 5.14 26.52 11.58 1.49 6.4 23" 13 45"
7t 5.33 29.57 17.63 5.36
Degraded 145" 0.34 68.29 248.96 91.98 30.89 5.1 32 7.5 64
145t 0.34 102.44 397.11 146.90 111.10
Abnonnal instrument reading 42" - 22.66 120.19 54.93 8.95 6.3 32 9.0 64
42t - 24.96 134.08 86.45 32.18
External leakage - Process 19" 0.05 9.92 35.73 13.20 4.05 5.8 23 7.8 25
medium 19t 0.09 15.61 54.85 20.25 14.56
External klakage - Utility 7" 0.01 4.62 17.99 6.67 1.49 8.8 18" 16 40"
medium 7t O.QI 5.07 20.62 7.78 5.36
Parameter deviation 12" 3E-3 4.02 16.91 6.48 2.56 3.8 20 6.3 40
12t 0.06 8.92 30.89 11.39 9.19
PluggediChoked 37' 0.15 10.81 34.34 12.36 7.88 3.7 7.0 4.3 15
37t 0.02 29.68 124.87 47.88 28.35
Structural deficiency 5" - 2.87 15.28 7.01 1.07 2.4 4.0" 2.4 4.0"
5t - 3.15 18.29 9.96 3.83
Other 23" 0.15 12.31 39.62 14.36 4.90 5.3 24 9.0 32
23t 0.38 16.77 51.67 18.16 17.62
Incipient 623" 0.20 323.16 1371.72 528.35 132.73 4.9 85 7.0 104
623t 3E·3 385.12 1885.58 790.88 477.37
Abnonnal instrument reading 428" 0.01 217.Q1 1007.37 407.25 91.19 5.0 85 6.6 97
428t 252.30 1351.08 622.79 32795
Extemalleakage - Process 31" 0.14 8.65 27.28 9.77 6.60 4.0 26 6.9 52
medium 31t 3E-3 23.71 107.38 42.70 23.75
Extemalleakage- Utility 9" 1E4 5.90 28.34 11.67 1.92 4.0 4.0" 9.3 20"
medium 9t 6.15 33.86 16.93 6.90
Minor in-service problems 81" 5E-3 48.14 219.88 87.70 17.26 4.7 48 8.0 95
81t - 49.42 271.94 134.72 62.07
Parameter deviation 25" 0.76 14.80 44.18 14.74 5.33 5.0 20 6.4 40
25t 0.68 21.26 64.48 22.18 19.16
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
3.2.a Mechanical Equipment
Vessels
Seoarator
a3 13 Calendar time * Operational time T
4.6937 1.3051
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours). Active rep. h,. Manhours
Plugged/Choked 23" 3E4 10.3a 49.20 20.15 4.90 4.9 52 7.7 104
23t 2E4 15.42 75.oa 31.29 17.62
Structural deficiency 4" 3E-3 2.60 10.64 4.03 o.a5 2.a 3.5' 19 56"
4t 0.02 2.99 10.62 3.92 3.06
Other 21" 0.14 14.74 46.51 17.72 4.47 6.2 15" 9.7 40
21t 0.03 15.30 61.aa 23.31 16.09
Unknown 1" - 0.56 2.75 1.16 0.21 11 11' 11 11'
1t - 0.71 3.93 2.03 0.77
Unknown 10" 6E4 5.63 25.75 10.28 2.13 3.9 w 15 52"
10t . 6.89 33.95 14.33 7.66
Parameter deviation 1" 3E-3 0.19 0.59 0.21 0.21 - -
1t 0.80 4.30 2.76 0.77
Other 1" - 0.72 3.58 1.53 0.21 - - 52 52"
1t 0.01 0.7a 2.50 0.90 0.77
Unknown a· - 4.7a 23.62 10.00 1.70 3.9 16" 9.6 31"
at - 5.1a 2a.59 14.42 6.13
All modes 837" 0.56 425.07 1739.83 658.73 178.32 5.0 85 7.2 104
837t 0.04 526.87 2433.20 979.64 641.34
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Vessels - Separator
AIR ELP ELU OTH POE

Actuating device 0.24 0.06 0.12 0.36 0.12
Body/shell - 0.12 -
Control unit 1.31 0.36 0.12
Instrument, flow 6.33 0.60
Instrument, general 0.48 -
Instrument, pressure 2.27 0.12 0.12 -
Monitoring 0.48
Other - -
PipinQ 0.06 0.60 0.12 -
Plates, trays, vooes, pads - -
Sand trap system - -
Subunit 0.24 -
Support - 0.12 -
Unknown 0.48 0.12 0.12 0.24 0.12
Valves 5.14 6.87 1.08 4.00 1.31
VllirinQ 0.24 0.12
Total 58.90 8.48 1.91 6.21 4.90
©OREDA

PLU SER STD UNK Sum

Bodv/shell 0.24 0.36 - 0.72
Control unit 0.12 - - - 1.91
Instrument, flow - 0.36 - - 7.29
lnstrument~neral - 0.36 - 0.84
Instrument, level - 1.67 - 0.36 47.55
Instrument, ressure 0.24 0.12 2.87
Instrument, temperature - 0.72
Monitoring_ 0.48
Other 0.24 - - - 0.24
Piping - 1.55 0.24 - 2.57
Plates, trays, vanes, pads 0.24 - 0.24
Sand trao svstem 0.24 - - 0.24
Subunit 3.46 0.12 3.82
Support - 0.12 0.24
Unknown 0.24 0.60 0.24 2.15
Valves 3.46 4.06 0.48 0.36 26.76
VI/iring 0.12 - 0.48
Total 7.77 9.68 1.08 1.08 100.0
©OREDA

AIR ELP ELU OTH POE

Blockage/plugged 5.73 0.12 - 0.60 0.36
Breakage 0.48 0.12 0.36 0.48 0.24
Clearance} aUQnment failure 0.24 -
Combined causes 0.12 0.12 - 0.12
Common mode failure 0.12 -
Corrosion 0.24 0.12 0.12 0.36
Deformation 0.12 - -
Earthlisolation fault 0.24 - - -
Electrical failure - Qeneral 0.60 - 0.12 -
Erosion - 2.51 - 0.24
External influence -general 0.12 - 0.12 -
Faultv sianaVindicationlalann 5.14 0.12 -
Leakage 0.36 2.27 0.36 0.48 -
looseness 0.24 0.48 0.12 -
Material failure - general 0.36 0.12 0.60 0.12
Mechooical Failure - general 1.79 0.96 0.12 0.60 0.24
Misc. external influences 1.08 - 0.12 -
Miscellaneous- aeneral - 0.12 -
No cause found 0.12 - 0.12 0.12 -
No signal/indication/alarm 0.96 -
Open circuit 0.24 -
Out of adiuslment 19.71 - 0.12 0.84 1.67
Short circuiting - 0.12 -
Sticking 0.24 - 0.12 0.12 -
Unknown 0.12 0.12 0.36
Vibration 0.24
Wear 0.24 1.31 0.36 0.48 0.12
Total 58.90 8.48 1.91 6.21 4.90
©OREDA

PLU SER STD UNK Sum

Blockaaeloluooed 5.38 0.96 13.14
Breakaae 0.12 0.12 - 1.91
Clearance/ alignment failure 0.24 0.12 - 0.60
Combined causes - 0.36
Common mode failure - - 0.12
Contamination 0.12 0.12 0.36
Control failure 0.12 - 0.96
Corrosion 0.36 0.84 0.36 - 2.39
Deformation - - - 0.12
Earth/isolation fault - 0.24 - 0.48
Electrical failure - general - 0.12 0.84
Erosion - 2.75
External influence - aeneral 0.12 0.72 - 1.08
Faulty signal/indication/alarm - - - 5.26
Instrument failure - general 0.48 1.55 0.12 0.72 24.61
Lea_k_age 0.12 - 3.58
Looseness - 0.84
Material failure- general - 1.43 0.12 - 2.75
Mechanical Failure- general 0.48 0.84 0.24 0.12 5.38
Misc. external influences 1.67 0.24 - 3.11
Miscellaneous- aeneral - - - 0.12
No cause found - - 0.36
No signal/indication/alarm - 0.96
Ocen circuit - 0.24
Out of 8(fustment 0.12 0.36 - 0.12 22.94
Short circuiting - - 0.12
Slicking 0.12 - - 0.60
Unknown - 0.24 0.12 0.96
Vibration - - - 0.24
Wear 0.12 0.24 2.87
To1al 7.77 9.68 1.08 1.08 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Separator
11-10)m3
3.7259 0.3552
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
Critical w 1.95 10.69 25.23 7.50 2.95 2.1 4.0' 6.0 22
11t 3.25 28.83 75.68 23.87 30.97
Abnormal instrument reading 1' 0.51 4.50 11.82 3.73 0.27 . . 2.0 2.o·
1t 9E-4 4.18 18.52 7.30 2.82
External leakage • Process 3' 0.07 0.72 1.96 0.63 0.81 1.7 2.o· 2.7 4.o·
medium 3t 0.03 7.40 28.64 10.59 8.45
Parameter deviation 3' O.Q7 0.72 1.96 0.63 0.81 2.2 4.o· 4.0 8.o·
3t 0.03 7.40 28.64 10.59 8.45
Plugged/Choked 4' 0.34 6.94 20.78 6.95 1.07 3.0 J.o· 11 22'
4t 1.12 10.74 28.74 9.17 11.26
Degraded 61' 27.86 94.50 193.41 52.23 16.37 3.2 7.0 6.1 40
61t 28.23 182.94 450.11 137.33 171.74
Abnormal instrument reading 2' 0.09 0.53 1.27 0.38 0.54 1.0 1.o· 1.0 1.o·
2t 0.16 5.27 16.04 5.54 5.63
External leakage - Process 13' 5.86 32.04 75.51 22.43 3.49 3.1 6.o· 6.3 20
medium 13t 1.02 45.48 140.13 49.26 36.60
Extemalleakage • Utility 2' 1.56 10.06 24.71 7.53 0.54 - 24 40'
medium 2t 2E·3 9.75 43.52 17.20 5.63
Pa-arneter deviation 6' 0.37 1.57 3.46 0.98 1.61 2.0 4.o· 2.7 8.o·
6t 6.71 16.25 29.16 6.97 16.89
Plugged/Choked 26' 1.41 8.50 20.53 6.19 6.98 4.0 7.0 4.5 15
26t 1.18 62.59 194.82 69.14 73.20
Other 12' 9.19 37.22 80.72 22.76 3.22 1.8 2.o· 8.9 21
12t 1.03 46.30 142.75 50.21 33.78
Incipient 101' 38.63 136.00 281.87 76.86 27.11 1.9 4.0 3.2 40
101t 48.88 285.56 684.35 205.39 284.35
Abnormal instrument reading 53' 14.23 67.68 153.90 44.78 14.22 1.8 4.0 2.7 15
53t 11.80 151.28 428.18 140.28 149.21
Extemalleakage • Process 20' 3.30 5.12 7.28 1.22 5.37 1.9 4.0 2.0 4.0
medium 20t 0.02 42.92 183.30 70.79 56.31
External k>akage • Util~y 2' 1.56 10.06 24.71 7.53 0.54 - - 13 13'
medium 2t 2E·3 9.75 43.52 17.20 5.63
Minor in-service problems 2' 1.56 10.06 24.71 7.53 0.54 - - 5.0 1.o·
2t 2E-3 9.75 43.52 17.20 5.63
Parameter deviation 15' 6.08 23.47 50.13 13.98 4.03 1.6 4.o· 2.0 4.0
15t 25.03 42.23 63.08 11.68 42.23
Plugged/Choked 6' 0.27 1.46 3.44 1.02 1.61 3.5 4.o· 3.5 4.o·
6t 0.10 14.37 49.45 18.22 16.89
Other 3' 4.14 14.73 30.63 8.37 0.81 . - 19 40'
3t 0.10 13.92 47.62 17.54 8.45
Comments
!cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Separator
-10)m3
3.7259 0.3552
Unknown 1.
1t
6E-3
7E-4
0.25
2.58
0.77
11.36
0.27
4.45
0.27
2.82
- - - -
Parameter deviation 1. 6E-3 0.25 0.77 0.27 0.27 -
1t 7E-4 2.58 11.36 4.45 2.82
All modes 174" 79.09 250.41 499.99 132.28 46.70 2.4 7.0 4.4 40
174t 85.37 499.14 1196.46 359.14 469.87
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Vessels
Separator
10-1000)m3
32 9 Calendar time • 1
Operational time
0.9371 0.9193
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours . Active rep, hrs Man hours
Critical 47" 0.18 39.01 143.36 52.95 50.15 5.5 23 7.7 45
47t 0.19 39.62 145.75 53.84 51.13
Abnormal instrument reading 22. . 19.12 103.62 48.20 23.48 4.8 10.0 7.1 20
22t . 19.54 106.06 49.37 23.93
External leakage - Process 17" . 10.97 60.01 36.96 18.14 6.2 18 6.6 18
medium 17t . 11.01 60.14 37.21 18.49
Plugged/Choked 1. 0.98 5.20 2.38 1.07 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
1t . 1.00 5.33 2.44 1.09
Other 7" . 7.54 41.54 20.78 7.47 6.4 23• 13 45.
7t . 7.64 42.09 21.08 7.61
Degraded 83. 3E-I 74.62 371.37 158.10 88.57 5.9 32 8.4 64
83t 3E-I 76.26 380.03 161.95 90.29
Abnormal instrument reading 40. . 32.81 187.17 100.49 42.68 6.6 32 9.4 64
40t - 33.68 191.92 102.93 43.51
Extemalleakage - Process 6. 5E-3 7.87 33.54 12.94 6.40 9.7 23. 11 25.
medium 6t 4E-3 8.04 34.31 13.25 6.53
External leakage- Utility 5. 1.21 5.38 12.01 3.45 5.34 8.8 18. 13 35.
medium 5t 1.39 5.48 11.78 3.30 5.44
Pcnmeter deviation 6. 1E-4 5.57 26.63 10.95 6.40 5.7 20. 9.8 4o·
6t 1E-4 5.70 27.29 11.23 6.53
Plugged/Choked w . 10.13 50.39 21.45 11.74 3.0 4.0 3.7 8.0
11t . 10.37 51.65 21.99 11.97
Structural deficiency 5. . 4.39 24.14 11.53 5.34 2.4 4.o· 2.4 4.o·
5t . 4.50 24.74 11.83 5.44
Oltler 10. 2.11 10.17 23.21 6.77 10.67 5.1 16. 7.6 32
10t 2.23 10.37 23.42 6.79 10.88
Incipient 516. 0.01 461.20 2225.68 918.73 550.62 5.4 85 7.8 104
51St 0.01 470.31 2276.16 940.55 561.32
Abnonnal instrument reading 370" - 308.02 1609.99 721.79 394.82 5.4 85 7.1 97
370t . 314.74 1646.56 739.19 402.50
External leakage - Process w 0.03 11.84 46.53 17.31 11.74 11 26. 16 52
medium 11t 0.03 12.08 47.44 17.64 11.97
External leakage - Utility 7" . 8.79 43.01 18.03 7.47 4.0 4.o· 8.4 20.
medium 7t - 8.83 43.25 18.15 7.61
Minor in-service problems 79• 5E-4 75.05 368.65 155.16 84.30 4.7 48 8.1 95
79t 5E-4 76.38 376.10 158.68 85.94
Parameter deviation 10. 0.10 14.39 49.58 18.28 10.67 8.9 20. 13 40
10t 0.10 14.61 50.36 18.56 10.88
Plugged/Choked 17" . 16.19 83.40 36.19 18.14 5.5 52 9.2 104
17t - 16.51 85.13 37.04 18.49
Comments
(cont.'
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Vessels
Separator
10-1000lm3
0.9371 0.9193
Structural deficiency 4' 0.02 4.53 17.52 6.48 4.27 2.8 3.5· 19 s6·
4t 0.02 4.60 17.71 6.52 4.35
Other 17' 0.09 19.95 74.90 27.64 18.14 6.2 w 8.2 30
17t 0.09 20.22 75.38 27.83 18.49
Unknown 1' 0.98 5.20 2.38 1.07 11 w 11 w
1t 1.00 5.33 2.44 1.09
Unknown 9' 2E-4 8.41 40.45 16.68 9.60 3.9 1o- 15 5T
9t 2E-4 8.67 41.62 17.15 9.79
Other 1' 0.06 1.09 3.21 1.07 1.07 - 52 52"
1t O.o3 1.12 3.41 1.19 1.09
Unknown 8' - 7.21 37.40 16.51 8.54 3.9 16" 9.6 31"
8t - 7.42 38.44 16.94 8.70
All modes 655' 0.01 580.15 2768.39 1137.51 698.94 5.5 85 8.0 104
655t 0.01 591.66 2831.03 1164.64 712.53
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Separator
Unknom
0.0306 0.0306
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours . Active reo. hrs Manhours
Critical 1" 1.63 32.63 154.a2 32.63 "''32.63 a.o a. a+ a.o s.o+
1t 1.63 32.65 154.94 32.65 32.65
External leakage - Process 1" 1.63 32.63 154.82 32.63 32.63 a.o 8.o· 8.0 8.o·
medium 1t 1.63 32.65 154.94 32.65 32.65
Degraded 1" 1.63 32.63 154.a2 32.63 32.63 24 24" 24 24"
1t 1.63 32.65 154.94 32.65 32.65
Other 1" 1.63 32.63 154.82 32.63 32.63 24 24. 24 24.
1t 1.63 32.65 154.94 32.65 32.65
Incipient 6" a5.32 195.77 3a6.32 79.92 195.77 a.3 3IF a.3 31F
6t a5.39 195.92 3a6.62 79.99 195.92
Abnormal instrument reading 5" 64.28 163.14 343.09 72.96 163.14 8.8 3o· 8.8 30"
5t 64.33 163.27 343.36 73.02 163.27
Other 1" 1.63 32.63 154.82 32.63 32.63 6.0 6.o· 6.0 6.o·
1t 1.63 32.65 154.94 32.65 32.65
All modes a· 129.86 261.03 470.99 92.29 261.03 10 31F 10 31F

at 129.96 261.23 471.36 92.36 261.23
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Vessels
Stripper
1
0.0482 0.0471
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hounol. Active re . hrs Man hours
All modes o· 0.04 9.82 37.71 13.89 . . . . .

ot 0.04 10.20 39.17 14.43 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Vessels
Stripper
-1o)m3
0.0482 0.0471
"''
All modes o· 0.02 5.04 19.37 7.13 . . . . .

ot 0.02 5.20 19.98 7.36 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Vessels
Surge drum
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1 [)6 hours) No of demands
0.3400 0.2770
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 2. 0.47 5.65 15.82 5.16 "''5.88 14 17" 29 3T
2t 1.02 6.76 16.69 5.11 7.22
Abnonnal instrument reading 2. 0.47 5.65 15.82 5.16 5.88 14 17" 29 33"
2t 1.02 6.76 16.69 5.11 7.22
Degraded 4. 0.89 10.62 29.67 9.67 11.76 24 30' 26 7T
4t 0.20 13.16 41.57 14.91 14.44
Parameter deviation 1. 0.01 2.56 9.75 3.59 2.94 6.0 6.o·
1t 3.36 16.82 7.19 3.61
Structural deficiency 1. 3.17 16.85 7.70 2.94 12 12" 23 23"
1t - 3.49 18.13 8.03 3.61
Other 2. 0.11 5.29 16.33 5.76 5.88 36 36" 37 n·
2t 0.04 6.55 22.62 8.34 7.22
Incipient 26. 8.10 62.38 159.28 49.54 76.47 67 297 68 594
26t 0.84 79.22 258.50 94.16 93.86
Abnormal instrument reading 13. - 23.11 115.25 49.15 38.23 0.5 o.s· 7.6 21
13t - 37.61 198~1 90.00 46.93
External leakage - Utility 1. 0.01 2.56 9.75 3.59 2.94 12 12"
medium 1t 3.36 16.82 7.19 3.61
2t 0.02 6.89 26.65 9.85 7.22
Parameter deviation 1. - 3.17 16.85 7.70 2.94 5.5 5.5" 11 11"
1t - 3.49 18.13 8.03 3.61
Structural deficiency 4. - 12.42 63.65 27.56 11.76 52 go· 103 179'
4t - 13.27 67.48 29.12 14.44
Other s· 0.08 14.33 50.74 18.74 14.71 97 297" 194 594"
st 0.20 16.10 51.64 18.68 18.05
All modes J2• 12.27 76.21 185.56 56.26 94.12 55 297 60 594
32t 1.67 95.38 298.37 106.31 115.52
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Vessels - Surge drum
AIR ELP ELU OTH POE

Body/shell 6.25
Instrument, level 34.38 - 3.13
Instrument, pressure 9.38 -
Instrument, temoerature 3.13
Other - 3.13
Subunit - -
Unknown - - 3.13
Valves 3.13 12.50
Total 46.88 3.13 21.88 6.25

Item: Vessels- Surge drum
PLU SER SID UNK Sum

Bodvlshell - 3.13 6.25 - 15.63
Instrument, level - 37.50
Instrument. temperature - 3.13
Olher - - 3.13
Subunit - 3.13 - 3.13
Unknown - - - 3.13
Valves 3.13 6.25 - 25.00
Total 6.25 15.63 - 100.0
©OREDA

AIR ELP ELU OTH PDE

Cavitation - -
Clearance/ l!!ignment failure - - - 3.13
Corrosion 12.50
Faulty signal/indicationfalarm 6.25 - -
Instrument failure - general - 3.13 3.13
Misc. external influences - -
No signal/indication/aiCI'lTI 9.38 - -
Out of adjustment 25.00 - - -
Stickino - -
Unknown - - - 625
Total 46.88 - 3.13 21.88 6.25

PLU SER STD UNK Sum

Cavitation - 3.13 - 3.13
Clearance/ alignment failure - - - 3.13
Control failure - 6.25
Conosion - f2.50 25.00
Instrument failure -general - 6.25
Misc. external influences - 3.13 - 3.13
No signal/indication/alarm - - 9.38
Stickina - 3.13 - 3.13
Unknown - - 6.25
Total - 6.25 15.63 - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Surge drum
-10lm3
5 2 Calendar time., Operational time T
0.1542 0.0976
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()& hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 2" 0.09 18.66 68.33 25.24 12.97 14 1r 29 3T
2t 0.40 21.45 66.78 23.70 2D.48
Abnormal instrument reading 2' 0.09 18.66 68.33 25.24 12.97 14 1r 29 33"
2t 0.40 21.45 66.78 23.70 20.48
Degraded 2' 0.12 11.30 36.90 13.45 12.97 . . 3.5 6.1r
2t 1.93 19.87 54.03 17.38 20.48
Parameter deviation 1' 0.09 5.93 18.74 6.72 6.48 . - 6.0 6.0"
1t 0.05 9.90 36.42 13.45 10.24
Other 1' 0.09 5.93 18.74 6.72 6.48 . - 1.0 1.0"
1t 0.05 9.90 36.42 13.45 10.24
Incipient 14' 0.58 70.27 235.96 86.62 90.78 . . 10 36
14t 0.66 134.03 488.08 180.33 143.37
Abnormal instrument reading 12" 0.59 60.76 200.14 73.12 77.81 - - 8.2 21
12t 0.60 115.00 415.14 153.40 122.89
External leakage • Utilily 1' 0.09 5.93 18.74 6.72 6.48 . . 12 12'
medium 1t 0.05 9.90 36.42 13.45 10.24
Minor in-service problems 1' 0.09 5.93 18.74 6.72 6.48 . - 36 36"
1t 0.05 9.90 36.42 13.45 10.24
All modes 18' 22.04 102.15 230.55 66.76 116.71 14 1r 12 36

1St 9.67 175.50 520.38 173.25 184.34
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Vessels
Surge drum
10-1000)m3
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1()6 houn1) No of demands
0.1367 0.1333
Incipient 6' 0.05 48.28 199.82 75.95 43.88 102 29r 204 594'
6t 0.05 50.25 208.05 79.09 45.02
Minor in·seNice problems 1' 0.45 7.51 22.03 7.31 7.31 109 109' 217 217'
1t 0.48 7.73 22.62 7.50 7.50
Structural deficiency 4' 1E-3 32.19 152.31 62.32 29.26 52 90' 103 179'
4t 1E-3 33.50 158.45 64.82 30.01
Other 1' 0.45 7.51 22.03 7.31 7.31 297 297' 594 594'
1t 0.48 7.73 22.62 7.50 7.50
All modes 6' 0.05 48.28 199.82 75.95 43.88 102 29r 204 ~
6t 0.05 50.25 208.05 79.09 45.02
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Kem
Vessels
Surge drum
Unknown
0.0491 0.0461
Degraded 2' 7.24 40.77 96.73 28.83 40.77 24 31> 48 7T
2t 7.71 43.42 103.01 30.70 43.41
1t 0.09 21.49 81.53 30.06 21.71
Other 1' 1.02 20.38 61.05 20.38 20.38 36 36' 72 7£
1t 1.16 21.86 65.12 21.71 21.71
Incipient 6' 45.25 122.31 229.94 57.66 122.31 33 911' 65 1811'
6t 44.58 130.67 253.35 65.34 130.24
1t 0.09 21.49 81.53 30.06 21.71
Parameter deviation 1' 1.02 20.38 61.05 20.38 20.38 5.5 5.5' 11 11'
1t 0.09 21.49 81.53 30.06 21.71
Other 4' 0.70 81.54 272.35 99.87 81.54 47 oo· 95 180'
4t 0.70 88.26 297.75 109.41 86.83
All modes a· 81.13 163.08 268.06 57.66 163.08 30 go+ 61 1811'

at 80.69 174.03 296.09 66.65 173.66
Comments
©OREDA
©OREDA
Heaters and Boilers
The bmmdary definition is shown in Figure 17 and corresponding subdivision in
Maintainable Items in Table I 7.
The boundary deftnition applies to hydrocarbon (HC) ftred heaters and (re )boilers
supplying energy to heat or boil a medium. The energy may be supplied through
combustion of hydrocarbons, through supply of a high temperature medium (e.g. steam) or
by electricity.
The heater and boiler components will typically include a vessel/shell in which the heating
process is performed. For heaters and HC-frred boilers, a burner device and an exhaust
system are included. Unlike most boilers, the heaters contain a tube coil through which the
medium to be heated is flowing.
For HC ftred heaters and boilers, the fuel control valve is inside the equipment boundary,
while fuel conditioning equipment (e.g. scrubbers) and ESD/PSD valves are outside the
boundary.
Inlet, outlet, pressure relief and drain valves are specifically excluded. Valves and
instruments included are those locally mounted and/or which form a pressure boundary
(e.g. block valves, calibration valves, and local indicators/gauges).
r------------------------------1
I
Exhaust/flue I
Colun'W'l I
I
I Inlet
I
Heated medium
I
I Outlet
I
I
I
Energy supply I
(Fuel gas, steam, I
I
electricity, etc) Control & I
monitoring I
I
I
I I
L-----------------------------~
- - - - - - - Boundary
Figure 17- Heaters and boilers, boundary definition
©OREDA
Table 17- Heaters and Boilers Subdivision in Maintainable Items

'
HEATERS AND BOILERS
Control&
Column External Internal Miscellaneous
monitoring
Body/shell Actuating device Body/shell Body/shell Fan

Packing Cabling & junction Piping Burner
boxes
Reflux coil/ Support Exhaust stack
condenser Control unit
Valves Fire tube
Instruments
Support
Internal power
Tube coil
supply
Monitoring
Valves
.,
(For all subunits the Mls "Unknown " and "Subumt are Included.)

ELU External leakage -Utility medium
IHT Insufficient heat transfer
INL Intemalleakage
OHE Overheating
OTH Other
POE Parameter deviation
PLU Plugged/Choked
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Heaters and boilers
0.3294 0.2982
failures Lower Mean Upper SD nl< Mean Mex Mean Max
Critical 18. 11.54 50.72 112.67 32.26 54.64 14 38 73 350
18t 12.03 56.40 127.71 37.06 60.37
Abnonnal instrument reading 5. 0.15 12.94 41.94 15.24 15.18 12 2r 22 4r
st 0.20 14.25 45.42 16.37 16.77
Insufficient heat transfer 3. - 9.41 45.98 19.24 9.11 2.8 4.o· 2.8 4.o·
3t - 11.87 59.11 25.17 10.06
lntem,; leakage 1. 4E4 2.70 12.09 4.79 3.04 350 3so·
1t 5E4 2.97 13.28 5.25 3.35
Overheating 1. - 3.17 16.83 7.70 3.04 38 38. 35 35.
1t - 3.47 18.37 8.38 3.35
Parameter deviation 4. 0.08 10.37 34.92 12.83 12.14 21 21. 160 323'
4t 0.10 11.40 38.16 14.00 13.42
Structural deficiency 3. 0.12 10.41 33.58 12.18 9.11 16 23. 22 25.
3t 0.17 11.30 35.78 12.85 10.06
Other 1. 4E4 2.70 12.09 4.79 3.04 - - 50 so·
1t SE-4 2.97 13.28 5.25 3.35
Degraded 125. 0.01 332.03 1580.63 648.75 379.48 13 407 25 813
125t 0.02 424.95 1996.92 813.98 419.23
Abnonnal instrument reading 10. - 20.50 112.72 53.61 30.36 - - 6.0 20
10t - 22.46 123.47 58.84 33.54
Extemalleakage - Utility 10. 0.06 25.56 101.08 37.69 30.36 99 196' 49 391
medium 10t 0.08 28.39 111.39 41.41 33.54
Insufficient heat transfer 87" 253.67 1394.83 661.02 264.12 11 407 18 813
87t 338.92 1798.53 822.08 291.78
Internal leakage 1. 0.08 3.19 9.79 3.42 3.04 - - -
1t 0.21 3.45 10.11 3.35 3.35
Minor in-service problems 1. 4E4 2.70 12.09 4.79 3.04 24 24'
1t SE-4 2.97 13.28 5.25 3.35
Parameter deviation 7. 0.01 16.14 69.04 26.68 21.25 9.5 9.s· 43 199'
7t 0.01 17.72 75.59 29.18 23.48
Plugged/Choked 2. 0.02 5.74 22.46 8.34 6.07 8.0 8.o· 8.8 9.5'
2t 4E-3 6.54 27.95 10.80 6.71
Structural deficiency 1. 4E4 2.70 12.09 4.79 3.04 - - 560 s6o·
1t SE-4 2.97 13.28 5.25 3.35
Other 6. - 13.18 67.95 29.56 18.21 - - 10 26.
6t - 14.45 74.52 32.41 20.12
Incipient 104. 9.11 260.18 786.68 269.14 315.73 5.7 57 9.1 113
104t 7.75 301.78 923.78 322.22 348.80
36t 9.04 112.66 317.39 103.79 120.74
External leakage - Process 2. 2E-3 6.32 27.89 10.95 6.07 2.5 3.0' 2.5 3.0'
medium 2t 3E4 7.80 36.86 15.07 6.71
Comments
Icont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
3.3 Mechooicat Equipment
Heaters and boilers
0.3294 02982
External leakage - Utility 27" 52.74 291.20 147.07 81.97 4.5 4S 9.2 30
medium 27t 57.74 319.00 161.53 90.55
Minor in-service problems 23. 0.34 65.14 234.43 86.62 69.82 7.1 57 12 113
23t 0.28 78.41 302.87 111.84 77.14
Overheating 1. 2E-4 2.74 12.71 5.14 3.04 29 29. 57 5r
1t 2E-4 3.01 13.89 5.59 3.35
Other 15. 5.93 43.22 109.17 33.78 45.54 2.6 7.0 4.1 7.0
15t 3.87 49.29 139.38 45.65 50.31
Unknown 1. 1E-4 7.07 34.30 14.21 3.04 . . 12 1T
1t 7.47 36.37 15.15 3.35
Abnormal instrument reading 1. 1E-4 7.07 34.30 14.21 3.04 . 12 1T
1t . 7.47 36.37 15.15 3.35
Allmodeo 248. 3.14 640.17 2336.82 863.37 752.88 10 407 22 813

248t 3.27 782.12 2953.22 1089.25 831.75
Comments
©OREDA
Maintainable Item versus failure mode, to be continued

Item: Heaters and boilers
AIR ELP ELU IHT INL OHE

Actuatt119 device - 0.40 -
Body/shell - - 0.40
Bumer(s 0.40 0.40 0.40 4.03 -
Control unit 0.40 0.60 -
Instrument, flame - 22.78 -
Instrument, flow 0.40 0.40 - -
Instrument, general 8.87 0.40 -
Instrument, pressure 1.21 - 0.40 -
Instrument, temperature 1.61 - - 0.40
lntemal power supply 0.81 0.81 -
Monitoring 0.40 - 0.20 -
Other 1.21 - 9.68 - -
Packing - 0.40
Piping - 0.40 -
Subunit - - - -
Support - - 0.40 - -
Tube coil - - - 0.40
Unknown 2.42 - 2.82 2.42
Valves 0.40 - 0.40 0.40
Wirino 1.61 - - 4.23 - 0.40
Total 20.97 0.81 14.92 36.29 0.81 0.81
©OREDA

OTH PDE PLU SER STD Sum

Bume~s) 0.40 1.21 - 6.85
Control unit 0.81 - 1.81
Instrument, flame 0.81 - 23.59
Instrument, flow 0.40 0.40 1.61
Instrument, Qeneral 0.40 - - 0.40 10.08
Instrument, pressure - - - 1.61
Instrument, temperature 0.81 0.40 - 3.23
Internal_ poYJer suoolv 0.81 - - - 2.42
Monitorino 0.40 - - 1.01
01her 2.42 0.40 - 0.81 0.81 15.32
Packing - - - 0.40
Pioino - - - 0.40 0.81
Subunit - - - 0.40 0.40
Supoort 0.40 - 0.81
Tube coil - 0.40
Unknown 2.42 2.82 0.81 3.23 0.40 17.34
Valves 1.61 - - 0.81 3.63
Wiring - - - 6.25
Total 8.87 4.44 0.81 9.68 1.61 100.0
©OREDA


Blockagelplugged - -
Bre~~e - - 0.40 0.81 - -
Cavitation - - -
Clearance/ ali nment failure - -
Combined causes - -
Contamination - - - 3.63
Corrosion 0.40 0.40 - 1.61
Defonnation - - 0.40 - -
Earth/isolation fault 0.40 - - -
Electrical failure - Qeneral 1.61 - - 1.21 - 0.40
Faulty s~nallindicationlwann 6.05 0.40 - -
Instrument failure - general 6.45 0.81 21.77 0.40
Leakooe - - 13.71 - 0.40 -
Looseness - 0.40 - 0.40 - -
Material failure -general - - - 0.40
Mechanical Failure - general - - - 2.82 - -
Miscellaneous - general - - 0.40 - -
No pov.erl voltage 0.81 - - - -
No sianaVindicationJalann 2.42 - - - - -
Open circuit - 0.81 -
Other - - - -
Out of adjusbnent 1.61 - - 0.40 - -
Short circuitina 0.40 - -
Sticijng - - 0.40 - -
Unknovm - 0.40 - -
Total 20.97 0.81 14.92 36.29 0.81 0.81
©OREDA


Blockage/plugged 0.40 - 0.40 - 0.81
Breakage 0.81 - - 0.40 2.42
Cavitation - 0.40 0.40 0.81
Clennce/ alianment failure - - - 0.40 0.40
Combined causes - 0.40 - 0.40
Contamination - 3.63
Control failure 0.40 0.40 - - 2.42
Corrosion 0.40 0.81 3.63
Oefonnation - 0.81 - 0.40 1.61
Earthfisolation fault - - - 0.40
Electrical failure - aeneral 0.81 - 0.40 - 4.44
Faulty sianal/inclication/alann 0.40 - - 6.85
Instrument failure - general 1.61 0.81 1.61 - 33.47
Leakage 0.40 - - - 14.52
Looseness - - - 0.81 1.61
Material failure -general - - - 0.40
Mechanical Failure -general 0.81 2.02 0.40 1.61 0.81 8.47
Misc. external influences 0.40 - - 0.40
Miscellaneous- aeneral 0.40 - - - - 0.81
No power/ voltage - - - 0.81
No signallindication/alann - - 0.40 2.82
Qpen circuit - - - 0.81
Other 0.40 - - 0.40
Out of acfustment 0.40 2.02 - 4.44
Short circuiting 0.40 - - - 0.81
Sticking 0.81 0.40 - - 1.61
Unknown 0.40 - - - 0.81
Toto 8.87 4.44 0.81 9.68 1.61 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Heaters and boilers
Direct HC fired heater
0.0491 0.0451
Critical 3. 16.72 61.15 158.06 35.31 61.15 24 38' 27 3!>
3t 16.19 66.54 172.00 36.41 66.54
Ovemeating 1. 1.02 20.38 96.73 20.38 20.38 38 38. 35 35.
1t 1.11 22.18 105.24 22.18 22.18
Structural deficiency 2. 7.24 40.77 128.32 28.83 40.77 9.5 9S 19 w
2t 7.87 44.36 139.62 31.37 44.36
Degraded 3• 16.72 61.15 158.08 35.31 61.15 220 40r 440 813'
3t 16.19 66.54 172.00 36.41 66.54
Insufficient heat transfer 3. 16.72 61.15 158.08 35.31 61.15 220 40r 440 813.
3t 18.19 66.54 172.00 38.41 66.54
Incipient 13. 156.72 265.00 421.27 73.50 265.00 9.5 57 16 113
13t 170.51 286.33 456.35 79.97 286.33
Abnormal instrument reading r 66.96 142.69 268.06 53.93 142.69 6.5 22. 11 44.
7t 72.86 155.25 291.65 58.68 155.25
Extemalleakage • Utilily 1. 1.02 20.38 96.73 20.38 20.38 4.5 4.5· 9.0 9.o·
medium 1t 1.11 22.18 105.24 22.18 22.18
Minor in-service problems 2. 7.24 40.77 128.32 28.83 40.77 32 5r 65 113.
2t 7.87 44.36 139.62 31.37 44.36
Olher 3. 16.72 61.15 158.08 35.31 61.15 2.2 2S 4.3 5.o·
3t 18.19 66.54 172.00 38.41 66.54
All modes 19. 253.60 367.31 568.26 66.66 367.31 46 407 69 813
19t 275.92 421.40 616.29 96.68 421.40
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Heaters and boilers- Direct HC fired heater

Bcxlylshell - - - -
Bumer(s) - - 10.53 -
lnstmment, general 5.26 - - -
Instrument, temperature - - 5.26
Internal oo..,r supply 5.26 - - -
Monitorina 5.26 - - -
Other -
Piping - -
Unknown - -
Valves - - 5.26 5.26
1M ring 21.05 - -
Total 36.84 - 5.26 15.79 - 5.26

Item: Heaters and boilers - Direct HC fired heater
OTH POE PLU SER STD Sum

Body/shell - - 5.26 - 5.26
Bume~s) - - - - 10.53
Instrument, temperature - 5.26
Internal power supply - 5.26
Monitoring - 5.26
01her 5.26 - 10.53 15.79
Piping - 5.26 5.26
Unknown 10.53 - - 10.53
Valves - - - 10.53
IMrina - - - 21.05
To1al 15.79 10.53 10.53 100.0
©OREDA


Cavitation -
Corrosion 5.26 - - - -
Electrical failure- general 15.79 5.26 -
Faulty signal/indication/alann 5.26 -
Instrument failure - general 5.26
Leakage - - 5.26 -
Mechanical Failure- general - 5.26 -
Misc. external influences - -
Miscellaneous- general - -
No power/ vonage 10.53 - -
No signal/indication/alann 5.26 - -
Total 36.84 - 5.26 15.79 - 5.26


Cavitation - - 5.26 5.26
Corrosion - - 5.26
Electrical failure- aeneral - - 21.05
Faulty signaVindication/alann - 5.26
Instrument failure - general - 5.26
Leakage 5.26 - - 10.53
Mechanical Failure- oeneral - 10.53 15.79
Misc. external influences 5.26 - - 5.26
Miscellaneous - general 5.26 - 5.26
No OOVIIE!r/ vohaae - 10.53
No signal/indication/alarm - 5.26 - 10.53
To1al 15.79 - 10.53 10.53 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Heaters and boilers
Direct HC fired heater
Heating medium
0.0491 0.0451
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours . Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 3. 16.72 61.15 158.08 35.31 61.15 24 31r 27 35'
3t 18.19 66.54 172.00 38.41 66.54
Overheating 1. 1.02 20.38 96.73 20.38 20.38 38 38" 35 35"
1t 1.11 22.18 105.24 22.18 22.18
2t 7.87 44.36 139.62 31.37 44.36
Degraded 3" 16.72 61.15 158.08 35.31 61.15 220 40r 440 813"
3t 18.19 66.54 172.00 38.41 66.54
Insufficient heat transfer 3. 16.72 61.15 158.08 35.31 61.15 220 407" 440 813"
3t 18.19 66.54 172.00 38.41 66.54
Incipient 13. 156.72 265.00 421.27 73.50 265.00 9.5 57 18 113
13t 170.51 288.33 458.35 79.97 288.33
Abnormal instrument reading r 66.96 142.69 268.06 53.93 142.69 6.5 22" 11 44"
7t 72.86 155.25 291.65 58.68 155.25
Extemalleakage . Utility 1. 1.02 20.38 96.73 20.38 20.38 4.5 4.5" 9.0 9.0"
medium 1t 1.11 22.18 105.24 22.18 22.18
2t 7.87 44.36 139.62 31.37 44.36
Other 3. 16.72 61.15 158.08 35.31 61.15 2.2 2.5" 4.3 5.0"
3t 18.19 66.54 172.00 38.41 66.54
All modes 19. 253.60 387.31 568.28 88.86 387.31 48 407 89 813
19t 275.92 421.40 618.29 96.68 421.40
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Heaters and boilers
Electric boiler
0.0540 0.0534
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 11)6 hours). Active rea. hrs Man hours
Degraded 1" 0.33 16.81 52.23 18.50 18.50 . . . .
1t 0.33 17.00 52.83 18.72 18.72
Internal leakage 1" 0.33 16.81 52.23 18.50 18.50 . -
1t 0.33 17.00 52.83 18.72 18.72
Incipient 2" 0.76 32.09 98.62 34.56 37.00 2.5 3.1r 5.0 6.0+
2t 0.87 32.51 99.33 34.56 37.44
Minor in-service problems 2" 0.76 32.09 98.62 34.56 37.00 2.5 3.0" 5.0 6.0"
2t 0.87 32.51 99.33 34.56 37.44
Unknown 1" 0.13 31.80 120.37 44.39 18.50 . . 12 12"
1t 0.13 33.50 127.94 47.14 18.72
Abnonnal instrument reading 1" 0.13 31.80 120.37 44.39 18.50 . . 12 12"
1t 0.13 33.50 127.94 47.14 18.72
All modes 4" 25.42 74.21 143.66 37.00 74.01 2.5 3.1r 7.3 12"
4t 25.95 75.35 145.59 37.44 74.88
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Heaters and boilers - Electric boiler

Instrument, oressure 25.00 - -
Instrument, temoerature - -
Suooort -
Tube coil 25.00 -
Total 25.00 - 25.00 -

Item: Heaters and boilers- Electric boiler

Instrument, oressure - - 25.00
Instrument, temoerature - - 25.00 - 25.00
suooort - 25.00 - 25.00
Tube coil - - 25.00
Total - 50.00 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Heaters and boilers - Electric boiler

Corrosion -
Deformation - - -
Instrument failure - aeneral 25.00 - -
Material failure - general - 25.00 -
Total 25.00 - - - 25.00

Item: Heaters and boilers- Electric boiler

Corrosion - - 25.00 - 25.00
Defonnation - 25.00 - 25.00
Instrument failure - general - - - 25.00
Material failure - aeneral - - - 25.00
Total - 50.00 - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Heaters and boilers
Electric boiler
Gas treatment
0.0540 0.0534
Degraded 1. 0.33 16.81 52.23 18.50 18.50 . .
1t 0.33 17.00 52.83 18.72 18.72
Internal leakage 1. 0.33 16.81 52.23 18.50 18.50 . . .
1t 0.33 17.00 52.83 18.72 18.72
Incipient 2. 0.76 32.09 98.62 34.56 37.00 2.5 3.0" 5.0 6.0"
2t 0.87 32.51 99.33 34.56 37.44
2t 0.87 32.51 99.33 34.56 37.44
Unknown 1. 0.13 31.80 120.37 44.39 18.50 . . 12 12"
1t 0.13 33.50 127.94 47.14 18.72
Abnormal instrument reading 1. 0.13 31.80 120.37 44.39 18.50 . . 12 12"
1t 0.13 33.50 127.94 47.14 18.72
All modes 4. 25.42 74.21 143.66 37.00 74.01 2.5 3.0" 7.3 12"
4t 25.95 75.35 145.59 37.44 74.88
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Heaters and boilers
HC fired boiler
0.1282 0.1085
Failure mode No of Failure rate toer 1()8 hours). Active reo. hrs Man hours
Critical a· 30.97 62.32 102.50 22.07 62.41 2.8 4.0" 122 351r
at 37.27 74.37 121.80 26.07 73.73
Abnonnal instrument reading I' 0.06 7.24 24.39 8.96 7.80 - 9.0 9.0"
It 0.11 8.45 27.14 9.82 9.22
Insufficient heat transfer 3' 0.16 28.98 103.69 38.31 23.40 2.8 4.0" 2.8 4.0"
3t 0.18 38.82 143.44 52.97 27.65
Internal leakage I' 0.06 7.24 24.39 8.96 7.80 - 350 350"
It 0.11 8.45 27.14 9.82 9.22
Parameter deviation 2' 2.25 14.66 36.13 11.03 15.60 - 280 323"
2t 2.49 17.03 42.43 13.03 18.43
01her I' 0.06 7.24 24.39 8.96 7.80 50 so·
It 0.11 8.45 27.14 9.82 9.22
Degraded 119' 109.38 1079.13 2906.37 930.30 928.35 3.2 16 12 560
119t 97.42 1403.22 4042.48 1333.32 1096.73
Abnonnal instrument reading 10' 0.50 65.71 223.22 82.12 78.01 6.0 20
lOt 0.78 73.93 241.48 87.99 92.16
External leakage - Utility 9' 10.97 64.14 153.74 46.15 70.21 2.0 2.o· II 28"
medium 9t 22.08 75.94 156.17 42.33 82.95
Insufficient heat transfer 84' 3.35 850.95 3260.36 1201.00 655.31 3.2 16 3.2 16
84t 4.50 1148.29 4404.28 1622.22 774.17
Minor in-service problems I' 0.06 7.24 24.39 8.96 7.80 - - 24 24"
It 0.11 8.45 27.14 9.82 9.22
Parameter deviation 6' 0.59 40.36 128.02 46.03 46.81 - - 47 199"
6t 1.44 46.15 140.09 48.28 55.30
Plugged/Choked 2' 2.97 15.89 37.24 11.03 15.60 8.0 8.o· 8.8 9.5"
2t 3.74 19.11 44.29 13.03 18.43
Structural deficiency I' 0.06 7.24 24.39 8.96 7.80 - - 560 560"
It 0.11 8.45 27.14 9.82 9.22
Olher 6' 0.59 40.36 128.02 46.03 46.81 - - 10 26"
6t 1.44 46.15 140.09 48.28 55.30
Incipient so· 511.80 621.96 741.01 69.78 624.10 2.9 II 6.8 30
sot 611.45 741.65 882.25 82.43 737.30
Abnonnal instrument reading 26' 130.00 199.85 281.92 46.48 202.83 1.6 3.0" 6.1 28
26t 166.38 238.07 320.26 46.99 239.62
External leakage - Process 2' 0.13 18.83 64.61 23.80 15.60 2.5 3.0" 2.5 3.0"
medium 2t 0.13 25.12 90.59 33.47 18.43
Exlemal ""kage - Utilily 26' 0.81 167.09 610.88 225.69 202.83 9.2 30
medium 26t 0.99 185.04 664.33 245.47 239.62
Minor in-service problems 19' 26.88 166.93 406.49 123.26 148.22 4.0 II 6.6 23
19t 22.66 215.39 575.27 183.28 175.11
Comments
(coni.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
3.3.3 Mechooical Equipment
Heaters and boilers
HC fired boiler
0.1282 0.1085
Other 7" 1.41 65.31 201.72 71.07 54.61 2.3 7.0' 2.4 7.0'
7t 1.10 86.23 276.41 99.95 64.51
All modes 207. 597.04 1756.50 3410.80 880.95 1614.87 3.1 16 14 560
207t 521.72 2227.86 4907.65 1397.66 1907.76
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Heaters and boilers- HC fired boiler

Actuating device - 0.48 -
Bodv/shell - 0.48
Bumer(s) 0.48 0.48 0.48 3.86 -
Control unit - 0.72 -
Instrument, flame - 27.29 - -
Instrument, flow - 0.48 - -
Instrument, !leneral 10.14 - 0.48 -
Instrument, pressure 0.97 - 0.48 -
Internal oower supply 0.48 0.97 -
Monitoring - 0.24 - -
Other 1.45 - 11.59 -
Packing - 0.48 -
SUPPOrt - 0.48 - -
Unknown 2.90 - 3.38 2.90 -
Valves 0.48 - -
IMnna - - 5.07 -
Total 17.87 0.97 16.91 42.03 0.48 -
©OREDA

Item: Heaters and boilers - HC fired boiler
OTH PDE PLU SER SID Sum

Actuating device - - - 0.48
Body/shell - - - - 0.48
Bumerts 0.48 1.45 - 7.25
Control unit - 0.97 1.69
Instrument, flame - - 0.97 28.26
Instrument, flow - - 0.48
Instrument, general 0.48 - 0.48 - 11.59
Instrument. temperature - - - - 0.97
Internal cower supply 0.97 - - 2.42
Monitoring 0.48 - 0.72
Other 0.48 0.48 - 0.97 14.98
Packing - - 0.48
Suooort - 0.48
Unknown 1.93 3.38 0.97 3.86 0.48 19.81
Valves 1.93 0.97 - 3.38
\Mring - - - - 5.07
Total 6.76 3.86 0.97 9.66 0.48 100.0
©OREDA


Blockage/plugged - -
Breakaae 0.48 0.97 -
Clearance/ aliQnment failure - -
Combined causes - - -
Contamination 4.35
Control failure 0.48 - - 0.97 -
Corrosion 0.48 - 1.93 -
Earth/isolation fault 0.48 -
Electrical failure- oeneral 0.48 0.97 -
Faulty signal/indication/alarm 6.28 -
Instrument failure -general 6.76 0.97 26.09 -
Leakage - 15.46 - 0.48 -
Looseness 0.48 0.48 -
Mechanical Failure- general - - 2.90 -
Miscellaneous- general - - 0.48 -
No sionallindication/alarm 1.45 - -
Open circuit - - 0.97
Out of ~Kfustment 1.93 - 0.48 -
Short circuiting - - -
Stickino - 0.48 -
Unknown - - 0.48 -
Total 17.87 0.97 16.91 42.03 0.48
©OREDA

Oni PDE PLU SER STD Sum

Blockaoelolugged 0.48 - 0.48 0.97
Breakage - - - - 0.48 1.93
Clearmcel afignment failure - - 0.48 - 0.48
Combined causes - - 0.48 - 0.48
Contamination - - 4.35
Control failure 0.48 0.48 - 2.42
Corrosion 0.48 2.90
Deformation - 0.97 - 1.45
Electrical failure - general 0.97 - - 0.48 - 2.90
Instrument failure - oeneral 1.93 - 1.93 - 37.68
Leakage - - - 15.94
Looseness - - 0.97 1.93
Mechanical Failure - aeneral 0.97 2.42 0.48 1.93 8.70
Miscellaneous- general - 0.48
No signal/indication/alarm - - 1.45
Opencircu~ - - - - 0.97
Ou1 of adjus1men1 0.48 2.42 - 5.31
Short circuiting 0.48 - - 0.48
Sticking 0.97 0.48 - - 1.93
Unknown - - 0.48
Total 6.76 3.86 0.97 9.66 0.48 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Heaters and boilers
HC fired boiler
Heating medium
0.0789 0.0720
CrHical 5" 24.96 63.36 133.25 28.34 63.36 - - 194 350'
5t 27.36 69.44 146.04 31.06 69.44
Abnonnal instrument reading 1" 0.63 12.67 60.13 12.67 12.67 - 9.0 9.0'
1t 0.69 13.89 65.90 13.89 13.89
Internal leakage 1" 0.63 12.67 60.13 12.67 12.67 - 350 350'
1t 0.69 13.89 65.90 13.89 13.89
Parameter deviation 2" 4.50 25.34 79.77 17.92 25.34 - 280 323'
2t 4.93 27.78 87.43 19.64 27.78
Other 1" 0.63 12.67 60.13 12.67 12.67 50 50'
1t 0.69 13.89 65.90 13.89 13.89
Degraded 33"
33t
306.06
335.44
418.19
458.33
559.16
612.84
72.80
79.79
418.19
458.33
- - 33 560
Abnonnat instrument reading 10" 68.75 126.72 214.92 40.07 126.72 6.0 20
10t 75.35 138.89 235.56 43.92 138.89
External leakage- Utility s· 50.44 101.38 182.93 35.84 101.38 - 12 28'
medium at 55.28 111.11 200.49 39.28 111.11
Minor in-service problems 1" 0.63 12.67 60.13 12.67 12.67 - - 24 24'
1t 0.69 13.89 65.90 13.89 13.89
Parameter deviation 6" 33.14 76.03 150.04 31.04 76.03 - - 47 199'
6t 36.32 83.33 164.44 34.02 83.33
Plugged/Choked 1" 0.63 12.67 60.13 12.67 12.67 - - 9.5 9.5'
1t 0.69 13.89 65.90 13.89 13.89
Structural deficiency 1" 0.63 12.67 60.13 12.67 12.67 - - 560 560'
1t 0.69 13.89 65.90 13.89 13.89
Other 6" 33.14 76.03 150.04 31.04 76.03 - - 10 26'
6t 36.32 83.33 164.44 34.02 83.33
Incipient 51"
51t
504.97 646.29
708.33
816.12
894.47
90.50
99.19
646.29
708.33
- - 9.0 30
553.44
Abnormal instrument reading 18" 147.42 228.10 338.22 53.76 228.10 - 8.1 28
18t 161.57 250.00 370.69 58.93 250.00
Extemalleakage - Utility 26" 230.86 329.48 457.16 64.62 329.48 9.2 30
medium 26t 253.02 361.11 501.05 70.82 361.11
Minor in-service problems 6" 33.14 76.03 150.04 31.04 76.03 12 23'
6t 36.32 83.33 164.44 34.02 83.33
Other 1" 0.63 12.67 60.13 12.67 12.67 3.0 3.0'
1t 0.69 13.89 65.90 13.89 13.89
All modes 89" 938.65 1127.84

89t 1028.76 1236.11
1345.20
1474.34
119.55 1127.84
131.03 1236.11
- - 28 560
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Heaters and boilers
HC fired boiler
Oil orocessino
0.0493 0.0365
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours}. Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 3.
3t
16.64
22.46
60.89
82.18
157.39
212.44
35.15
47.45
""'
60.89
82.18
2.8 4.0. 2.8 4.00
Insufficient heat transfer 3. 16.64 60.89 157.39 35.15 60.89 2.8 4.o· 2.8 4.o·
3t 22.46 82.18 212.44 47.45 82.18
Degraded 86. 1447.77 1745.41 2088.20 188.21 1745.41 3.2 16 3.2 16
86t 1954.16 2355.91 2818.59 254.04 2355.91
External leakage - Utility 1. 1.01 20.30 96.30 20.30 20.30 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
medium 1t 1.37 27.39 129.99 27.39 27.39
Insufficient heat transfer 84. 1410.81 1704.82 2044.01 186.01 1704.82 3.2 16 3.2 16
84t 1904.26 2301.12 2758.94 251.07 2301.12
Plugged/Choked 1. 1.01 20.30 96.30 20.30 20.30 8.0 8.o· 8.0 s.o·
1t 1.37 27.39 129.99 27.39 27.39
Incipient 29. 421.03 588.57 802.46 109.29 588.57 2.9 11 2.9 11
29t 568.30 794.43 1083.17 147.52 794.43
Abnormal instrument reading 8. 80.78 162.36 292.97 57.40 162.36 1.6 3.00 1.6 3.1r
at 109.03 219.15 395.44 77.48 219.15
External leakage - Process 2. 7.20 40.59 127.76 28.70 40.59 2.5 3.o· 2.5 3.o·
medium 2t 9.72 54.79 172.45 38.74 54.79
13t 210.61 356.13 566.13 98.77 356.13
Other 6. 53.07 121.n 240.30 49.71 121.77 2.3 1.o· 2.3 1.o·
6t 71.64 164.37 324.35 67.10 164.37
All modes 118" 2044.11 2394.87 2790.52 220.47 2394.87 3.1 16 3.1 16
118t 2759.08 3232.52 3766.56 297.58 3232.52
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Heaters and boilers
Non·HC fired boiler
0.0981 0.0912
Failure mode No of Failure rate foer 11)11 hours . Active reD. hrs Man hours
Critical 7' 28.70 68.29 121.58 28.83 71.35 16 2T 29 41'
7t 28.86 73.14 133.84 32.67 76.79
4t 11.62 39.86 81.88 22.18 43.88
Parameter deviation 2' 0.38 17.67 54.56 19.22 20.38 21 21' 41 41'
2t 0.37 19.01 59.03 20.91 21.94
Structural deficiency 1' O.D7 16.99 63.79 23.54 10.19 23 23' 25 25'
1t 0.08 17.68 65.75 24.27 10.97
Degraded 2' 2.58 23.10 60.83 19.22 20.38 103 196' 205 391'
2t 3.09 24.49 62.87 19.60 21.94
External leakage - Utilily 1' O.D7 16.99 63.79 23.54 10.19 196 196' 391 391'
medium 1t 0.08 17.68 65.75 24.27 10.97
Parameter deviation 1' 0.18 9.27 28.78 10.19 10.19 9.5 9.5' 19 19'
1t 0.20 9.98 30.98 10.97 10.97
Incipient 9' 50.44 94.51 149.76 30.58 91.73 11 29' 20 5r
9t 53.93 101.33 160.81 32.91 98.73
3t 0.24 60.19 230.13 84.79 32.91
Ovemeatin9 1' 0.18 9.27 28.78 10.19 10.19 29 29' 57 57'
1t 0.20 9.98 30.98 10.97 10.97
Olher 5' 8.46 44.17 102.92 30.39 50.96 3.4 3.5' 6.8 7.0'
5t 8.04 47.25 113.42 34.08 54.85
All modes 18' 120.36 185.32 261.68 43.24 183.46 24 196 45 391
1St 128.93 198.83 281.04 46.54 197.46
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Heaters and boilers- Non-HC fired boiler

Other - - -
Piping - 5.56 - -
Subunit - - -
\JVirinQ - - 5.56
Total 38.89 - 5.56 - 5.56

Item: Heaters and boilers- Non-HC fired boiler

Control unit - - - - 5.56
Instrument, flow 5.56 5.56 - 16.67
Instrument, le'!lperature 11.11 - 22.22
01her 22.22 - - 22.22
Piping - - 5.56
Subunit - - - 5.56 5.56
IMnng - - - 5.56
To1al 27.78 16.67 5.56 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Heaters and boilers - Non-HC fired boiler

Breakage - -
Cavitation - - -
Corrosion - - - -
Electrical failure- general - - 5.56
Faultv siqnallindicationlalarm 11.11
Instrument failure - Qeneral 5.56
Leakage - 5.56
No signal/indication/alarm 11.11
Other - -
Short circuiting 5.56 -
Unknown - -
Total 38.89 5.56 5.56

Item: Heaters and boilers - Non-HC fired boiler

Breakage 11.11 - - 11.11
Cavitation - - 5.56 5.56
Control faJiure - 5.56
Corrosion 5.56 - - - 5.56
Electrical faJiure - general - - - - - 5.56
Fa~!tY signal/indication/alarm - 5.56 - 16.67
Instrument failure - Qeneral - 11.11 - - - 16.67
Leakage - - - 5.56
No signallindicationlalann - - - - 11.11
Other 5.56 - - 5.56
Short circuitinQ - - - 5.56
Unknown 5.56 - - - 5.56
Total 27.78 16.67 - 5.56 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Heaters and boilers
Non-HC fired boiler
Gas treatment
0.0245 0.0235
Critical 1. 2.04 40.77 193.45 40.77 40.77 23 2:r 25 25'
1t 2.13 42.51 201.71 42.51 42.51
Structural deficiency 1. 2.04 40.77 193.45 40.77 40.77 23 23' 25 25'
1t 2.13 42.51 201.71 42.51 42.51
Degraded 1. 2.04 40.77 193.45 40.77 40.77 196 191> 391 391'
1t 2.13 42.51 201.71 42.51 42.51
External leakage - Utility 1. 2.04 40.77 193.45 40.77 40.77 196 196' 391 391'
medium 1t 2.13 42.51 201.71 42.51 42.51
Incipient 3. 33.43 122.31 316.17 70.62 122.31 16 24' 24 44'
3t 34.86 127.53 329.66 73.63 127.53
Abnonnal instrument reading 3" 33.43 122.31 316.17 70.62 122.31 16 24' 24 44'
3t 34.86 127.53 329.66 73.63 127.53
All modes s· 80.32 203.85 428.69 91.16 203.85 53 191> 98 391'

st 83.74 212.55 446.99 95.05 212.55
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Heaters and boilers
Non-HC fired boiler
Heatinq medium
0.0736 0.0676
Critical 6" 35.54 81.54 160.90 33.29 81.54 15 21" 30 41"
6t 38.67 88.72 175.07 36.22 88.72
Abnonnal instrument reading 4" 18.55 54.36 124.42 27.18 54.36 12 21" 25 41"
4t 20.18 59.14 135.36 29.57 59.14
2t 5.25 29.57 93.08 20.91 29.57
Degraded 1" 0.68 13.59 64.48 13.59 13.59 9.5 9.5" 19 19'
1t 0.74 14.79 70.16 14.79 14.79
Pnmeter deviation 1" 0.68 13.59 64.48 13.59 13.59 9.5 9.5" 19 19"
1t 0.74 14.79 70.16 14.79 14.79
Incipient 6" 35.54 81.54 160.90 33.29 81.54 8.4 29' 17 sr
6t 38.67 88.72 175.07 36.22 88.72
Overheating 1" 0.68 13.59 64.48 13.59 13.59 29 29" 57 sr
1t 0.74 14.79 70.16 14.79 14.79
Other s· 26.77 67.95 142.90 30.39 67.95 3.4 3.5" 6.8 7.o·
st 29.13 73.93 155.47 33.06 73.93
All modes 13" 104.48 176.67 280.85 49.00 176.67 12 29 24 57

13t 113.67 192.22 305.56 53.31 192.22
Comments
©OREDA
©OREDA
CONTROL AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT
Fire and Gas Detectors
It has been difficult to obtain a consistent system breakdown covering all relevant technical
configurations ofF&G systems. Thus, the proposed breakdown is a trade-off between several
factors.
The catalytic gas detector contains a sensor part and a separate electronic unit (interface unit)
which combined make up a Wheatstone bridge circuit. The sensor contains element(s) which
are sensitive to hydrocarbon gas (catalytic oxidation of the element). The change in electrical
resistance produces an out-of-balance current in the Wheatstone bridge circuit. The interface
unit may be located in control rooms or in the field (transducers). Some vendors of logic
control systems have designed separate input cards for gas sensors. Thus, they do not use the
interface units provided by the vendor of the gas sensor. In the proposed system breakdown,
these dedicated gas input cards are considered to be part of the gas detector (interface unit),
and not part of the Control Logic Units (CLUs).
Sensor Other
sensors
ADDRESS/INTERFACE UNIT
(Test, calibration, display, etc.)
Fire & Gas Detector
Control
Logic
Unit
······················ Boundary
Po~tver
Figure 18 - Fire & gas detectors, boundary definition
©OREDA
Most conventional fire sensors give a standard output signal which is compatible to a standard
input module of logic control systems. Thus, for these fue detectors, there are no separate
interface units. For F &G detectors there is no subdivision on subunit level, only on
Maintainable Item level. One reason for this is that it is common to replace both elements on
the sensor part and the interface part during repair.
In the future there will be more use of addressable fire detection systems. In these systems
several individual detectors are connected to a dedicated address/interface unit.
Table 18- F&G Detectors • Subdivision in Maintainable Items

FIRE & GAS DETECTORS
Sensor & interface unit Miscellaneous
Mounting socket Other

Detector head
Cover
Control card
Display
Cabinet
Cabling
.,
(For all subumts the Mls "Unknown" and "Subunit are Included.)

ERO Erratic output
FTF Fail to function on demand
mo High output
mu High output, unknown reading
LOO Low output
LOU Low output, unknown reading
NOO No output
OTH Other
SHH Spurious high level alarm signal
SLL Spurious low level alarm signal
SPO Spurious operation
UNK Unknown
VLO Very low output
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.1 Control and Safety Equipment
Fire & Gas Detectors
Population Installations AQgregated time In service (10 8 hours) No of demands
29.6981 28.1026
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 11)6 hours}. Active re . hrs Man hours
Critical 43" " 0.54 1.86 2.63 1.45 2.9 8.0 4.2 41
43t " 0.64 1.89 3.22 1.53
Fail to function on demand 12" " 0.18 0.93 0.63 0.40 3.8 8.0" 4.3 10.0
12t " 0.20 1.03 0.82 0.43
No output 2" " 0.07 0.38 0.27 0.07 2.5 4.0" 4.5 8.0"
2t " 0.08 0.41 0.27 0,07
Spurious high level alarm 9" " 0.16 0.86 0.41 0.30 2.3 8.0" 2.3 8.0"
signal 9t " 0.17 0.91 0.56 0.32
Spurious low level alarm signal s· 2E-4 0.12 0.47 0.18 0.17 3.2 6.0" 3.2 6.0"
st 3E-4 0.13 0.53 0.20 0.18
Spurious operation 15" " 0.26 1.44 0.76 0.51 2.7 6.0" 5.5 41
15t " 0.29 1.54 0.98 0.53
Desraded 235" 1.65 8.48 19.69 5.80 7.91 1.3 9.8 1.6 16
235t 1.45 8.69 20.96 6.32 8.36
Erratic output 51" 0.01 1.64 5.90 2.18 1.72 2.6 9.8 2.2 11
51t 5E·3 1.73 6.75 2.50 1.81
Fail to function on demand 6" 0.01 0.20 0.61 0.21 0.20 0.5 0.5" 1.0 1.0"
6t 0.02 0.21 0.57 0.18 0.21
H~h output 6" 4E·3 0.15 0.47 0.16 0.20 2.3 4.0" 2.3 4.0"
6t 0.14 0.69 0.30 0.21
High output, unknown rea:ling 22" " 0.26 0.66 1.33 0.74 3.0 9.8 1.7 3.0
22t " 0.31 0.68 1.66 0.78
Low output 3" " 0.09 0.50 0.27 0.10 4.7 7.0" 6.7 13"
3t " 0.10 0.53 0.28 0.11
Low output, unknown reading 2" " 0.12 0.68 0.36 0.07 5.5 8.0" 11 16"
2t " 0.12 0.68 0.36 0.07
Minor in-service problems s· 2E-4 0.12 0.47 0.18 0.17 2.5 3.0" 4.5 13"
st 3E-4 0.13 0.53 0.20 0.18
Spurious low level alarm signal 1. 3E-4 0.03 0.10 0.04 0.03 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t " 0.03 0.13 0.05 0.04
Very low output 112. 0.53 4.93 13.09 4.16 3.77 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
112t 0.55 4.93 13.02 4.12 3.99
Other 23. " 1.13 5.66 2.42 0.77 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
23t " 1.13 5.72 2.46 0.82
UnknoiMl 4. 3E-4 0.10 0.38 0.14 0.13 5.0 6.5" 5.3 12"
4t 0.04 0.13 0.27 0.07 0.14
Incipient 22. 5E-4 0.51 2.12 0.80 0.74 4.8 20 5.3 29
22t 3E-4 0.54 2.32 0.89 0.78
Minor in·service problems 22. 5E-4 0.51 2.12 0.80 0.74 4.8 20 5.3 29
22t 3E-4 0.54 2.32 0.89 0.78
Unknown 8. 0.06 0.28 0.65 0.19 0.27 1.4 6.o+ 1.8 6.o+
8t 0.09 0.29 0.58 0.15 0.28
Comments
Icont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
29.6981 28.1026
failures lower Mean Upper so niT Mean Max Mean Max
Very low output 6' 2E-3 0.24 0.79 0.29 0.20 0.5 OS 1.0 1.0'
6t 3E-3 0.24 0.76 0.27 0.21
Unknown 2' 0.06 0.28 0.11 0.07 4.0 6.0' 4.0 6.0'
2t 0.06 0.28 0.12 0.07
All modes 308' 1.70 9.74 23.21 6.94 10.37 1.8 20 2.3 41
308t 1.11 10.04 26.52 8.39 10.96
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Fire & Gas Detectors
ERO FTF HIO HIU LOO LOU NOO

Cabinet - - - -
Cablino - -
Control card - 0.32 -
Detector head 14.29 5.19 1.62 6.82 0.32 0.32
Other - - 0.32 -
Subunit 1.95 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32
Unknown 0.32 0.32 -
Total 16.56 5.84 1.95 7.14 0.97 0.65 0.65

OTH SER SHH SLL SPO UNK VLO Sum

Cabinet 0.32 - - - 0.32 - 0.65
Cabiing 3.57 - - - 3.57
Control cat! - - - - 0.32
Detector head 4.87 3.25 2.60 1.95 3.57 0.65 38.31 83.77
Other 1.62 - - - 0.97 - 2.92
Subunit 0.65 - 0.32 0.65 - 5.52
Unknown 0.97 0.97 0.32 - 0.32 - 3.25
Total 7.47 8.77 2.92 1.95 4.87 1.95 38.31 100.0
©OREDA


Clennce/ alignment failure 0.32 - - - -
Contamination 1.62 0.65 0.32 - 0.32 0.32
Corrosion - - - -
External influence -general 1.95 - -
Faulty signa/indication/alarm 5.19 - -
Instrument failure - Qeneral 1.30 0.32 0.32 0.32 -
Leaka!:le - - -
Looseness - - - -
Material failure~ general 0.32 - - -
Miscellaneous- general - - - -
Out of adjustment 7.14 0.97 1.62 6.82 0.32 0.32 0.32
Short circuiti!!9__ - 0.32 - - -
Unknown - - - -
Vibration 1.95 0.65 - - -
Total 16.56 5.84 1.95 7.14 0.97 0.65 0.65
©OREDA


Clearance/ alignment failure - 1.30 - - 1.62
Common mode failure - 3.57 - 3.57
Contamination - 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.97 5.19
Corrosion - 0.32 - - 0.32
External influence· general 5.84 0.97 8.77
Faulty siQnal/indicationfalann 5.19
Instrument failure- general - 0.65 1.30 0.65 0.32 0.32 5.52
Leakage - 0.32 0.32
Looseness - 0.32 0.32
Material failure - general - - - - - - 0.32
Misc. external influences - 0.32 0.32
Miscellaneous - general - - 0.32 0.32
Out of adiustment 1.62 2.60 1.30 0.65 0.97 0.97 38.31 63.96
Short circuiting - 0.32
Unknown - - - 0.65 0.65
Vibration - - - 0.65 - - 3.25
To1al 7.47 8.77 2.92 1.95 4.87 1.95 38.31 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.1.1 Control and Safety Equipment
Flame
1.6861 1.3608
failures Lower Mean Upper SD ni-t Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 1. 0.03 0.59 2.81 0.59 0.59 . . 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.04 0.73 3.49 0.73 0.73
Spurious operation 1. 0.03 0.59 2.81 0.59 0.59 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.04 0.73 3.49 0.73 0.73
Degraded 7" 1.95 4.15 7.80 1.57 4.15 6.5 6.5' 1.7 3.0"
7t 2.41 5.14 9.66 1.94 5.14
Erratic output 5. 1.17 2.97 6.24 1.33 2.97 6.5 6.5" 1.6 3.0"
5t 1.45 3.67 7.73 1.64 3.67
Unknown 2. 0.21 1.19 3.73 0.84 1.19 6.5 6.5" 2.0 2.0"
zt 0.26 1.47 4.63 1.04 1.47
Incipient 1. 0.03 0.59 2.81 0.59 0.59 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
1t 0.04 0.73 3.49 0.73 0.73
1t 0.04 0.73 3.49 0.73 0.73
All modes 9. 2.78 5.34 9.31 1.78 5.34 5.7 6.s+ 1.9 4.0"
9t 3.45 6.61 11.54 2.20 6.61
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Fire & Gas Detectors - Flame

Cabinet - - -
Detector head 55.56 -
Other - - -
Total 55.56 -

Item: Fire & Gas Detectors - Flame

Cabinet - 11.11 - - - 11.11
Detector head - - - 22.22 77.78
Other - - - 11.11 - 11.11
Total - 11.11 - 11.11 22.22 100.0
©OREDA

ttem: Fire & Gas Detectors- Flame

Instrument failure - aeneral - - -
LeakaQe - - -
Out of ad'ustment 33.33 - -
Total 55.56 - -

Item: Fire & Gas Detectors- Flame

Contamination - - - - 22.22
Instrument failure -general - - 11.11 - 11.11
Leakage 11.11 - - - - 11.11
Out of acf ustment - - 22.22 - 55.56
Total 11.11 - 11.11 22.22 - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.1.1.1 Control and Safety Equipment
Flame
Infrared
1.6861 1.3608
Critical 1" 0.03 0.59 2.81 0.59 0.59 . . 4.0 4.1r
1t 0.04 0.73 3.49 0.73 0.73
Spurious operation 1" 0.03 0.59 2.81 0.59 0.59 . 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.04 0.73 3.49 0.73 0.73
Degraded 7" 1.95 4.15 7.80 1.57 4.15 6.5 6.5' 1.7 3.1r
7t 2.41 5.14 9.66 1.94 5.14
Erratic output 5" 1.17 2.97 6.24 1.33 2.97 6.5 6.5' 1.6 3.0'
5t 1.45 3.67 7.73 1.64 3.67
Unknown 2" 0.21 1.19 3.73 0.84 1.19 6.5 6.5' 2.0 2.0'
2t 0.26 1.47 4.63 1.04 1.47
Incipient 1" 0.03 0.59 2.81 0.59 0.59 1.0 1.1r 1.0 1.1r
1t 0.04 0.73 3.49 0.73 0.73
Minor in-service problems 1" 0.03 0.59 2.81 0.59 0.59 1.0 1.0' 1.0 1.0"
1t 0.04 0.73 3.49 0.73 0.73
All modes 9" 2.78 5.34 9.31 1.78 5.34 5.7 6.5' 1.9 4.0'
9t 3.45 6.61 11.54 2.20 6.61
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
H2S gas
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1(16 hours) No of demands
16.7692 16.7692
Failure mode No of Failure rate toer 108 hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
Degraded 157" 3.68 11.07 21.69 5.64 9.36 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
157t 3.68 11.07 21.69 5.64 9.36
Erratic output 16" 0.02 1.38 4.36 1.57 0.95 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
16t 0.02 1.38 4.36 1.57 0.95
Fail to function on demand 6" 1E-4 0.31 1.34 0.52 0.36 0.5 0.5" 1.0 1.0"
6t 1E-4 0.31 1.34 0.52 0.36
Very low output 112" 3.37 7.44 12.80 2.92 6.68 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
112t 3.37 7.44 12.80 2.92 6.68
Other 23" 3E-4 1.76 7.85 3.11 1.37 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
23t 3E-4 1.76 7.85 3.11 1.37
Unknown 6" 0.08 0.37 0.82 0.23 0.36 0.5 0.5" 1.0 1.0"
6t 0.08 0.37 0.82 0.23 0.36
Very low output 6" 0.08 0.37 0.82 0.23 0.36 0.5 0.5" 1.0 1.0"
6t 0.08 0.37 0.82 0.23 0.36
All modes 163" 3.82 11.46 22.42 5.63 9.72 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
163t 3.82 11.46 22.42 5.83 9.72
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Fire & Gas Detectors - H2S gas
ERO FTF HID HIU LOO LOU NOD

Detector head 9.82 3.68
Other
Unknown -
Total 9.82 3.68


Detector head 9.20 - - 72.39 95.09
Other 3.07 - - 3.07
Unknown 1.84 - 1.84
Totw 14.11 - - 72.39 100.0
©OREDA


External influence - aeneral 3.07 - -
Faulty siqnal/indication/alann 9.82 -
Out of adjustment 0.61 -
Total 9.82 3.68 -


External influence - general 11.04 - - - - - 14.11
Faulty signa/indication/alarm - - - 9.82
Out of adjustment 3.07 - - - 72.39 76.07
Total 14.11 - - 72.39 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
H2S gas
H2S gas
16.7692 16.7692
Degraded 157. 3.68 11.07 21.69 5.64 9.36 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
157t 3.68 11.07 21.69 5.64 9.36
Erratic output 16. 0.02 1.38 4.36 1.57 0.95 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
16t 0.02 1.38 4.36 1.57 0.95
Fail to function on demand 6. 1E-4 0.31 1.34 0.52 0.36 0.5 o.5· 1.0 to·
6t 1E-4 0.31 1.34 0.52 0.36
Very low output 112. 3.37 7.44 12.80 2.92 6.68 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
112t 3.37 7.44 12.80 2.92 6.68
Other 23. 3E-4 1.76 7.85 3.11 1.37 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
23t 3E-4 1.76 7.85 3.11 1.37
Unknown 6. 0.08 0.37 0.82 0.23 0.36 0.5 o.s- 1.0 ur
6t 0.08 0.37 0.82 0.23 0.36
Very low output 6. 0.08 0.37 0.82 0.23 0.36 0.5 o.5· 1.0 1.o·
6t 0.08 0.37 0.82 0.23 0.36
All modes 163. 3.82 11.48 22.42 5.83 9.72 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
163t 3.82 11.48 22.42 5.83 9.72
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Heat
0.7231 0.7052
failures Lower Mean Upper 50 niT Mean Max Mean Max
All modes o· 3E-3 0.65 2.48 0.91 . . . . .

ot 3E-3 0.66 2.54 0.94 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Hea1
Ra1e compensated
0.7231 0.7052
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours . Active rec. hrs Man hours
All modes o· 1E·3 0.33 1.28 0.47 - - - - -

ot 1E·3 0.34 1.31 0.48 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Kem
Hydrocarbon oas
7.2638 6.0919
Critical 42. 3E-4 2.45 11.20 4.48 5.78 2.9 8.0 4.2 41
42t . 2.86 14.48 6.22 6.89
Fail to function on demand t2• 0.11 1.05 2.84 0.91 1.65 3.8 8.0" 4.3 10.0
12t 4E-3 1.06 4.09 1.51 1.97
No output 2. 2E-4 0.29 1.23 0.48 0.28 2.5 4.0" 4.5 8.0"
2t 7E-4 0.32 1.27 0.48 0.33
Spurious high level alarm 9• 0.47 1.04 1.80 0.41 1.24 2.3 8.0" 2.3 8.o·
signal 9t 0.08 0.98 2.75 0.90 1.48
Spurious low level alarm signal s· 0.05 0.50 1.38 0.45 0.69 3.2 6.0" 3.2 6.0"
st 0.02 0.57 1.74 0.60 0.82
Spurious operation 14" 0.74 1.60 2.73 0.62 1.93 2.7 6.0" 5.6 41
14t 0.12 1.49 4.18 1.37 2.30
Degraded 7t• 0.02 5.02 18.33 6.77 9.77 3.2 9.8 3.1 16
71t 4E-3 5.68 23.88 9.16 11.65
Erratic output 3o· 0.25 2.93 8.18 2.66 4.13 3.7 9.8 3.0 11
30t 0.16 3.26 9.76 3.26 4.92
High output 6. 0.05 0.58 1.64 0.54 0.83 2.3 4.0" 2.3 4.0"
6t 0.01 0.66 2.04 0.72 0.98
High output, unkno\M1 reading 22. 1.29 5.98 2.41 3.03 3.0 9.8 1.7 3.0
22t 1.50 7.73 3.39 3.61
Low output 3. 2E-3 0.38 1.31 0.48 0.41 4.7 7.0" 6.7 13"
3t 6E-3 0.43 1.38 0.50 0.49
Low output, unknown reading 2. . 0.44 2.03 0.82 0.28 5.5 8.o· 11 16"
2t . 0.44 1.99 0.79 0.33
Minor in·service problems 5. 0.05 0.50 1.38 0.45 0.69 2.5 3.0" 4.5 13"
5t 0.02 0.57 1.74 0.60 0.82
Spurious low level alarm signal t• IE-3 0.12 0.38 0.14 0.14 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
It 2E-3 0.14 0.45 0.16 0.16
Unknown 2. 0.03 0.23 0.61 0.19 0.28 2.0 2.0" 7.0 12"
2t 0.03 0.27 0.75 0.24 0.33
Incipient to• 0.01 1.08 3.43 1.23 1.38 4.0 20 4.9 29
tot 0.03 1.25 3.82 1.33 1.64
Minor in-service problems to• 0.01 1.08 3.43 1.23 1.38 4.0 20 4.9 29
tot 0.03 1.25 3.82 1.33 1.64
All modes 123. 0.01 7.79 32.46 12.38 16.93 3.2 20 3.7 41
123t 6E-4 9.04 41.86 16.89 20.19
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Fire & Gas Detectors - Hydrocarbon gas

Cabinet - - - -
Control card - - 0.81 -
Detector head 18.70 8.13 4.07 17.07 0.81 0.81
Other - - - 0.81
Subunit 4.88 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81
Unknown 0.81 0.81 - - - -
Total 24.39 9.76 4.88 17.89 2.44 1.63 1.63

Item: Fire & Gas Detectors - Hydrocarbon gas

Cabinet - - - 0.81 - 0.81
Control card - - - - 0.81
Detector hea:t - 8.13 6.50 4.88 8.94 - - 78.05
Other - - - 1.63 - 2.44
Sutx.mit - 1.63 0.81 - - 12.20
Unknown - 2.44 0.81 - 0.81 - 5.69
Total - 12.20 7.32 4.88 11.38 1.63 - 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Fire & Gas Detectors- Hydrocarbon gas
ERO F1F HIO HIU LOO LOU NOO

Clearance/ alignment failure 0.81 - - -
Contamination 2.44 1.63 0.81 - 0.81 - 0.81
Corrosion - -
External influence -general - 0.81
Instrument failure -general 3.25 - 0.81 0.81 0.81
looseness - -
Material failure- general 0.81 -
Misc. external influences - - -
Miscellaneous.~ _general - - - - -
Out of adiustment 15.45 1.63 4.07 17.07 0.81 0.81 0.81
Short circuiting 0.81 - -
Vibration 4.88 1.63
To1al 24.39 9.76 4.88 17.89 2.44 1.63 1.63

Item: Fire & Gas Detectors- Hydrocarbon gas

Clennce/ alignment failure 3.25 - - - - 4.07
Contamination 0.81 0.81 0.81 2.44 - - 11.38
Corrosion - - 0.81 - - 0.81
External influence -general - - 2.44 - 3.25
Instrument failure - general 1.63 3.25 1.63 0.81 13.01
Looseness - - 0.81 - 0.81
Material failure- aeneral - 0.81
Misc. external influences - 0.81 - 0.81
Miscellaneous- general - - 0.81 - 0.81
Out of adjustment - 6.50 3.25 1.63 2.44 0.81 55.28
Vibration - - 1.63 8.13
Total 12.20 7.32 4.88 11.38 1.63 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Hydrocarbon gas
Infrared
Population Installations Aggregated time in seNice (10' hours) No of demands
7.2098 6.0500
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 111• hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 41" 3E-4 2.43 11.04 4.40 5.69 3.0 8.0 4.0 41
41t . 2.83 14.26 6.12 6.78
Fail to function on demand 11" 0.18 1.05 2.53 0.76 1.53 4.0 8.0" 3.7 8.0
11t 6E-3 1.03 3.62 1.34 1.82
No output 2" 2E-4 0.29 1.23 0.48 0.28 2.5 4.0" 4.5 8.0"
2t 7E-4 0.32 1.27 0.48 0.33
Spurious high level alarm 9" 0.47 1.05 1.82 0.42 1.25 2.3 8.0" 2.3 8.0"
signal 9t O.o7 0.98 2.80 0.92 1.49
Spurious low level alarm signal 5" 0.05 0.51 1.40 0.45 0.69 3.2 6.0" 3.2 6.0"
5t 0.02 0.58 1.76 0.61 0.83
Spurious operation 14" 0.69 1.59 2.79 0.65 1.94 2.7 6.0" 5.6 41
14t 0.11 1.49 4.25 1.40 2.31
Degraded 71" 0.02 5.04 18.55 6.85 9.85 3.2 9.8 3.1 16
71t 4E-3 5.71 24.13 9.28 11.74
Erratic output 30" 0.25 2.94 8.22 2.68 4.16 3.7 9.8 3.0 11
30t 0.15 3.27 9.82 3.29 4.96
High output 6" 0.04 0.58 1.66 0.54 0.83 2.3 4.0" 2.3 4.0"
6t 0,01 0.66 2.06 0.73 0.99
High output, unknown rea:ting 22" - 1.30 6.04 2.45 3.05 3.0 9.8 1.7 3.0
22t . 1.51 7.80 3.43 3.64
Low output 3" 2E·3 0.38 1.31 0.48 0.42 4.7 7.0" 6.7 13"
3t 6E-3 0.44 1.38 0.50 0.50
Low output, unknown reading 2" . 0.44 2.03 0.82 0.28 5.5 8.0" 11 16"
2t - 0.44 1.99 0.79 0.33
Minor in·service problems 5" 0.05 0.51 1.40 0.45 0.69 2.5 3.0" 4.5 13"
st 0.02 0.58 1.76 0.61 0.83
Spurious low level alarm signal 1" IE-3 0.12 0.38 0.14 0.14 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
,t 2E·3 0.14 0.45 0.17 0.17
Unknown 2" 0.03 0.23 0.62 0.20 0.28 2.0 2.0' 7.0 12"
2t 0,03 0.28 0.75 0.24 0.33
Incipient 10" 0.02 1.08 3.44 1.24 1.39 4.0 20 4.9 29
10t 0.03 1.26 3.84 1.34 1.65
tot 0.03 1.26 3.84 1.34 1.65
All modes 122" 0.01 7.79 32.52 12.41 16.92 3.2 20 3.6 41
122t 6E-4 9.06 41.94 16.93 20.17
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Hydrocarbon gas
Photoelectric beam
1 1 Calendar time "' Operational time •
0.0540 0.0420
Critical 1' 0.93 18.52 87.87 18.52 18.52 2.0 2.0' 10.0 10.1r
1t 1.19 23.84 113.11 23.84 23.84
Fail to function on demand 1' 0.93 18.52 87.87 18.52 18.52 2.0 2.0' 10.0 10.0'
1t 1.19 23.84 113.11 23.84 23.84
All modes 1' 0.93 18.52 87.87 18.52 18.52 2.0 2.0' 10.0 10.0'
1t 1.19 23.84 113.11 23.84 23.84
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
SmokefCombustion
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1Qfi hours) No of demands
3.2559 3.1755
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active rep. hn1 Manhours
Incipient 11" 0.54 3.28 7.95 2.40 3.38 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
11t 0.55 3.36 8.15 2.46 3.46
Minor in-service problems 11" 0.54 3.28 7.95 2.40 3.38 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
11t 0.55 3.36 8.15 2.46 3.46
Unknown 2" 0.11 0.61 1.46 0.44 0.61 4.0 6.W 4.0 6.W
2t 0.11 0.63 1.50 0.45 0.63
Unknown 2" 0.11 0.61 1.46 0.44 0.61 4.0 6.0" 4.0 6.0"
2t 0.11 0.63 1.50 0.45 0.63
All modes 13" 0.63 3.86 9.38 2.84 3.99 5.7 6.0 5.7 6.0
13t 0.84 3.96 9.61 2.91 4.09
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Fire & Gas Detectors - Smoke/Combustion

Cabling - - - -
Subunit - - - - - -
Tota - - -

Item: Fire & Gas Detectors- Smoke/Combustion
Oni SER SHH SLL SPO UNK VLO Sum

Gabling - 84.62 84.62
Subunit - - - 15.38 15.38
Total 84.62 - 15.38 - 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Fire & Gas Detectors- Smoke/Combustion

Unknown - - - -
Total - - -

Item: Fire & Gas Detectors - Smoke/Combustion

Common mode failure - 84.62 - 84.62
Unknown - - 15.38 - 15.38
Total - 84.62 15.38 - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Smoke/Combustion
Infrared
0.0175 0.0175
All modes o· 0.01 3.40 13.06 4.81 - - - - -

ot 0.01 3.48 13.34 4.91 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
SmokefCombustion
Photoelectric
3.2383 3.1580
Incipient 11. 1.91 3.40 5.62 1.02 "''3.40 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
11t 1.95 3.48 5.77 1.05 3.48
Minor in-service problems 11. 1.91 3.40 5.62 1.02 3.40 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
11t 1.95 3.48 5.77 1.05 3.48
Unknown 2. 0.11 0.62 1.94 0.44 0.62 4.0 6.1r 4.0 6.o·
2t 0.11 0.63 1.99 0.45 0.63
UnknoiNI'l 2. 0.11 0.62 1.94 0.44 0.62 4.0 6.o· 4.0 6.o·
2t 0.11 0.63 1.99 0.45 0.63
All modes 13. 2.37 4.01 6.38 1.11 4.01 5.7 6.0 5.7 6.0
13t 2.43 4.12 6.54 1.14 4.12
Comments
©OREDA
©OREDA
Process Sensors
The bonndary defmition shown in Figure 19 comprises the sensing element and the (local)
electronics for signal conversion and transmission. The sensing element measures some
process parameter (e.g. pressure, level, temperature, flow, etc.) and the electronics converts the
measurement to a standard electric signal that is transmitted to a computer, a solid state
controller or a PLC. Some sensors may be calibrated by adjusting a screw at the electronic
housing.
Isolation valves (block valves) and associated pipework are also included.
The subdivision in Maintainable Items is similar to the F&G detectors, and is shown in Table
19.
POWER:···············································-·················:
SUPPLY; ;
' .
ELECTRONICS f-f---;-----i~
OUTPUT.
I
SENSING
ELEMENT
PROCESl>IN : PROCESS OUT
MISC.
Boundary
C><::J = Isolation valve
Figure 19 - Process sensors, boundary definition
©OREDA
Table 19 - Process Sensors, Subdivision in Maintainable Items

PROCESS SENSOR
Sensor & electronics Miscellaneous
Sensing element Isolation valve

Electronics Piping
...
(For all subunits the Mls "Unknown" and "Subumt are Included.)

AOL Abnormal output- Low
ELU Extemalleakage- Utility medium
ERO Erratic output
FTF Fail to fimction on demand
mo High output
LOO Low output
OTH Other
UNK Unknown
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Process sensors
69 1 Calendar time " Operational timeT
3.3998 2.4194
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours). Active reD. hrs Man hours
Critical 12" 2.04 3.53 5.72 1.02 3.53 2.9 8.0 2.9 8.0
12t 2.86 4.96 8.03 1.43 4.96
Abnormal output - Low 1. 0.01 0.29 1.40 0.29 0.29 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.02 0.41 1.96 0.41 0.41
Fail to function on demand 6. 0.77 1.76 3.48 0.72 1.76 3.3 8.o· 3.3 8.o·
6t 1.08 2.48 4.89 1.01 2.48
Spurious operation 5. 0.58 1.47 3.09 0.66 1.47 2.2 3.o· 2.2 3.o·
5t 0.81 2.07 4.35 0.92 2.07
Degraded 1. 0.01 0.29 1.40 0.29 0.29 2.0 2.1r 2.0 2.1r
It 0.02 0.41 1.96 0.41 0.41
Other 1. 0.01 0.29 1.40 0.29 0.29 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
1t 0.02 0.41 1.96 0.41 0.41
Incipient 3. 0.24 0.88 2.28 0.51 0.88 2.0 3.1r 2.0 3.0+
3t 0.34 1.24 3.21 0.72 1.24
3t 0.34 1.24 3.21 0.72 1.24
All modes 16. 2.95 4.71 7.15 1.18 4.71 2.7 8.0 2.7 8.0
16t 4.15 6.61 10.04 1.65 6.61
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Process sensors
AOL FTF OTH SER SPO Sum

Electronics (Condijioning) - 6.25 - 12.50 18.75
Other - 12.50 6.25 6.25 25.00
Pip ina 6.25 - - 6.25
Sensing element 6.25 12.50 - 12.50 12.50 43.75
Subunit 6.25 6.25
Total 6.25 37.50 6.25 18.75 31.25 100.0

Item: Process sensors

Blockage/plugged 6.25 6.25 - 6.25 18.75
Electrical failure ~ general 6.25 - - - 6.25
Faultv sionallindicationfalarm 12.50 - 6.25 6.25 25.00
Instrument failure - general 6.25 - 6.25 12.50
Leakage - - 12.50 12.50
No cause found 6.25 6.25
No sk:lnal/indication/alarm - 6.25 - 6.25 12.50
Out of acl' ustment 6.25 - - - - 6.25
Total 6.25 37.50 6.25 18.75 31.25 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Process sensors
Flow
8 1 calendar time* Operational time
0.3942 0.2805
Critical 2. 0.90 5.07 15.97 3.59 "''5.07 2.5 3.1r 2.5 3.1r
2t 1.27 7.13 22.44 5.04 7.13
Fail to function on demand 2. 0.90 5.07 15.97 3.59 5.07 2.5 3.0" 2.5 3.0"
2t 1.27 7.13 22.44 5.04 7.13
Incipient 2. 0.90 5.07 15.97 3.59 5.07 1.5 2.1r 1.5 2.1r
2t 1.27 7.13 22.44 5.04 7.13
2t 1.27 7.13 22.44 5.04 7.13
All modes 4. 3.46 10.15 23.23 5.07 10.15 2.0 3.1r 2.0 3.o·
4t 4.87 14.26 32.64 7.13 14.26
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Process sensors- Flow

Other 25.00 25.00 - 50.00
Sensing element - 25.00 - 25.00
Subun~ - 25.00 - - 25.00
Total - 50.00 - 50.00 - 100.0

Item: Process sensors- Flow

Electrical failure - Qeneral 25.00 - - 25.00
Faulty siqnallindication/alarm 25.00 - - 25.00
Leakage - - 50.00 50.00
Total 50.00 50.00 - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Process sensors
Flow
Electromech
0.0985 0.0701
"''
AU modes o· 0.01 3.38 12.99 4.78 . . . . .

ot 0.02 4.75 18.25 6.72 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Process sensors
Flow
Unknown
Population Installations Aggregated time In seNice (106 hours) No of demands
0.2956 0.2104
Failure mode No of Failure rate_(per 10e hours . Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 2" 1.20 6.77 21.29 4.78 6.77 2.5 3.0" 2.5 3.0"
2t 1.69 9.51 29.92 6.72 9.51
Fail to function on demand 2" 1.20 6.77 21.29 4.78 6.77 2.5 3.0' 2.5 3.0'
2t 1.69 9.51 29.92 6.72 9.51
Incipient 2' 1.20 6.77 21.29 4.78 6.77 1.5 2.0' 1.5 2.0"
2t 1.69 9.51 29.92 6.72 9.51
Minor in-service problems 2" 1.20 6.77 21.29 4.78 6.77 1.5 2.0' 1.5 2.0'
2t 1.69 9.51 29.92 6.72 9.51
All modes 4" 4.62 13.53 30.97 6.77 13.53 2.0 3.0" 2.0 3.0"
4t 6.49 19.01 43.52 9.51 19.01
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Process sensors
Level
0.7Bll4 0.5610
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 1()6 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 4. 1.73 5.07 11.a1 2.54 "''5.07 2.3 4.1r 2.3 4.1r
4t 2.43 7.13 16.32 3.5a 7.13
Abnonnal output · Low 1. 0.06 1.27 6.02 1.27 1.27 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.09 1.78 8.46 1.78 1.78
1t 0.09 1.78 8.46 1.78 1.78
2t 0.63 3.56 11.22 2.52 3.56
Degraded 1. o.oa 1.27 a.02 1.27 1.27 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
It 0.09 1.78 8.46 1.78 1.78
Other I. 0.06 1.27 6.02 1.27 1.27 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
1t 0.09 1.78 8.46 1.78 1.78
Incipient 1. 0.06 1.27 6.02 1.27 1.27 3.0 3.1r 3.0 3.0+
1t 0.09 1.78 8.46 1.78 1.78
It 0.09 1.78 8.46 1.78 1.78
All modes a· 3.32 7.61 15.02 3.11 7.al 2.3 4.1r 2.3 4.o·
at 4.aa IO.a9 21.10 4.37 IO.a9
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Process sensors - Level

Other 16.67 16.67
Piping - 16.67 - 16.67
Sensina element 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 66.67
Total 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 33.33 100.0

Item: Process sensors- Level

Blockagelpltlgg_ed 16.67 16.67 16.67 50.00
Faulty sianaVindication/alarm - - 16.67 16.67
No signal/indication/alarm - - - 16.67 16.67
Out of adjustment 16.67 - 16.67
Total 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 33.33 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Process sensors
Level
Displacement
0.4434 0.3156
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 1()6 hours). Active re • hrs Manhours
failures Lower Mean Upper SD n/< Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 3. 1.85 6.77 17.49 3.91 6.77 2.3 4.1r 2.3 4.o·
3t 2.60 9.51 24.57 5.49 9.51
Abnonnal output - Low 1. 0.11 2.26 10.70 2.26 2.26 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.16 3.17 15.04 3.17 3.17
1t 0.16 3.17 15.04 3.17 3.17
1t 0.16 3.17 15.04 3.17 3.17
All modes 3. 1.85 6.77 17.49 3.91 6.77 2.3 4.1r 2.3 4.o·
3t 2.60 9.51 24.57 5.49 9.51
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Process sensors
Level
Maanetic
0.3449 0.2454
Critical 1' 0.14 2.90 13.76 2.90 2.90 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.20 4.07 19.33 4.07 4.07
Spurious operation 1' 0.14 2.90 13.76 2.90 2.90 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0'
1t 0.20 4.07 19.33 4.07 4.07
Degraded 1' 0.14 2.90 13.76 2.90 2.90 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.20 4.07 19.33 4.07 4.07
Other 1' 0.14 2.90 13.76 2.90 2.90 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
1t 0.20 4.07 19.33 4.07 4.07
Incipient 1' 0.14 2.90 13.76 2.90 2.90 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.0"
1t 0.20 4.07 19.33 4.07 4.07
1t 0.20 4.07 19.33 4.07 4.07
All modes 3' 2.38 8.70 22.48 5.02 8.70 2.3 3.0" 2.3 3.0"
3t 3.34 12.22 31.60 7.06 12.22
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Process sensors
Pressure
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (11Jli hours) No of demands
1.5767 1.1220
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 10' hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
"''
All modes o· 1E·3 0.30 1.14 0.42 . . . . .

ot 2E-3 0.42 1.60 0.59 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Process sensors
Pressure
Capacitance
0.3449 0.2454
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 108 hours). Active reo. hrs Manhours
All modes o· 1E·3 0.25 0.95 0.35 . . . . .

ot 1E·3 0.35 1.33 0.49 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Process sensors
Pressure
Electromech
1.1333 0.8065
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1Qii hours . Active rep. hrs Man hours
All modes o· 7E-4 0.18 0.68 0.25 . . . . .

ot 1E-3 0.25 0.96 0.35 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
Process sensors
Pressure
Piezoelectr
0.0493 0.0351
Failure mode No of Failure rate Coer 106 hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
All modes o· 1E.J 0.29 1.11 0.41 . . . .

ot 2E.J 0.41 1.56 0.57 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Process sensors
Pressure
Semic. Str
0.0493 0.0351
"''
All modes o· 1E·3 0.29 1.11 0.41 . . . . .

ot 2E.J 0.41 1.56 0.57 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Process sensors
Temperature
13 1 Calendar time 11 Operational time •
0.6405 0.4558
Failure mode No of Failure rate fper 106 hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 6. 4.08 9.37 18.46 3.82 9.37 3.5 8.o· 3.5 8.o·
6t 5.74 13.16 25.97 5.37 13.16
Fail to function on demand a· 1.28 4.68 12.11 2.70 4.68 4.a 8.o· 4.3 8.o·
3t 1.80 6.58 17.01 3.80 6.58
Spurious operation a· 1.28 4.68 12.11 2.70 4.68 2.7 3.o· 2.7 3.o·
3t 1.80 6.58 17.01 3.80 6.58
All modes 6. 4.08 9.37 18.46 3.82 9.37 3.5 8.o· 3.5 8.1r
6t 5.74 13.16 25.97 5.37 13.16
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Process sensors- Temperature

Electronics (Conditioning) 16.67 33.33 50.00
Other 16.67 - - - 16.67
Sensing element 16.67 - 16.67 33.33
Total 50.00 50.00 100.0

Item: Process sensors- Temperature

Faulty signa/indication/alcrm - 16.67 - 16.67 33.33
Instrument failure - aeneral - 16.67 - 16.67 33.33
No cause found - - 16.67 16.67
No signaVindication/alarm - 16.67 - 16.67
Total - 50.00 50.00 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Process sensors
Temperature
Capillary
0.0493 0.0351
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
All modes o·
ot
0.02
0.03
4.87
6.84
18.70
26.28
6.89
9.68
- - - - -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
Process sensors
Temperature
Resistance
0.0985 0.0701
Critical 3" 8.32 30.44 78.70 17.58 30.44 4.7 8.1r 4.7 8.1r
3t 11.69 42.78 110.58 24.70 42.78
Fail to function on demand 1" 0.51 10.15 48.15 10.15 10.15 8.0 8.o· 8.0 8.o·
1t 0.71 14.26 67.66 14.26 14.26
Spurious operation 2. 3.60 20.30 63.88 14.35 20.30 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.o·
2t 5.06 28.52 89.76 20.17 28.52
All modes 3. 8.32 30.44 78.70 17.58 30.44 4.7 8.1r 4.7 8.1r
3t 11.69 42.78 110.58 24.70 42.78
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
Process sensors
Temperature
Thennocouple
0.4927 0.3506
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours). Active re~ hrs Manhours
Critical 3' 1.66 6.09 15.74 3.52 6.09 2.3 2.s+ 2.3 2.s+
3t 2.34 8.56 22.12 4.94 8.56
Fail to function on demand 2' 0.72 4.06 12.78 2.87 4.06 2.5 2.5' 2.5 2.5'
2t 1.01 5.70 17.95 4.03 5.70
Spurious operation 1' 0.10 2.03 9.63 2.03 2.03 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
1t 0.14 2.85 13.53 2.85 2.85
All modes 3' 1.66 6.09 15.74 3.52 6.09 2.3 2.s+ 2.3 2.s+
3t 2.34 8.56 22.12 4.94 8.56
Comments
©OREDA
Control Logic Units
The main modules of the control logic units are the input/output cards, the central processing
unit (CPU including memory and watchdog/diagnostics circuitry), the controllers (internal bus,
VDU, communication, disk, printer), the system bus and the power supply unit.
A distinction is made between analogue and digital input modules. Furthermore, in the
inventory reports the number of input/output modules connected to each CPU is recorded.
Boundary definition is given in Figure 20 and subdivision into Subunits and Maintainable
Items is given in Table 20.
-
Signals Signals Other
in out peripherals
Operator Station
..... I ... . ····· ..... .... .....
OUTPUT
INPUT CARDS CPU CONTROLLERS
CARDS
! ! !
SYSTEM BUS
Diagnostics
POWER
SUPPLY
Mains/
Power deistribution
Boundary
Figure 20 - Control logic units, boundary definition
©OREDA
. M"
T a ble 20 - ControIL o2ic Units, Subd"JVISIOD m amtama bl e I terns
CONTROL LOGIC UNIT
Input cards CPU Output cards Conb'ollers System bus Power supply Miscellaneous
unit
Input card CPU Output card Internal bus Others

Connection unit RAM
controller
Connection unit
VDU contr.
Watchdog/ Relay
diagnostics Comm. Contr.
Software Disk contr.
Printer contr.
...
(For all subunits the Mls "UnknOVoKI " and "Subunit are Included.

ABO Abnormal output
FTO Fail to operate on demand
OTH Other
OVH Overhaul
UNK Unknown
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.3 CLU
Controlloaic units
0.1754 0.1752
Degraded 2" 0.08 17.37 64.51 23.82 11.40 . . 24 24"
2t 0.08 17.40 64.59 23.85 11.42
Spurious operation 2. 0.08 17.37 64.51 23.82 11.40 . 24 24"
2t 0.08 17.40 64.59 23.85 11.42
Incipient 2. 0.12 9.90 31.81 11.52 11.40 1.0 1.0" 4.0 6.0"
2t 0.12 9.91 31.85 11.53 11.42
Erratic output 1. 0.10 5.21 16.22 5.76 5.70 1.0 1.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.10 5.22 16.25 5.77 5.71
Minor in-service problems 1. 0.10 5.21 16.22 5.76 5.70 - - 6.0 6.0"
1t 0.10 5.22 16.25 5.77 5.71
All modes 4. 5.88 24.68 54.09 15.35 22.80 1.0 1.0" 14 24"
4t 5.89 24.71 54.16 15.38 22.83
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Control logic units
ERO SER SPO Sum

Communication controller - 25.00 25.00
Other - 50.00 50.00
Subunit 25.00 - - 25.00
Total 25.00 25.00 50.00 100.0

Item: Control logic units
ERO SER SPO Sum

Earth/isolation fault - 50.00 50.00
Electrical failure - Qeneral 25.00 25.00 50.00
Total 25.00 25.00 50.00 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.3.1 CLU
Control logic units
Emel!lenoy shutdown (ESDI
2 1 Cllendartime * Operational time
0.0351 0.0350
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active rep. h11 Man hours
Incipient 1" 1.42 28.50 135.23 28.50 28.50 . . 6.0 6.0'
1t 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54
Minor in-service problems 1" 1.42 28.50 135.23 28.50 28.50 . 6.0 s.o·
1t 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54
All modes 1" 1.42 28.50 135.23 28.50 28.50 . . 6.0 &.o·
1t 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Control logic units- Emergency shutdown (ESD)
The figures are percentages of the total failure rate for the actual maintainable itemlfailure mode combination.

Item: Control logic units- Emergency shutdown (ESD)
ERO SER SPO Sum

Electrical failure -general - 100.0 - 100.0
To1al - 100.0 - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.3.1.1 CLU
Control logic units
Emeryency shutdown (ESD)
Computer
0.0351 0.0350
Incipient 1. 1.42 28.50 135.23 28.50 28.50 . 6.0 6.0"
1t 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54
Minor in-service problems 1. 1.42 28.50 135.23 28.50 28.50 6.0 6.0"
1t 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54
All modes 1. 1.42 28.50 135.23 28.50 28.50 . . 6.0 6.0"

It 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.3.2 CLU
Control logic units
F & G detection
0.0175 0.0175
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 11)6 hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
Degraded 1' 2.85 57.00 270.46 57.00 57.00 . . 24 24"
1t 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08
Spurious operation 1' 2.85 57.00 270.46 57.00 57.00 24 24"
1t 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08
All modes 1' 2.85 57.00 270.46 57.00 57.00 . . 24 2-F

1t 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Control logic units - F & G detection
ERO SER SPO Sum

Other 100.0 100.0
Total 100.0 100.0

Item: Control logic units - F & G detection
ERO SER SPO Sum

Earth/isolation fault - - 100.0 100.0
Tota - 100.0 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.3.2.1 CLU
Control logic units
F & G detection
Computer
0.0175 0.0175
Degraded ,.
failures lower
2.85
Mean
57.00
Upper
270.46
SD
57.00
nl<
57.00
Mean
.
Max
.
Mean
24
Max
24"
Spurious operation ,.
,t
,t
2.85
2.85
57.08
57.00
270.83
270.46
57.08
57.00
57.08
57.00 . 24 24"
2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08
All modes ,. 2.85 57.00 270.46 57.00 57.00 . . 24 24"

1t 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.3.3 CLU
Control logic units
Process control
0.0702 0.0701
All modes o· 0.02 5.53 21.23 7.82 - - - - -

ot 0.02 5.54 21.26 7.83 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.3.3.1 CLU
Control logic units
Process control
Comnu1er
0.0702 0.0701
Failure mode No of Failure rate fDer 10' hours . Active reD. hrs Manhours
All modes o· 0.01 3.11 11.95 4.40 . . . .

ot 0.01 3.12 11.97 4.41 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.3.4 CLU
Control logic units
Process shutdoiMl
2 1 Calendar time • Operational time •
0.0351 0.0350
Failure mode No of Failure rate (oer 1()6 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Incipient 1. 1.42 28.50 135.23 28.50 28.50 1.0 1.cr 2.0 2.o·
1t 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54
Erratic output 1. 1.42 28.50 135.23 28.50 28.50 1.0 1.0- 2.0 2.o·
1t 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54
All modes 1. 1.42 28.50 135.23 28.50 28.50 1.0 1.cr 2.0 2.cr
1t 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Control logic units- Process shutdo\f\lfl
ERO SER SPO Sum

Subunit 100.0 100.0
To1al 100.0 100.0

Item: Control logic units- Process shutdovm
ERO SER SPO Sum

Electrical failure - Qeneral 100.0 100.0
Total 100.0 - - 100.0
©OREDA
CLU
Control logic units
Process shutdown
-·· 2.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.3.5 CLU
Control logic units
1 1 Calendar time"' Operational time
0.0175 0.0175
failures lower Mean Upper SD n/t Mean Max Mean Max
Degraded 1' 2.85 57.00 270.46 57.00 57.00 . . 24 24'
1t 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08
Spurious operation 1' 2.85 57.00 27D.48 57.00 57.00 . 24 24'
1t 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08
All modes 1' 2.85 57.00 270.46 57.00 57.00 . . 24 24'

1t 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Control logic units - Process shutdown and ESD
ERO SER SPO Sum

Other - 100.0 100.0
To1al - 100.0 100.0

Item: Control logic units- Process shutdown and ESD
ERO SER SPO Sum

Earth/isolation fault 100.0 100.0
Tolal - 100.0 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.3.5.1 CLU
Control logic units
Computer
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1[)6 hours) No of demands
1
0.0175 0.0175
failures Lower Mean Upper 50 Mean Max Mean Max
Degraded 1' 2.85 57.00 270.46 57.00 "''
57.00 . . 24 24"
1t 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08
Spurious operation 1' 2.85 57.00 270.46 57.00 57.00 24 24'
1t 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08
All modes 1' 2.85 57.00 270.46 57.00 57.00 . . 24 24"

1t 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08
Comments
©OREDA
Valves
The boundary defmition is shown in Figure 21, and subdivision in Maintainable Items is
shown in Table 21.
The valve consists of the valve with housing, and the actuator. A valve includes the
complete assembly of connector (i.e. inlet, outlet and seals) connected to the piping.
The pilot (solenoid) valve for hydraulically/ pneumatically operated valves is included as a
separate Maintainable Item within the subunit "Actuator". Hydraulic accumulators are not
included within the boundary.
CONTROL AND
ACTUATOR MISC.
MONITORING
'
Power Power Remote

supply instrumentation
Boundary
Figure 21- Valves, boundary definition
©OREDA
Table 21 -Valves Subdivision in Maintainable Items

' VALVES
Valve Actuator Control and monitoring Miscellaneous
Bonnet Case Actuating device Other

Closure membe~ Diaphragm Cabling & junction boxes
Flange Electric motor Control unit
Other valve components Gear Instrument, general
Packing Indicator Monitoring
Seals Instrument, position Internal power suppty
Seat lings Other actuator components Valves
Valve body wlinternals Pilot valve
Piston
Positioner
Quick exhaust
Seals (gaskets)
Spring
Stem
.,
(For all subunitS the Mls "Unknown" and "Subumt are Included.)

AIR Abnormal instnunent reading
DOP Delayed operation
FTC Fail to close on demand
FTO Fail to open on demand
FTR Fail to regulate
HIO Higb output
LCP Valve leakage in closed position
LOO Low output
OTH Other
PLU Plugged/Choked
UNK Unkoown
9
That part of the valve that is positioned in the flow stream to permit, obstruct or regulate flow (API Spec. 6D)
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4 Vl!lves
VEives described by application
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (10i hours) No of demands
907 31 Calendar time* 1
Operational time
22.2900 21.3516
Critical as· 3E-4 2.98 13.63 5.44 3.81 6.2 100 17 694
sst 4E-4 3.0S 13.89 S.S3 3.98
Delayed operation J• 0.14 0.74 0.32 0.13 3.0 6.0' 3.0 6.0'
3t 0.15 0.73 0.31 0.14
External leakage - Process 4• 0.36 1.88 0.82 0.18 32 100' 34 100'
medium 4t 0.36 1.88 0.83 0.19
Extemalleakage- Utility 1. 4E-4 0.04 0.14 0.05 0.04 8.0 8.0" 8.0 8.0'
medium 1t 5E-4 0.04 0.14 0.05 0.05
Fail to close on demand 27' 0.97 5.01 3.84 1.21 3.8 23 6.8 50
27t 0.98 5.09 3.93 1.26
Fail to open on demand 25. 2E-4 0.93 4.17 1.65 1.12 5.9 17 8.7 32
25t 2E-4 0.96 4.22 1.66 1.17
Fail to regulate 13. 0.03 0.43 1.20 0.39 0.58 2.4 4.0' 1.3 4.0'
d 0.03 0.45 1.28 0.42 0.61
Internal leakage J• 5E-4 0.11 0.42 0.15 0.13 6.3 8.0' 9.0 16'
3t 6E-4 0.12 0.42 0.16 0.14
Low output 1. 9E-4 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.04 2.0 2.0' 3.0 3.0'
1t 8E-4 0.04 0.13 0.05 0.05
Spurious operation 1. 0.08 0.44 0.21 0.04 6.0 6.0" 6.0 6.0'
1t 0.08 0.43 0.20 0.05
Structural deficiency J• 0.17 0.93 0.47 0.13 5.0 9.0' 5.3 9.0'
3t 0.17 0.95 0.48 0.14
Valve leakage in closed J• 3E-4 0.14 0.55 0.20 0.13 10.0 10.0' 352 694'
position 3t 5E-4 0.15 0.57 0.21 0.14
Other 1. 9E-4 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.04 - - -
1t 8E-4 0.04 0.13 0.05 0.05
Degraded 126. 0.08 6.98 22.61 8.21 S.6S 7.0 113 1S 502
126t 0.07 7.20 23.S7 8.S9 S.90
Abnormal instrument reading 4. - 0.21 1.21 0.70 0.18 3.8 5.0' 3.8 5.0"
4t - 0.22 1.23 0.71 0.19
Delayed operation 13. 2E-3 0.61 2.36 0.87 0.58 4.1 8.0 8.0 16
13t 3E-3 0.62 2.35 0.87 0.61
External leakage - Process 16. 2E-3 1.57 6.39 2.41 0.72 14 27" 16 98
medium 16t 2E-3 1.61 6.64 2.52 0.75
Extemalleakage - UtiiRy 13. 4E-3 0.51 1.75 0.64 0.58 4.9 11' 11 22
medium 13t SE-3 0.53 1.76 0.65 0.61
FBI to open on demand 1. 2E-4 0.04 0.16 0.06 0.04 0.5 0.5' 0.5 0.5"
1t - 0.05 0.20 0.08 0.05
High output 2. 3E-4 0.08 0.31 0.12 0.09 3.3 3.5" 3.3 3.5'
2t - 0.09 0.40 0.16 0.09
Internal leakage 6. - 0.58 2.86 1.20 0.27 9.7 18" 29 53'
6t - 0.58 2.88 1.22 0.28
Comments
(coni.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4 Valves
Valves described by application
22.2900 21.3516
Low output 13. 0.33 1.82 0.86 0.58 5.3 13 5.3 13
13t 0.35 1.90 1.21 0.61
Minor in-service problems 7" 0.31 1.54 0.65 0.31 2.5 4.o· 31 40.
7t - 0.31 1.54 0.65 0.33
Plugged/Choked 3. 6E-3 0.12 0.36 0.12 0.13 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
3t 7E-4 0.12 0.44 0.16 0.14
Structural deficiency 4. - 0.73 3.36 1.35 0.18 6.0 6.o· 6.0 6.o·
4t - 0.75 3.47 1.40 0.19
Valve leakage in closed 34. - 1.29 6.85 4.60 1.53 9.9 113 27 502
position 34t 1.31 6.91 4.67 1.59
Other 10. 1.21 6.35 2.87 0.45 3.0 4.o· 2.9 6.o·
10t 1.27 6.66 3.01 0.47
Incipient 64. 0.89 2.89 5.85 1.56 2.87 5.8 37 17 280
64t 0.88 3.02 6.19 1.67 3.00
Abnonnal instrument rea::ling 15. 4E-4 0.63 2.69 1.04 0.67 4.0 16 4.5 16
15t 6E-4 0.66 2.78 1.06 0.70
Delayed operation 4. 6E-4 0.15 0.56 0.21 0.18 5.3 6.o· 5.3 6.o·
4t 6E-4 0.15 0.57 0.21 0.19
External leakage - Process 4. - 0.42 2.07 0.87 0.18 16 3r 34 1W
medium 4t - 0.42 2.08 0.89 0.19
External leakage - Utility 3. 0.55 2.61 1.07 0.13 10.0 12" 24 36.
medium 3t 0.55 2.64 1.09 0.14
Fail to regulate 1. 9E-4 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.04 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 8E-4 0.04 0.13 0.05 0.05
Internal leakage 4. 0.27 1.25 0.50 0.18 21 35. 147 280.
4t 0.27 1.25 0.50 0.19
Low output 2. 4E-4 0.09 0.33 0.12 0.09 1.0 1.o· 1.0 to·
2t 4E-4 0.09 0.36 0.13 0.09
Minor in-service problems 14. 0.39 0.64 0.93 0.17 0.63 2.7 8.0 3.3 12
14t 0.18 0.70 1.50 0.42 0.66
Structural deficiency 2" - 0.13 0.66 0.28 0.09 - 10.0 12.
2t - 0.13 0.65 0.27 0.09
Valve leakage in closed 1. 2E-4 0.04 0.16 0.06 0.04 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.o·
position 1t - 0.05 0.20 0.08 0.05
Other 13. 5E-4 0.43 1.79 0.68 0.58 4.2 12 6.2 16
13t 9E-4 0.45 1.79 0.67 0.61
Unknown 1. 9E-4 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.04 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 8E-4 0.04 0.13 0.05 0.05
Unknown 14. 0.62 3.14 1.35 0.63 3.0 8.5 4.5 17
14t
4.
- 0.63 3.19 1.37 0.66
External leakage - Utility 6E-4 0.15 0.56 0.21 0.18 3.8 8.o· 3.8 8.o·
medium 4t 6E-4 0.15 0.57 0.21 0.19
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4 Valves
Vahles descnbed by appl~ation
22.2900 21.3516
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active re • hrs Man hours
Other 1" 4E-4 0.04 0.14 0.05 0.04 2.5 2.5· 5.0 5.o·
1t 5E-4 0.04 0.14 0.05 0.05
UnknoVun 9" - 0.52 2.85 1.38 0.40 2.6 8.5· 4.9 1r
9t 0.52 2.88 1.41 0.42
All modes 289" 1.30 13.57 37.01 11.92 12.97 6.3 113 16 694
289t 1.28 13.92 38.27 12.38 13.54
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application
AIR DOP ELP ELU FTC FTO FTR HIO INL

Bonnet - 0.35 - - - -
Cablina & iunction boxes 0.69 - - -
Closure member 0.35 0.35 - - - 0.35
lBaiVoale/discletc.l
Flanoe - - 1.04 -
Instrument, aenerat 1.04 - - - -
lnstrumenfOOsition 1.73 - - - -
Monitorioo 0.35 - - - - -
Other 0.35 - - - - 0.35 -
Other actuator comoonents 0.69 - 0.69 - 0.35
Other valve corriOOrlents 0.69 0.35 2.77 - -
Pacl<ino - 0.35 - - - - 0.35
Pilot valve 0.35 - 2.42 0.35 -
Positioner 0.35 - 0.35
Seals 0.69 0.35 -
Seals foaskelsl - - - 1.04 - - 1.38
Seatrinas - - 0.35 - - -
spnna - - - - 0.35 - - - -
Slem - - 0.69 - 0.35 - -
Subunit - 1.38 1.04 0.35 0.35 1.38 - 0.69
Unknown 1.73 4.50 1.73 4.50 5.19 3.81 4.15 1.38
Valve bodYwfintemals - - 1.38 - 0.35 - 0.69 0.69 -
Touo 6.57 6.92 8.30 7.27 9.34 9.00 4.84 0.69 4.50
©OREDA

LCP LOO OTH PLU SER SPO STD UNK Sum

Bonnet - - - - 0.52 - 0.87
Cabling & ·unction boxes - - 1.73 - 0.35 - 2.77
Closure member - 0.35 0.35 1.38 0.35 - 3.46
(Bal1/ga1eldisc/e1c.)
Flange - - - 1.04
Instrument, general 0.35 0.35 - 1.73
Instrument, position - - - 1.73
Monitoring - 0.35 - - 0.69
Other - 0.69 - 0.35 1.73
Other actuator comoonents - - 0.35 - - 2.08
Other valve components 9.00 - 0.35 0.35 13.49
Packing 0.69 - - 1.38
Pilot valve - - 0.69 - 3.81
Positioner - - - 0.69 - 1.38
Seals - 0.35 - - 1.38
Sea~ (gaske~) - - - - - 2.42
Seat rings 0.35 - - 0.35 - 1.04
Sonna - - - - - 0.35
Stem - - - - - 1.04
Subunit 0.35 0.35 - - 1.38 0.35 1.38 9.00
Unknown 2.42 2.08 5.54 0.69 1.73 - 0.35 2.08 41.87
Valve body wlintemals 0.35 2.77 - - - 0.52 6.75
Total 13.15 5.54 8.65 1.04 7.27 0.35 3.11 3.46 100.0
©OREDA

AIR DOP ELP ELU FTC FTO FTR HID INL

Blockaoeloluaged 1.04 - - - 2.08 1.04 0.69 0.35 -
Breakage 0.35 - -
ClennceJ alignment failure 0.35 0.35 - - -
Control failure 0.35 - 0.35 -
Corrosion 0.35 0.35 - 0.35 - -
Defonnation - - - - 0.35 - -
Erosion - - - - - -
Faulty sig_nal/indicationJalarm - - - -
Instrument failure • ~:~eneral 2.08 - 2.77 1.38 0.35 0.35 -
Leakage 4.15 5.19 - - 1.38
Looseness - - 1.04 - - -
Material failure - aeneral 0.69 0.35 - - 1.04
Mechanical Failure- general 0.35 0.35 1.73 1.38 2.08 1.04 3.46 - 1.73
Misc. external influences 0.69 - - -
Miscellaneous ~ general - - 0.35 -
No sianaUindication/alann 0.35 - - -
Other 0.35 - - - -
Out of adjustment 0.35 1.73 - - - -
Short circuiting 0.35 - - - -
Sticking - 0.35 - - 0.35 0.35 0.35
Unknown - 3.46 0.35 - 1.73 1.73 0.35
Wew: - - 0.35 2.42 -
Total 6.57 6.92 8.30 7.27 9.34 9.00 4.84 0.69 4.50
©OREDA

LCP LOO OTH PLU SER SPO sro UNK Sum

Blockaaeloluaaed 4.15 1.04 0.35 - - - 10.73
Breakaqe 0.35 0.35 - 1.04
Clearance/ alignment failure 0.35 - - - - 1.04
Corrosion 0.35 0.35 3.11 1.73 - 1.38 - 7.96
Erosion - 0.35 - 0.35
Faulty signaVindicationlalarm 0.35 - - - 0.35
Instrument failure - Qeneral 0.35 1.73 0.69 - 9.69
Leakage 1.38 0.35 - - - - 12.46
Looseness 0.69 - 0.35 - - 2.08
Material failure- general 0.69 - 0.35 0.35 0.35 3.81
Mechanical Failure -Qeneral 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.69 0.35 - 1.04 15.22
Misc. external influences - - 0.35 - 1.04
Miscellaneous - general - - - - 0.35
No sianallindication/alarm - - - - 0.35
01her - 1.38 - - 1.73
Out of adjustment - 0.35 0.35 0.69 - - 3.46
Short circuitina - - - - 0.35
Stic~na - - - 0.35 - - 1.73
Unknown - - 0.35 1.04 - - 2.42 11.42
wear 9.00 - 1.38 - - 13.15
Total 13.15 5.54 8.65 1.04 7.27 0.35 3.11 3.46 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.1 Valves
Annulus Master
0.1212 0.1211
All modes o· 0.01 3.16 12.15 4.47 . . . . .

ot 0.01 3.18 12.23 4.50 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.1.1 Valves
Annulus Master
Ball
0.1212 0.1211
AllmodH o· 7E-3 1.79 6.87 2.53 . . . . .

ot 0.01 1.80 6.90 2.54 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.1.1.1 Valves
Annulus Master
Ball
5.1-10) inch
0.1212 0.1211
All modes o· 5E·3 1.25 4.79 1.77 - - - -

ot SE-3 1.25 4.81 1.77 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.2 Valves
Blow:lown
0.9007 0.9003
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours). Active reD. hrs Manhours
failures Lower Mean Upper so n/• Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 3. 0.20 2.82 8.13 2.68 3.33 3.0 6.cr 3.0 6.o·
3t 0.20 2.83 8.13 2.68 3.33
Delayed operation 2" 0.16 1.96 5.48 1.79 2.22 3.0 6.o· 3.0 6.o·
2t 0.16 1.96 5.48 1.79 2.22
Fail to open on demand 1. 0.02 1.00 3.12 1.11 1.11 -
1t 0.02 1.00 3.13 1.11 1.11
Degraded 3. 0.74 3.37 7.58 2.19 3.33 3.7 4.0' 5.0 a.o+
3t 0.74 3.37 7.58 2.19 3.33
Delayed operation 2. 0.23 2.43 6.64 2.14 2.22 3.5 4.o· 5.5 8.o·
2t 0.23 2.43 6.64 2.14 2.22
Ex1emalleakage- Utilily 1. 0.02 1.00 3.12 1.11 1.11 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
medium 1t 0.02 1.00 3.13 1.11 1.11
Incipient 5. 0.21 4.44 13.31 4.46 5.55 3.0 5.cr 3.8 8.o·
5t 0.21 4.44 13.32 4.47 5.55
1t 0.02 1.00 3.13 1.11 1.11
Other 4. 0.21 3.65 10.75 3.57 4.44 2.5 4.o· 3.5 8.o·
4t 0.21 3.65 10.75 3.57 4.44
Unknown 1. 0.02 1.00 3.12 1.11 1.11 2.5 2.5" 5.0 5.o·
1t 0.02 1.00 3.13 1.11 1.11
Olher 1. 0.02 1.00 3.12 1.11 1.11 2.5 2.5· 5.0 5.o·
1t 0.02 1.00 3.13 1.11 1.11
All modes 12" 6.81 12.39 19.31 3.85 13.32 3.1 6.0 4.1 8.0
12t 6.81 12.39 19.32 3.85 13.33
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application - Slowdown

Unknown - 41.67 8.33 8.33 - -
Tolal - 41.67 8.33 8.33

Item: Valves described by application -Slowdown

Unknown - 41.67 - - - - 100.0
Tolal - 41.67 - - - - 100.0
©OREDA


Corrosion - - - -
Leakage - 8.33 - - -
Looseness - - - - -
Sticking - - - 8.33 - -
Unknown 25.00 - - - -
Tolal 41.67 8.33 - 8.33 -


Corrosion - 25.00 - - 25.00
Leakage - - - - - - 8.33
looseness - - 8.33 - - - - - 8.33
Out of adjustment - - - - - 16.67
Slic~ng - - - - - - 8.33
Unknown - 8.33 - - - - - 33.33
Tolal - 41.67 - - - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.2.1 Valves
Slowdown
Ball
19 2 Calendar time 11 Operational time T
0.6642 0.6638
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1oe hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 3. 0.66 4.35 10.74 3.28 4.52 3.0 6.0' 3.0 6.1r
3t 0.66 4.35 10.74 3.28 4.52
Delayed operation 2. 0.46 2.94 7.19 2.19 3.01 3.0 6.0' 3.0 6.0'
2t 0.46 2.94 7.19 2.19 3.01
Fail to open on demand 1. 0.06 1.47 4.43 1.51 1.51 - -
1t 0.06 1.47 4.43 1.51 1.51
Degraded 2. 0.46 2.94 7.19 2.19 3.01 3.5 4.0' 3.5 4.1r
2t 0.46 2.94 7.19 2.19 3.01
1t 0.06 1.47 4.43 1.51 1.51
Extemalleakage - Utility 1. 0.06 1.47 4.43 1.51 1.51 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
medium 1t 0.06 1.47 4.43 1.51 1.51
Incipient 5. 1.01 7.09 17.75 5.47 7.53 3.0 5.0' 3.8 8.1r
5t 1.01 7.10 17.76 5.47 7.53
1t 0.06 1.47 4.43 1.51 1.51
Other 4. 0.85 5.74 14.26 4.37 6.02 2.5 4.0' 3.5 8.0'
4t 0.85 5.74 14.26 4.38 6.03
Unknown 1. 0.06 1.47 4.43 1.51 1.51 2.5 2.5' 5.0 5.1r
1t 0.06 1.47 4.43 1.51 1.51
Other 1. 0.06 1.47 4.43 1.51 1.51 2.5 2.5' 5.0 5.0'
1t 0.06 1.47 4.43 1.51 1.51
All modes w 1.71 14.71 38.33 12.03 16.56 3.1 6.0' 3.7 8.1r
11t 1.71 14.72 38.35 12.04 16.57
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.2.1.1 Valves
Slowdown
Ball
1.1-5.0) inch
0.5833 0.5830
Crttical 3' 0.73 4.93 12.23 3.75 5.14 3.0 6.1r 3.0 6.1r
3t 0.74 4.93 12.24 3.75 5.15
Delayed operation 2' 0.52 3.33 8.19 2.50 3.43 3.0 6.0' 3.0 6.0'
2t 0.52 3.33 8.20 2.50 3.43
Fail to open on demand 1' 0.06 1.67 5.03 1.71 1.71 -
1t 0.06 1.67 5.04 1.72 1.72
Degraded 2' 0.52 3.33 8.19 2.50 3.43 3.5 4.1r 3.5 4.1r
2t 0.52 3.33 8.20 2.50 3.43
1t 0.06 1.67 5.04 1.72 1.72
External leakage - UtiiHy 1' 0.06 1.67 5.03 1.71 1.71 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
medium 1t 0.06 1.67 5.04 1.72 1.72
Incipient 2' 0.52 3.33 8.19 2.50 3.43 2.0 2.1r 2.0 2.1r
2t 0.52 3.33 8.20 2.50 3.43
Other 2' 0.52 3.33 8.19 2.50 3.43 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
2t 0.52 3.33 8.20 2.50 3.43
Unknown 1' 0.06 1.67 5.03 1.71 1.71 2.5 2.!> 5.0 5.1r
1t 0.06 1.67 5.04 1.72 1.72
Other 1' 0.06 1.67 5.03 1.71 1.71 2.5 2.5' 5.0 5.0'
1t 0.06 1.67 5.04 1.72 1.72
All modes s· 1.52 12.39 31.99 10.00 13.71 2.8 6.1r 3.1 6.1r
at 1.52 12.40 32.01 10.00 13.72
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.2.1.2 Valves
Slowdown
Ball
5.1-10) inch
1 1 Calendar time "' Operational time
0.0404 0.0404
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours). Active reo. hrs Man hours
Incipient 2' 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 4.5 5.o- 6.5 8.o+
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
Delayed operation 1' 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 5.0 5.0" 5.0 5.0"
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Other 1' 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 4.0 4.0" 8.0 a.o-
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
All modes 2' 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 4.5 5.o· 6.5 8.o+
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.2.1.3 Valves
Slowdown
Ball
Unknown
0.0404 0.0404
Failure mode No of Failure rate fDer 1()6 hours . Active reD. hrs Man hours
Incipient 1. 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 2.0 2.1r 2.0 2.1r
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Other 1. 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
All modes 1. 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 2.0 2.1r 2.0 2.1r
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.2.2 Valves
Blo!Mtown
Multiole orifice
Operational time
0.2365 0.2365
failures Lower Mean Upper 50 nl• Mean Max Mean Max
Degraded 1. 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23 4.0 4.1r 8.0 8.1r
1t 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23
Delayed operation 1. 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23 4.0 4.o· 8.0 s.o·
1t 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23
All modes 1. 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23 4.0 4.1r 8.0 B.lr
1t 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.2.2.1 Valves
Slowdown
Multiple orifice
Unknown
0.2365 0.2365
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours}_. Active reo. hrs Man hours
Degraded 1. 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23 4.0 4.0' 8.0 s.o+
1t 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23
1t 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23
All modes 1. 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23 4.0 4.0' 8.0 8.0+
1t 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.3 Valves
Combined
0.0438 0.0420
failures lower Mean Upper SD nl• Mean Max Mean Max
All modes o· 0.02 6.20 23.80 8.76 . . . . .

ot 0.03 6.42 24.64 9.08 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.3.1 Valves
Combined
Ball
0.0438 0.0420
failures lower Mean Upper SD niT Mean Max Mean Max
All modes o· 0.02 4.02 15.42 5.68 . . . . .

ot 0.02 4.17 16.01 5.90 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.3.1.1 Valves
Combined
Ball
20.1-301 incll
0.0438 0.0420
All modes o· 0.01 2.97 11.40 4.20 - - - - -

ot 0.01 3.09 11.86 4.37 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.4 Valves
Deluge
43 t Calendar time* Operational time T
t.t300 t.t300
Critical to• 4.80 8.85 15.Dt 2.80 8.85 10.0 17 t5 32
tot 4.80 8.85 15.01 2.80 8.85
Fail to open on demand to• 4.80 8.85 t5.0t 2.80 8.85 tO.O t7 t5 32
tot 4.80 8.85 t5.0t 2.80 8.85
Degraded 31' 19.86 27.43 37.02 4.93 27.43 6.6 21 tt 42
3tt 19.86 27.43 37.02 4.93 27.43
External leakage - Process 2' 0.3t t.77 5.57 t.25 t.77 to.o w t3 w
medium 2t 0.3t t.77 5.57 t.25 t.77
External leakage- Utility t• 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88 8.0 8.o· t6 t6"
medium tt 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88
Valve leakage in closed 26' t6.t2 23.0t 3t.92 4.5t 23.0t 6.7 2t tt 42
position 26t t6.t2 23.0t 3t.92 4.5t 23.0t
Other 2' 0.3t t.77 5.57 t.25 1.77 2.0 3.0" 4.0 6.0"
2t 0.3t t.77 5.57 t.25 t.77
Incipient 3' 0.73 2.65 6.86 t.53 2.65 4.3 6.cr 5.3 1.o·
3t 0.73 2.65 6.86 t.53 2.65
External leakage - Process 2' 0.31 1.77 5.57 t.25 1.77 5.0 6.0" 6.5 7.0'
medium 2t 0.3t t.77 5.57 t.25 t.77
Minor in-service problems t• 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.0'
tt 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88
At! modes 44' 29.81 38.94 50.06 5.87 38.94 7.3 21 12 42

44t 29.81 38.94 50.06 5.87 38.94
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application- Deluge

Flanoe 2.27 - - - -
Other - - 2.27 - -
Other actuator coiTIDonents - - - - - -
Other valve comoonents - - 2.27 2.27 - 18.18 -
Subunit - 4.55 - 2.27 -
Total - 9.09 2.27 - 22.73 -

Item: Valves described by application- Deluge

Flanna - - - - - - 2.27
Other - - 2.27 - 4.55
Other actuator comoonents - - 2.27 - - 2.27
Other valve corTIOOnents 59.09 2.27 - - 84.09
Subunit - - - 6.82
To1al 59.09 - 4.55 2.27 - - - 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application -Deluge

Clearance/ alignment failure - -
Control failure - - - 2.27 - -
Mechanical Failure- aeneral - 4.55 - 2.27 -
Out of acl'ustment - - - -
Unknown - - 2.27
Wear - 2.27 15.91
Total - 9.09 2.27 - 22.73

Item: Valves described by application - Deluge

Clearance/ alignment failure 2.27 - - - - - 2.27
Looseness - - - 4.55
Mechanical Failure- general - 2.27 - - - 9.09
Ou1 of adjustment - - - 2.27 - 2.27
Unknown - - - - - 2.27
Wear 56.82 2.27 - - 77.27
Total 59.09 - 4.55 - 2.27 - - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.4.1 Valves
Deluge
Diaphragm
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (10B hours) No of demands
1
1.1300 1.1300
Critical 10" 4.80 8.85 15.01 2.80 8.85 10.0 17 15 32
10t 4.80 8.85 15.01 2.80 8.85
Fail to open on demand 10" 4.80 8.85 15.01 2.80 8.85 10.0 17 15 32
10t 4.80 8.85 15.01 2.80 8.85
Degraded 31" 19.86 27.43 37.02 4.93 27.43 6.6 21 11 42
31t 19.86 27.43 37.02 4.93 27.43
External leakage- Process 2" 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77 10.0 w 13 w
medium 2t 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77
External leakage - Utility 1" 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88 8.0 8.o· 16 w
medium 1t 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88
Valve leakage in closed 26. 16.12 23.01 31.92 4.51 23.01 6.7 21 11 42
position 26t 16.12 23.01 31.92 4.51 23.01
Other 2. 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77 2.0 3.0" 4.0 6.o·
2t 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77
Incipient 3. 0.73 2.65 6.86 1.53 2.65 4.3 6.0" 5.3 7.0"
3t 0.73 2.65 6.86 1.53 2.65
External leakage - Process 2. 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77 5.0 6.o· 6.5 7.o·
medium 2t 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77
Minor in-service problems 1. 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.0"
1t 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88
All modes 44. 29.81 38.94 50.06 5.87 38.94 7.3 21 12 42

44t 29.81 38.94 50.06 5.87 38.94
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.4.1.1 Valves
DeLuge
Diaphragm
1.1-5.0)inch
0.0263 0.0263
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 1()6 hours . Active rep. hrs Man hours
Degraded I" 1.90 38.05 180.56 38.05 38.05 9.0 9.0" 18 IS'
It 1.90 38.05 180.56 38.05 38.05
Valve leakage in closed I" 1.90 38.05 180.56 38.05 38.05 9.0 9.o· 18 18.
position It 1.90 38.05 180.56 38.05 38.05
All modes I" 1.90 38.05 180.56 38.05 38.05 9.0 9.0" 18 IS'
It 1.90 38.05 180.56 38.05 38.05
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.4.1.2 Valves
Deluge
Diaphragm
5.1-10).inch
1.0775 1.0775
Critical 10. 5.03 9.28 15.74 2.93 9.28 10.0 17 15 32
10t 5.03 9.28 15.74 2.93 9.28
Fail to open on demand 10. 5.03 9.28 15.74 2.93 9.28 10.0 17 15 32
10t 5.03 9.28 15.74 2.93 9.28
Degraded 3o· 20.04 27.84 37.76 5.08 27.84 6.6 21 11 42
30t 20.04 27.84 37.76 5.08 27.84
External leakage ~ Process 2. 0.33 1.86 5.84 1.31 1.86 10.0 w 13 w
medium 2t 0.33 1.86 5.84 1.31 1.86
External leakage - Utility 1. 0.05 0.93 4.40 0.93 0.93 8.0 8.0" 16 16"
medium 1t 0.05 0.93 4.40 0.93 0.93
position 25t 16.13 23.20 32.40 4.64 23.20
Other 2. 0.33 1.86 5.84 1.31 1.86 2.0 3.0" 4.0 6.0"
2t 0.33 1B6 5.84 1.31 1B6
Incipient 3. 0.76 2.78 7.20 1.61 2.78 4.3 6.0+ 5.3 7.0+
3t 0.76 2.78 7.20 1.61 2.78
medium 2t 0.33 1.86 5.84 1.31 1.86
Minor in-seNice problems 1. 0.05 0.93 4.40 0.93 0.93 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.0"
1t 0.05 0.93 4.40 0.93 0.93
All modes 43. 30.45 39.91 51.46 6.09 39.91 7.2 21 11 42

43t 30.45 39.91 51.46 6.09 39.91
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.4.1.3 Valves
Deluge
Diaphragm
Unknown
0.0263 0.0263
failures Lower Mean Upper so n/• Mean Max Mean Max
All modes o· 0.05 12.78 49.08 18.07 . . . . .

ot 0.05 12.78 49.08 18.07 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.5 Valves
ESD
3.7070 3.6928
Critical 36" . 5.48 26.49 10.94 9.71 6.6 100 27 694
36t . 5.51 26.72 11.07 9.75
medium 4t 0.06 1.12 3.37 1.12 1.08
Fail to close on demand 19" 2.27 11.88 8.33 5.13 2.8 6.0 3.4 11
19t . 2.29 11.97 8.41 5.15
Fail to open on demand 5" 0.01 1.08 3.46 1.25 1.35 2.3 5.0" 2.6 5.0"
st 0.01 1.08 3.52 1.28 1.35
Internal leakage 3" 7E-3 0.64 2.09 0.76 0.81 6.3 8.0" 9.0 16"
3t 7E-3 0.64 2.10 0.76 0.81
Spurious operation 1" 0.28 1.40 0.60 0.27 6.0 6.0" 6.0 6.0"
1t 0.28 1.41 0.60 0.27
Structural deficiency 3" 2E-3 0.65 2.53 0.93 0.81 5.0 9.0" 5.3 9.0"
3t 2E-3 0.66 2.55 0.94 0.81
Valve leakage in closed 1" - 0.34 1.88 0.95 0.27 694 694"
position 1t - 0.34 1.89 0.95 027
Degraded 26" 0.20 12.47 39.26 14.05 7.01 14 113 37 502
26t 0.19 12.85 40.66 14.59 7.04
Abnormal instrument reading 4" 0.32 1.01 2.03 0.54 1.08 3.8 5.0" 3.8 5.0"
4t 0.32 1.02 2.04 0.54 1.08
Delayed operation 5" 0.47 1.28 2.40 0.60 1.35 3.9 6.0" 5.8 12"
5t 0.47 1.28 2.41 0.61 1.35
External leakage - Process 5" 3E-3 4.12 17.43 6.70 1.35 21 27" 39 98"
medium st 3E-3 4.33 18.21 6.98 1.35
External leakage- Utility 1" 4E-3 0.24 0.76 0.27 0.27 2.0 2.0" 4.0 4.0"
medium 1t 4E-3 0.24 0.76 0.27 0.27
Internal leakage 6" 4E-4 2.72 12.22 4.85 1.62 9.7 18" 29 53"
6t 4E-4 2.72 12.24 4.85 1.62
3t 6E-4 2.14 9.39 3.68 0.81
Valve leakage in closed 1" 0.34 1.88 0.95 0.27 113 113" 502 502"
position 1t 0.34 1.89 0.95 0.27
Other 1" 1.72 8.14 3.33 0.27 - - 2.0 2.0"
1t 1.64 8.56 3.47 0.27
Incipient 25' 0.23 7.26 22.02 7.58 6.74 9.6 37 35 280
25t 0.24 7.29 22.08 7.59 6.77
Abnormal instrument reafing 6" - 1.29 6.41 2.73 1.62 4.5 16" 4.5 16"
6t . 1.30 6.43 2.73 1.62
Delayed operation 3" 7E-3 0.64 2.09 0.76 0.81 5.3 6.0" 5.3 6.0"
3t 7E-3 0.64 2.10 0.76 0.81
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.5 Valves
ESD
3.7070 3.6928
External leakage - Process 2" 1E-3 2.05 8.69 3.35 0.54 37 3r 61 110"
medium 2t 1E-3 2.05 8.71 3.36 0.54
External leakage - Utility 3" 1E-3 1.37 5.74 2.20 0.81 10.0 12" 24 36"
medium 3t 1E-3 1.37 5.75 2.20 0.81
Internal leakage 3" 4E-4 0.73 3.12 1.20 0.81 26 35" 192 280"
3t 4E-4 0.73 3.12 1.20 0.81
Minor in-service problems 5" . 1.25 6.21 2.65 1.35 2.8 8.0" 2.8 8.0"
5t . 1.25 6.23 2.65 1.35
Other 3" 2E-4 0.88 3.87 1.52 0.81 7.0 12" 9.0 12"
3t 2E-4 0.88 3.88 1.52 0.81
Unknown 11" 1.46 2.75 4.36 0.89 2.97 2.6 8.0' 3.2 8.0..
11t 1.46 2.76 4.38 0.90 2.98
External leakage - Utility 4" 6E-3 0.81 2.76 1.02 1.08 3.8 8.0" 3.8 8.0"
medium 4t 6E-3 0.81 2.77 1.02 1.08
UnknoiM'l 7" . 1.20 5.91 2.50 1.89 1.8 3.0" 2.8 6.0"
7t . 1.20 5.97 2.54 1.90
All modes 98" 3.82 25.08 61.92 18.92 26.44 8.4 113 29 694
98t 3.67 25.37 63.36 19.49 26.54
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application - ESD

Bonnet 1.02 - -
Cabling & iunction boxes 2.04 - -
Closure member 1.02 - - - - 1.02
(Balllgateld~c/e1c.)
Instrument, Qeneral 1.02 - - - - -
Instrument, position 5.10 - -
Other 1.02 -
Other actuator components - - - 1.02
PackinQ - 1.02 - - - -
Pilot valve 7.14 1.02 -
Seals - 2.04 1.02 - - -
Sea~ (gaskets] - - 1.02 - 4.08
Seat rinQS - 1.02 - -
Stem - 1.02 - 1.02 -
SubunH - 1.02 - 1.02 2.04 - 2.04
Unknown 1.02 7.14 4.08 6.12 9.18 2.04 4.08
Valve bodv w/intemals - - - 1.02 - -
Total 10.20 8.16 11.22 8.16 19.39 5.10 - - 12.24
©OREDA


Bonnet - - 1.02 2.04
Cabling & ·unction boxes - 1.02 - - 1.02 4.08
Closure member - - 1.02 3.06
1Balll~a1eldiscle1c.)
Instrument, general - - 1.02
Instrument, position - - - 5.10
Other - 1.02 - 2.04
Other actuator components - - - - 1.02
Packing - - - 1.02
Pilot valve - - - 2.04 - 10.20
Sea~ 1.02 - - 4.08
Se~ (gaske~) - - - - - - 5.10
Seal rings - - - - 1.02
Stem - - - - 2.04
Subunit - 4.08 1.02 3.06 14.29
Unknown 2.04 - 2.04 - 4.08 41.84
Valve body w/intemals - - 1.02 - 2.04
Total 2.04 - 4.08 5.10 1.02 6.12 7.14 100.0
©OREDA


Blockaaeloluaaed 1.02 - - 3.06 1.02 -
Breakage 1.02
Corrosion 1.02 1.02 - - -
Instrument failure - general 2.04 - 8.16 2.04 -
Leakaae - 6.12 7.14 - - - 4.08
Material failure - aeneral - - - 2.04
Mechanical Failure- general 1.02 1.02 3.06 1.02 4.08 1.02 5.10
Misc. external influences 1.02 - - - - -
No siQnal/indicationlalarm 1.02 - - -
Open circuit 1.02 - - - - -
Other 1.02 - -
Out of adjustment 1.02 3.06 - -
Short circuitino 1.02 - - -
Sticking - - - 1.02 - - -
Unknown - 2.04 1.02 3.06 1.02 - 1.02
Wear - - - -
Total 10.20 8.16 11.22 8.16 19.39 5.10 - 12.24


Blockaaeloluoaed - - - - 5.10
Breakaae - 1.02 - - - 2.04
Corrosion - - 1.02 - 2.04 5.10
Instrument failure - general - - - 2.04 14.29
Leakaae 1.02 - - - - - 18.37
Material fiilure - general - - 1.02 1.02 - 1.02 5.10
MechCilical Failure- general - 1.02 1.02 1.02 19.39
Misc. external influences - - - - - 1.02 - 2.04
No siQna/indication/alann - - - - - 1.02
Open circuit - - - 1.02
Other - 1.02 - - 2.04
Out of adjustment - - 4.08
Sticking - - - 1.02 - - 2.04
Unknown - - - 2.04 - - 6.12 16.33
Wear 1.02 - - - - 1.02
Total 2.04 4.08 5.10 1.02 6.12 7.14 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.5.1 Valves
ESC
Ball
2.3528 2.3444
Critical 21. . 5.55 27.52 11.69 8.93 8.2 100 42 694
21t . 5.58 27.77 11.82 8.96
External leakage - Process 1. 0.82 4.41 2.04 0.43 100 100" 100 100"
medium 1t 0.82 4.42 2.04 0.43
Fail to close on demand 13. 3.00 16.54 10.02 5.53 2.8 6.0 3.2 7.0
13t 3.03 16.65 10.12 5.55
Fail to open on demand 3. 0.32 1.24 2.64 0.74 1.28 3.0 5.0" 3.0 5.0"
3t 0.30 1.24 2.71 0.77 1.28
Internal leakage 3. 0.01 0.98 3.20 1.17 1.28 6.3 8.0" 9.0 16"
3t 0.01 0.99 3.21 1.17 1.28
vave leakage in closed 1. . 0.43 2.20 0.95 0.43 . - 694 694"
position 1t . 0.43 2.21 0.95 0.43
Degraded 19. 0.14 14.71 48.70 17.82 8.08 19 113 49 502
19t 0.14 15.16 50.44 18.48 8.10
Abnonnal instrument reading 2. 2E-4 0.74 3.24 1.27 0.85 3.5 5.0" 3.5 5.0"
2t 2E-4 0.74 3.27 1.29 0.85
Delayed operation 3. . 1.07 5.68 2.60 1.28 4.0 6.0" 4.0 6.0"
3t . 1.07 5.69 2.60 1.28
External leakage - Process 4. 2E-3 4.93 21.51 8.38 1.70 23 27" 42 98"
medium 4t 2E-3 5.16 22.46 8.73 1.71
Internal leakage 6. 1E-3 3.66 15.92 6.19 2.55 9.7 18" 29 53"
6t 1E-3 3.67 15.95 6.20 2.56
2t 2E-4 2.44 11.26 4.53 0.85
Valve leakage in closed 1. . 0.43 2.20 0.95 0.43 113 113" 502 502"
position 1t . 0.43 2.21 0.95 0.43
Other 1. . 1.77 9.15 4.01 0.43 2.0 2.0"
1t - 1.89 9.67 4.19 0.43
Incipient 17. 0.12 7.27 22.83 8.16 7.23 11 37 50 280
17t 0.12 7.30 22.88 8.17 7.25
Abnonnal instrument reading 1. 6E-3 0.38 1.19 0.43 0.43 . - -
1t 6E-3 0.38 1.19 0.43 0.43
Delayed operation 2. 0,01 0.70 2.19 0.78 0.85 6.0 6.0" 6.0 6.0"
2t 0.01 0.71 2.19 0.78 0.85
Extemalleakage - Process 2. 3E-4 2.14 9.74 3.88 0.85 37 37" 61 110"
medium 2t 3E-4 2.15 9.76 3.89 0.85
Extemalleakage • Utility 3• 0.01 1.53 5.41 2.00 1.28 10.0 12" 24 36"
medium 3t 0,01 1.54 5.41 2.00 1.28
lntemalleakage 3. 0.34 1.27 2.67 0.74 1.28 26 35" 192 280"
3t 0.34 1.27 2.68 0.74 1.28
Comments
Icont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no hem
4.4.5.1 Valves
ESD
Ball
2.3528 2.3444
4t 0.42 1.71 3.70 1.04 1.71
Other 2. 4E-3 0.76 2.71 1.00 0.85 4.5 6.o· 7.5 12"
2t 4E-3 0.76 2.71 1.00 0.85
Unknown 4. 2E-3 1.40 5.68 2.14 1.70 1.0 1.0" 1.3 2.0"
4t 2E·3 1.40 5.76 2.18 1.71
Unknown 4. 2E-3 1.40 5.68 2.14 1.70 1.0 1.o· 1.3 2.o·
4t 2E-3 1.40 5.76 2.18 1.71
All modes 51• 3.95 26.82 66.73 20.48 25.93 11 113 44 694
61t 3.74 27.15 68.52 21.19 26.02
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.5.1.1 Valves
ESD
Ball
lt1.1-5.0linch
0.4527 0.4502
Critical 6. 1.48 13.74 36.50 11.59 13.25 4.2 6.1r 4.2 6.1r
6t 1.46 13.86 37.02 11.79 13.33
Fail to close on demand 4. 3.12 8.96 17.24 4.42 8.84 4.3 6.0' 4.3 6.0'
4t 3.14 9.02 17.34 4.44 8.89
Fail to open on demand 2. 0.09 4.61 14.30 5.06 4.42 4.0 5.0' 4.0 5.o·
2t 0.09 4.65 14.49 5.14 4.44
Degraded 1. 0.01 2.14 7.89 2.92 2.21 2.0 2.1r 2.0 2.1r
1t 0.01 2.15 7.90 2.92 2.22
1t O.Q1 2.15 7.90 2.92 2.22
Incipient 3. 1.78 6.59 13.87 3.83 6.63 1.3 3.1r 1.3 3.1r
3t 1.79 6.62 13.94 3.85 6.66
Abnonnal instrument reading 1. O.Q1 2.14 7.89 2.92 2.21 - - - -
1t 0.01 2.15 7.90 2.92 2.22
1t 0.14 2.28 6.69 2.22 2.22
Other 1. 0.01 2.14 7.89 2.92 2.21 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.0'
1t 0.01 2.15 7.90 2.92 2.22
All modes 10. 10.34 22.27 37.86 8.52 22.09 3.1 6.1r 3.1 6.0"
10t 10.22 22.42 38.46 8.74 22.21
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.5.1.2 Valves
ESD
Ball
lt5.1-10)inch
Population Installations Aggregated time in service {11)6 hours) No of demands
0.7387 0.7387
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 108 hours). Active rep. hrsManhours
Critical 10. 0.01 10.89 44.82 17.00 13.54 3.3 8.0 4.7 16
10t 0.01 10.95 45.28 17.21 13.57
Fail to close on demand 6. 7.19 37.48 16.72 8.12 2.2 3S 3.2 7.0"
6t 7.25 37.82 16.89 8.14
Fail to open on demand 1. 1.37 6.56 2.70 1.35 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
1t - 1.38 6.62 2.73 1.36
Internal leakage 3. 0.02 3.04 10.85 4.01 4.06 6.3 8.o· 9.0 16"
3t 0.02 3.05 10.85 4.01 4.07
Degraded 3. 1.22 4.21 8.65 2.34 4.06 8.7 19" 35 98"
3t 1.23 4.22 8.68 2.35 4.07
2t 0.02 2.77 9.61 3.55 2.71
External leakage - Process 1. 0.11 1.44 4.12 1.35 1.35 19 19" 98 98"
medium 1t 0.11 1.44 4.13 1.38 1.36
Incipient 6· 2.28 7.58 15.42 4.14 8.12 16 3s+ 100 280"
6t 2.32 7.61 15.37 4.11 8.14
Delayed operation 2. 0.02 2.18 7.28 2.67 2.71 6.0 6.0" 6.0 6.0"
2t 0.02 2.18 7.29 2.67 2.71
ExtemaJ leakage - Utility 1. 0.02 1.19 3.77 1.35 1.35 6.0 6.0" 12 12"
medium 1t 0.02 1.19 3.78 1.36 1.38
Internal leakage 3. 0.03 4.37 15.10 5.57 4.06 26 35" 192 280"
3t 0.03 4.38 15.10 5.57 4.07
Unknown 4. - 5.05 24.59 10.26 5.41 1.0 1.0" 1.3 2.0"
4t
4.
- 5.08 24.82 10.37 5.43
Unknown - 5.05 24.59 10.26 5.41 1.0 1.0" 1.3 2.0"
4t - 5.08 24.82 10.37 5.43
All modes 23. 0.26 25.69 64.11 30.67 31.13 7.2 35 34 280
23t 0.25 25.81 64.98 31.05 31.22
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.5.1.3 Valves
ESD
Ball
10.1-20) inch
0.3419 0.3408
Critical 3" 2E·3 7.75 34.07 13.35 8.77 2.0 3.0' 2.0 3.0+
3t 2E·3 7.79 34.44 13.54 8.80
Fail to close on demand 3" 2E-3 7.75 34.07 13.35 8.77 2.0 3.o· 2.0 3.o·
3t 2E-3 7.79 34.44 13.54 8.80
Degraded 2" 0.49 6.49 18.49 6.07 5.85 12 11r 30 5:r
2t 0.50 6.50 18.46 6.05 5.87
Internal leakage 1" 1E-4 4.12 19.45 7.95 2.92 18 18. 53 53.
1t 1E-4 4.12 19.47 7.96 2.93
Structural deficiency 1" . 3.03 15.92 7.18 2.92 6.0 6.o· 6.0 6.o·
1t . 3.04 15.94 7.19 2.93
Incipient 4" 0.14 11.88 38.36 13.92 11.70 4.7 12" 13 36"
4t 0.14 11.94 38.57 14.00 11.74
External leakage - Process 1" 4E-3 3.43 14.17 5.38 2.92 12 12'
medium 1t 4E-3 3.44 14.17 5.38 2.93
External leakage- Utility 1" . 3.03 15.92 7.18 2.92 12 12• 36 36.
medium 1t - 3.04 15.94 7.19 2.93
Minor in-service problems 2" 0.12 5.60 17.28 6.09 5.85 1.0 1.o· 1.0 1.o·
2t 0.10 5.62 17.55 6.25 5.87
All modes 9" 4.52 26.80 64.48 19.40 26.32 5.5 11r 13 53'
9t 4.42 26.92 65.21 19.71 26.41
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.5.1.4 Valves
ESD
Ball
20.1-30) inch
0.1403 0.1402
Degraded 3" 0.42 20.12 62.22 21.95 21.38 27 2r 18 2r
3t 0.42 20.14 62.27 21.97 21.40
Delayed operation 1" 0.01 6.30 25.31 9.50 7.13 . .
It 0.01 6.30 25.33 9.51 7.13
External leakage - Process 1' O.Q7 7.89 26.34 9.66 7.13 27 2r 27 2r
medium It 0.07 7.89 26.36 9.67 7.13
Internal leakage I" 0.01 6.30 25.31 9.50 7.13 . 8.0 8.0'
1t O.Q1 6.30 25.33 9.51 7.13
Incipient I" 2E-4 7.28 34.70 14.25 7.13 12 12' 24 24'
It 0.40 7.24 21.44 7.13 7.13
External leakage - Utility 1' 2E-4 7.28 34.70 14.25 7.13 12 12' 24 24'
medium 1t 0.40 7.24 21.44 7.13 7.13
All modes 4" 6.11 27.78 62.36 17.99 28.51 20 2r 20 2r

4t 6.11 27.81 62.42 18.01 28.54
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.5.1.5 Valves
ESD
Ball
30.1-40) inch
0.2368 0.2347
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours). Active reo. hrs Man hours
Critical 1" 4E·3 3.67 15.27 5.82 4.22 100 100" 100 100'"
1t 4E·3 3.70 15.33 5.83 4.26
External leakage - Process 1" 4E-3 3.67 15.27 5.82 4.22 100 100" 100 100"
1t 4E-3 3.70 15.33 5.83 4.26
medium
Degraded .,. 0.30 35.70 119.66 43.91 29.56 8.0 8.0'" 19 41"
7t 0.27 37.16 126.73 46.65 29.82
Extemalleakage - Process 2" 3E-4 11.36 53.89 22.08 8.45 . 1.0 1.0"
medium 2t 3E-4 12.04 57.23 23.47 8.52
Internal leakage 3" 2.88 12.77 28.46 8.17 12.67 8.0 8.0" 35 41"
3t 3.12 12.88 28.09 7.95 12.78
Structural deficiency 1" 4E-3 5.03 21.22 8.15 4.22 6.0 6.0"
1t 2E-3 5.29 23.09 9.01 4.26
01her 1" 4E-3 5.03 21.22 8.15 4.22 2.0 2.0"
1t 2E-3 5.29 23.09 9.01 4.26
Incipient 2" 0.11 7.63 24.23 8.72 8.45 37 3r 110 110'"
2t 0.12 7.70 24.33 8.73 8.52
Ex1emal ~akage • Process 1" 4E-3 3.67 15.27 5.82 4.22 37 37" 110 110"
medium 1t 4E-3 3.70 15.33 5.83 4.26
Minor in-service problems 1" . 3.92 18.83 7.76 4.22 . . .
1t . 3.95 18.88 7.77 4.26
All modes 10" 5.45 44.15 113.79 35.54 42.23 48 100'" 41 110'"
10t 4.75 45.33 121.15 38.62 42.60
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.5.1.6 Valves
ESD
Ball
Unknown
Population Installations Aggregated time in seovice (10' hours) No of demands
0.4424 0.4418
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours . Active re . hrs Manhours
Critical 1" 0.02 2.09 6.89 2.52 2.26 . . 694 694"
1t 0.02 2.09 6.90 2.52 2.26
Valve leakage in closed 1" 0.02 2.09 6.89 2.52 2.26 694 694"
position 1t 0.02 2.09 6.90 2.52 2.26
Degraded 3" 2.14 7.16 14.57 3.92 6.78 41 113" 171 50T
3t 2.15 7.17 14.58 3.92 6.79
Delayed operation 1" 0.06 2.61 8.08 2.85 2.26 6.0 6.0" 6.0 6.0"
1t 0.06 2.62 8.08 2.85 2.26
Internal leakage 1" 0.06 2.61 8.08 2.85 2.26 3.0 3.0" 6.0 6.0"
1t 0.06 2.62 8.08 2.85 2.26
Valve leakage in closed 1" 0.02 2.09 6.89 2.52 2.26 113 113" 502 502"
position 1t 0.02 2.09 6.90 2.52 2.26
Incipient 1" 0.02 2.09 6.89 2.52 2.26 6.0 6.0" 12 1T
1t 0.02 2.09 6.90 2.52 2.26
Other 1" 0.02 2.09 6.89 2.52 2.26 6.0 6.0" 12 12"
1t 0.02 2.09 6.90 2.52 2.26
All modes 5" 4.52 11.37 20.76 5.05 11.30 32 113" 244 694"
5t 4.52 11.39 20.79 5.06 11.32
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.5.2 Valves
ESD
Butterfly
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1Qt hours) No of demands
0.2425 0.2423
Degraded 2' 1.46 8.25 25.96 5.83 8.25 4.0 6.0' 8.0 12'
2t 1.46 8.25 25.98 5.84 8.25
Delayed operation 1' 0.21 4.12 19.57 4.12 4.12 6.0 s.o· 12 12.
1t 0.21 4.13 19.58 4.13 4.13
Extemalleakage- Utiloy 1' 0.21 4.12 19.57 4.12 4.12 2.0 2.o· 4.0 4.o·
medium 1t 0.21 4.13 19.58 4.13 4.13
All modes 2' 1.46 8.25 25.96 5.83 8.25 4.0 6.0' 8.0 12'
2t 1.46 8.25 25.98 5.84 8.25
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.5.2.1 Valves
ESD
Butterfly
lr5.1-10iinch
0.2425 0.2423
Degraded 2. 1.46 8.25 25.96 5.83 8.25 4.0 6.1r 8.0 12'
2t 1.46 8.25 25.98 5.84 8.25
Delayed operation 1. 0.21 4.12 19.57 4.12 4.12 6.0 6.0" 12 12"
1t 0.21 4.13 19.58 4.13 4.13
Extemalleakage - Utility 1. 0.21 4.12 19.57 4.12 4.12 2.0 2.0" 4.0 4.0"
medium 1t 0.21 4.13 19.58 4.13 4.13
All modes 2" 1.46 8.25 25.96 5.83 8.25 4.0 6.0+ 8.0 12'
2t 1.46 8.25 25.98 5.84 8.25
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.5.3 Valves
ESD
Gate
1.0712 1.0857
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
Critical 13' 0.41 8.44 25.28 8.45 12.14 4.2 14 4.8 14
13t 0.35 8.45 25.43 8.61 12.20
External leakage - Process 1' 0.02 1.06 3.27 1.15 0.93 14 w 14 14"
medium 1t 0.02 1.06 3.25 1.14 0.94
Fail to close on demand 6' 0.09 3.97 12.25 4.31 5.60 2.9 5.5" 3.8 11"
6t 0.07 3.97 12.39 4.41 5.63
Fail to open on demand 2' 0.02 1.52 4.81 1.73 1.87 1.3 1.5" 2.0 3.0"
2t 0.02 1.53 4.85 1.75 1.88
Spurious operation 1' 2E-4 0.92 4.08 1.60 0.93 6.0 6.0" 6.0 6.0"
1t 2E-4 0.92 4.07 1.60 0.94
3t 0.02 2.13 7.14 2.62 2.82
Degraded 5' 0.04 4.07 13.24 4.82 4.67 6.3 16" 9.1 2\r
5t 0.05 4.09 13.28 4.83 4.69
2t 0.02 1.53 4.85 1.75 1.88
Delayed operation 1' 2E-4 1.47 6.74 2.69 0.93 1.5 1.5" 3.0 3.0"
1t 2E-4 1.47 6.74 2.69 0.94
medium 1t 2E-4 0.92 4.07 1.60 0.94
1t O.Q1 0.82 2.61 0.94 0.94
Incipient s· 1.01 7.43 18.78 5.81 7.47 6.4 16" 6.4 16"
at 1.02 7.46 18.83 5.82 7.51
Abnonnal instrument reading 5' O.Q1 3.73 14.58 5.42 4.67 5.4 16" 5.4 16"
5t 0.01 3.75 14.65 5.44 4.69
Delayed operation 1' 2E-4 1.47 6.74 2.69 0.93 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
1t 2E-4 1.47 6.74 2.69 0.94
Minor in-service problems 1' 2E-4 0.92 4.06 1.60 0.93 8.0 8.o· 8.0 8.o·
1t 2E-4 0.92 4.07 1.60 0.94
Other 1' 1E-4 1.50 6.88 2.76 0.93 12 12" 12 12"
1t 1E-4 1.50 6.89 2.76 0.94
Unknown r 6E.J 7.99 33.59 12.88 6.53 3.2 B.o+ 4.0 8.o·
7t 6E.J 8.01 33.65 12.89 6.57
Extemalleakage- Ulilily 4' - 6.96 33.89 14.12 3.73 3.8 s.o· 3.8 8.o·
medium 4t - 6.96 33.92 14.14 3.75
UnknoYm 3' 0.02 2.12 7.07 2.59 2.80 2.5 3.0" 4.3 6.0"
3t 0.02 2.13 7.14 2.62 2.82
All modes 33' 3.98 26.40 65.31 19.99 30.81 4.8 16 5.7 29
33t 3.92 26.51 65.85 20.20 30.97
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.5.3.1 Valves
ESD
Gate
1.1-5.0) inch
0.2015 0.1995
Critical 2" 0.78 8.95 24.84 8.07 9.93 1.0 to· 1.5 2.1r
2t 0.78 9.04 25.12 8.17 10.03
Fail to close on demand 1. 0.10 4.57 14.10 4.96 4.96 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.o·
1t 0.10 4.62 14.24 5.01 5.01
1t 0.10 4.62 14.24 5.01 5.01
Degraded 1. 0.10 4.57 14.10 4.96 4.96 6.0 6.o· 6.0 6.o·
1t 0.10 4.62 14.24 5.01 5.01
1t 0.10 4.62 14.24 5.01 5.01
All modes 3. 0.96 12.92 36.85 12.11 14.89 2.7 6.o· 3.0 6.1r
3t 0.96 13.04 37.25 12.25 15.04
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.5.3.2 Valves
ESD
Gate
5.1-10) inch
0.5400 0.5373
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 106 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 9. 0.08 12.23 42.47 15.67 16.67 3.9 9.0' 4.7 w
9t 0.08 12.29 43.08 15.90 16.75
Fait to close on demand 4. 0.13 6.12 18.90 6.66 7.41 3.1 5.5· 4.5 w
4t 0.12 6.14 19.13 6.79 7.44
Fail to open on demand 2. 0.01 3.14 11.52 4.25 3.70 1.3 1.5· 2.0 3.o·
2t 0.01 3.15 11.65 4.30 3.72
Spurious operation 1. 7E-3 1.73 6.59 2.43 1.85 6.0 6.o· 6.0 6.0'
1t 7E-3 1.73 6.60 2.43 1.86
2t 0.01 3.15 11.65 4.30 3.72
Degraded 2. 0.14 4.40 13.32 4.58 3.70 8.8 11> 16 :zg+
2t 0.15 4.40 13.31 4.56 3.72
Delayed operation 1. 1E-3 3.76 16.40 6.39 1.85 1.5 1.5. 3.0 3.0'
1t 1E-3 3.76 16.41 6.39 1.86
Extemal koakage - Process 1. 7E-3 1.73 6.59 2.43 1.85 16 w 29 29.
medium 1t 7E-3 1.73 6.60 2.43 1.86
Incipient 3. 1.21 5.14 11.30 3.21 5.56 3.0 5.0' 3.0 5.0'
3t 1.13 5.15 11.57 3.34 5.58
Abnormal instrument reading 3. 1.21 5.14 11.30 3.21 5.56 3.0 5.0' 3.0 5.o·
3t 1.13 5.15 11.57 3.34 5.58
Unknown 4. 0.08 9.99 33.83 12.44 7.41 4.3 8.0' 5.0 8.0'
4t 0.08 10.02 33.90 12.46 7.44
Extemalkoakage- Utility 2. 5E-3 8.69 36.91 14.22 3.70 6.0 8.o· 6.0 8.o·
medium 2t 5E-3 8.69 36.96 14.24 3.72
Unknown 2. 0.01 3.14 11.52 4.25 3.70 2.5 3.0' 4.0 6.o·
2t 0.01 3.15 11.65 4.30 3.72
All modes 18. 2.16 30.45 87.44 28.81 33.33 4.4 16 5.7 29
18t 2.12 30.62 88.28 29.13 33.50
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.5.3.3 Valves
ESD
Gate
10.1-20\ inch
0.2630 0.2622
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 10& hours). Active reD. hrs Manhours
Critical 2" 0.04 7.42 26.58 9.82 7.60 9.0 14' 9.0 14'
2t 0.04 7.45 26.74 9.88 7.63
External leakage - Process 1" - 3.68 18.27 7.76 3.80 14 w 14 w
medium 1t - 3.69 18.30 7.77 3.81
Fail to close on demand 1" - 3.68 18.28 7.77 3.80 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t - 3.71 18.45 7.86 3.81
Degraded 2' 0.03 7.39 28.30 10.43 7.60 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
2t 0.03 7.43 28.72 10.60 7.63
Abnonnal instrument reading 2" 0.03 7.39 28.30 10.43 7.60 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
2t 0.03 7.43 28.72 10.60 7.63
Incipient 3" 0.06 11.46 41.18 15.22 11.41 7.3 12' 7.3 12"
3t 0.06 11.50 41.28 15.25 11.44
Abnonnal instrument reading 1" 3.68 18.28 7.77 3.80 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
1t 3.71 18.45 7.86 3.81
Minor in-service problems 1" 1E-3 4.87 21.59 8.50 3.80 8.0 8.o· 8.0 8.o·
1t 1E-3 4.88 21.61 8.50 3.81
Other 1" 4E-3 3.31 13.64 5.17 3.80 12 12" 12 12"
1t 4E-3 3.32 13.65 5.18 3.81
Unknown 1" . 3.68 18.28 7.77 3.80 2.5 2.5" 5.0 5.0"
1t . 3.71 18.45 7.86 3.81
Unknown 1" - 3.68 18.28 7.77 3.80 2.5 2.5" 5.0 5.o·
1t - 3.71 18.45 7.86 3.81
All rnodeo s· 2.58 29.59 82.14 26.69 30.42 6.3 14" 6.6 14"
at 2.46 29.73 83.17 27.12 30.51
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.5.3.4 Valves
ESD
Gate
20.1-30) inch
0.0404 0.0404
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 11)6 hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
Incipient 1. 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Unknown 2" 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 1.5 3.o· 1.5 3.o·
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
External leakage- Utility 2. 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 1.5 3.o· 1.5 3.o·
medium 2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
All modes 3. 20.29 74.23 191.88 42.86 74.23 2.3 4.1r 2.3 4.o·
3t 20.30 74.27 191.99 42.88 74.27
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Kem
4.4.5.3.5 Valves
ESD
Gate
30.1-40) inch
0.0263 0.0263
failures Lower Mean Upper SD nl< Mean Max Maan Max
Incipient 1. 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 16 11> 16 11>
1t 1.90 38.05 180.56 38.05 38.05
Abnormal instrument reCiting 1. 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 16 16" 16 16"
1t 1.90 38.05 180.56 38.05 38.05
All modes 1. 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 16 11> 16 11>

1t 1.90 38.05 180.56 38.05 38.05
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.5.4 Valves
ESD
Plug
0.0404 0.0404
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 11)6 hours . Active re . hrs Man hours
Critical 2" 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 6.0 8.o· 10.0 12'
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
External leakage • Process 2" 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 6.0 8.o· 10.0 12"
medium 2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
All modes 2" 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 6.0 8.1r 10.0 12'
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.5.4.1 Valves
ESD
Plug
1.1-5.0)inch
0.0404 0.0404
Failure mode No of Failure rate loer 106 hours). Active reo. hrs Man hours
Critical 2" 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 6.0 8.o· 10.0 1T
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
External leakage - Process 2" 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 6.0 8.o· 10.0 12.
medium 2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
All modes 2" 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 6.0 8.o- 10.0 1T
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.6 Valves
ESD/PSD
1
0.1402 0.1386
Critical 2. 2.53 14.27 44.91 10.09 14.27 3.8 4.1r 5.5 7.0"
2t 2.56 14.43 45.43 10.21 14.43
Fail to close on demand 1. 0.36 7.13 33.85 7.13 7.13 3.5 3.5· 7.0 1.o·
1t 0.36 7.22 34.25 7.22 7.22
Fail to open on demand 1. 0.36 7.13 33.85 7.13 7.13 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.36 7.22 34.25 7.22 7.22
Incipient 2. 2.53 14.27 44.91 10.09 14.27 2.0 2.1r 2.0 2.1r
2t 2.56 14.43 45.43 10.21 14.43
Abnonnal instrument reading 2" 2.53 14.27 44.91 10.09 14.27 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
2t 2.56 14.43 45.43 10.21 14.43
All modes 4" 9.74 28.54 65.32 14.27 28.54 2.9 4.1r 3.8 7.1r
4t 9.85 28.87 66.07 14.43 28.87
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application - ESD/PSD

Pilot valve 25.00 - - - - -
Unkno!Nil - 25.00 25.00 - -
Total 50.00 - 25.00 25.00 - - -


Mon~orin!:l - - - 25.00
Pilot valve - - - 25.00
Unknown - - - - 50.00
Total - - - - 100.0
©OREDA


Blockage/plugged - - - - 25.00 -
Clearance/ alignment failure 25.00 - - - -
Mechanical Failure :_~neral - - - 25.00 -
Misc. external influences 25.00
Total 50.00 - - - 25.00 25.00

Item: Valves described by application - ESDIPSD

BlockaoelpllJ!Ioed - - - 25.00
Clearance! alignment failure - 25.00
Mechanical Failure- general - 25.00
Misc. external influences - - - 25.00
Total - - - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.6.1 Valves
ESD/PSD
Gate
0.1402 0.1386
Critical 2" 2.53 14.27 44.91 10.09 14.27 3.8 4.0" 5.5 1.cr
2t 2.56 14.43 45.43 10.21 14.43
Fail to close on demand 1" 0.36 7.13 33.85 7.13 7.13 3.5 3.5" 7.0 7.o·
1t 0.36 7.22 34.25 7.22 7.22
Fail to open on demand 1" 0.36 7.13 33.85 7.13 7.13 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.36 7.22 34.25 7.22 7.22
Incipient 2" 2.53 14.27 44.91 10.09 14.27 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.cr
2t 2.56 14.43 45.43 10.21 14.43
Abnonnal instrument rea:iing 2" 2.53 14.27 44.91 10.09 14.27 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.0"
2t 2.56 14.43 45.43 10.21 14.43
All modes 4" 9.74 28.54 65.32 14.27 28.54 2.9 4.0" 3.8 1.cr
4t 9.85 28.87 66.07 14.43 28.87
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.6.1.1 Valves
ESDIPSD
Gate
1.1-5.0)inch
1
0.1402 0.1386
Failure mode No of Failure rate h>er 10S hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
Critical 2. 2.53 14.27 44.91 10.09 14.27 3.8 4.0' 5.5 7.0'
2t 2.56 14.43 45.43 10.21 14.43
Fail to close on demand 1. 0.36 7.13 33.85 7.13 7.13 3.5 3.5· 7.0 1.o·
1t 0.36 7.22 34.25 7.22 7.22
Fail to open on demand 1. 0.36 7.13 33.85 7.13 7.13 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.36 7.22 34.25 7.22 7.22
Incipient 2. 2.53 14.27 44.91 10.09 14.27 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
2t 2.56 14.43 45.43 10.21 14.43
Abnonnat instrument reading 2. 2.53 14.27 44.91 10.09 14.27 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
2t 2.56 14.43 45.43 10.21 14.43
All modes 4. 9.74 28.54 65.32 14.27 28.54 2.9 4.0' 3.8 1.o·
4t 9.85 28.87 66.07 14.43 28.87
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.7 Valves
Injection Master
0.5525 0.5519
Failure mode No of Failure rate (oer 10' hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
failures Lower Mean Upper 5D nit Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 1" 0.02 1.59 5.04 1.81 1.81 . . .
1t 0.02 1.59 5.04 1.81 1.81
Valve leakage in closed 1" 0.02 1.59 5.04 1.81 1.81 . . .
position 1t 0.02 1.59 5.04 1.81 1.81
Degraded 4" 0.07 15.28 57.12 21.08 7.24 . . 16 2<r
4t 0.07 15.29 57.16 21.10 7.25
External leakage - Process 3" 0.02 14.72 59.72 22.53 5.43 . 16 24"
medium 3t 0.02 14.73 59.77 22.55 5.44
Valve leakage in closed 1" 0.02 1.59 5.04 1.81 1.81 .
position 1t 0.02 1.59 5.04 1.81 1.81
All modes 5" 0.13 15.86 53.52 19.66 9.05 . . 16 24"

5t 0.13 15.88 53.56 19.68 9.06
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application -Injection Master

Flange 40.00 - -
Unknown 20.00 - - - - -
Valve body w/intemals - -
Tolal 60.00 - - -

LCP LOO OTH PLU SER SPO sm UNK Sum

Flanoe - - - 40.00
Unknown 20.00 - - - 40.00
Valve body w/intemals 20.00 - - - - - 20.00
Tolal 40.00 - - - - 100.0
©OREDA


Leakaae - - 60.00 -
Total - 60.00 - -

Item: Valves described by application- Injection Master

Leakage 40.00 - - - - 100.0
Total 40.00 - - - - - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ttem
4.4.7.1 Valves
Wives described by application
Injection Master
Gate
0.5525 0.5519
Critical 1' 0.02 1.59 5.04 1.81 "''1.81 . . . .
1t 0.02 1.59 5.04 1.81 1.81
Valve leakage in closed 1' 0.02 1.59 5.04 1.81 1.81 . .
position 1t 0.02 1.59 5.04 1.81 1.81
Degraded 4' 0.07 15.28 57.12 21.08 7.24 . . 16 24'
4t 0.07 15.29 57.16 21.10 7.25
External leakage - Process 3' 0.02 14.72 59.72 22.53 5.43 . 16 24'
medium 3t 0.02 14.73 59.77 22.55 5.44
V?Jve leakage in closed 1' 0.02 1.59 5.04 1.81 1.81 .
position 1t 0.02 1.59 5.04 1.81 1.81
All modes 5' 0.13 15.86 53.52 19.66 9.05 . . 16 24'

5t 0.13 15.88 53.56 19.68 9.06
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.7.1.1 Valves
Injection Master
Gate
1.1-5.0) inch
0.2948 0.2944
Critical 1" 0.06 3.08 9.57 3.39 3.39 . . - .
1t 0.06 3.09 9.59 3.40 3.40
Valve leakage in closed 1" 0.06 3.08 9.57 3.39 3.39
position 1t 0.06 3.09 9.59 3.40 3.40
Degraded 1" 0.06 3.08 9.57 3.39 3.39 . .
1t 0.06 3.09 9.59 3.40 3.40
Valve leakage in closed 1" 0.06 3.00 9.57 3.39 3.39 - - - -
position 1t 0.06 3.09 9.59 3.40 3.40
All modes 2" 0.15 5.89 18.03 6.30 6.78 . . . -

2t 0.15 5.89 18.06 6.30 6.79
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.7.1.2 Valves
Injection Master
Gate
5.1-10) inch
0.2577 0.2574
Degraded 3. 0.09 21.88 83.81 30.87 "''11.64 - - 16 24'
3t 0.09 21.89 83.87 30.90 11.65
External leakage - Process 3• 0.09 21.88 83.81 30.87 11.64 - 16 24"
medium 3t 0.09 21.89 83.87 30.90 11.65
All modes 3. 0.09 21.88 83.81 30.87 11.64 - . 16 24"

3t 0.09 21.89 83.87 30.90 11.65
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.8 Valves
Non·retum
1.8484 1.8484
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hou~J Active re . hrs Manhours
All modes o· 1E-3 0.27 1.02 0.38 . . . . .

ot 1E-3 0.27 1.02 0.38 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.8.1 Valves
Non-return
Check
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1Qfi hours) No of demands
1.8484 1.8484
All modes o· 5E-4 0.13 0.51 0.19 . - - - -

at 5E-4 0.13 0.51 0.19 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.8.1.1 Valves
Non-return
Check
1.1-5.0) inch
0.8497 0.8497
All modes o· 4E-4 0.11 0.42 0.15 . . . . .

ot 4E-4 0.11 0.42 0.15 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.8.1.2 Valves
Non-return
Check
5.1-10) inch
0.7008 0.7008
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1Q& hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
All modes o· 4E-4 0.11 0.43 0.16 . . . . .

ot 4E-4 0.11 0.43 0.16 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Kem
4.4.8.1.3 Valves
Non-return
Check
10.1-20! inch
0.1927 0.1927
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hoursl. Active re . hrs Manhours
AllmodH o· 5E-4 0.13 0.49 0.18 . . . . .

at 5E-4 0.13 0.49 0.18 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.8.1.4 Valves
Non-return
Check
20.1-30) inch
0.0350 0.0350
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours), Active reo. hrs Manhours
AU modes o· 5E-4 0.13 0.51 0.19 . . . . .

ot 5E-4 0.13 0.51 0.19 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.8.1.5 Valves
Non·retum
Check
Unknown
0.0701 0.0701
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 108 hours). Active re . hrs Manhourtl
All modes o· 5E-4 0.13 0.50 0.19 . . . . .

at 5E-4 0.13 0.50 0.19 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.9 Valves
Pressure reduction
14 I Calendar time* Operational timeT
0.6349 0.4734
Degraded 2" 0.56 3.15 9.91 2.23 3.15 3.5 3.s+ 3.5 3.5"
2t 0.75 4.22 13.30 2.99 4.22
High output I" 0.08 1.57 7.47 1.57 1.57 3.5 3.5" 3.5 3.5"
It 0.11 2.11 10.02 2.11 2.11
Other I" 0.08 1.57 7.47 1.57 1.57 - -
It 0.11 2.11 10.02 2.11 2.11
Incipient 1" 0.08 1.57 7.47 1.57 1.57 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.0"
1t 0.11 2.11 10.02 2.11 2.11
Minor in-service problems I" 0.08 1.57 7.47 1.57 1.57 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.0"
It 0.11 2.11 10.02 2.11 2.11
AU modes 3" 1.29 4.72 12.21 2.73 4.72 3.3 3.s+ 3.3 3.s+
3t 1.73 6.34 16.38 3.66 6.34
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application- Pressure reduction

Closure member - - - -
(BaiUoateld~cletc.l
Other valve components - - - -
Valve body w/intemals - - - - - 33.33
Total - - 33.33 -

Item: Valves described by application- Pressure reduction

Closure member - - 33.33 - - 33.33
(BaiUoateld~etc.)
Other valve components - - 33.33 - - 33.33
Total - 33.33 - 33.33 - 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application - Pressure reduction

Erosion - - -
Instrument failure -general - - - - 33.33
Total - - - - 33.33

Item: Valves described by application - Pressure reduction

Erosion - - 33.33 - - 33.33
Instrument failure - general - - 33.33 66.67
Total - - 33.33 - 33.33 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.9.1 Valves
Pressure reduction
Check
0.0985 0.0716
All modes o· 0.01 2.45 9.39 3.46 - - - -

ot 0.01 3.32 12.76 4.70 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.9.1.1 Valves
Pressure reduction
Check
Unknown
0.0985 0.0716
Failure mode No of Failure rate foer 1()6 hoursl. Active reD. hrs Man hours
All modes o· 6E-3 1.65 6.34 2.33 . . . . .

ot 0.01 2.25 8.64 3.18
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.9.2 Valves
Pressure reduction
Globe
12 I Calendar time * Operational time
0.5364 0.4018
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours . Active reo. hrs Manhours
Degraded 2" 0.66 3.73 11.74 2.64 3.73 3.5 3.5" 3.5 3.5'
2t 0.88 4.98 15.67 3.52 4.98
High ou1put I" 0.09 1.86 8.85 1.86 1.86 3.5 3S 3.5 3.5"
It 0.12 2.49 11.81 2.49 2.49
Other I" 0.09 1.86 8.85 1.86 1.86 .
It 0.12 2.49 11.81 2.49 2.49
Incipient I" 0.09 1.86 8.85 1.86 1.86 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.1r
1t 0.12 2.49 11.81 2.49 2.49
It 0.12 2.49 11.81 2.49 2.49
All modes 3" 1.53 5.59 14.46 3.23 5.59 3.3 3.5' 3.3 3.5'
3t 2.04 7.47 19.30 4.31 7.47
Comments
©OREDA
OREOA-2009 573 Volume 1 -Topside Equipment
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.9.2.1 Valves
Pressure reduction
Globe
1.1-5.0)inch
0.5364 0.4018
Degraded 2. 0.66 3.73 11.74 2.64 3.73 3.5 3.s+ 3.5 3-s+
2t 0.88 4.98 15.67 3.52 4.98
High output 1. 0.09 1.86 8.85 1.86 1.86 3.5 3.5" 3.5 3.5"
1t 0.12 2.49 11.81 2.49 2.49
Other 1. 0.09 1.86 8.85 1.86 1.86 - - -
1t 0.12 2.49 11.81 2.49 2.49
Incipient 1. 0.09 1.86 8.85 1.86 1.86 3.0 3.1r 3.0 3.0...
1t 0.12 2.49 11.81 2.49 2.49
1t 0.12 2.49 11.81 2.49 2.49
All modes 3. 1.53 5.59 14.46 3.23 5.59 3.3 3.s+ 3.3 3.s+
3t 2.04 7.47 19.30 4.31 7.47
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.10 Valves
Process control
2.4954 1.8490
Critical 7" 1.09 2.64 4.73 1.13 2.81 3.4 10.0' 3.4 1o.o·
7t 1.36 3.48 6.39 1.56 3.79
Fail to close on demand I. 0.01 0.38 1.16 0.40 0.40 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
It 0.01 0.50 1.55 0.54 0.54
2t 0.15 1.01 2.50 0.76 1.08
Fail to regulate 3• 0.28 1.14 2.46 0.69 1.20 2.7 4.0" 2.7 4.0"
3t 0.36 1.51 3.30 0.94 1.62
Valve leakage in closed I. 0.01 0.38 1.16 0.40 0.40 10.0 10.0" 10.0 10.0"
position It 0.01 0.50 1.55 0.54 0.54
Degraded 20. 2.49 6.81 12.85 3.23 8.01 5.4 13 5.4 13
20t 2.90 8.74 17.15 4.47 10.82
Delayed operation I. 0.01 0.38 1.16 0.40 0.40 2.5 2.5" 2.5 2.5"
It 0.01 0.50 1.55 0.54 0.54
Extem.O leakage • Process I. 0.01 0.38 1.16 0.40 0.40 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
medium It 0.01 0~0 1.55 0.54 0.54
External leakage · Utility I. 0.01 0.38 1.16 0.40 0.40 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
medium It 0.01 0.50 1.55 0.54 0.54
Fail to open on demand I. 0.01 0.38 1.16 0.40 0.40 0.5 0.5" 0.5 0.5"
It 0.01 0.50 1.55 0.54 0.54
High ou1put I. 0.01 0.38 1.16 0.40 0.40 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.0"
It 0.01 0.50 1.55 0.54 0.54
Low output w 1.59 4.01 7.31 1.78 4.41 6.1 13 6.1 13
11t 1.95 5.24 9.83 2.46 5.95
Plugged/Choked 2. 0.12 0.76 1.86 0.57 0.80 . .
2t 0.15 1.01 2.50 0.76 1.08
Valve leakage in closed 2. 0.12 0.76 1.86 0.57 0.80 9.0 12" 9.0 12"
position 2t 0.15 1.01 2.50 0.76 1.08
Incipient 10. 1.47 3.67 6.67 1.62 4.01 2.6 7.5 2.6 7.5
tot 1.82 4.81 8.98 2.23 5.41
3t 0.36 1.51 3.30 0.94 1.62
Low output I. 0.01 0.38 1.16 0.40 0.40 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
It 0.01 0.50 1.55 0.54 0.54
Minor in-service problems 5. 0.70 1.90 3.57 0.90 2.00 2.2 3.0" 2.2 3.o·
5t 0.91 2.52 4.78 1.21 2.70
Valve leakage in closed I. 0.01 0.38 1.16 0.40 0.40 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
position It 0.01 0.50 1.55 0.54 0.54
All modes 37• 3.55 11.30 22.59 5.98 14.83 4.2 13 4.2 13
37t 3.81 14.18 29.92 8.27 20.01
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application - Process control

Closure member - - - - 2.70 - - -
(Ball/gate/disc/etc.)
Instrument, Qeneral 5.41 - - - - - -
Monitoring - - - - - -
Packing - - - - - -
Positioner 2.70 - - 2.70 - - -
Seat rings - -
Stem - 2.70 - - - - -
Subunit - 2.70 - 2.70 - 2.70 - -
Unknown - - - - 2.70 2.70 - -
Valve body w/intemals - - - 5.41 2.70
Total 8.11 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 8.11 8.11 2.70 -


Closure member - - 2.70 - - - 5.41
(Ball/gate/disc/etc.)
Instrument, aeneral - 2.70 2.70 - - 10.81
Monitonng - - - 2.70 - - 2.70
Packing 5.41 - - - - 5.41
Positioner - 5.41 - 10.81
Seat rint:~s 2.70 - 2.70 - 5.41
Stem - - - - - 2.70
Subunit 2.70 - - - - 10.81
Unknown - 8.11 - 2.70 - - 16.22
Vslve body wlintemals 21.62 - - 29.73
Total 10.81 32.43 5.41 13.51 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application -Process control
AIR DOP ELP ELU FTC FTC FTR HID INL

Blocl<age/plugged 5.41 - - - 2.70 5.41 2.70
Control failure 2.70 - -
Corrosion - - - -
Defonnation - - 2.70 -
Fa~I!Y signallindication/alann - -
Instrument failure - aeneral - 5.41 2.70
Looseness - 2.70 - - - -
Mechanical Failure- general - 2.70 - - -
Stickina 2.70 - - - -
Total 8.11 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 8.11 8.11 2.70


Blockage/plugged - 32.43 - 5.41 2.70 56.76
Control failure - - - - - 2.70
Corrosion 2.70 - - 5.41 - - 8.11
Defonnalion - - 2.70
Faulty signal/indication/alarm - - 2.70 - 2.70
Instrument failure - aeneral 2.70 - - 2.70 - - 13.51
Looseness 5.41 - - - 8.11
Stickina - - - 2.70
Total 10.81 32.43 5.41 13.51 - - 100.0
The ftgures are percentages of the total failure rate for the actual failure mechanism/failure mode combination.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.10.1 Valves
Process control
Ball
0.3690 0.3017
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10S hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 1. 0.03 2.31 7.47 2.71 2.71 2.0 2.o+ 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.03 2.83 9.13 3.31 3.31
1t 0.03 2.83 9.13 3.31 3.31
Degraded 1. 0.03 2.31 7.47 2.71 2.71 2.5 2.5" 2.5 2.5"
1t 0.03 2.83 9.13 3.31 3.31
1t 0.03 2.83 9.13 3.31 3.31
Incipient 2. 0.52 4.62 12.14 3.83 5.42 2.0 2.o+ 2.0 2.0"
2t 0.64 5.65 14.85 4.69 6.63
2t 0.64 5.65 14.85 4.69 6.63
All modes 4. 1.28 8.68 21.59 6.63 10.84 2.1 2.5" 2.1 2.5"
4t 0.91 10.18 28.13 9.12 13.26
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.10.1.1 Valves
Process control
Ball
lt1.1-5.0)inch
0.2496 0.1958
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
Critical 1. 0.06 3.55 11.19 4.01 4.01 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.07 4.49 14.22 5.11 5.11
Fail to open on demand 1. 0.06 3.55 11.19 4.01 4.01 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.07 4.49 14.22 5.11 5.11
Degraded 1. 0.06 3.55 11.19 4.01 4.01 2.5 2.5" 2.5 2.5"
1t 0.07 4.49 14.22 5.11 5.11
1t 0.07 4.49 14.22 5.11 5.11
Incipient 2" 0.79 7.06 18.56 5.86 8.01 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
2t 0.71 8.77 24.67 8.06 10.21
2t 0.71 8.77 24.67 8.06 10.21
All modes 4. 1.09 12.88 35.97 11.72 16.02 2.1 2.5" 2.1 2.5"
4t 0.67 15.87 47.72 16.12 20.43
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.10.1.2 Valves
Process control
Ball
5.1-10) inch
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (10B hours) No of demands
0.0668 0.0533
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours). Active reo. hrs Man hours
"''
All modes o· 0.02 4.02 15.43 5.68 . . . .

ot 0.02 4.88 18.75 6.90 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.10.1.3 Valves
Process control
Ball
20.1-30) inch
0.0526 0.0526
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 11)6 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
All modes o· 0.02 4.54 17.42 6.42 . - - - -

ot 0.02 4.92 18.89 6.96
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.10.2 Vaves
Process control
Bu~rflv
0.1478 0.1074
Critical 1. 0.34 6.77 32.10 6.77 6.77 2.0 2.1r 2.0 2.o·
1t 0.47 9.31 44.17 9.31 9.31
FaJI to regulate 1. 0.34 6.77 32.10 6.77 6.77 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.0'
1t 0.47 9.31 44.17 9.31 9.31
Degraded 1. 0.34 6.77 32.10 6.77 6.77 4.0 4.1r 4.0 4.1r
1t 0.47 9.31 44.17 9.31 9.31
Extemalleakage- Utilrty 1. 0.34 6.77 32.10 6.77 6.77 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
medium 1t 0.47 9.31 44.17 9.31 9.31
AU modes 2. 2.40 13.53 42.59 9.57 13.53 3.0 4.1r 3.0 4.0'
2t 3.30 18.62 58.60 13.16 18.62
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.10.2.1 Valves
Process control
Butterfly
5.1-10i inch
0.1478 0.1074
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 106 hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
failures Lower Mean Upper so nit Moan Max Mean Max
Critical 1" 0.34 6.77 32.10 6.77 6.77 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.47 9.31 44.17 9.31 9.31
Fail to regulate 1" 0.34 6.77 32.10 6.77 6.77 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.47 9.31 44.17 9.31 9.31
Degraded 1' 0.34 6.77 32.10 6.77 6.77 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.47 9.31 44.17 9.31 9.31
Extern,; leakage - U1ility 1" 0.34 6.77 32.10 6.77 6.77 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
medium 1t 0.47 9.31 44.17 9.31 9.31
All modes 2' 2.40 13.53 42.59 9.57 13.53 3.0 4.0" 3.0 4.0"
2t 3.30 18.62 58.60 13.16 18.62
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.10.3 Valves
Process control
Check
0.0985 0.0716
All modes o· 0.01 3.50 13.45 4.95 - - - - -

ot 0.02 4.68 17.96 6.62 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.10.3.1 Valves
Process control
Check
1.1-5.0) inch
0.0985 0.0716
All modes o· 0.01 2.07 7.96 2.93 . . . . .

ot 0.01 2.80 10.76 3.96 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.10.4 Valves
Process control
Gate
2 2 calendar time* Operational time
0.0351 0.0350
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours). Active reD. hrs Man hours
All modes o· 0.02 6.30 24.20 8.91 . . . . .

ot 0.03 7.11 27.31 10.06 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.10.4.1 Valves
Process control
Gate
20.1-30\ inch
0.0351 0.0350
All modes o· 0.02 4.37 16.78 6.18 . . . . .

ot 0.02 4.75 18.23 6.71 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.10.5 Valves
Process control
Globe
1
1.8449 1.3332
Failure mode No of Failure rate {per 10S hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
Critical 5" 1.07 2.71 5.70 1.21 2.71 3.9 10.1r 3.9 10.0"
5t 1.48 3.75 7.89 1.68 3.75
Fail to close on demood 1" 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.04 0.75 3.56 0.75 0.75
1t 0.04 0.75 3.56 0.75 0.75
Fail to regulate 2" 0.19 1.08 3.41 0.77 1.08 3.0 4.0" 3.0 4.0"
2t 0.27 1.50 4.72 1.06 1.50
vave leakage in closed 1" 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54 10.0 10.0" 10.0 10.0"
position 1t 0.04 0.75 3.56 0.75 0.75
Degraded 18" 6.31 9.76 14.47 2.30 9.76 5.7 13 5.7 13
1St 8.73 13.50 20.02 3.18 13.50
External leakage • Process 1" 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
medium 1t 0.04 0.75 3.56 0.75 0.75
1t 0.04 0.75 3.56 0.75 0.75
High output 1" 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.0'
1t 0.04 0.75 3.56 0.75 0.75
Low output 11" 3.34 5.96 9.87 1.80 5.96 6.1 13 6.1 13
11t 4.63 8.25 13.66 2.49 8.25
Plugged/Choked 2" 0.19 1.08 3.41 0.77 1.08 - -
2t 0.27 1.50 4.72 1.06 1.50
Valve leakage in closed 2" 0.19 1.08 3.41 0.77 1.08 9.0 12" 9.0 12"
position 2t 0.27 1.50 4.72 1.06 1.50
Incipient s· 2.16 4.34 7.82 1.53 4.34 2.7 7.s> 2.7 7.5"
at 2.99 6.00 10.83 2.12 6.00
1t 0.04 0.75 3.56 0.75 0.75
Low output 1" 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
1t 0.04 0.75 3.56 0.75 0.75
Minor in-service problems 5" 1.07 2.71 5.70 1.21 2.71 2.2 3.0' 2.2 3.0"
5t 1.48 3.75 7.89 1.68 3.75
vave leakage in closed 1" 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
position 1t 0.04 0.75 3.56 0.75 0.75
All modes 31" 12.17 16.80 22.68 3.02 16.80 4.6 13 4.6 13
31t 16.83 23.25 31.38 4.18 23.25
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.10.5.1 Valves
Process control
Globe
1.1-5.0) inch
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1Q6 hours} No of demands
1.5000 1.0826
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 108 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
Critical 4. 0.91 2.67 6.10 1.33 "''2.67 4.4 10.0' 4.4 10.0'
4t 1.26 3.69 8.46 1.85 3.69
1t 0.05 0.92 4.38 0.92 0.92
Fail to regulate 2. 0.24 1.33 4.20 0.94 1.33 3.0 4.0" 3.0 4.0"
2t 0.33 1.85 5.81 1.31 1.85
Valve leakage in closed 1. 0.03 0.67 3.16 0.67 0.67 10.0 10.0" 10.0 10.0"
position 1t 0.05 0.92 4.38 0.92 0.92
Degraded 17. 7.22 11.33 17.00 2.75 11.33 5.7 13 5.7 13
17t 10.00 15.70 23.55 3.81 15.70
Extemalleakage- Process 1. 0.03 0.67 3.16 0.67 0.67 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
medium 1t 0.05 0.92 4.38 0.92 0.92
Fail to open on demand 1. 0.03 0.67 3.16 0.67 0.67 0.5 OS 0.5 0.5"
1t 0.05 0.92 4.38 0.92 0.92
High output 1. 0.03 0.67 3.16 0.67 0.67 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.0"
1t 0.05 0.92 4.38 0.92 0.92
Low output 10. 3.62 6.67 11.31 2.11 6.67 6.2 13 6.2 13
10t 5.01 9.24 15.67 2.92 9.24
Plugged/Choked 2. 0.24 1.33 4.20 0.94 1.33 . .
2t 0.33 1.85 5.81 1.31 1.85
Valve leakage in closed 2. 0.24 1.33 4.20 0.94 1.33 9.0 12" 9.0 12"
position 2t 0.33 1.85 5.81 1.31 1.85
Incipient 6. 1.74 4.00 7.89 1.63 4.00 2.9 7.5" 2.9 7.5"
6t 2.42 5.54 10.94 2.26 5.54
Abnormal instrument reading 1. 0.03 0.67 3.16 0.67 0.67 7.5 7.5" 7.5 7S
1t 0.05 0.92 4.38 0.92 0.92
Low output 1. 0.03 0.67 3.16 0.67 0.67 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
1t 0.05 0.92 4.38 0.92 0.92
3t 0.76 2.77 7.16 1.60 2.77
Vahle leakage in closed 1. 0.03 0.67 3.16 0.67 0.67 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
position 1t 0.05 0.92 4.38 0.92 0.92
All modes 27• 12.71 18.00 24.82 3.46 18.00 4.8 13 4.8 13
27t 17.60 24.94 34.39 4.80 24.94
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.10.5.2 Valves
Process control
Gk>be
5.1-10) inch
0.2464 0.1790
fallureo Lower Mean Upper SD nit Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 1. 0.20 4.06 19.26 4.06 4.06 2.0 2.1r 2.0 2.0...
1t 0.28 5.59 26.50 5.59 5.59
1t 0.28 5.59 26.50 5.59 5.59
Degraded 1. 0.20 4.06 19.26 4.06 4.06 6.0 6.1r 6.0 6.0'
1t 0.28 5.59 26.50 5.59 5.59
Low output 1. 0.20 4.06 19.26 4.06 4.06 6.0 6.0' 6.0 6.0'
1t 0.28 5.59 26.50 5.59 5.59
Incipient 1. 0.20 4.06 19.26 4.06 4.06 2.0 2.1r 2.0 2.0'
1t 0.28 5.59 26.50 5.59 5.59
1t 0.28 5.59 26.50 5.59 5.59
All modes 3. 3.33 12.18 31.48 7.03 12.18 3.3 6.1r 3.3 6.1r
3t 4.58 16.76 43.31 9.67 16.76
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.10.5.3 Valves
Process control
Globe
Unknown
0.0985 0.0716
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10• hou,.). Active re . hrs Manhours
Incipient 1. 0.51 10.15 48.15 10.15 10.15 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.1r
1t 0.70 13.96 66.26 13.96 13.96
1t 0.70 13.96 66.26 13.96 13.96
All modes 1. 0.51 10.15 48.15 10.15 10.15 2.0 2.1r 2.0 2.1r
1t 0.70 13.96 66.26 13.96 13.96
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.11 Vaves
Production Master
Population Installations Aggregated time in service {10& hours) No of demands
116 6 Cafendar time * Operational time
2.0260 2.0228
Failure mode No of Failure rate (oer 1()6 hoursl. Active re . hrs Man hours
Critical 1. . 1.06 4.93 1.99 0.49 . . . .
1t . 1.06 4.94 2.00 0.49
Delayed operation 1. 1.06 4.93 1.99 0.49 - . .
1t - 1.06 4.94 2.00 0.49
Degraded 9. 1.67 3.86 6.79 1.59 4.44 6.0 6.o+ 12 2T
9t 1.68 3.87 6.80 1.59 4.45
External leakage • Process 3. 0.04 1.13 3.41 1.16 1.48 . 2.0 2.0"
medium 3t 0.04 1.13 3.42 1.17 1.48
Extemalleakage- Utilily s· 0.02 1.68 5.37 1.94 2.47 6.0 6.0" 17 2r
medium 5t 0.02 1.68 5.38 1.94 2.47
Valve leakage in closed 1. 4E-4 0.72 3.05 1.18 0.49 - - -
position 1t 4E-4 0.72 3.06 1.18 0.49
All modes 10. 2.29 4.52 7.36 1.56 4.94 6.0 6.o+ 12 2T
10t 2.30 4.53 7.37 1.56 4.94
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application- Production Master

Sea~ (aaskels) - 20.00 - - - -
Subunit 10.00 - - -
Unknown - 30.00 -
Valve bodv wflnlemals - 30.00 - - -
Tota 10.00 30.00 50.00 - - -

Item: Valves described by application- Production Master

Seals (gaskels) - - 20.00
Subunit - - 10.00
Unknown 10.00 - - - - - 40.00
Valve body wlintemals - - - 30.00
Total 10.00 - 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application - Production Master

Clearance/ alignment failure 10.00 - - -
Leakage - 30.00 50.00 -
Total 10.00 30.00 50.00 - -

Item: Valves described by application - Production Master

Clearance/ alignment failure - - - - - 10.00
Leakage 10.00 - - - - - 90.00
Total 10.00 - - - - - 100.0
The figures are percentages of the total failure rate for the actual failure mechanismJfailure mode combination.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.11.1 Valves
Production Master
Gate
116 6 Calendar time* Operational timer
2.0260 2.0228
Critical 1" . 1.06 4.93 1.99 0.49 . . . .
1t . 1.06 4.94 2.00 0.49
Delayed operation 1" 1.06 4.93 1.99 0.49 . . .
1t 1.06 4.94 2.00 0.49
Degraded 9" 1.67 3.86 6.79 1.59 4.44 6.0 6.0" 12 2T
9t 1.68 3.87 6.80 1.59 4.45
External leakage - Process 3" 0.04 1.13 3.41 1.16 1.48 . 2.0 2.0"
medium 3t 0.04 1.13 3.42 1.17 1.48
External leakage - Utility 5" 0.02 1.68 5.37 1.94 2.47 6.0 6.0" 17 22"
medium 5t 0.02 1.68 5.38 1.94 2.47
Valve leakage in closed 1" 4E4 0.72 3.05 1.18 0.49 . . .
position 1t 4E4 0.72 3.06 1.18 0.49
All mod.. 10" 2.29 4.52 7.36 1.56 4.94 6.0 6.0" 12 2T
10t 2.30 4.53 7.37 1.56 4.94
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.11.1.1 Valves
Production Master
Ga1e
111.1-5.0) inch
0.4821 0.4811
Critical 1" . 2.12 10.46 4.42 "''2.07 . . . .
1t . 2.12 10.49 4.44 2.08
Delayed operation 1" 2.12 10.46 4.42 2.07 - -
1t 2.12 10.49 4.44 2.08
Degraded 1" 2E·3 1.84 7.67 2.92 2.07 . . . .
1t 2E·3 1.84 7.69 2.93 2.08
Valve leakage in closed 1" 2E-3 1.84 7.67 2.92 2.07 .
position 1t 2E-3 1.84 7.69 2.93 2.08
All modes 2" 0.04 3.92 12.78 4.65 4.15 . . . .

2t 0.04 3.93 12.82 4.67 4.16
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.11.1.2 Valves
Production Master
Gate
5.1-10) inch
1
1.5439 1.5418
Degraded a· 0.37 3.62 9.71 3.10 5.1a 6.0 6.0" 12 2T
at 0.37 3.62 9.73 3.11 5.19
External leakage - Process 3" 0.29 1.64 3.90 1.16 1.94 - 2.0 2.0"
medium 3t 0.29 1.64 3.90 1.17 1.95
External leakage - Utility 5" 0.36 2.51 6.29 1.94 3.24 6.0 6.0" 17 22"
medium 5t 0.36 2.51 6.30 1.94 3.24
All modes a· 0.37 3.62 9.71 3.10 5.1a 6.0 6.0" 12 2T

at 0.37 3.62 9.73 3.11 5.19
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.12 Valves
PSD
0.1510 0.1507
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 1()6 hours). Active reD. hrs Manhours
Unknown t• 0.01 7.01 28.91 10.97 6.62 8.5 8.5' 17 17"
1t 0.01 7.03 28.95 10.98 6.64
UnknoVtlfl 1. 0.01 7.01 28.91 10.97 6.62 8.5 8.5' 17 1T
1t O.D1 7.03 28.95 10.98 6.64
All modes t• 0.01 7.01 28.91 10.97 6.62 8.5 8.5' 17 tr

It 0.01 7.03 28.95 10.98 6.64
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application - PSD

Subunit - -
Total - - - - - - - -


Subunit - - - 100.0 100.0
Total - - - 100.0 100.0
©OREDA


Mechooical Failure- aeneral - - - - -
Tolal - - - - - -


Mechanical Failure- neneral - - - 100.0 100.0
Total - - - 100.0 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.12.1 Valves
PSD
Butterfly
0.0526 0.0526
failures Lower Mean Upper SD n/< Mean Max Mean Max
Unknown 1. 0.95 19.01 90.20 19.01 19.01 8.5 8.s+ 17 1r
1t 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03
Unknown 1. 0.95 19.01 90.20 19.01 19.01 8.5 BS 17 1r
1t 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03
All modes 1. 0.95 19.01 90.20 19.01 19.01 8.5 8.s+ 17 1r

1t 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.12.1.1 Valves
PSD
Butterfly
20.1-30) inch
Population lnstaltations Aggregated time in service (106 hours) No of demands
1
0.0263 0.0263
Failure mode No of Failure rate (oer 11)6 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
All modes o· 0.04 9.50 36.50 13.44 . . . . .

ot 0.04 9.51 36.53 13.45 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.12.1.2 Valves
PSD
Butterfly
30.1-40) inch
0.0263 0.0263
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
Unknown 1. 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 8.5 8.5' 17 1r
1t 1.90 38.05 180.56 38.05 38.05
Unknown 1. 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 8.5 as 17 1r
1t 1.90 38.05 180.56 38.05 38.05
All modes 1. 1.90 38.02 180.39 38.02 38.02 8.5 8.5' 17 1r

1t 1.90 38.05 180.56 38.05 38.05
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.12.2 Valves
PSD
Gale
0.0175 0.0173
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active reo. hrs Manhours
All modes o· 0.02 5.63 21.61 7.96 . . . .

ot 0.02 5.65 21.70 7.99 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.12.2.1 Valves
PSD
Gate
10.1-20! inch
0.0175 0.0173
. .
.- -
All modes o· 0.02 4.70 18.05 6.65 -
ot 0.02 4.73 18.15 6.68
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.12.3 Valves
PSO
PSV • Conventional
0.0808 0.0808
All modes o· 0.01 3.29 12.62 4.65 . . . . .

ot 0.01 3.29 12.64 4.65 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.12.3.1 Valves
PSD
1.1-5.0\inch
0.0808 0.0808
All modes o· 0.01 2.15 8.24 3.03 . . . .

ot 0.01 2.15 8.25 3.04 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.13 Valves
Relief
3.1242 3.0262
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hoursl. Active reo. hrs Man hours
Critical 3' 0.02 1.00 3.10 1.10 0.96 4.7 6.0' 8.0 12'
3t 0.03 1.03 3.12 1.07 0.99
Fail to close on demood 1' - 0.98 4.51 1.81 0.32 6.0 6.0" 12 12"
1t 1E-4 1.00 4.57 1.83 0.33
Fail to open on demand 2' 0.06 0.55 1.47 0.47 0.64 4.0 4.0' 6.0 8.0'
2t 0.06 0.57 1.53 0.49 0.66
Degraded 6' 2E-3 5.86 25.64 10.01 1.92 4.3 8.0' 10 16'
6t 2E-3 5.90 25.94 10.17 1.98
Delayed operation 4' 1E-3 4.61 20.44 8.05 1.28 5.0 8.0' 13 16'
4t 9E-4 4.64 20.70 8.18 1.32
Extemalleakage - Utility 1' 0.98 4.51 1.81 0.32 2.0 2.0' 6.0 6.0'
medium 1t 1E-4 1.00 4.57 1.83 0.33
Olher 1' 4E-3 0.28 0.89 0.32 0.32 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t 4E-3 0.29 0.92 0.33 0.33
Incipient 9' 0.04 3.14 9.98 3.59 2.88 4.2 8.0' 8.6 16'
9t 0.06 3.23 10.10 3.60 2.97
low output 1' - 0.79 3.65 1.46 0.32 - -
1t - 0.81 3.70 1.48 0.33
Minor in-service problems 1' - 0.98 4.51 1.81 0.32 4.0 4.0' 12 12'
1t 1E-4 1.00 4.57 1.83 0.33
Structural deficiency 2' 4E-4 0.81 3.49 1.35 0.64 - - 10.0 12'
2t 6E-4 0.83 3.51 1.35 0.66
Olher 5' 0,07 1.19 3.52 1.17 1.60 4.2 8.o· 7.4 16'
5t 0,07 1.24 3.66 1.22 1.65
All modes 18' 0.06 10.25 36.02 13.30 5.76 4.3 8.0 9.1 16
18t 0.06 10.37 36.49 13.48 5.95
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application -Relief

Closure member - - - - - -
(BaiUgateldiscletc.)
Other - - -
Other actuator components - 11.1 I -
Spring - - - 5.56 - -
Subunit - 11.11 - - -
Unknown - - 5.56 11.11 - - -
Total - 22.22 5.56 5.56 11.11 - -

Item: Valves described by application- Relief

Closure member - - 5.56 - 5.56
(Ballloateldiscletc.)
Other - 5.56 5.56
Other actuator comoonents - - - - 11.11
Sprino - - - - - - 5.56
Subunit - 5.56 - - - 16.67
Unknown - - 33.33 - - - 5.56 55.56
Total - 5.56 33.33 - 5.56 11.11 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application - Relief

Breakage - - - -
Control failure - - - -
Corrosion - - 5.56 - - -
Material failure -general - - 5.56 - - -
Olher - - - -
Unknown 22.22 - 5.56 5.56 -
Wear - - - -
Total 22.22 - 5.56 5.56 11.11 -

Item: Valves described by application - Relief

Breakaoe - - - 5.56 5.56
Control failure 5.56 - - - - 5.56
Corrosion 5.56 - - 5.56 - 16.67
Material failure - general - - - - - 5.56
Other 16.67 - - - - 16.67
Unknown - - 5.56 38.89
Wear - 11.11 - - 11.11
Total 5.56 33.33 - 5.56 - 11.11 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.13.1 Valves
Relief
Ball
0.0526 0.0525
Failure mode No of Failure rate toer 10& hours . Active rep, hrs Manhours
Critical 1. 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 6.0 s.o· 12 12'
1t 0.95 19.04 90.32 19.04 19.04
Fail to close on demand 1. 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 6.0 6.o· 12 12'
1t 0.95 19.04 90.32 19.04 19.04
Degraded 4. 25.97 76.10 174.18 38.05 76.10 5.0 8.1r 13 16'
4t 25.98 76.14 174.27 38.07 76.14
Delayed operation 4. 25.97 76.10 174.18 38.05 76.10 5.0 8.o· 13 16'
4t 25.98 76.14 174.27 38.07 76.14
Incipient 1. 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 4.0 4.o· 12 12'
1t 0.95 19.04 90.32 19.04 19.04
Minor in-service problems 1. 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 4.0 4.o· 12 12'
1t 0.95 19.04 90.32 19.04 19.04
All modes 6• 49.75 114.16 225.27 46.60 114.16 5.0 8.1r 13 16'
6t 49.78 114.21 225.38 46.63 114.21
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.13.1.1 Valves
Relief
Ball
1.1-5.0)inch
0.0526 0.0525
Critical 1" 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 6.0 6.1r 12 1T
1t 0.95 19.04 90.32 19.04 19.04
Fail to close on demand 1" 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 6.0 6.o· 12 12.
1t 0.95 19.04 90.32 19.04 19.04
Degraded 4" 25.97 76.10 174.18 38.05 76.10 5.0 B.lr 13 11r
4t 25.98 76.14 174.27 38.07 76.14
Delayed operation 4" 25.97 76.10 174.18 38.05 76.10 5.0 8.o· 13 16.
4t 25.98 76.14 174.27 38.07 76.14
Incipient 1" 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 4.0 4.o· 12 1T
1t 0.95 19.04 90.32 19.04 19.04
Minor in~service problems 1" 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 4.0 4.o· 12 12.
1t 0.95 19.04 90.32 19.04 19.04
All modes 6" 49.75 114.16 225.27 46.60 114.16 5.0 8.0" 13 11r
6t 49.78 114.21 225.38 46.63 114.21
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.13.2 Valves
Relief
Check
0.0526 0.0526
Degraded 1. 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 2.0 2.o· 6.0 6.1r
External leakage - Utility ,.

1t 0.95
0.95
19.03
19.03
90.28
90.28
19.03
19.03
19.03
19.03 2.0 2.0" 6.0 6.0"
medium 1t 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03
All modes 1. 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 2.0 2.o· 6.0 6.1r
1t 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.13.2.1 Vahles
Relief
Check
1.1-5.0) inch
0.0526 0.0526
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 1()6 hours . Active reo. hrs Manhours
Degraded 1. 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 2.0 2.0' 6.0 6.0"
1t 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03
External leakage· Utility 1. 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 2.0 2.0" 6.0 6.0"
medium 1t 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03
All modes 1. 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 2.0 2.0' 6.0 6.0'
It 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.13.3 Valves
Relief
Globe
0.1478 0.1074
All modes o· 0.01 2.54 9.77 3.60 - - - - -

ot 0.01 3.21 12.33 4.54 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.13.3.1 Valves
Relief
Globe
1.1-5.0) inch
0.1478 0.1074
failures lower Mean Upper so nl< Mean Max Mean Max
All modes o· 6E·3 1.45 5.57 2.05 . . . . .

ot 0.01 1.90 7.30 2.69 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.13.4 Valves
Relief
PSV- Conventional
0.6597 0.6591
Failure mode No of Failure rate IDer 106 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 1. 0.02 1.36 4.26 1.52 1.52 4.0 4.0' 8.0 8.0'
1t 0.02 1.36 4.26 1.52 1.52
Fail to open on demand 1. 0.02 1.36 4.26 1.52 1.52 4.0 4.0' 8.0 8.0'
1t 0.02 1.36 4.26 1.52 1.52
Incipient 5. 1.87 7.24 15.411 4.32 7.58 3.3 4.0' 5.8 8.o·
5t 1.87 7.25 15.49 4.33 7.59
Structural deficiency 1. 0.03 2.24 7.17 2.59 1.52 8.0 8.0'
1t 0.03 2.24 7.18 2.60 1.52
Other 4. 0.31 4.94 14.40 4.77 6.06 3.3 4.0' 5.3 8.o·
4t 0.31 4.94 14.41 4.77 6.07
All modes 6. 2.06 8.46 18.42 5.21 9.10 3.4 4.0' 6.2 8.0'
6t 2.07 8.47 18.43 5.21 9.10
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.13.4.1 Valves
Relief
PSV- Conventional
1.1-5.0) inch
0.4842 0.4839
Failure mode No of Failure rate Coer 1()11 hours . Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 1" 0.10 2.07 9.80 2.07 "''2.07 4.0 4.1r 8.0 8.o·
1t 0.10 2.07 9.81 2.07 2.07
Fail to open on demand 1" 0.10 2.07 9.80 2.07 2.07 4.0 4.o· 8.0 8.o·
1t 0.10 2.07 9.81 2.07 2.07
Incipient 4" 2.82 8.26 18.91 4.13 8.26 3.3 4.1r 5.3 8.o·
4t 2.82 8.27 18.92 4.13 8.27
Other 4" 2.82 8.26 18.91 4.13 8.26 3.3 4.o· 5.3 8.o·
4t 2.82 8.27 18.92 4.13 8.27
All modes 5" 4.07 10.33 21.71 4.62 10.33 3.4 4.1r 5.8 8.1r
5t 4.07 10.33 21.73 4.62 10.33
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.13.4.2 Valves
Relief
PSV - Conventional
Unknown
Population Installations Aggregated time in seNice (10& hours} No of demands
0.1754 0.1752
Incipient 1. 0.13 5.31 16.30 5.70 5.70 . . 8.0 B.lr
1t 0.13 5.32 16.32 5.71 5.71
Structural deficiency 1. 0.13 5.31 16.30 5.70 5.70 - 8.0 8.0'
1t 0.13 5.32 16.32 5.71 5.71
All modes 1.
1t
0.13
0.13
5.31
5.32
16.30
16.32
5.70
5.71
5.70
5.71
- - 8.0 8.1r
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.13.5 Valves
Relief
PSV • Conventional w/beltows
0.9439 0.8886
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active re • hrs Man hours
Degraded 1. 0.05 1.06 5.03 1.06 1.06 4.0 4.1r 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.06 1.13 5.34 1.13 1.13
Other 1. 0.05 1.06 5.03 1.06 1.06 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.06 1.13 5.34 1.13 1.13
Incipient 1. 0.05 1.06 5.03 1.06 1.06 8.0 8.1r 16 16"
1t 0.06 1.13 5.34 1.13 1.13
Other 1. 0.05 1.06 5.03 1.06 1.06 8.0 8.o· 16 16"
1t 0.06 1.13 5.34 1.13 1.13
All modes 2. 0.38 2.12 6.67 1.50 2.12 6.0 8.1r 10.0 16"
2t 0.40 2.25 7.08 1.59 2.25
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.13.5.1 Valves
Relief
PSV- Conventional w/beHows
1.1-5.0) inch
0.6532 0.6463
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 1()6 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Degraded 1' 0.08 1.53 7.26 1.53 1.53 4.0 4.tr 4.0 4.tr
1t 0.08 1.55 7.34 1.55 1.55
Other 1' 0.08 1.53 7.26 1.53 1.53 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.08 1.55 7.34 1.55 1.55
All modes 1' 0.08 1.53 7.26 1.53 1.53 4.0 4.tr 4.0 4.tr
1t 0.08 1.55 7.34 1.55 1.55
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.13.5.2 Valves
Relief
PSV- Conventional wJbellows
5.1-10)inch
Population Installations Aggregated time in seNice (108 hours) No of demands
0.2907 0.2423
Incipient
failures Lower
1'
1t
0.17
Mean
3.44
Upper
16.32
SD
3.44
n/t
3.44
Mean
8.0
Max
8.1r
Mean
16 ,..
Max
0.21 4.13 19.58 4.13 4.13

Other 1' 0.17 3.44 16.32 3.44 3.44 8.0 8.0' 16 16'
1t 0.21 4.13 19.58 4.13 4.13
All modes 1' 0.17 3.44 16.32 3.44 3.44 8.0 8.1r 16 16'
1t 0.21 4.13 19.58 4.13 4.13
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.13.6 Valves
Relief
PSV- Pilot operated
1.2677 1.2660
Failure mode No of Failure rate {per 106 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 1" 3E-4 1.86 8.42 3.35 0.79 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.1r
1t 3E-4 1.86 8.43 3.35 0.79
Fail to open on demand 1" 3E-4 1.86 8.42 3.35 0.79 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
1t 3E-4 1.86 8.43 3.35 0.79
Incipient 2" 9E-4 1.73 7.38 2.85 1.58 . . 12 12"
2t 9E-4 1.73 7.39 2.86 1.58
Low output 1" 4E-3 1.29 5.04 1.87 0.79 .
1t 4E-3 1.29 5.05 1.88 0.79
Structural deficiency 1" 0.01 0.67 2.17 0.79 0.79 . 12 12"
1t O.D1 0.67 2.17 0.79 0.79
All modee 3" 0.77 2.79 5.85 1.61 2.37 4.0 4.1r 8.0 12"
3t 0.77 2.80 5.86 1.61 2.37
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.13.6.1 Valves
Relief
PSV- Pilot operated
1.1-5.0) inch
0.4142 0.4136
Failure mode No of Failure rate ~r 106 hours . Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 1" 0.02 5.27 20.54 7.61 2.41 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.02 5.28 20.57 7.63 2.42
1t 0.02 5.28 20.57 7.63 2.42
Incipient 1" 0.04 2.20 6.82 2.41 2.41 . . 12 1T
1t 0.04 2.20 6.83 2.42 2.42
Structural deficiency 1" 0.04 2.20 6.82 2.41 2.41 . . 12 12"
1t 0.04 2.20 6.83 2.42 2.42
All modes T 1.33 5.51 12.05 3.41 4.83 4.0 4.o+ 8.0 1T
2t 1.33 5.52 12.06 3.42 4.84
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.13.6.2 Valves
Relief
PSV - Pilot operated
5.1-10) inch
0.5026 0.5020
All modes o· 3E·3 0.73 2.82 1.04 . . . . .

ot JE-3 0.73 2.82 1.04 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.13.6.3 Valves
Relief
PSV- Pilot operated
Unknom
0.3509 0.3504
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10" hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
Incipient 1" 0.01 2.54 9.66 3.56 2.85 . . . .
1t 0.01 2.55 9.68 3.57 2.85
Low output 1" 0.01 2.54 9.66 3.56 2.85 . .
1t 0.01 2.55 9.68 3.57 2.85
All modes 1" 0.01 2.54 9.66 3.56 2.85 . . . .

1t 0.01 2.55 9.68 3.57 2.85
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.14 Valves
Shut-off
Population Installations Aggregated time in service {10& hours) No of demands
0.8467 0.8404
Critical 1" 2E-3 3.59 15.20 5.85 1.18 8.0 8.1r 8.0 8.1r
1t 2E·3 3.61 15.29 5.88 1.19
External leakage - Utility 1" 2E-3 3.59 15.20 5.85 1.18 8.0 8.o· 8.0 8.o·
medium 1t 2E-3 3.61 15.29 5.88 1.19
Degraded 14' 0.34 22.74 71.93 25.82 16.53 4.1 11' 13 40
14t 0.33 23.43 74.44 26.80 16.66
External leakage - Process 2" 1E-3 4.36 19.22 7.55 2.36 1.0 2.0'
medium 2t 1E-3 4.53 19.96 7.83 2.38
External leakage - Utility 1" 2E-3 3.59 15.20 5.85 1.18 11 11' 11 11'
medium 1t 2E-3 3.61 15.29 5.88 1.19
Minor in-service problems 3" 0.05 2.75 8.60 3.06 3.54 2.0 2.0' 40 40'
3t 0.05 2.78 8.64 3.06 3.57
Structural deficiency 1" 1E-3 1.96 8.23 3.16 1.18 6.0 6.0'
1t 1E-3 2.03 8.61 3.31 1.19
Valve leakage in closed 3" 0.05 2.75 8.60 3.06 3.54 4.0 6.0' 12 12'
position 3t 0.05 2.78 8.64 3.06 3.57
Other 4" 1E-3 9.00 40.73 16.19 4.72 - 2.0 2.0'
4t 1E-3 9.38 42.21 16.74 4.76
Incipient 1" 0.01 1.03 3.28 1.18 1.18 4.0 4.1r 12 12"
1t 0.01 1.04 3.30 1.19 1.19
Internal leakage 1" O.Q1 1.03 3.28 1.18 1.18 4.0 4.0' 12 12'
1t 0.01 1.04 3.30 1.19 1.19
All modes 16" 1.50 27.02 80.04 26.64 18.90 4.6 w 13 40

16t 1.46 27.77 82.71 27.58 19.04
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application -Shut-off

Bonnet - - -
Cablina & ·unction boxes - -
Closure member -
(BaJI/gate/disc/etc.)
Other actuator comoonents - - 12.50 - -
Other valve components - 6.25 -
Packing - - 6.25
Unknown - -
Valve body wlinlemals 6.25 -
Total 12.50 12.50 - 6.25

Item: Valves described by application -Shut-off

Bonnet - - 3.13 - 3.13
Cabling & ·unction boxes - 25.00 - - - - 25.00
Closure member - 18.75 - - - 18.75
(BaJI/oate/disc/etc.)
Other actuator components - - - - 12.50
Other valve components - - - - - - - 6.25
PackillQ - - - - - - 6.25
Unknown 18.75 - - - - - - 18.75
Valve body wnntemats - - - 3.13 9.38
Total 18.75 25.00 - 18.75 - 6.25 - 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application- Shut-off

Corrosion - - - - -
LeakaQe - 12.50 - - -
Material failure - general - - 12.50 - 6.25
Mechanical Failure- general - - - - - -
Total - 12.50 12.50 - - 6.25

Item: Valves described by application- Shut-off

Corrosion - - 25.00 12.50 - 6.25 43.75
Leakage - - - - 12.50
Material failure - aeneral 12.50 - - - 31.25
Mechanical Failure- general 6.25 - - - 6.25 - 12.50
To1al 18.75 - 25.00 - 18.75 6.25 - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.14.1 Valves
Shut-off
Ball
0.3299 0.3259
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1Q8 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 1. 0.01 6.41 25.54 9.55 3.03 8.0 8.tr 8.0 8.o·
1t 0.01 6.45 25.74 9.63 3.07
External leakage • Utility 1. 0.01 6.41 25.54 9.55 3.03 8.0 8.o· 8.0 8.o·
medium 1t 0.01 6.45 25.74 9.63 3.07
Degraded 8. 0.22 37.23 131.09 48.41 24.25 11 11" 3.4 11"
8t 0.22 38.67 137.10 50.64 24.55
External leakage - Process 2" 0.02 8.38 33.21 12.39 6.06 - 1.0 2.0"
medium 2t 0.02 8.73 34.89 13.06 6.14
External leakage - Utility 1. 0.01 6.41 25.54 9.55 3.03 11 11" 11 11"
medium 1t 0.01 6.45 25.74 9.63 3.07
Sbuctural deficiency 1. 0.04 3.84 12.51 4.55 3.03 - 6.0 6.0"
1t 0.03 4.00 13.44 4.93 3.07
Other 4. O.D1 16.99 71.62 27.49 12.13 - - 2.0 2.0"
4t 0.01 17.76 74.93 28.78 12.27
All modes 9. 0.83 44.61 139.04 49.40 27.28 9.5 11" 3.9 11"
9t 0.78 46.11 144.54 51.57 27.62
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.14.1.1 Valves
Shut-off
Ball
10.1-201 inch
1 1 Calendar time" Operational time '
0.0404 0.0404
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10S hours). Active reg. hrs Manhours
Critical 1. 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 8.0 8.0" 8.0 8.o-
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
medium 1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Degraded 1. 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 11 11" 11 11"
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
External leakage - Ulilily 1. 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 11 11" 11 11"
medium 1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
All modes 2. 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 9.5 11" 9.5 11"
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no kem
4.4.14.1.2 Valves
Shut-off
Batt
20.1-30) inch
0.1316 0.1314
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours . Active reD. hrs Man hours
Degraded 3. 0.19 54.07 208.75 77.07 "''22.80 . . 2.0 2.0"
3t 0.19 54.22 209.34 77.28 22.83
External leakage - Process 1. 0.05 16.13 62.71 23.23 7.60 . . 2.0 2.0"
medium 1t 0.05 16.17 62.90 23.30 7.61
Other 2. 0.12 35.10 135.81 50.19 15.20 . 2.0 2.0"
2t 0.12 35.20 136.19 50.34 15.22
At! modes 3. 0.19 54.07 208.75 77.07 22.80 . - 2.0 2.0"

3t 0.19 54.22 209.34 77.28 22.83
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.14.1.3 Valves
Shut-off
Ball
30.1-40) inch
0.1579 0.1541
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours . Active reD. hrs Man hours
Degraded 4' 0.16 36.40 136.13 50.24 25.34 . . 2.5 6.0'
4t 0.17 39.12 147.19 54.30 25.96
External leakage- Process 1' 0.08 7.91 26.00 9.49 6.33 . .
medium 1t 0.07 8.48 28.71 10.56 6.49
Structural deficiency 1' 0.08 7.91 26.00 9.49 6.33 . . 6.0 6.0'
1t 0.07 8.48 28.71 10.56 6.49
Other 2' 0.09 17.41 62.94 23.26 12.67 2.0 2.0"
2t 0.09 18.69 68.48 25.30 12.98
All modes 4' 0.16 36.40 136.13 50.24 25.34 . . 2.5 6.0'
4t 0.17 39.12 147.19 54.30 25.96
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.14.2 Valves
Shut-off
Butterfly
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (10& hours} No of demands
0.3329 0.3329
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 1()6 hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
Degraded 6. 7.86 18.02 35.57 7.36 18.02 3.0 6.0" 26 40"
6t 7.86 18.03 35.57 7.36 18.03
Minor in-service problems 3. 2.46 9.01 23.30 5.20 9.01 2.0 2.0" 40 40"
3t 2.46 9.01 23.30 5.20 9.01
Valve leakage in closed 3. 2.46 9.01 23.30 5.20 9.01 4.0 6.0" 12 12"
position 3t 2.46 9.01 23.30 5.20 9.01
Incipient 1. 0.15 3.00 14.25 3.00 3.00 4.0 4.0" 12 1T
1t 0.15 3.00 14.26 3.00 3.00
Internal leakage 1. 0.15 3.00 14.25 3.00 3.00 4.0 4.0" 12 12"
1t 0.15 3.00 14.26 3.00 3.00
All modes 7. 9.87 21.03 39.50 7.95 21.03 3.1 6.0" 24 40"
7t 9.87 21.03 39.51 7.95 21.03
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no hem
4.4.14.2.1 Valves
Shut-off
Butterfly
10.1-20) inch
19 1 Calendar time .. Operational time
0.3329 0.3329
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours . Active reg, hrs Manhours
Degraded 6. 7.86 18.02 35.57 7.36 "''18.02 3.0 6.o· 26 40"
6t 7.86 18.03 35.57 7.36 18.03
Minor in-service problems 3. 2.46 9.01 23.30 5.20 9.01 2.0 2.o· 40 40.
3t 2.46 9.01 23.30 5.20 9.01
Valve leakage in closed 3. 2.46 9.01 23.30 5.20 9.01 4.0 6.o· 12 12.
position 3t 2.46 9.01 23.30 5.20 9.01
Incipient 1. 0.15 3.00 14.25 3.00 3.00 4.0 4.o· 12 12"
1t 0.15 3.00 14.26 3.00 3.00
Internal leakage 1. 0.15 3.00 14.25 3.00 3.00 4.0 4.o· 12 12.
1t 0.15 3.00 14.26 3.00 3.00
All modes 7. 9.87 21.03 39.50 7.95 21.03 3.1 6.0" 24 40.
7t 9.87 21.03 39.51 7.95 21.03
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.14.3 Valves
Shut-off
Gate
0.1840 0.1817
All modes o· 0.01 2.47 9.48 3.49 . . . . .

ot 0.01 2.50 9.62 3.54 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.14.3.1 Valves
Shut-off
Gate
1.1-5.0) inch
0.1051 0.1051
All modes o· 6E·3 1.63 6.24 2.30 . . . . .

ot 6E·3 1.64 6.30 2.32 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.14.3.2 Valves
Shut-off
Gale
lrs.1-10)inch
0.0263 0.0254
"''
All modes o· 0.01 2.19 8.39 3.09 - - - - -

ot 0.01 2.22 8.53 3.14 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.14.3.3 Valves
Shut-off
Gate
10.1-201 inch
5 1 Calendar time * Operational time r
0.0438 0.0424
All modes o· 0.01 2.03 7.80 2.87 . . . . .

ot 0.01 2.07 7.93 2.92 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.14.3.4 Valves
Shut-off
Gate
20.1-30) inch
0.0088 0.0088
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 101 hours . Active reo. hrs Manhours
All modes o· 0.01 2.37 9.09 3.35 . . . . .

ot 0.01 2.40 9.21 3.39 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.15 Valves
Unknown
4.5680 4.5641
Failure mode No of Failure rate loer 106 hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 21" 0.63 8.6ll 24.88 8.19 4.60 4.7 23 7.0 51r
21t 0.63 8.69 24.89 8.19 4.60
Fail to close on demand 5" 0.28 1.07 2.29 0.64 1.09 10 23" 38 50"
st 0.28 1.07 2.29 0.64 1.10
4t 0.22 0.86 1.84 0.51 0.88
Fail to regulate 10" 0.04 8.84 32.39 11.97 2.19 2.3 4.0" 0.8 4.0"
10t 0.04 8.84 32.41 11.97 2.19
Low output 1" 0.01 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22 2.0 2.0" 3.0 3.0"
1t 0.01 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22
Other 1" O.Q1 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22 . .
1t 0.01 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22
Degraded 11" 0.57 2.30 4.99 1.41 2.41 2.7 4.0+ 2.5 4.1r
11t 0.57 2.31 5.00 1.41 2.41
Delayed operation 1" 0.01 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22 . . .
1t 0.01 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22
External leakage · Utility 2" 0.07 0.43 1.03 0.31 0.44 3.5 4.0" 3.0 3.0"
medium 2t 0.07 0.43 1.03 0.31 0.44
Low output 2" O.Ql 0.43 1.03 0.31 0.44 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
2t 0.07 0.43 1.03 0.31 0.44
4t 0.22 0.86 1.84 0.51 0.88
Plugged/Choked 1" O.Q1 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t O.Q1 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22
Other 1" O.Q1 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.01 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22
Incipient 8" 0.43 1.69 3.65 1.02 1.75 3.7 6.1r 4.8 12"
8t 0.43 1.70 3.65 1.02 1.75
Abnormal instrument rea:ting 4" 0.22 0.86 1.84 0.51 0.88 5.0 6.0" 12 12"
4t 0.22 0.86 1.84 0.51 0.88
Fail to regulate 1" 0.01 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.0"
1t 0.01 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22
1t O.Q1 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22
Other 1" 0.01 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.0"
1t O.Q1 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22
Unknown 1" O.Q1 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.0"
1t O.Q1 0.22 0.65 0.22 0.22
Unknown 1" 2E·3 8.26 36.74 14.49 0.22 2.0 2.1r . .
1t 2E-3 8.27 36.76 14.50 0.22
Comments
/cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.15 Valves
Unknown
4.5680 4.5641
failures lower Mean Upper SD nl• Mean Max Mean Max
Unknown 1. 2E-3 8.26 36.74 14.49 0.22 2.0 2.0"
1t 2E-3 8.27 36.76 14.50 0.22
All modes 41. 0.49 19.55 59.91 20.93 8.98 3.8 23 5.4 50
41t 0.49 19.56 59.95 20.94 8.98
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by application - Unknown

Unknown 9.76 2.44 4.88 12.20 9.76 26.83
Total 9.76 2.44 4.88 12.20 9.76 26.83

ttem: Valves described by application- Unknown
LCP LOO OTH PLU SER SPO SID UNK Sum

Unknown 7.32 7.32 2.44 12.20 - 4.88 100.0
Tota 7.32 7.32 2.44 12.20 4.88 100.0
©OREDA


Blockaae/oluaaed - - 4.88 2.44 -
Conosion - - - - -
Instrument failure- general 9.76 - - - -
Leakage - - - -
Mechanical Failure - aeneral - 4.88 2.44 2.44 24.39
Miscellaneous - general - 2.44 - -
Out of adjustment - - -
Sticking - - - 2.44
Unknown 2.44 2.44 4.88 -
Wear - - - - -
Total 9.76 2.44 4.88 t2.20 9.76 26.83


Blockaae/otuaoed - - 2.44 - - - 9.76
Corrosion 2.44 - 2.44 - 4.88
Instrument failure -general - - - 7.32 - - 17.07
Leakaae 2.44 - - - 2.44
Mechanical Failure - general - 2.44 - 2.44 39.02
Miscellaneous - general - - - - 2.44
Out of adjustment - 2.44 2.44 2.44 - - 7.32
Slickina - - - - - 2.44
Unknown - - - 2.44 t2.20
Wear - 2.44 - - - 2.44
Total - 7.32 7.32 2.44 t2.20 - 4.88 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.15.1 Valves
UNKNOVvN
Ball
0.0404 0.0404
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 101 hours). Active reD. hrs Manhours
Critical 1' 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 4.0 4.0+ 4.0 4.0"
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Fail to regulate 1' 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Unknown 1'
1t
1.24
1.24
24.74
24.76
117.40
117.47
24.74
24.76
24.74
24.76
2.0 2.0" - -
Unknown 1' 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 2.0 2.o· -
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
All modes 2' 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 3.0 4.o· 4.0 4.0"
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.4.15.1.1 V/Oves
UNKNO~
Ball
1.1-5.0) inch
0.0404 0.0404
Critical 1" 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 4.0 4.1r 4.0 4.0"
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Fail to regulate 1" 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Unknown 1" 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 2.0 2.1r -
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Unknown 1" 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 2.0 2.0" -
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
All modes 2" 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 3.0 4.1r 4.0 4.0"
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.15.2 Valves
Unknown
Check
Population Installations Aggregated time in seNice (11)6 hours) No of demands
1.1693 1.1683
All modes o· 2E·3 0.42 1.61 0.59 . . . . .

ot 2E·3 0.42 1.61 0.59 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.15.2.1 Valves
Unknown
Check
Unknown
1.1693 1.1683
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours . Active reD. hrs Man hours
"''
All modes o· 8E-4 0.21 0.81 0.30 . . . . .

ot 8E-4 0.21 0.81 0.30 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.15.3 Valves
Unknown
Gate
0.1670 0.1669
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10t hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 5' 11.79 29.93 62.95 13.39 29.93 9.6 23" 26 21>
5t 11.80 29.96 63.00 13.40 29.96
Fail to close on demand 3' 4.91 17.96 46.43 10.37 17.96 14 23' 26 26'
3t 4.91 17.98 46.47 10.38 17.98
Fail to open on demand 1' 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 1.8 1.8' .
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Other 1' 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 . .
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Degraded 5' 11.79 29.93 62.95 13.39 29.93 3.8 4.1r 3.7 4.1r
5t 11.80 29.96 63.00 13.40 29.96
Delayed operation 1' 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 . .
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Extemalleakage ~ Utility 2' 2.13 11.97 37.69 8.47 11.97 3.5 4.0' 3.0 3.0'
medium 2t 2.13 11.98 37.72 8.47 11.98
Minor in-seNice problems 1' 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Other 1' 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Incipient 4' 8.17 23.95 54.81 11.97 23.95 4.0 6.1r 6.0 1T
4t 8.18 23.97 54.85 11.98 23.97
Abnormal instmment reading 2' 2.13 11.97 37.69 8.47 11.97 5.0 6.0' 12 12'
2t 2.13 11.98 37.72 8.47 11.98
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Other 1' 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.0'
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
All modes 14' 50.66 83.81 131.01 22.40 83.81 5.4 23 7.9 21>
14t 50.70 83.88 131.12 22.42 83.88
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.4.15.3.1 Valves
Unknown
Gate
Unknown
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1Qe hours) No of demands
0.1670 0.1669
Failure mode No of Failure rate loer 1()8 hoursl. Active reo. hrs Manhours
Critical 5' 11.79 29.93 62.95 13.39 "''
29.93 9.6 2T 26 21i
5t 11.80 29.96 63.00 13.40 29.96
Fail to close on demand 3' 4.91 17.96 46.43 10.37 17.96 14 23. 26 26.
3t 4.91 17.98 46.47 10.38 17.98
Fail to open on demand 1' 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 1.8 1.8' -
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Other 1' 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 - - -
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Degraded 5' 11.79 29.93 62.95 13.39 29.93 3.8 4.!r 3.7 4.o·
5t 11.80 29.96 63.00 13.40 29.96
Delayed operation 1' 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 - - .
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Ex1emal ~kage • UtiiRy 2' 2.13 11.97 37.69 8.47 11.97 3.5 4.0' 3.0 3.0'
medium 2t 2.13 11.98 37.72 8.47 11.98
Minor in-service problems 1' 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Other 1' 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Incipient 4' 8.17 23.95 54.81 11.97 23.95 4.0 6.cr 6.0 1T
4t 8.18 23.97 54.85 11.98 23.97
Abnonnal instrument reading 2' 2.13 11.97 37.69 8.47 11.97 5.0 6.o· 12 1T
2t 2.13 11.98 37.72 8.47 11.98
Minor in-service problems 1' 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Other 1' 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.0'
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
All modes 14' 50.66 83.81 131.01 22.40 83.81 5.4 23 7.9 21)
14t 50.70 83.88 131.12 22.42 83.88
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.15.4 Valves
Unknown
PSV- Conventional
0.0175 0.0175
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hoursl. Active re . hrs Manhours
All modes o· 0.05 11.59 44.52 16.40 . . . . .

ot 0.05 11.61 44.57 16.41 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no hem
4.4.15.4.1 Valves
Unknown
PSV - Conventional
Unknown
0.0175 0.0175
failures lower Mean Upper so nl< Mean Max Mean Max
All modes o· 0.03 8.24 31.65 11.66 - - - - -

ot 0.03 8.25 31.68 11.67 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.15.5 Valves
Unknown
Unknown
3.1738 3.1710
Critical 15" 2.91 4.73 7.28 1.22 4.73 2.7 4.1r 5.5 Sir
15t 2.92 4.73 7.28 1.22 4.73
Fail to close on demand 2" 0.11 0.63 1.98 0.45 0.63 4.0 4.o· 50 so·
2t 0.11 0.63 1.99 0.45 0.63
Fail to open on demand 3" 0.26 0.95 2.44 0.55 0.95 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.o·
3t 0.26 0.95 2.45 0.55 0.95
Fail to regulate 9" 1.48 2.84 4.95 0.95 2.84 1.7 3.o· 0.4 3.o·
9t 1.48 2.84 4.95 0.95 2.84
Low output 1" 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32 2.0 2.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32
Degraded 6" 0.82 1.89 3.73 o.n 1.89 1.3 2.1r 1.3 2.1r
6t 0.82 1.89 3.73 o.n 1.89
low output 2" 0.11 0.63 1.98 0.45 0.63 1.0 1.o· 1.0 1.0'
2t 0.11 0.63 1.99 0.45 0.63
Minor in-service problems 3" 0.26 0.95 2.44 0.55 0.95 -
3t 0.26 0.95 2.45 0.55 0.95
Plugged/Choked 1" 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.o·
1t 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32
Incipient 4" 0.43 1.26 2.88 0.63 1.26 3.0 3.1r 3.0 3.1r
4t 0.43 1.26 2.89 0.63 1.26
Abnormal instrument reading 2" 0.11 0.63 1.98 0.45 0.63 - - -
2t 0.11 0.63 1.99 0.45 0.63
1t 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32
Unknown 1" 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32
All modes 25" 5.48 7.88 11.00 1.58 7.88 2.4 4.0 4.4 50
25t 5.48 7.88 11.01 1.58 7.88
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.4.15.5.1 Valves
Unknom
Unknom
Unknom
3.1738 3.1710
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active re_p~ hrs Man hours
Critical 15. 2.91 4.73 7.28 1.22 "''4.73 2.7 4.1r 5.5 so·
151 2.92 4.73 7.28 1.22 4.73
Fail to close on demand 2. 0.11 0.63 1.98 0.45 0.63 4.0 4.o· 50 so·
2' 0.11 0.63 1.99 0.45 0.63
31 0.26 0.95 2.45 0.55 0.95
Fail to regulate 9. 1.48 2.84 4.95 0.95 2.84 1.7 3.o· 0.4 3.o·
91 1.48 2.84 4.95 0.95 2.84
Low output 1. 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32 2.0 2.o· 3.0 3.o·
1' 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32
Degraded a· 0.82 1.89 3.73 0.77 1.89 1.3 2.1r 1.3 2.1r
a' 0.82 1.89 3.73 0.77 1.89
Low output 2" 0.11 0.63 1.98 0.45 0.63 1.0 1.o· 1.0 1.o·
2' 0.11 0.63 1.99 0.45 0.63
Minor in-service problems 3. 0.26 0.95 2.44 0.55 0.95 -
3' 0.26 0.95 2.45 0.55 0.95
11 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32
Incipient 4. 0.43 1.2a 2.88 o.a3 1.26 3.0 3.1r 3.0 3.1r
41 0.43 1.2a 2.89 o.a3 1.2a
Abnonnal instrument reading 2. 0.11 0.63 1.98 0.45 0.63 -
2' 0.11 0.63 1.99 0.45 0.63
Fai to regulate 1. 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32
UnknoiM1 1. 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32
.All modes 25• 5.48 7.88 11.00 1.58 7.88 2.4 4.0 4.4 50
251 5.48 7.88 11.01 1.58 7.88
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5 Valves
Valves described bv taxonomy code
22.2900 21.3734
Critical ss· lE-I 2.98 13.63 5.44 3.81 6.2 100 17 694
sst 4E-I 3.05 13.88 5.53 3.98
Delayed operation J• - 0.14 0.74 0.32 0.13 3.0 6.0" 3.0 6.0"
3t - 0.15 0.73 0.31 0.14
External leakage - Process 4. - 0.36 1.88 0.82 0.18 32 100" 34 100"
medium 4t - 0.36 1.88 0.83 0.19
Extemalleakage - Utility 1. 4E-I 0.04 0.14 0.05 0.04 8.0 8.0" 8.0 8.0"
medium 1t 4E-I 0.04 0.14 0.05 0.05
Fail to close on demand 27" 0.97 5.01 3.84 1.21 3.8 23 6.8 50
27t 0.98 5.09 3.93 1.26
Fail to open on demood 25. 2E4 0.93 4.17 1.65 1.12 5.9 17 8.7 32
25t 2E4 0.96 4.22 1.66 1.17
Fail to regulate 13. 0.03 0.43 1.20 0.39 0.58 2.4 4.0" 1.3 4.0"
13t 0.03 0.44 1.28 0.42 0.61
Internal leakage 3. 5E4 0.11 0.42 0.15 0.13 6.3 8.o- 9.0 16"
3t 6E4 0.12 0.42 0.16 0.14
low output 1. 9E4 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.04 2.0 2.0" 3.0 3.0"
1t 8E4 0.04 0.13 0.05 0.05
Spurious operation 1. - 0.08 0.44 0.21 0.04 6.0 6.0" 6.0 6.0"
1t - 0.08 0.43 0.20 0.05
Structural deficiency 3. - 0.17 0.93 0.47 0.13 5.0 9.0" 5.3 9.0"
3t - 0.17 0.95 0.48 0.14
Valve leakage in closed 3. 3E4 0.14 0.55 0.20 0.13 10.0 10.0" 352 694"
position 3t 5E4 0.15 0.57 0.21 0.14
Other 1. 9E4 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.04 - - -
1t 8E4 0.04 0.13 0.05 0.05
Degraded 126. 0.08 6.98 22.61 8.21 5.65 7.0 113 15 502
126t 0.07 7.19 23.56 8.59 5.90
Abnormal instrument reading 4. - 0.21 1.21 0.70 0.18 3.8 5.o- 3.8 s.o·
4t - 0.22 1.23 0.71 0.19
Delayed operation 13. 2E-3 0.61 2.36 0.87 0.58 4.1 8.0 8.0 16
13t 3E-3 0.62 2.35 0.87 0.61
Exlsmalleakage - Process 16. 2E-3 1.57 6.39 2.41 0.72 14 27" 16 98
medium 16t 2E-3 1.61 6.63 2.52 0.75
Extemalleakage - Utility 13. 4E-3 0.51 1.75 0.64 0.58 4.9 11" 11 22
medium 13t SE-3 0.53 1.76 0.65 0.61
Fail to open on demand 1. 2E4 0.04 0.16 0.06 0.04 0.5 0.5" 0.5 o.s-
1t - 0.05 0.20 0.08 0.05
High output 2. 3E4 0.08 0.31 0.12 0.09 3.3 3.5" 3.3 3.5"
2t - 0.09 0.40 0.16 0.09
lntsmalleakage 6. - 0.58 2.86 1.20 0.27 9.7 18" 29 53"
6t - 0.58 2.88 1.22 0.28
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5 Valves
Valves described by taxonomy code
22.2900 21.3734
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Dar 1()6 hours . Active re . hrs Manhours
Low output 13" - 0.33 1.82 0.86 0.58 5.3 13 5.3 13
13t - 0.35 1.90 1.21 0.61
Minor in-service problems r - 0.31 1.54 0.65 0.31 2.5 4.0" 31 40"
7t - 0.31 1.54 0.65 0.33
Plugged/Choked 3" 6E-3 0.12 0.36 0.12 0.13 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
3t 7E-4 0.12 0.44 0.16 0.14
Structural deficiency 4" 0.73 3.36 1.35 0.18 6.0 6.0" 6.0 6.0"
4t 0.75 3.47 1.40 0.19
Valve leakage in closed 34" 1.29 6.85 4.60 1.53 9.9 113 27 502
position 34t 1.31 6.91 4.67 1.59
01her 10" 1.21 6.35 2.87 0.45 3.0 4.0" 2.9 6.0"
10t 1.27 6.65 3.01 0.47
Incipient 64" 0.89 2.89 5.85 1.56 2.87 5.8 37 17 280
64t 0.88 3.01 6.19 1.68 2.99
Abnormal instrument reading 15" 4E-4 0.63 2.69 1.04 0.67 4.0 16 4.5 16
15t 6E-4 0.66 2.78 1.06 0.70
Delayed operation 4" 6E-4 0.15 0.56 0.21 0.18 5.3 6.0" 5.3 6.0"
4t 6E-4 0.15 0.57 0.21 0.19
External leakage - Process 4" 0.42 2.07 0.87 0.18 16 3r 34 110'
medium 4t 0.42 2.08 0.89 0.19
Ex1emalleakage - Utility 3" 0.55 2.61 1.07 0.13 10.0 12" 24 36"
medium 3t 0.55 2.64 1.09 0.14
Fail to regulate 1" 9E-4 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.04 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.0"
1t 8E-4 0.04 0.13 0.05 0.05
Internal leakage 4" - 0.27 1.25 0.50 0.18 21 35" 147 280"
4t 0.27 1.25 0.50 0.19
Low output 2" 4E-4 0.09 0.33 0.12 0.09 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
2t 4E-4 0.09 0.36 0.13 0.09
Minor in-service problems 14" 0.39 0.64 0.93 0.17 0.63 2.7 8.0 3.3 12
14t 0.18 0.70 1.50 0.42 0.66
Structural deficiency 2" - 0.13 0.66 0.28 0.09 - 10.0 12"
2t - 0.13 0.65 0.27 0.09
Valve leakage in closed 1" 2E-4 0.04 0.16 0.06 0.04 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
position 1t - 0.05 0.20 0.08 0.05
01her 13" 5E-4 0.43 1.79 0.68 0.58 4.2 12 6.2 16
d 9E-4 0.45 1.79 0.67 0.61
Unknown 1" 9E-4 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.04 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.0"
1t 8E-4 0.04 0.13 0.05 0.05
Unknown 14" . 0.62 3.14 1.35 0.63 3.0 8.5 4.5 17
14t . 0.63 3.19 1.37 0.66
medium 4t 6E-4 0.15 0.57 0.21 0.19
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5 Valves
Population lnstallattons Aggregated time in service (106 hours) No of demands
22.2900 21.3734
Other 1. 4E-4 0.04 0.14 0.05 0.04 2.5 2.5' 5.0 5.o·
1t 4E-4 0.04 0.14 0.05 0.05
Unknown 9. - 0.52 2.85 1.38 0.40 2.6 8.5" 4.9 1r
9t - 0.52 2.88 1.41 0.42
All modes 289. 1.30 13.57 37.01 11.92 12.97 6.3 113 16 694
289t 1.28 13.92 38.26 12.38 13.52
Comments
©OREDA
Maintainable item versus failure mode1 to be continued

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code

Bonnet - - 0.35 - - - -
Cablina & iunction boxes 0.69 - - - -
Closure member - 0.35 0.35 0.35
(Ball/gateldiscletc.)
Flanoe - - 1.04 - - - -
Instrument, poshion 1.73 - - - - -
Monitoring 0.35 - - - - -
Olher 0.35 - - - 0.35
Other actuator components - 0.69 0.69 - - - 0.35
Other valve components - - 0.69 0.35 - 2.77 -
Pack ina - - 0.35 - - - 0.35
Pilot valve 0.35 - - 2.42 0.35 -
Positioner 0.35 - - - 0.35 - -
Seals - - 0.69 0.35 - - -
Seals loasketsl - 1.04 - - - 1.38
Seat rings - - 0.35 - - -
Spring - 0.35 - -
Stem - - 0.69 0.35 - - -
Subunit - 1.38 1.04 0.35 0.35 1.38 0.69
Unkno\lllrl 1.73 4.50 1.73 4.50 5.19 3.81 4.15 1.38
Vave body wlintemals - - 1.38 0.35 0.69 0.69 -
Total 6.57 6.92 8.30 7.27 9.34 9.00 4.84 0.69 4.50
©OREDA


Bonnet - - - 0.52 0.87
Cabling & ·unction boxes - 1.73 - 0.35 - 2.n
Closure member - 0.35 0.35 1.38 - 0.35 - 3.46
(Balllgateldiscletc.]
Flanae - - 1.04
Instrument, general 0.35 - 0.35 - - 1.73
Instrument, position - - 1.73
Monitorina - - 0.35 0.69
Other - - 0.69 - 0.35 1.73
Other actuator components - 0.35 - 2.08
Other valve components 9.00 0.35 0.35 - 13.49
Packing 0.69 - - - - - - 138
Pilot valve - - - 0.69 3.81
Positioner - - 0.69 - - - 1.38
Seals - 0.35 - 1.38
Seals (gaskets) - - - - 2.42
Seat rinos 0.35 - - 0.35 - 1.04
Spring - - - 0.35
Stem - - - - - - 1.04
Subunit 0.35 0.35 - - 1.38 0.35 - 1.38 9.00
Unknown 2.42 2.08 5.54 0.69 1.73 - 0.35 2.08 41.87
Valve body wllntemals 0.35 2.77 - - - 0.52 - 6.75
Total 13.15 5.54 8.65 1.04 7.27 0.35 3.11 3.46 100.0
©OREDA


Blockagelplugged 1.04 - - 2.08 1.04 0.69 0.35
Breakage 0.35 - - - - - -
Clearance/ alk:lnment failure 0.35 0.35 - - - -
Control failure 0.35 - 0.35 -
Corrosion 0.35 0.35 - 0.35 -
Erosion - - -
Faulty signal/indication/alarm - - - - -
Instrument failure- general 2.08 - 2.77 1.38 0.35 0.35
Leakaae - 4.15 5.19 - - - 1.38
Looseness 1.04 - - - -
Material failure -general - - 0.69 0.35 - 1.04
Mechanical Failure- general 0.35 0.35 1.73 1.38 2.08 1.04 3.46 1.73
Misc. external influences 0.69 - - - - - -
Miscellaneous - general 0.35 -
No signamooicalionlalann 0.35 - - -
Other - 0.35 - - - -
Out of adjustment 0.35 1.73 - - -
Short cirtUiting 0.35 - - -
Stickina - 0.35 - - 0.35 0.35 0.35 -
Unknown - 3.46 0.35 - 1.73 1.73 - 0.35
Wei¥ - - - 0.35 2.42 -
Total 6.57 6.92 8.30 7.27 9.34 9.00 4.84 0.69 4.50
©OREDA
Volume 1 -Topside Equipment 660 OREOA-2009


Blockagelplugged - 4.15 - 1.04 0.35 - 10.73
Breakooe - 0.35 - - 0.35 - 1.04
Clearance/ alignment failure 0.35 - - - 1.04
Conosion 0.35 0.35 3.11 1.73 1.38 - 7.96
Defonnation - - - - - 0.35
Erosion - 0.35 - 0.35
Faulty signal/indication/alann - - - 0.35 - - 0.35
Instrument failure ~ general 0.35 - 1.73 - 0.69 9.69
Leakaae 1.38 0.35 - 12.46
looseness 0.69 - 0.35 - - - 2.08
Material failure - general 0.69 - 0.35 - 0.35 - 0.35 - 3.81
Mechanical Failure · aeneral 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.69 0.35 1.04 15.22
Misc. external influences - - - - 0.35 - 1.04
Miscellaneous- general - - - - - 0.35
No signaVindication/alarm - - - - - 0.35
Open circuit - - - - - - - 0.35
Other - - 1.38 - - - 1.73
Out of adjustment 0.35 0.35 0.69 - - 3.46
Short circuiting 0.35
Stic~n9 0.35 - 1.73
Unknown 0.35 1.04 2.42 11.42
Wear 9.00 - 1.38 - 13.15
Total 13.15 5.54 8.65 1.04 7.27 0.35 3.11 3.46 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.1 Valves
Ball
3.9740 3.8918
Critical 28" 7E-4 5.32 24.12 9.60 7.05 7.3 100 33 694
28t 9E-4 5.46 24.57 9.74 7.19
2t 0.05 0.43 1.14 0.36 0.51
External leakage - Process 1" - 0.63 3.46 1.69 0.25 100 1oo· 100 100.
medium 1t - 0.64 3.49 1.70 0.26
External leakage - Utility 1" 2E-3 0.21 0.69 0.25 0.25 8.0 8.o· 8.0 8.o·
medium 1t 2E-3 0.22 0.71 0.26 0.26
Fail to close on demand 14" - 2.93 16.51 8.72 3.52 3.0 6.0 3.9 12
14t - 2.97 16.74 8.87 3.60
Fail to open on demand s· 3E-3 1.20 4.78 1.79 1.26 2.8 s.o· 2.8 s.o·
st 1E-3 1.24 5.19 1.98 1.28
Fail to regulate 1. 2E-3 0.21 0.69 0.25 0.25 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 2E-3 0.22 0.71 0.26 0.26
Internal leakage 3. 0.12 0.63 1.48 0.44 0.75 6.3 8.o· 9.0 16.
3t 0.12 0.65 1.51 0.45 0.77
VeJve leakage in closed 1. 0.31 1.70 0.80 0.25 - - 694 694.
po~lion 1t - 0.31 1.71 0.80 0.26
Degraded 34. 0.06 13.11 48.16 17.79 8.56 13 113 29 502
34t 0.06 13.50 50.17 18.52 8.74
Abnonnal instrument reading 2. 0.52 2.54 1.06 0.50 3.5 s.o· 3.5 s.o·
2t 0.53 2.58 1.08 0.51
Delayed operation 9. 4.06 20.57 8.86 2.26 4.2 8.o· 8.2 16.
9t 4.16 20.95 8.99 2.31
External leakage - Process 6" 2.89 14.02 5.82 1.51 23 27" 26 98.
medium 6t 2.99 14.59 6.11 1.54
External leakage- Utility 2. 0.05 0.42 1.12 0.36 0.50 7.5 11. 7.5 11.
medium 2t 0.05 0.43 1.14 0.36 0.51
Internal leakage 6. 2E-3 1.74 7.15 2.71 1.51 9.7 18. 29 53.
6t 3E-3 1.77 7.17 2.70 1.54
S1rucluraJ defi~ency 3. 1.55 7.29 2.98 0.75 6.0 6.o· 6.0 6.o·
3t - 1.60 7.59 3.11 0.77
Valve leakage in closed 1. - 0.31 1.70 0.80 0.25 113 113. 502 502.
position 1t - 0.31 1.71 0.80 0.26
01her s· - 2.33 13.47 7.32 1.26 - - 2.0 2.o·
st - 2.45 14.16 7.69 1.28
Incipient 25. 0.05 6.36 21.72 8.00 6.29 8.3 37 35 280
25t 0.06 6.57 22.00 8.07 6.42
Abnonnal instrument reading 3. 0.21 0.76 1.59 0.44 0.75 1.3 2.o· 1.3 2.o·
3t 5E-4 0.85 3.60 1.39 0.77
Comments
(cont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.1 Valves
Ball
3.9740 3.8918
Delayed operation 3' 0.12 0.63 1.48 0.44 0.75 5.7 6.o· 5.7 6.o·
3t 0.12 0.65 1.51 0.45 0.77
External leakage - Process 2' 1.65 7.74 3.16 0.50 37 3r 61 110.
medium 2t 1.66 7.82 3.19 0.51
Exlema leakage - Ulilily 3' 5E-4 1.10 4.75 1.84 0.75 10.0 12. 24 w
medium 3t 6E-4 1.12 4.77 1.84 0.77
Internal leakage 3' 7E-3 0.79 2.65 0.97 0.75 26 35. 192 280.
3t 0.01 0.81 2.58 0.93 0.77
Minor in-service problems 5' 0.01 1.50 5.38 1.99 1.26 1.8 4.o· 3.8 17
5t O.o1 1.53 5.38 1.99 1.28
Olher 6' 0.09 1.13 3.21 1.05 1.51 3.2 6.o· 4.8 12.
6t 0.10 1.16 3.24 1.05 1.54
Unknown 6' 0.31 1.44 3.27 0.95 1.51 1.5 2.~ 2.3 5.1r
6t 0.37 1.49 3.21 0.90 1.54
Other 1' 2E-3 0.21 0.69 0.25 0.25 2.5 2S 5.0 5.o·
1t 2E-3 0.22 0.71 0.26 0.26
Unknown 5' 5E-3 1.16 4.40 1.62 1.26 1.3 2.o· 1.3 2.o·
5t 5E-3 1.19 4.40 1.63 1.28
All modes 93' 3.18 25.48 65.55 20.46 23.40 8.7 113 31 694
93t 3.24 26.23 67.61 21.12 23.90
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - Ball

Bonnet 1.08 - -
Cabling & junction boxes - -
Closure member 1.08 - - 1.08
(Ball/oate/disc/etc.)
Instrument, position 2.15 - - -
Other 1.08 -
Other actuator components 2.15 2.15 - 1.08
Other valve components - 1.08 - - - -
Packing 1.08 - -
Pilot valve 3.23 1.08 -
Seals 2.15 1.08 - -
Seals (gaskets) 1.08 - - - 4.30
Seat rings - 1.08 - - - -
Sprino - 1.08 - -
Stem - 1.08 - -
Subunit - 3.23 1.08 2.15 - 2.15
Unknown - 8.60 2.15 2.15 8.60 2.15 1.08 4.30
Valve body w/intemals - - 1.08 - - -
Total 5.38 15.05 9.68 6.45 15.05 5.38 1.08 12.90
©OREDA

ttem: Valves described by taxonomy code- Ball
LCP LOO OTH PL SER SPO Sl'D UNK Sum

Bonnet - - - - - - 1.61 - 2.69
Cabling & junction boxes - - 5.38 - - - - - 5.38
Closure member - 1.08 1.08 4.30
•· general - - - - - - - - 2.15
~po~tion - _- - - - - - - 2.15
- - - - 1.08 - - - 2.15
- - - - - - - - 5.38
- - - - - - - _, 1.08
Packina - - - - - - 1.08
Pilot valve - - - - - - - - 4.30
seals - - - - - - - - 3.2
- - - - - -
- - - - -
Spring - - - - - - - -
Stem - - - - - - - - 1.)8
Subunit - - - - 3.23 - 1.08 90
Unknown 2.15 - 7.53 - - - 4.30
I - - - - - - 0.54 -
Total 2.15 - 12.90 - 5.38 - 3.23 5.38 )0.0
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - Ball

Blockage/plugged 2.15 - 1.08 - - -
Breaka:~e - - - - - -
Corrosion 1.08 - 1.08 -
Instrument failure - general - 5.38 3.23 - -
Leakage 4.30 5.38 - - 4.30
Looseness - - - - - -
Material failure -general - - 2.15 2.15
Mechooical Failure- general 1.08 1.08 2.15 1.08 3.23 - - 5.38
Other - -
Out of a(fustment 1.08 4.30 - -
Slicking 1.08 - 1.08 1.08 1.08 - -
Unknown 8.60 - - 4.30 1.08 1.08
Wear - - - - -
Total 5.38 15.05 9.68 6.45 15.05 5.38 1.08 - 12.90

ttem: Valves described by taxonomy code - Ball

Blockage/plugged - - - - - 3.23
Breakaoe 1.08 - 1.08
Corrosion - 8.60 - 3.23 13.98
Instrument failure -general - - - - - 8.60
Leakooe 1.08 - - - 15.05
Looseness - - 1.08 - 1.08
Material failure - eneral - - - - - - - - 4.30
Mechooical Failure- general - - 1.08 1.08 16.13
Other - 1.08 - 1.08
Out of acfustment - - - 5.38
Slic~ng - - 1.08 - - 5.38
Unknown - - 1.08 3.23 - 4.30 23.66
We;s 1.08 - - - 1.08
Total 2.15 - 12.90 5.38 3.23 5.38 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.1.1 Valves
Ball
Ballast water
0.0526 0.0526
Failure mode No of Failure rate toer 106 hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
failures Lower Mean Upper SD nt• Mean Max Mean Max
All modes o· 0.03 6.92 26.58 9.79 . . . . .

ot 0.03 6.98 26.81 9.87 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.1.2 Valves
Ball
Crude oil handling
0.0755 0.0754
Failure mode No of Failure rate Coer 10& hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
Incipient 2" 4.73 26.53 62.88 18.73 26.49 6.0 6.o+ 12 1T
2t 4.74 26.56 62.94 18.75 26.51
External leakage - Process 1" 0.81 13.58 39.89 13.24 13.24 - 12 12'
medium 1t 0.81 13.59 39.93 13.26 13.26
Extemalleakage - Util~y 1" 0.06 12.84 47.37 17.50 13.24 6.0 6.0' 12 12'
medium 1t 0.06 12.85 47.40 17.51 13.26
All modes 2" 4.73 26.53 62.88 18.73 26.49 6.0 6.o+ 12 1T
2t 4.74 26.56 62.94 18.75 26.51
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.1.3 Valves
Ball
Eleobical power
0.0404 0.0404
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours]. Active reD. hrs Man hours
Allmodeo o· 0.03 8.33 31.98 11.78 . . . . .

ot 0.03 8.41 32.30 11.89 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.1.4 Valves
vaves described by taxonomy code
Ball
Ememency shuldown IESDl
0.2807 0.2803
Critical 1. 0.18 3.56 16.90 3.56 "''3.56 . . 694 694•
1t 0.18 3.57 16.93 3.57 3.57
Valve leakage in closed 1. 0.18 3.56 16.90 3.56 3.56 694 694'
position 1t 0.18 3.57 16.93 3.57 3.57
Degraded 1. 0.18 3.56 16.90 3.56 3.56 113 113" 502 SOT
1t 0.18 3.57 16.93 3.57 3.57
vave leakage in closed 1. 0.18 3.56 16.90 3.56 3.56 113 113. 502 50T
position 1t 0.18 3.57 16.93 3.57 3.57
Incipient 1. 0.18 3.56 16.90 3.56 3.56 6.0 6.0" 12 1T
1t 0.18 3.57 16.93 3.57 3.57
Olher 1. 0.18 3.56 16.90 3.56 3.56 6.0 6.o· 12 12.
1t 0.18 3.57 16.93 3.57 3.57
All modes 3. 2.92 10.69 27.63 6.17 10.69 60 113" 403 694•
3t 2.93 10.70 27.66 6.18 10.70
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.1.5 Valves
Ball
Fueloas
0.2021 0.2019
Degraded 3. 4.06 14.85 38.38 8.57 14.85 4.3 6.o· 5.3 6.o-
3t 4.06 14.86 38.41 8.58 14.86
1t 0.25 4.95 23.50 4.95 4.95
External leakage - Utility 1. 0.25 4.95 23.48 4.95 4.95 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
medium 1t 0.25 4.95 23.50 4.95 4.95
1t 0.25 4.95 23.50 4.95 4.95
All modes 3. 4.06 14.85 38.38 8.57 14.85 4.3 6.0+ 5.3 6.o-
3t 4.06 14.86 38.41 8.58 14.86
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.1.6 Valves
Ball
Gas (reliniection
0.1617 0.1615
Incipient 1' 0.31 6.19 29.35 6.19 "''
6.19 2.0 2.\r 2.0 2.\r
1t 0.31 6.19 29.38 6.19 6.19
Other 1' 0.31 6.19 29.35 6.19 6.19 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.31 6.19 29.38 6.19 6.19
Unknown 1' 0.31 6.19 29.35 6.19 6.19 2.5 2.5" 5.0 5.\r
1t 0.31 6.19 29.38 6.19 6.19
Olher 1' 0.31 6.19 29.35 6.19 6.19 2.5 2.5" 5.0 5.0"
1t 0.31 6.19 29.38 6.19 6.19
All modes 2' 2.20 12.37 38.94 8.75 12.37 2.3 2.5" 3.5 5.0'
2t 2.20 12.38 38.97 8.76 12.38
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.1.7 Valves
Ball
Gas exoort
1.0844 1.0761
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1Qi hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 3. 0.82 2.84 5.87 1.60 2.77 35 10!r 35 10!r
3t 0.82 2.87 5.92 1.61 2.79
Delayed operation 2. 7E-4 1.64 7.08 2.75 1.84 3.0 6.o· 3.0 6.o·
2t 8E-4 1.65 7.10 2.75 1.86
External leakage - Process 1. - 1.39 6.49 2.64 0.92 100 100" 100 100"
medium 1t - 1.39 6.51 2.64 0.93
Degraded 15• 3E-4 14.37 69.00 28.43 14.75 27 2r 9.6 41
16t 3E-4 14.94 72.16 29.79 14.87
Delayed operation 1. 0.01 0.81 2.57 0.92 0.92 - - -
1t 0.01 0.82 2.59 0.93 0.93
External leakage - Process 5. 3E-3 6.08 26.33 10.22 4.61 27 27" 7.5 27"
medium 5t 2E-3 6.29 27.49 10.72 4.65
Internal leakage 3. 0.02 2.11 6.94 2.53 2.77 - 28 41.
3t 0.02 2.13 6.96 2.54 2.79
Structural deficiency 2. 2E-4 2.20 10.13 4.06 1.84 - 6.0 6.o·
2t 2.28 10.70 4.36 1.86
Other 5. 5.14 27.87 12.96 4.61 - 2.0 2.0"
5t 5.39 29.22 13.59 4.65
Incipient 8. 0.46 7.64 22.41 7.44 7.38 15 37" 63 28!r
at 0.47 7.68 22.46 7.45 7.43
Delayed operation 1. 9E-4 0.87 3.61 1.37 0.92 6.0 6.0" 6.0 6.0"
1t 1E-3 0.88 3.62 1.38 0.93
External leakage - Process 1. 1.39 6.49 2.64 0.92 37 37" 110 110"
medium 1t 1.39 6.51 2.64 0.93
External leakage - Utility 1. 1.39 6.49 2.64 0.92 12 12. 24 24.
medium 1t 1.39 6.51 2.64 0.93
Internal leakage 2. 2.08 10.20 4.28 1.84 22 35" 148 280"
2t - 2.09 10.23 4.28 1.86
Minor in-seNice problems 1. 0.01 0.81 2.57 0.92 0.92 -
1t 0.01 0.82 2.59 0.93 0.93
Other 2. 7E-4 1.64 7.08 2.75 1.84 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
2t 8E-4 1.65 7.10 2.75 1.86
All modes 27• 2.43 25.48 69.48 22.39 24.90 21 100 28 280
27t 2.07 25.94 73.18 23.94 25.09
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.1.8 Valves
Ball
Gas prucessino
0.8982 0.8801
Failure mode No of Failure rate IDer 1()6 hours}. Active re . hrs Man hours
Critical 18' 4.52 16.57 34.79 9.58 20.04 3.2 8.0 3.8 16
1St 4.52 17.03 36.08 10.00 20.45
Fail to close on demand 11' 3E-3 7.42 32.01 12.41 12.25 2.5 5.0 2.8 7.0
11t 5E-3 7.66 32.56 12.55 12.50
Fail to open on demand 4' 3E-3 4.46 18.96 7.31 4.45 2.8 5.0' 2.8 5.0'
4t 1.56 4.56 8.82 2.27 4.54
Internal leakage 3' 0.05 2.96 9.23 3.28 3.34 6.3 8.0' 9.0 16'
3t 0.07 3.04 9.35 3.28 3.41
Degraded 3' 2E-4 3.81 17.68 7.15 3.34 3.2 5.o+ 3.2 5.o+
3t 0.55 3.61 8.89 2.72 3.41
2t 0.17 2.03 5.69 1.86 2.27
Delayed operation 1' 1E-3 2.56 11.15 4.33 1.11 2.5 2.5' 2.5 2.5'
1t 1E-3 3.31 14.49 5.66 1.14
Incipient 5' 0.03 5.27 18.32 6.76 5.57 8.8 35' 58 28W
5t 0.04 5.42 18.41 6.77 5.68
1t 0.04 1.09 3.31 1.14 1.14
Internal leakage 1' 1E-3 2.44 10.53 4.08 1.11 35 35' 280 280'
1t 1E-3 2.50 10.65 4.11 1.14
3t 0.20 2.91 8.43 2.78 3.41
Unknown 2' 0.15 1.98 5.60 1.83 2.23 1.0 1.o+ 1.0 1.0'
2t 0.17 2.03 5.69 1.86 2.27
UnknoVIItl 2' 0.15 1.98 5.60 1.83 2.23 1.0 1.0' 1.0 1.0'
2t 0.17 2.03 5.69 1.86 2.27
All modes 28' 4.11 24.97 60.48 18.28 31.17 4.0 35 13 280
28t 3.98 25.94 63.93 19.52 31.81
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.1.9 Valves
Ball
Gas treatment
0.0808 0.0808
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours). Active re~. hrs Manhours
All modes o· 0.02 4.98 19.11 7.04 . . . . .

ot 0.02 5.01 19.23 7.08
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.1.10 vaves
Ball
Oil export
0.1719 0.1718
Critical 1" . 5.54 26.78 11.07 5.82 8.0 8.0' 8.0 8.0'
1t . 5.54 26.80 11.07 5.82
External leakage • Utilily 1" . 5.54 26.78 11.07 5.82 8.0 8.0' 8.0 8.0'
medium 1t . 5.54 26.80 11.07 5.82
Degraded 3" 1.10 17.07 49.68 16.44 17.45 8.3 w 16 30'
3t 1.10 17.09 49.72 16.46 17.46
External leakage- Utility 1" 5.54 26.78 11.07 5.82 11 11' 11 w
medium 1t 5.54 26.80 11.07 5.82
lnlemalleakage 1" 0.04 6.35 22.11 8.16 5.82 8.0 8.0' 30 30'
1t 0.04 6.35 22.13 8.17 5.82
Structural deficiency 1" 3E-3 5.12 21.97 8.50 5.82 6.0 6.0' 6.0 6.0'
1t 3E-3 5.12 21.98 8.51 5.82
Incipient 1" 3E·3 5.12 21.97 8.50 5.82 12 12" 36 31>
1t 3E-3 5.12 21.98 8.51 5.82
External leakage • Utilily 1" 3E-3 5.12 21.97 8.50 5.82 12 12' 36 36'
medium 1t 3E-3 5.12 21.98 8.51 5.82
All modes 5" 2.90 27.50 73.43 23.39 29.08 9.0 12" 18 31>
5t 2.90 27.52 73.48 23.41 29.10
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.1.11 Valves
Ball
Oil proces~ng
0.7114 0.6567
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hours). Active re_p_. hrs Man hours
Critical 1" 5E-4 3.39 15.37 6.11 1.41 2.5 2S 5.0 5.0'
1t 3E-4 3.44 15.76 6.30 1.52
Fail to close on demand 1. 5E-4 3.39 15.37 6.11 1.41 2.5 2.5' 5.0 s.o·
1t 3E-4 3.44 15.76 6.30 1.52
Degraded 3. 0.12 5.07 15.56 5.45 4.22 13 19' 51 91r
3t
•. Delayed operation 1•
0.25
6E-3
5.15
1.26
15.44
4.56
5.16
1.68
4.57
1.41 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 0,01 1.35 4.58 1.68 1.52
External leakage - Process 1. - 1.52 7.42 3.10 1.41 19 19' 98 98'
medium 1t - 1.58 7.55 3.11 1.52
Internal leakage 1. 1E-3 4.31 18.94 7.41 1.41 18 18' 53 53'
1t 8E-4 4.33 19.30 7.62 1.52
Incipient 4" 0.29 4.91 14.42 4.79 5.62 3.3 5.0' 4.3 8.0'
4t 0.09 5.34 16.81 6.01 6.09
Aboonnal instrument reading 2" 0.45 2.72 6.58 1.99 2.81 2.0 2.1r 2.0 2.0'
2t 0.03 3.06 10.00 3.64 3.05
Delayed operation 1. 6E-3 1.26 4.56 1.68 1.41 5.0 s.o· 5.0 s.o·
1t 0,01 1.35 4.58 1.68 1.52
Other 1. 6E-3 1.26 4.56 1.68 1.41 4.0 4.o· 8.0 8.o·
1t 0,01 1.35 4.58 1.68 1.52
Unknown 2" 4E-3 8.00 34.27 13.25 2.81 1.0 1.0' 2.0 2.0'
2t 3E-3 8.11 35.34 13.76 3.05
Unknown 2. 4E-3 8.00 34.27 13.25 2.81 1.0 1.0' 2.0 2.o·
2t 3E-3 8.11 35.34 13.76 3.05
All modes 10. 1.99 19.37 52.05 16.64 14.06 6.3 19' 20 91r
10t 2.23 20.23 53.41 16.90 15.23
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.1.12 Valves
Ball
Oil production
2 1 Calendar time • Operational Ume T
0.0808 0.0808
Failure mode No of Failure rale (per 10' hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 1"
1t
0.62
0.62
12.37
12.38
58.70
58.74
12.37
12.38
12.37
12.38
- - - -
Fail to open on demand 1" 0.62 12.37 58.70 12.37 12.37 -
1t 0.62 12.38 58.74 12.38 12.38
Incipient 2" 4.39 24.74 77.88 17.50 24.74 1.5 3.1r 1.5 3.1r
2t 4.39 24.76 77.92 17.51 24.76
Abnormal instrument reading 1" 0.62 12.37 58.70 12.37 12.37 -
1t 0.62 12.38 58.74 12.38 12.38
Other 1" 0.62 12.37 58.70 12.37 12.37 3.0 3.0" 3.0 3.0"
1t 0.62 12.38 58.74 12.38 12.38
All modes 3" 10.14 37.11 95.94 21.43 37.11 1.5 3.1r 1.5 3.1r
3t 10.15 37.14 98.00 21.44 37.14
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.1.13 Valves
Ball
0.0404 0.0404
failures Lower Mean Upper 50 n/t Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 1" 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.1r
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Fail to regulate 1" 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.0"
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Unknown 1" 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 2.0 2.1r .
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Unknown 1" 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 2.0 2.o· - -
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
All modes 2" 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 3.0 4.1r 4.0 4.1r
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.1.14 Valves
BaJI
Utilities
0.0404 0.0404
Critical 1. 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 6.0 6.W 6.0 6.0+
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Fail to close on demand 1. 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 6.0 6.o· 6.0 6.o·
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
Degraded 1. 1.24 24.74 117.40 24.74 24.74 2.0 2.W 2.0 2.o·
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
1t 1.24 24.76 117.47 24.76 24.76
All modes 2" 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 4.0 6.W 4.0 6.W
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.1.15 Valves
Ball
Water fire fighting
0.0526 0.0525
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours). Active rep, hrs Man hours
Critical 1. 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 6.0 6.cr 12 1:r
1t 0.95 19.04 90.32 19.04 19.04
Fail to close on demand 1. 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 6.0 6.0' 12 12'
1t 0.95 19.04 90.32 19.04 19.04
Degraded 4. 25.97 76.10 174.18 38.05 76.10 5.0 8.o· 13 16'
4t 25.98 76.14 174.27 38.07 76.14
Delayed operation 4. 25.97 76.10 174.18 38.05 76.10 5.0 8.o· 13 16'
4t 25.98 76.14 174.27 38.07 76.14
Incipient 1. 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 4.0 4.!r 12 1:r
1t 0.95 19.04 90.32 19.04 19.04
Minor in-service prublems 1. 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03 4.0 4.0' 12 12'
1t 0.95 19.04 90.32 19.04 19.04
All modes 6. 49.75 114.16 225.27 46.60 114.16 5.0 8.cr 13 16'
6t 49.78 114.21 225.38 46.63 114.21
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.2 vaves
Butterfly
0.7758 0.7352
Critical 1' 0.02 1.49 4.82 1.75 "''1.29 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
1t 5E-3 1.92 7.58 2.82 1.36
Fail to regulate 1' 0.02 1.49 4.82 1.75 1.29 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 5E-3 1.92 7.58 2.82 1.36
Degraded 9' 1.78 10.36 24.80 7.43 11.60 3.3 6.o· 20 40'
9t 2.30 11.09 25.29 7.37 12.24
Delayed operation 1' 9E-4 1.27 5.36 2.06 1.29 6.0 6.0" 12 12"
1t 2E-3 1.33 5.45 2.06 1.36
Extematleakage- Utility 2' 0.03 2.83 9.15 3.32 2.58 3.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
medium 2t 0.02 3.26 11.96 4.42 2.72
Minor in-service problems 3' 0.47 3.45 8.73 2.70 3.87 2.0 2.0" 40 40"
3t 0.86 3.73 8.25 2.36 4.08
Vave ~akage in closed 3' 0.47 3.45 8.73 2.70 3.87 4.0 6.0" 12 12"
position 3t 0.86 3.73 8.25 2.36 4.08
Incipient 1' 7E·3 1.16 4.07 1.50 1.29 4.0 4.0' 12 12"
1t 0.01 1.22 4.09 1.50 1.36
Internal leakage 1' 7E-3 1.16 4.07 1.50 1.29 4.0 4.0' 12 12"
1t 0.01 1.22 4.09 1.50 1.36
Unknown 1' 4E-3 3.31 13.56 5.13 1.29 8.5 8.5" 17 1r
1t 4E-3 3.39 13.95 5.29 1.36
Unknom 1' 4E-3 3.31 13.56 5.13 1.29 8.5 8.5' 17 17"
1t 4E-3 3.39 13.95 5.29 1.36
All modes 12' 7.15 15.23 25.76 5.75 15.47 3.7 8.5 17 40
12t 8.06 16.23 26.70 5.75 16.32
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - Butterfly

Closure member - - - -
(BaiUgate/disc/etc.)
Packing - - - - - 8.33
Subunit - 8.33 - -
UnknoiNI'l 8.33 8.33 -
Total 8.33 - 16.67 8.33 - 8.33


Closure member - - - 25.00 - 25.00
_jBall/gate/disc/etc.)
Packino - - - - 8.33
Subunit - - - - 8.33 16.67
Unknown 25.00 - - - - - 41.67
Valve bodv w/intemals - - - - - - 8.33
Total 25.00 - - - 25.00 - 8.33 100.0
©OREDA


Blockage/plugged - - 8.33
Corrosion - - - -
Leakage - 8.33 -
Material failure - 11eneral - - - 8.33
Mechanical Failure- general - 8.33 -
Total 8.33 - 16.67 - - 8.33 8.33

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code- Butterfly

Blockagelplugged - - - 8.33
Corrosion - - - 16.67 - - - 16.67
Leakaoe - - - 8.33
Material failure - general 16.67 - 25.00
Mechanical Failure- general 8.33 8.33 8.33 33.33
Out of afustment - - - - - - 8.33
Total 25.00 - 25.00 - - 8.33 100.0
The figures are percentages of the total failure rate for the actual failure mechanismlfailure mode combination.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.2.1 Valves
Butterfly
Coolina •""terns
7 1 Calendar time * Operational time t
0.2425 0.2423
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 106 hours}. Active re . hrs Man hours
Degraded 2. 1.46 8.25 25.96 5.83 8.25 4.0 6.1r 8.0 1T
2t 1.46 8.25 25.98 5.84 8.25
Delayed operation 1. 0.21 4.12 19.57 4.12 4.12 6.0 s.o· 12 tT
1t 0.21 4.13 19.58 4.13 4.13
External leakage - Utility t• 0.21 4.12 19.57 4.12 4.12 2.0 2.o· 4.0 4.o·
medium It 0.21 4.13 19.58 4.13 4.13
All modes 2. 1.46 8.25 25.96 5.83 8.25 4.0 6.1r 8.0 1T
2t 1.46 8.25 25.98 5.84 8.25
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.2.2 Valves
Buttertly
Gas export
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1QG hours) No of demands
0.0493 0.0358
Failure mode No of Failure rate Coer 1()6 hours). Active re . hrs Manhours
"''
All modes o· 0.02 6.09 23.39 8.61 . . . . .

ot 0.03 7.51 28.82 10.62 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.2.3 Valves
Valves desctibed by taxonomy code
Butterfly
Oil export
0.0526 0.0526
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10e hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Unknown 1. 0.95 19.01 90.20 19.01 19.01 8.5 8S 17 17'
1t 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03
Unknown 1. 0.95 19.01 90.20 19.01 19.01 8.5 8.5' 17 17'
1t 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03
All modes 1. 0.95 19.01 90.20 19.01 19.01 8.5 8.5' 17 17'
1t 0.95 19.03 90.28 19.03 19.03
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.2.4 Valves
Butterfly
Oil processing
0.0985 0.0716
failures Lower Mean Upper so n/T Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 1' 0.51 10.15 48.15 10.15 10.15 2.0 2.1r 2.0 2.0+
1t 0.70 13.96 66.26 13.96 13.96
Fail to regulate 1' 0.51 10.15 48.15 10.15 10.15 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
1t 0.70 13.96 66.26 13.96 13.96
Degraded 1' 0.51 10.15 48.15 10.15 10.15 4.0 4.1r 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.70 13.96 66.26 13.96 13.96
Extemalleakage - U1il~y 1' 0.51 10.15 48.15 10.15 10.15 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
medium 1t 0.70 13.96 66.26 13.96 13.96
All modes 2' 3.60 20.30 63.88 14.35 20.30 3.0 4.1r 3.0 4.1r
2t 4.96 27.93 87.90 19.75 27.93
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.2.5 Valves
Valves desctibed by taxonomy code
Butterfly
Water fire fighting
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (1IJII hours) No of demands
0.3329 0.3329
Degraded 6. 7.86 18.02 35.57 7.36 18.02 3.0 6.o· 26 4lr
6t 7.86 18.03 35.57 7.36 18.03
Minor in-service problems 3. 2.46 9.01 23.30 5.20 9.01 2.0 2.o· 40 40.
3t 2.46 9.01 23.30 5.20 9.01
Valve leakage in closed 3. 2.46 9.01 23.30 5.20 9.01 4.0 6.o· 12 12.
position 3t 2.46 9.01 23.30 5.20 9.01
Incipient 1. 0.15 3.00 14.25 3.00 3.00 4.0 4.o· 12 1T
1t 0.15 3.00 14.26 3.00 3.00
Internal leakage 1. 0.15 3.00 14.25 3.00 3.00 4.0 4.o· 12 12.
1t 0.15 3.00 14.26 3.00 3.00
AllmodH 7' 9.87 21.03 39.50 7.95 21.03 3.1 6.o· 24 4lr
7t 9.87 21.03 39.51 7.95 21.03
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.3 Valves
Check
3.2673 3.2212
Degraded 1" 3E·3 1.71 6.86 2.57 0.31 2.0 2.1r 6.0 6.1r
1t 3E·3 1.73 6.93 2.60 0.31
medium 11 3E-3 1.73 6.93 2.60 0.31
All modes 1" 3E·3 1.71 6.86 2.57 0.31 2.0 2.1r 6.0 6.1r
1t 3E·3 1.73 6.93 2.60 0.31
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code- Check

Unknown - - 100.0 - - - -
Total - - 100.0 - -

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code- Check

Unknown - - - - 100.0
Total - - - 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - Check

Material failure - aeneral - 100.0 - -
Total - 100.0 -

Item: Vatves described by taxonomy code - Check

Material failure- general - - - 100.0
Total - - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.3.1 Valves
Check
Chemical injection
0.4439 0.4523
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours . Active reD. hrs Manhours
All modes o· 3E·3 0.68 2.61 0.96 . . . .

ot 3E·3 0.67 2.59 0.95 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.3.2 Valves
Check
Combined function
1 1 Calendar time "' Operational time T
0.0175 0.0175
Failure mode No of Failure rate foer 1()6 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
All modes o· 6E-3 1.62 6.21 2.29 . . . .

ot 6E-3 1.63 6.27 2.31 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.3.3 Valves
Check
Compressed air
0.0701 0.0701
All modes o· 5E·3 1.38 5.31 1.95 . . . . .

ot 5E·3 1.39 5.35 1.97 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.3.4 Valves
Check
Condensate processino
0.0526 0.0526
All modes o· 6E-3 1.45 5.58 2.05 . . . . .

ot 6E-3 1.47 5.63 2.07 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.3.5 Valves
Check
Cooling syslems
0.0701 0.0701
Failure mode No of Failure rate Coer 1oe hours . Active rep. hrs Man hours
All modes o· SE-3 1.38 5.31 1.95 . . . . .

ot 5E·3 1.39 5.35 1.97 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.3.6 Valves
Check
Crude oil handling
0.2278 0.2278
All modes o· 4E-3 0.96 3.70 1.36 - - - - -

ot 4E-3 0.97 3.72 1.37 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.3.7 Valves
Check
Flare, vent & blow-down
1 1 Calendar time • Operational time r
0.0175 0.0175
"''
All modes o· 6E-3 1.62 6.21 2.29 . . . . .

ot 6E·3 1.63 6.27 2.31 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.3.8 Valves
Check
Gas (re)injection
0.0175 0.0175
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1(16 hours). Active rep. hrs Man hours
All modes o· 6E-3 1.62 6.21 2.29 . . . . .

ot 6E-3 1.63 6.27 2.31 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.3.9 Valves
Check
Gas export
Operational Ome
0.0350 0.0350
Failure mode No of Failure rate fDer 106 hours). Active reD. hrs Man hours
All modes o· &E-3 1.53 5.87 2.16 . . . . .

ot &E-3 1.54 5.93 2.18 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.3.10 Valves
Check
Gas lift
0.2628 0.2628
All modes o· 4C-3 0.90 3.46 1.27 . . . . .

ot 4C·3 0.91 3.48 1.28 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.3.11 Valves
Check
Gas processint~
0.2387 0.2118
All modes o· 4E-3 0.94 3.62 1.33 . . . . .

ot 4E-3 1.00 3.84 1.41 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.3.12 Valves
Check
Gas production
0.3898 0.3894
"''
All modes o· 3E·3 0.73 2.82 1.04 . . . . .

ot 3E·3 0.74 2.83 1.04 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.3.13 Valves
Check
Gas treatment
0.0175 0.0175
AllmodH o· 6E-3 1.62 6.21 2.29 . . . . .

ot 6E-3 1.63 6.27 2.31 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.3.14 Valves
Check
Heating medium
0.0876 0.0876
"''
All modes o· 5E-3 1.32 5.06 1.86 . . . . .

ot 5E-3 1.33 5.10 1.88 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.3.15 Valves
Check
Oil export
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (106 hours} No of demands
0.1226 0.1226
All modes o· 5E·3 1.21 4.63 1.71 - - - - -

ot 5E-3 1.22 4.67 1.72 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.3.16 Valves
Check
Oil processing
0.3088 0.2819
All modes o· 3E·3 0.83 3.20 1.18 . . . . .

ot 3E-3 0.88 3.37 1.24 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.3.17 Valves
Check
Oil production
0.0175 0.0175
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours). Active re_l!_._ hrs Man hours
All modes o· 6E-3 1.62 6.21 2.29 . . . .

ot 6E-3 1.63 6.27 2.31 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.3.18 Valves
Check
Oilv water treatment
0.0175 0.0175
AllmodH o· 6E-3 1.62 6.21 2.29 . . . . .

ot 6E-3 1.63 6.27 2.31 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.3.19 Valves
Check
Sea water lift
0.0350 0.0350
All modes o· 6E·3 1.53 5.87 2.16 . . . . .

ot 6E-3 1.54 5.93 2.18 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.3.20 Valves
Check
Unknown
0.4320 0.4317
All modes o· 3E·3 0.69 2.65 0.98 . . . . .

ot 3E-3 0.69 2.67 0.98 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.3.21 Valves
Check
Wa1er fire fighting
Population Installations Aggregated time in seNice (1Q& hours) No of demands
0.1752 0.1752
Failure mode No of Failure~ _(per 106 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
failures Lower Mean Upper so n/'t Mean Max Mean Max
Degraded 1" 1E-3 5.47 24.19 9.51 5.71 2.0 2.0-+ 6.0 6.1r
1t 1E·3 5.47 24.19 9.51 5.71
Extemalleakage • Utility 1" 1E-3 5.47 24.19 9.51 5.71 2.0 2.0' 6.0 6.0'
medium 1t 1E-3 5.47 24.19 9.51 5.71
All modes 1" 1E-3 5.47 24.19 9.51 5.71 2.0 2.0" 6.0 6.o+
1t 1E·3 5.47 24.19 9.51 5.71
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.3.22 Valves
Check
Water iniection
0.1927 0.1927
All modes o· 4E-3 1.03 3.96 1.46 . . . . .

ot 4E·3 1.04 3.99 1.47 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.3.23 Valves
Check
Well servicina
0.0175 0.0175
All modes o· 6E-3 1.62 6.21 2.29 . . . . .

ot 6E-3 1.63 6.27 2.31 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.4 Valves
Diaphragm
1.1300 1.1300
CrHical 10. 4.80 8.85 15.01 2.80 8.85 10.0 17 15 32
10t 4.80 8.85 15.01 2.80 8.85
Fail to open on demand 10. 4.80 8.85 15.01 2.80 8.85 10.0 17 15 32
10t 4.80 8.85 15.01 2.80 8.85
Degraded 31. 19.86 27.43 37.02 4.93 27.43 6.6 21 11 42
31t 19.86 27.43 37.02 4.93 27.43
External leakage · Process T 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77 10.0 w 13 w
medium 2t 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77
External leakage - Utilily 1. 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88 8.0 8.0" 16 16'
medium 1t 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88
position 26t 16.12 23.01 31.92 4.51 23.01
Olher 2. 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77 2.0 3.0" 4.0 6.0"
2t 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77
Incipient 3. 0.73 2.65 6.86 1.53 2.65 4.3 6.0' 5.3 7.0'
3t 0.73 2.65 6.86 1.53 2.65
External leakage - Process 2. 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77 5.0 6.0' 6.5 7.0'
medium 2t 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77
1t 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88
All modes 44. 29.81 38.94 50.06 5.87 38.94 7.3 21 12 42

44t 29.81 38.94 50.06 5.87 38.94
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code- Diaphragm

Flai1Qe - - 2.27 - - - -
Other - - 2.27 -
Other actuator components - - - - -
Other valve comoonents - - 2.27 2.27 18.18 -
Subunit - 4.55 - - 2.27 - -
Tolal - 9.09 2.27 22.73 - -

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code- Diaphragm

Flanae - - - 2.27
Other - 2.27 - 4.55
Other actuator components - 2.27 - - - - 2.27
Other valve comoonents 59.09 - 2.27 - - - - 84.09
Subunit - - - - - 6.82
Tolal 59.09 4.55 2.27 - 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - Diaphragm

Clearance/ alianment failure - -
Control failure - 2.27 - - -
Looseness 4.55 - - - -
Mechanical Failure- general 4.55 2.27 - - -
Out of acrustment - - -
Unknown - 2.27 - -
Wear - 2.27 - 15.91 - - -
Total 9.09 2.27 22.73 -

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - Diaphragm
LCP LOO OTH PLU SER SPO sm UNK Sum

ClearanceJ alignment failure 2.27 - - - - - 2.27
Looseness - - - - - 4.55
Mectlanical Failure- Qeneral - 2.27 - - 9.09
Out of adjustment - - - 2.27 2.27
Unknown - - - 2.27
Wear 56.82 - 2.27 - - 77.27
Total 59.09 - 4.55 - 2.27 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.4.1 Valves
Diaphragm
Wa1er fire fio h1ino
1.1300 1.1300
Critical 10' 4.80 8.85 15.01 2.80 8.85 10.0 17 15 32
10t 4.80 8.85 15.01 2.80 8.85
Fail to open on demand 10' 4.80 8.85 15.01 2.80 8.85 10.0 17 15 32
10t 4.80 8.85 15.01 2.80 8.85
Degraded 31' 19.86 27.43 37.02 4.93 27.43 6.6 21 11 42
31t 19.86 27.43 37.02 4.93 27.43
External leakage - Process 2' 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77 10.0 w 13 w
medium 2t 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77
External leakage - Utility 1' 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88 8.0 8.o· 16 16'
medium 1t 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88
Valve leakage in closed 26' 16.12 23.01 31.92 4.51 23.01 6.7 21 11 42
position 26t 16.12 23.01 31.92 4.51 23.01
Other 2' 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77 2.0 3.o· 4.0 6.0'
2t 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77
Incipient 3' 0.73 2.65 6.86 1.53 2.65 4.3 s.o· 5.3 1.11'
3t 0.73 2.65 6.86 1.53 2.65
External leakage - Process 2' 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77 5.0 6.0' 6.5 7.0'
medium 2t 0.31 1.77 5.57 1.25 1.77
Minor in-service problems 1' 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.0'
1t 0.04 0.88 4.20 0.88 0.88
All modes 44' 29.81 38.94 50.06 5.87 38.94 7.3 21 12 42

44t 29.81 38.94 50.06 5.87 38.94
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.5 Valves
Gate
4.1935 4.1853
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours). Active reo. hrs Man hours
Critical 22" 9E-4 4.61 20.52 8.10 5.25 5.1 23 6.3 26
22t 9E-4 4.63 20.64 8.16 5.26
Delayed operation 1. 2E-4 0.28 1.18 0.45 0.24 - - - -
1t 2E-4 0.28 1.18 0.46 0.24
External leakage - Process 1. - 0.36 1.95 0.91 0.24 14 w 14 w
medium 1t - 0.36 1.95 0.91 0.24
Fail to close on demand 10. - 2.04 10.15 4.33 2.38 5.3 23. 7.0 26.
10t - 2.05 10.22 4.36 2.39
4t 0.32 0.95 1.85 0.48 0.96
Spurious operation 1. - 0.29 1.56 0.97 0.24 6.0 6.o· 6.0 6.o·
1t - 0.29 1.57 0.97 0.24
StnJCtural deficiency 3. 0.18 0.70 1.48 0.41 0.72 5.0 9.o· 5.3 9.o·
3t 0.18 0.70 1.49 0.41 0.72
Valve leakage in closed 1. - 0.23 1.22 0.55 0.24 - - -
position 1t - 0.23 1.23 0.55 0.24
Other 1. - 0.30 1.49 0.63 0.24 - - -
1t - 0.31 1.49 0.63 0.24
Degraded 23. 0.81 5.07 12.35 3.75 5.48 5.3 16 10 29
23t 0.82 5.07 12.33 3.73 5.50
Abnormal instrument reading 2. - 0.41 1.90 0.77 0.48 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
2t - 0.41 1.92 0.78 0.48
Delayed operation 2. - 0.78 3.75 1.54 0.48 1.5 1.5" 3.0 3.0"
2t - 0.79 3.75 1.54 0.48
External leakage - Process r 6E-4 1.37 5.94 2.31 1.67 16 16" 12 29.
medium 7t 7E-4 1.37 5.89 2.28 1.67
External leakage - Utility r 0.12 1.40 3.90 1.27 1.67 4.3 6.o· 15 22'
medium 7t 0.12 1.40 3.90 1.27 1.67
Minor in-service problems 1. 0.30 1.49 0.63 0.24 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.31 1.49 0.63 0.24
Slructura deficiency 1. 0.22 0.98 0.39 0.24 6.0 6.o· 6.0 6.0"
1t - 0.22 0.99 0.39 0.24
vave leakage in closed 2. - 0.52 2.71 1.22 0.48 - - -
position 2t - 0.52 2.72 1.22 0.48
Other 1. - 0.30 1.49 0.63 0.24 4.0 4.0" 4.0 4.o·
1t - 0.31 1.49 0.63 0.24
Incipient 14. 0.03 4.00 13.51 4.96 3.34 5.1 16 5.6 16
14t 0.03 4.02 13.56 4.98 3.35
Abnormal instrument reading 9. 2E-3 2.07 8.55 3.25 2.15 4.6 16. 5.4 16"
9t 2E-3 2.08 8.62 3.28 2.15
Comments
Icont.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.5 Valves
Gate
4.1935 4.1853
Delayed operation 1. 0.51 2.81 1.45 0.24 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.51 2.82 1.46 0.24
2t 0.06 0.52 1.35 0.42 0.48
Other 2. - 0.79 3.81 1.57 0.48 7.5 12. 7.5 12.
2t - 0.79 3.81 1.57 0.48
Unknown 7. - 2.74 14.72 6.80 1.67 3.2 s.o· 4.0 B.o+
7t - 2.75 14.75 6.81 1.67
External leakage - Utility 4• - 2.52 13.86 6.91 0.95 3.8 8.o· 3.8 8.o·
medium 4t 2.52 13.87 6.92 0.96
Unknown 3. 0.18 0.70 1.48 0.41 0.72 2.5 3.o· 4.3 6.o·
3t 0.18 0.70 1.49 0.41 0.72
All modes 66. 0.10 15.71 54.95 20.28 15.74 4.8 23 7.2 29
66t 0.10 15.75 55.18 20.37 15.77
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - Gate

Cci:llinQ & ·unction boxes 3.03 - - - - - -
Flange 3.03 - - -
Instrument, general 1.52 - - - - - -
Instrument, position 4.55 - -
MonitorinQ 1.52 - - -
Pilot valve 1.52 6.06 - -
Seals - - - - -
Seals (aaskets - 3.03 - - -
Stem - 1.52 - -
Subunit - 1.52 1.52 - - 1.52
Unknown 4.55 4.55 1.52 13.64 7.58 4.55
Valve body wlintemals - - 4.55 - 1.52
Total 16.67 6.06 12.12 16.67 15.15 6.06 -


Cabling & junction boxes - - - 1.52 4.55
Flanoe - - - 3.03
Instrument, posnion - - - - - 4.55
Pilot valve - - - 3.03 - 10.61
Seals 1.52 - - - 1.52
Seals (gaskets) - - - - 3.03
Stem - - - 1.52
Subunit - 1.52 1.52 - 3.03 10.61
Unknown 3.03 4.55 3.03 - 1.52 48.48
Valve body wlintemals 1.52 - - - 1.52 9.09
Total 4.55 - 6.06 - 4.55 1.52 6.06 4.55 100.0
©OREDA


Blockaae/oloooed 1.52 - 4.55 3.03 -
Breakaae 1.52 - -
Clearance/ aiTanment failure 1.52 1.52 - - - -
Corrosion - - - - -
Instrument failure - oeneral 6.06 - 4.55 - -
Leakaae - 9.09 13.64 - - -
Material failure --=-Qeneral - -
Mechanical Failure- neneral - 1.52 3.03 4.55 3.03
Misc. external influences 3.03 - - -
No sianal/indication/alarm 1.52 -
Ooen circuit 1.52 - - -
Other 1.52 - - - -
Out of adiustment - - - - - -
Short circuitiM 1.52 - - -
Unknown - 1.52 1.52 - 1.52 - -
\Neat - - -
Total 16.67 6.06 12.12 16.67 15.15 6.06 -
©OREDA


Blockage/plugged - - - - - - 9.09
Breakaae - - - - 1.52
Clearance/ aliQnment failure - - - - - - 3.03
Corrosion - 1.52 1.52 - - 3.03
Instrument failure -general - 3.03 13.64
Leakaoe 4.55 - - - - - 27.27
Material failure - general - 1.52 1.52 1.52 - 4.55
Mechanical Failure- general - - 1.52 - 13.64
Misc. external influences - - - - - 1.52 4.55
No siQnallindicationlalann - - - - - 1.52
Other - - - - - 1.52
Out of acfustment - 1.52 - 1.52 - 3.03
Short circuiting - - - 1.52
Unknown - - - - - 4.55 9.09
Wear - 1.52 - - - 1.52
Total 4.55 6.06 - 4.55 1.52 6.06 4.55 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.5.1 Valves
Gate
Crude oil handling
0.2893 0.2891
Failure mode No of Failure rate (Der 106 hours . Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 1" 0.22 3.57 10.43 3.46 3.46 14 14" 14 14"
1t 0.22 3.57 10.44 3.46 3.46
External leakage - Process 1" 0.22 3.57 1D.43 3.46 3.46 14 14" 14 14"
medium 1t 0.22 3.57 10.44 3.46 3.46
Degraded 1" 0.02 3.33 12.13 4.48 3.46 16 16" 29 29"
1t 0.02 3.33 12.14 4.48 3.46
medium 1t 0.02 3.33 12.14 4.48 3.46
All modes 2" 1.24 6.93 16.41 4.89 6.91 15 16" 21 29"
2t 1.24 6.94 16.43 4.89 6.92
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.5.2 vaves
V.Wes described by taxonomy code
Gate
Flare, vent & blow-doY.Itl
0.0701 0.0678
Failure mode No of Failure rate toer 106 hours). Active reo. hrs Man hours
All modes o· 0.02 4.91 18.84 6.94 - - - -

ot 0.02 5.02 19.29 7.10 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.5.3 Valves
Gate
Gas (relinjection
0.1228 0.1226
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours). Active reo. hrs Manhours
Critical 1" 0.60 8.59 24.71 8.14 8.14 6.0 6.cr 6.0 6.cr
1t 0.60 8.60 24.74 8.15 8.15
Spurious operation 1" 0.60 8.59 24.71 8.14 8.14 6.0 s.o· 6.0 6.o·
1t 0.60 8.60 24.74 8.15 8.15
Incipient 1" 0.60 8.59 24.71 8.14 8.14 8.0 8.o· 8.0 8.cr
1t 0.60 8.60 24.74 8.15 8.15
1t 0.60 8.60 24.74 8.15 8.15
All modes 2" 0.20 17.99 58.45 21.26 16.29 7.0 8.o· 7.0 8.cr
2t 0.20 18.01 58.4S 21.27 16.31
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.5.4 Valves
Gate
Gas export
0.1754 0.1752
failures Lower Mean Upper so nit Mean Mex Mean Max
All modes o· 0.01 2.41 9.27 3.41 . . . . .

ot 0.01 2.42 9.28 3.42 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.5.5 Valves
Gate
Gas orocessino
0.5606 0.5542
Critical 12. 12.35 21.40 34.67 6.18 21.40 3.5 9.0 4.4 11
Fait to close on demand

12t
6.
6t
12.49
4.66
21.65
10.70
35.07
21.12
6.25
4.37
21.65
10.70 3.3 5S 4.8 ,.
4.72 10.83 21.36 4.42 10.83
Fail to open on demand 3. 1.46 5.35 13.83 3.09 5.35 2.2 4.o· 2.7 4.0"
3t 1.48 5.41 13.99 3.13 5.41
Structural deficiency 3. 1.46 5.35 13.83 3.09 5.35 5.0 9.0" 5.3 9.o·
3t 1.48 5.41 13.99 3.13 5.41
Degraded 3. 1.46 5.35 13.83 3.09 5.35 4.7 6.W 4.7 6.W
3t 1.48 5.41 13.99 3.13 5.41
2t 0.64 3.61 11.36 2.55 3.61
Structural deficiency 1. 0.09 1.78 8.46 1.78 1.78 6.0 6.0" 6.0 6.o·
1t 0.09 1.80 8.56 1.80 1.80
Incipient 5. 3.51 8.92 18.76 3.99 8.92 2.6 5.W 2.6 5.W
5t 3.55 9.02 18.97 4.03 9.02
Abnormal instrument reOOing 5. 3.51 8.92 18.76 3.99 8.92 2.6 5.o· 2.6 5.0"
5t 3.55 9.02 18.97 4.03 9.02
Unknown 3. 1.46 5.35 13.83 3.09 5.35 2.5 3.W 4.3 6.W
3t 1.48 5.41 13.99 3.13 5.41
Unknown 3. 1.46 5.35 13.83 3.09 5.35 2.5 3.o· 4.3 6.0"
3t 1.48 5.41 13.99 3.13 5.41
All modes 23. 28.04 41.02 58.12 8.55 41.02 3.3 9.0 4.0 11
23t 28.36 41.50 58.79 8.65 41.50
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.5.6 Valves
Gate
Gas production
Population Installations Aggregated time in service (10t hours) No of demands
6 1 Calendar time * Operational time'
0.1670 0.1669
Critical 5. 11.79 29.93 62.95 13.39 29.93 9.6 2:r 26 2s+
5t 11.80 29.96 63.00 13.40 29.96
Fail to close on demand 3. 4.91 17.96 46.43 10.37 17.96 14 23. 26 26.
3t 4.91 17.98 46.47 10.38 17.98
Fail to open on demand 1. 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 1.8 1.8· - -
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Olher 1. 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 - -
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Degraded 5. 11.79 29.93 62.95 13.39 29.93 3.8 4.1r 3.7 4.1r
5t 11.80 29.96 63.00 13.40 29.96
Delayed operation 1. 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 - -
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Ex1emal klakage- Utility 2. 2.13 11.97 37.69 8.47 11.97 3.5 4.o· 3.0 3.o·
medium 2t 2.13 11.98 37.72 8.47 11.98
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Olher 1. 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Incipient 4. 8.17 23.95 54.81 11.97 23.95 4.0 6.1r 6.0 1T
4t 8.18 23.97 54.85 11.98 23.97
Abnormal instrument reading 2. 2.13 11.97 37.69 8.47 11.97 5.0 6.o· 12 12.
2t 2.13 11.98 37.72 8.47 11.98
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
Olher 1. 0.30 5.99 28.41 5.99 5.99 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.30 5.99 28.43 5.99 5.99
All modes 14. 50.66 83.81 131.01 22.40 83.81 5.4 23 7.9 2s+
14t 50.70 83.88 131.12 22.42 83.88
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.5.7 Valves
Gate
HeatinQ medium
0.0263 0.0263
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours}. Active re . hrs Manhours
All modes o· 0.03 8.60 33.02 12.16 . . . . .

ot 0.03 8.62 33.08 12.18 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.5.8 Valves
Gate
Oil export
2.1170 2.1192
Critical 1" . 0.99 4.60 1.86 0.47 . . . .
1t . 0.99 4.61 1.87 0.47
Delayed operation 1" . 0.99 4.60 1.86 0.47 .
1t . 0.99 4.61 1.87 0.47
Degraded 12" 0.41 4.54 12.50 4.05 5.67 6.0 6.0' 13 24
12t 0.42 4.53 12.43 4.02 5.66
External leakage · Process 6" 1.17 2.76 4.91 1.16 2.83 9.0 24"
medium 6t 1.17 2.76 4.89 1.16 2.83
External leakage · Utility 5" 0.03 1.64 5.09 1.80 2.36 6.0 6.0" 17 22"
medium 5t 0.03 1.64 5.09 1.80 2.36
Valve leakage in closed 1" 9E-4 0.67 2.72 1.03 0.47 . .
position 1t 9E-4 0.67 2.72 1.03 0.47
Incipient 1" 0.02 3.56 13.12 4.85 0.47 16 1&+ 16 1&+
1t 0.02 3.56 13.11 4.84 0.47
Abnonnal instrument reading 1" 0.02 3.56 13.12 4.85 0.47 16 16" 16 16"
1t 0.02 3.56 13.11 4.84 0.47
All modes 14" 3.27 6.44 10.47 2.22 6.61 11 1&+ 13 24

14t 3.28 6.43 10.42 2.20 6.61
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.5.9 Valves
Gate
Oil processing
0.1071 0.1071
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 11)6 hours), Active reo. hrs Man hours
Degraded 1" 0.17 8.411 26.35 9.33 9.33 1.5 1.5" 3.0 3.0"
1t 0.17 8.49 26.37 9.34 9.34
Delayed operation 1" 0.17 8.48 26.35 9.33 9.33 1.5 1.5· 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.17 8.49 26.37 9.34 9.34
Incipient 2. 2.26 21.35 56.96 18.13 18.67 8.0 12" 8.0 12"
2t 2.26 21.37 57.01 18.15 18.68
Delayed operation 1" 0.17 8.48 26.35 9.33 9.33 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.17 8.49 26.37 9.34 9.34
Other 1" 0.07 15.86 59.86 22.08 9.33 12 12" 12 12"
1t O.D7 15.88 59.92 22.10 9.34
Unknown 4" 10.08 33.93 69.27 18.67 37.34 3.8 8.o· 3.8 8.0"
4t 10.08 33.95 69.32 18.68 37.36
External leakage • U1ility 4. 10.08 33.93 69.27 18.67 37.34 3.8 8.o· 3.8 8.o·
medium 4t 10.08 33.95 69.32 18.68 37.36
All modes 7" 27.33 62.71 109.91 25.61 65.34 4.6 12" 4.9 12"
7t 27.36 62.76 109.96 25.61 65.38
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.5.10 Valves
Gate
Population Installations Aggregated time in seNice (106 hours) No of demands
0.0350 0.0346
Critical 1' 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 "''
28.54 1.0 ur 1.0 ur
1t 1.44 28.87 136.98 28.87 28.87
Fail to close on demmd 1' 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
1t 1.44 28.87 136.98 28.87 28.87
Incipient 1' 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54 2.0 2.1r 2.0 2.1r
1t 1.44 28.87 136.98 28.87 28.87
Abnormal instrument reading 1' 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 1.44 28.87 136.98 28.87 28.87
All modes 2' 10.13 57.08 179.65 40.36 57.08 1.5 2.1r 1.5 2.0+
2t 10.25 57.74 181.73 40.83 57.74
Comments
©OREDA
Volume 1 ·Topside Equipment 734 OREOA-2009
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.5.11 Valves
Ga1e
Wa1er fire fiahtina
0.1051 0.1051
All modes o· 0.01 3.65 14.02 5.16 . . . . .

ot O.o1 3.65 14.03 5.17 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.5.12 Valves
Gate
Water injection
0.4176 0.4172
Critical 1" 0.12 2.39 11.36 2.39 2.39 . . . .
1t 0.12 2.40 11.37 2.40 2.40
Valve leakage in closed 1" 0.12 2.39 11.36 2.39 2.39
position 1t 0.12 2.40 11.37 2.40 2.40
Degraded 1" 0.12 2.39 11.36 2.39 2.39 . . . .
1t 0.12 2.40 11.37 2.40 2.40
Valve leakage in closed 1" 0.12 2.39 11.36 2.39 2.39 .
position 1t 0.12 2.40 11.37 2.40 2.40
Allmcdes 2" 0.85 4.79 15.07 3.39 4.79 . . . .

2t 0.85 4.79 15.09 3.39 4.79
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Kem
4.5.6 Valves
Globe
2.5291 1.8439
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10' hou~t Active re . hrs Manhours
Critical 5. 0.78 1.98 4.16 0.88 "''1.98 3.9 10.0' 3.9 10.0'
5t 1.07 2.71 5.70 1.21 2.71
1t 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54
1t 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54
Fail to regulate 2. 0.14 0.79 2.49 0.56 0.79 3.0 4.0' 3.0 4.0'
2t 0.19 1.08 3.41 0.77 1.08
Valve leakage in closed 1. 0.02 0.40 1.88 0.40 0.40 10.0 10.0' 10.0 10.0'
position 1t 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54
Degraded 20. 5.24 7.91 11.49 1.77 7.91 5.6 13 5.6 13
20t 7.19 10.85 15.76 2.43 10.85
External leakage - Process 1. 0.02 0.40 1.88 0.40 0.40 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
medium 1t 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54
1t 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54
High oulput 2. 0.14 0.79 2.49 0.56 0.79 3.3 3.5' 3.3 3.5'
2t 0.19 1.08 3.41 0.77 1.08
Low output 11. 2.44 4.35 7.20 1.31 4.35 6.1 13 6.1 13
11t 3.35 5.97 9.88 1.80 5.97
Plugged/Choked 2. 0.14 0.79 2.49 0.56 0.79 . .
2t 0.19 1.08 3.41 0.77 1.08
Valve leakage in closed 2. 0.14 0.79 2.49 0.56 0.79 9.0 12' 9.0 12'
position 2t 0.19 1.08 3.41 0.77 1.08
01her 1. 0.02 0.40 1.88 0.40 0.40 .
1t 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54
Incipient 9. 1.86 3.56 6.21 1.19 3.56 2.7 7.5' 2.7 7.5'
9t 2.55 4.88 8.52 1.63 4.88
Abnormal instrument res:ting 1. 0.02 0.40 1.88 0.40 0.40 7.5 7.5' 7.5 7.5'
1t 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54
Low output 1. 0.02 0.40 1.88 0.40 0.40 1.0 1.0' 1.0 1.0'
1t 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54
Minor in-seiVice problems s· 1.03 2.37 4.68 0.97 2.37 2.3 3.0' 2.3 3.0'
st 1.42 3.25 6.42 1.33 3.25
position 1t 0.03 0.54 2.57 0.54 0.54
All modes 34. 9.89 13.44 17.90 2.31 13.44 4.5 13 4.5 13
34t 13.56 18.44 24.55 3.16 18.44
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code- Globe

Closure member - - - 2.94
IBalllaateldisc/etc.l
Instrument, general - - -
Monitonng - - - -
Other valve components - -
Packing - - -
Positioner 2.94 - - 2.94
Seat nngs - - - - -
Stem - 2.94 - - -
Subunit - - - -
Unknown - - - 2.94 2.94
Valve body wlintema~ - - - 2.94 5.88
Total 2.94 2.94 - 2.94 5.88 5.88 5.88

Hem: Valves described by taxonomy code - Globe

Closure member - 2.94 2.94 - - - 8.82
IBaiUaateldisc/etc.)
Instrument, general 2.94 - 2.94 - - - 5.88
Monitonng - - - 2.94 - - - 2.94
Other valve comoonents - - 2.94 - - 2.94
Packing 5.88 - - - 5.88
Positioner - - - - 5.88 - - - 11.76
Seat nngs 2.94 - - 2.94 - 5.88
Stem - - - - 2.94
Subunit 2.94 - - - - 2.94
Unknown - 8.82 2.94 - - 17.65
Valve bodv wlintemals - 23.53 - - - - 32.35
Total 11.76 35.29 2.94 5.88 17.65 - 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - Globe

Blockaaeloluaaed - 2.94 2.94 2.94
Control failure 2.94 - - - - - -
Corrosion - - - - -
Deformation - 2.94 - -
Erosion - -
Faulty sianaVindicationlalann - - - - - - -
Instrument failure- general - - - 2.94 2.94 2.94 -
looseness - 2.94 - -
Total 2.94 2.94 2.94 5.88 5.88 5.88

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code -Globe
LCP LOO OTH PLU SER SPO STO UNK Sum

Blockage/plugged - 35.29 - 5.88 2.94 - - - 52.94
Control failure - - - - - 2.94
Corrosion 2.94 - 5.88 8.82
Defonnation - - - - - - 2.94
Erosion - 2.94 - - - 2.94
Faultv sional/indication/alann - - - 2.94 - 2.94
Instrument failure - aeneral 2.94 - 5.88 - 17.65
Looseness 5.88 - - - - 8.82
Total 11.76 35.29 2.94 5.88 17.65 - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Kem
4.5.6.1 Valves
Globe
Chemical injection
0.1478 0.1074
Failure mode No of Failure rate foer 10' hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
Degraded 2" 2.40 13.53 42.59 9.57 13.53 3.5 3.5' 3.5 3.5'
2t 3.30 18.62 58.60 13.16 18.62
High output 1" 0.34 6.77 32.10 6.77 6.77 3.5 3.5' 3.5 3.5·
1t 0.47 9.31 44.17 9.31 9.31
Other 1" 0.34 6.77 32.10 6.77 6.77 .
1t 0.47 9.31 44.17 9.31 9.31
Incipient 1" 0.34 6.77 32.10 6.77 6.77 3.0 3.1r 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.47 9.31 44.17 9.31 9.31
1t 0.47 9.31 44.17 9.31 9.31
All modes 3" 5.55 20.30 52.46 11.72 20.30 3.3 3.5' 3.3 3.5·
3t 7.63 27.93 72.19 16.12 27.93
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.6.2 Valves
Globe
Gas (re)injection
0.1640 0.1251
All modes o· 0.01 VIII 9.54 3.51 . . . . .

ot 0.01 3.2ll 12.61 4.65 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.6.3 Valves
Globe
Gas processing
1.2318 0.8952
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 111' houro). Active rep. hrs Man hours
Critical 2" 0.29 1.62 5.11 1.15 1.62 7.0 10.W 7.0 10.W
2t 0.40 2.23 7.03 1.58 2.23
1t 0.06 1.12 5.30 1.12 1.12
Valve leakage in closed 1" 0.04 0.81 3.85 0.81 0.81 10.0 1o.o· 10.0 1o.o·
position 1t 0.06 1.12 5.30 1.12 1.12
Degraded 12" 5.62 9.74 15.78 2.81 9.74 4.7 12 4.7 12
12t 7.74 13.40 21.72 3.87 13.40
External leakage · Process 1" 0.04 0.81 3.85 0.81 0.81 2.0 2.o· 2.0 2.o·
medium 1t 0.06 1.12 5.30 1.12 1.12
H~h output 1" 0.04 0.81 3.85 0.81 0.81 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.06 1.12 5.30 1.12 1.12
Low output r 2.67 5.68 10.68 2.15 5.68 4.1 8.o· 4.1 8.o·
7t 3.67 7.82 14.69 2.96 7.82
Plugged/Choked 1" 0.04 0.81 3.85 0.81 0.81 - - - -
1t 0.06 1.12 5.30 1.12 1.12
Valve leakage in closed 2" 0.29 1.62 5.11 1.15 1.62 9.0 12. 9.0 12.
position 2t 0.40 2.23 7.03 1.58 2.23
Incipient 2" 0.29 1.62 5.11 1.15 1.62 1.5 2.W 1.5 2.0"
2t 0.40 2.23 7.03 1.58 2.23
Low output 1" 0.04 0.81 3.85 0.81 0.81 1.0 1.o· 1.0 1.o·
1t 0.06 1.12 5.30 1.12 1.12
1t 0.06 1.12 5.30 1.12 1.12
All modes 16" 8.15 12.99 19.73 3.25 12.99 4.6 12 4.6 12
16t 11.21 17.87 27.14 4.47 17.87
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.6.4 Valves
Globe
Gas treatment
0.1971 0.1432
Failure mode No of Failure rate faer 1()6 hours). Active reD. hrs Manhours
Incipient 1. 0.25 5.07 24.08 5.07 5.07 7.5 7.5" 7.5 7.5"
1t 0.35 6.98 33.13 6.98 6.98
Abnonnal instrument realing 1. 0.25 5.07 24.08 5.07 5.07 7.5 7S 7.5 7.5'
1t 0.35 6.98 33.13 6.98 6.98
All modes 1. 0.25 5.07 24.08 5.07 5.07 7.5 7.5" 7.5 7.5"
1t 0.35 6.98 33.13 6.98 6.98
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.6.5 Valves
Globe
Oil export
0.1478 0.1074
All modes o· 0.01 2.70 10.38 3.82 . . . . .

ot 0.01 3.72 14.27 5.26 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.6.6 Valves
Globe
Oil proces~na
0.5913 0.4297
Failure mode No of Failure rate (oar 10' hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 3. 1.39 5.07 13.12 2.93 5.07 1.8 2.0' 1.8 2.0'
3t 1.91 6.98 18.05 4.03 6.98
1t 0.12 2.33 11.04 2.33 2.33
1t 0.12 2.33 11.04 2.33 2.33
Fail to regulate 1. 0.08 1.69 8.03 1.69 1.69 2.0 2.0' 2.0 2.0'
1t 0.12 2.33 11.04 2.33 2.33
Degraded 6. 4.42 10.15 20.02 4.14 10.15 7.9 13' 7.9 13'
6t 6.09 13.96 27.55 5.70 13.96
1t 0.12 2.33 11.04 2.33 2.33
Low output 4. 2.31 6.77 15.48 3.38 6.77 9.8 13' 9.8 13'
4t 3.18 9.31 21.31 4.65 9.31
Plugged/Choked 1. 0.08 1.69 8.03 1.69 1.69 - - -
1t 0.12 2.33 11.04 2.33 2.33
Incipient 5. 3.33 8.46 17.78 3.78 8.46 2.2 3.0' 2.2 3.0'
5t 4.58 11.64 24.47 5.20 11.64
4t 3.18 9.31 21.31 . 4.65 9.31
position 1t 0.12 2.33 11.04 2.33 2.33
All modes 14. 14.31 23.68 37.01 6.33 23.68 4.3 13 4.3 13
14t 19.69 32.58 50.93 8.71 32.58
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.6.7 Valves
Globe
0.0493 0.0358
All modes o· 0.02 5.78 22.21 8.18 . . . . .

ot 0.03 7.95 30.51 11.24 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.7 Valves
Multiole orifice
0.2365 0.2365
Degraded 1. 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23 4.0 4.o· 8.0 a.o·
1t 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23
1t 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23
All modes 1. 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23 4.0 4.1r 8.0 8.1r
1t 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - Multiple orifice

Unknown - 100.0 -
To1al 100.0 - - -

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - Multiple orifice

Unknown - - - - - - 100.0
Total - - - - - - - 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code- Multiple orifice

Unknown - 100.0 - - -
Total 100.0 - - -

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code- Multiple orifice

Unknown - - - - - - 100.0
Total - - - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.7.1 Valves
Multiple orifice
Flare, vent & blow-doW"l
0.2365 0.2365
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 101 hours. Active rep. hrs Manhours
Degraded 1. 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23 4.0 4.0" 8.0 8.0"
1t 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23
1t 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23
All modes 1. 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23 4.0 4.0" 8.0 8.0"
1t 0.21 4.23 20.06 4.23 4.23
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.8 Valves
Pluo
0.0404 0.0404
Critical 2' 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 6.0 8.1r 10.0 1r
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
Extemalleakage • Process 2' 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 6.0 8.o· 10.0 12'
medium 2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
All modes 2' 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 6.0 s.o· 10.0 1T
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - Plug

Unknown - - 100.0 -
Total - - 100.0 -


Unknown - - - - 100.0
Total - - - - - 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code- Plug

Leakage - - 100.0 - - - - -
Total - 100.0 - - - -


Leakage - - - - 100.0
Total - - - - - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.8.1 Valves
Plug
Oil production
1
1 1 Calendar time "" Operational time
0.0404 0.0404
Failure mode No of Failure rate foer 11)6 hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
Critical 2' 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 6.0 8.o- 10.0 12'
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
External leakage ~ Process 2. 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 6.0 8.o· 10.0 12'
medium 2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
All modes 2. 8.78 49.49 155.76 34.99 49.49 6.0 8.o- 10.0 12'
2t 8.79 49.51 155.85 35.01 49.51
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.9 Valves
PSV- Conventional
0.7581 0.7574
Failure mode No of Failure rate fper 108 hours). Active rep. hrs Manhours
Critical 1" 0.02 1.17 3.69 1.32 1.32 4.0 4.0" 8.0 8.0"
1t 0.02 1.18 3.69 1.32 1.32
Fail to open on demand 1" 0.02 1.17 3.69 1.32 1.32 4.0 4.o· 8.0 8.o·
1t 0.02 1.18 3.69 1.32 1.32
Incipient 5" 1.51 6.28 13.72 3.89 6.60 3.3 4.0" 5.8 8.0"
5t 1.51 6.28 13.74 3.89 6.60
Structural deficiency 1" 0.01 2.15 7.59 2.80 1.32 8.0 8.o·
1t 0.01 2.15 7.60 2.81 1.32
Other 4" 0.27 4.23 12.33 4.09 5.28 3.3 4.o· 5.3 s.o·
4t 0.27 4.23 12.34 4.09 5.28
All modes 6" 1.75 7.33 16.06 4.56 7.91 3.4 4.0" 6.2 8.0"
st 1.75 7.33 16.07 4.56 7.92
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code- PSV- Conventional

Unknown - - - 16.67 -
Total - - - 16.67


Unknown - 66.67 - - 16.67 100.0
Total - 66.67 - 16.67 100.0
©OREDA


Breakage - - - -
Control failure - - - - - -
Corrosion - - 16.67 -
Other - - - - -
Wellf - - -
To1al - 16.67


Breakage - - - - - 16.67 16.67
Control failure - 16.67 - - 16.67
Corrosion - - - - 16.67
01her - 16.67 - - 16.67
Wear - - 33.33 - - - 33.33
To1al - - 66.67 - - - 16.67 100.0
The f~gures are percentages of the total failure rate for the actual failure mechanism/failure mode combination.
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.9.1 Valves
Crude oil handlina
0.2425 0.2424
All modes o· 6E·3 1.61 6.18 2.28 . . . . .

ot 6E-3 1.61 6.18 2.28 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.9.2 Valves
PSV - Conventional
Electrical power
0.0175 0.0175
Incipient 1. 2.85 57.00 270.46 57.00 57.00 . . 8.0 8.!r
1t 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08
Structural deficiency 1. 2.85 57.00 270.46 57.00 57.00 . 8.0 8.0'
1t 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08
All rnodH 1. 2.85 57.00 270.46 57.00 57.00 . . 8.0 8.!r

1t 2.85 57.08 270.83 57.08 57.08
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.9.3 Valves
PSV ·Conventional
Fuel gas
0.0351 0.0350
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active rep, hrs Man hours
All modes o· 0.02 4.84 18.5ll 6.84 . . . . .

ot 0.02 4.84 18.60 6.85 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.9.4 Valves
PSV- Conventional
Gas export
0.0404 0.0404
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours). Active re . h"' Manhours
All modes o· 0.02 4.60 17.67 6.51 . . . . .

ot 0.02 4.61 17.68 6.51 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.9.5 Valves
PSV - Conventional
Gas orocessino
0.0808 0.0808
Failure mode No of Failure rate loer 1()8 hours . Active reo. hrs Man hours
All modes o· 0.01 3.35 12.88 4.74 . . . . .

ot 0.01 3.36 12.89 4.75 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.9.6 Valves
Oil export
Population Installations Aggregated time In service (10S hours) No of demands
0.0404 0.0404
All modes o· 0.02 4.60 17.67 6.51 . . . . .

ot 0.02 4.61 17.68 6.51 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Kern
4.5.9.7 Valves
PSV- Conventional
Oil oroduction
0.0808 0.0808
"''
All modes o· 0.01 3.35 12.88 4.74 . . . .

ot 0.01 3.36 12.89 4.75 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.9.8 Valves
PSV- Conventional
0.0976 0.0975
Critical 1' 0.19 9.33 28.95 10.24 10.24 4.0 4.0' 8.0 8.0'
1t 0.19 9.34 28.98 10.25 10.25
Fail to open on demand 1' 0.19 9.33 28.95 10.24 10.24 4.0 4.0' 8.0 8.o·
1t 0.19 9.34 28.98 10.25 10.25
Incipient 4' 0.97 33.50 102.00 35.32 40.97 3.3 4.0' 5.3 8.0'
4t 0.97 33.53 102.10 35.35 41.01
Other 4' 0.97 33.50 102.00 35.32 40.97 3.3 4.0' 5.3 8.o·
4t 0.97 33.53 102.10 35.35 41.01
All modes 5' 16.36 46.66 89.57 22.90 51.21 3.4 4.0' 5.8 8.0'
st 16.38 46.71 89.66 22.93 51.26
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.9.9 Valves
PSV - Conventional
Steam
0.1228 0.1226
All modes o· 0.01 2.62 10.05 3.70 . - - - -

ot 0.01 2.62 10.06 3.71 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.10 Valves
PSV- Conventional w/bellows
0.9439 0.8886
Degraded 1. 0.05 1.06 5.03 1.06 1.06 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0"
1t 0.06 1.13 5.34 1.13 1.13
Other 1' 0.05 1.06 5.03 1.06 1.06 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.06 1.13 5.34 1.13 1.13
Incipient 1. 0.05 1.06 5.03 1.06 1.06 8.0 8.0" 16 11)
1t 0.06 1.13 5.34 1.13 1.13
Other 1. 0.05 1.06 5.03 1.06 1.06 8.0 8.0' 16 16'
1t 0.06 1.13 5.34 1.13 1.13
Allmodn 2. 0.38 2.12 6.67 1.50 2.12 6.0 8.1r 10.0 11)
2t 0.40 2.25 7.08 1.59 2.25
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - PSV - Conventional w/bello\NS

Unknown - - - -
Total - - - - -

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - PSV - Conventional w/bellows

Unknown 100.0 - - - 100.0
Total 100.0 - - - - 100.0
©OREDA

rtem: Valves described by taxonomy code- PSV- Conventional wlbellows
F1R HID INL

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - PSV - Conventional wlbellows

Other 100.0 - - - 100.0
Total 100.0 - - - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no kem
4.5.10.1 Valves
Coolill!l svstems
0.0808 0.0808
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1()6 hours). Active rep. hiS Man hours
All modes o· 6E·3 1.58 6.06 2.23 . . . . .

ot 6E-3 1.65 6.34 2.33 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.10.2 Valves
PSV- Conventional wfbellows
Crude oil handling
Population Installations Aggregated lime In service (Ill' hours) No of demands
0.0808 0.0808
Failure mode No of Failure rate_(per 106 hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
All modes o· 6E.J 1.58 6.06 2.23 . . . . .

ot 6E.J 1.65 6.34 2.33 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.10.3 Valves
PSV - Conventional w/bellows
Gas processino
0.0808 0.0808
All modes o· 6E-3 1.58 6.06 2.23 . . . . .

ot 6E·3 1.65 6.34 2.33 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.10.4 Valves
Gas treatment
0.1617 0.1616
failures Lower Mean Upper so nh: Mean Max Mean Max
Degraded 1' 0.31 6.19 29.35 6.19 6.19 4.0 4.1r 4.0 4.1r
1t 0.31 6.19 29.37 6.19 6.19
Other 1' 0.31 6.19 29.35 6.19 6.19 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.31 6.19 29.37 6.19 6.19
All modes 1' 0.31 6.19 29.35 6.19 6.19 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.1r
1t 0.31 6.19 29.37 6.19 6.19
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.10.5 Valves
Oil processina
0.2425 0.2424
All modes o· 4E·3 1.05 4.01 1.48 . . . .

ot 4E·3 1.08 4.13 1.52 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.10.6 Valves
PSV ·Conventional w/beUows
Oil production
Population Installations Aggregated time In service (10& hours) No of demands
0.1409 0.1212
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 106 hours . Active reD. hrs Man hours
All modes o· 5E.J 1.33 5.09 1.88 . . . . .

ot 6E.J 1.46 5.59 2.06 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.10.7 Valves
PSV- Conventional wlbellows
0.1563 0.1211
Incipient 1' 0.32 6.40 30.36 6.40 6.40 8.0 8.1r 16 16'
1t 0.41 8.26 39.17 8.26 8.26
Other 1' 0.32 6.40 30.36 6.40 6.40 8.0 8.o· 16 16"
1t 0.41 8.26 39.17 8.26 8.26
All modes 1' 0.32 6.40 30.36 6.40 6.40 8.0 8.1r 16 16'
1t 0.41 8.26 39.17 8.26 8.26
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.11 Valves
PSV- Pilot operated
1.2677 1.2721
Critical 1" lE-I 1.86 8.42 l.l5 0.79 4.0 4.0- 4.0 4.0'
1t lE-I 1.86 8.44 l.l5 0.79
Fail to open on demand 1" 3E-4 1.86 8.42 3.35 0.79 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t 3E-4 1.86 8.44 3.35 0.79
Incipient 2" 9E-I 1.7l 7.38 2.85 1.58 . 12 12'
2t 9E-I 1.72 7.39 2.86 1.57
Low output 1" 4E-3 1.29 5.04 1.87 0.79 -
1t 3E-3 1.29 5.06 1.88 0.79
Structural deficiency 1" 0.01 0.67 2.17 0.79 0.79 - . 12 12'
1t 0.01 0.66 2.16 0.79 0.79
All modes l" 0.77 2.79 5.85 1.61 2.l7 4.0 4.0' 8.0 12'
lt 0.75 2.80 5.94 1.65 2.36
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - PSV - Pilot operated

Other - - - - -
Subunit - - - - -
Unknown - - - 33.33
Total - 33.33

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - PSV - Pilot operated

Other - - - - - 33.33 - 33.33
Subunit 33.33 - - 33.33
Unknown - - 33.33
Total 33.33 - - - 33.33 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code- PSV- Pilot operated

Corrosion - - - - -
Unknown - - - - 33.33 - -
Total - - - - 33.33 -

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code- PSV- Pilot operated

Corrosion 33.33 - - 33.33 66.67
Unknown - - - - 33.33
Total 33.33 - - 33.33 - 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.11.1 Valves
Valves descrtbed by taxonomy code
PSV • Pilo1 operated
Fuel gas
0.0351 0.0350
Incipient 1" 1.42 28.50 135.23 28.50 28.50 . . 12 1T
1t 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54
Structural deficiency 1" 1.42 28.50 135.23 28.50 28.50 . 12 12"
1t 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54
All modes 1" 1.42 28.50 135.23 28.50 28.50 . . 12 1T

1t 1.43 28.54 135.42 28.54 28.54
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.11.2 Valves
Ps;1 -:;,~t operated
Gas re iniection
2 1 Calendar time* Operational time t
0.0351 0.0350
Failure mode No of Failure rate fDer 10& hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
failures Lower Mean Upper so nl't Mean Max Mean Max
At! modes o· 0.01 2.34 8.97 3.30 . . . . .

. ot 0.01 2.34 9.00 3.31 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.11.3 Valves
PSV- Pilo1 opera1ed
Gas exoort
0.2387 0.2384
Critical 1" 0.06 5.16 16.80 6.11 4.19 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.06 5.17 16.82 6.12 4.19
Fail to open on demand 1" 0.06 5.16 16.80 6.11 4.19 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.06 5.17 16.82 6.12 4.19
All modes 1" 0.06 5.16 16.80 6.11 4.19 4.0 4.0' 4.0 4.0'
1t 0.06 5.17 16.82 6.12 4.19
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.11.4 Valves
PSV - Pilot operated
Gas lift
0.0351 0.0350
Failure mode No of Failure rate fDer 11)6 hours). Active reo. hrs Man hours
All modes o· 0.01 2.34 8.97 3.30 . . . .

ot 0.01 2.34 9.00 3.31 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.11.5 Valves
PSV- Pilot operated
Gas processino
0.3684 0.3679
All modes o· 4E-3 0.91 3.51 1.29 . . . . .

ot 4E-3 0.92 3.52 1.29 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.11.6 Valves
PSV- Pilot operated
Oil exoort
0.0877 0.0876
All modes o· 0.01 1.87 7.20 2.65 . . . . .

ot 0.01 1.88 7.22 2.66
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.11.7 Valves
PSV- Pilo1 operated
Oil processing
0.3272 0.3329
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 10& hours). Active re . hrs Man hours
All modes o· 4E-3 0.99 3.79 1.40 . . . . .

ot 4E-3 0.98 3.76 1.38 .
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.11.8 Valves
PSV- Pilot operated
Oil oroduction
0.1053 0.1051
Failure mode No of Failure rate (per 1(16 hours . Active rep. hrs Manhours
Incipient 1" 0.47 9.50 45.08 9.50 9.50 . - - .
1t 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51
Low output 1" 0.47 9.50 45.08 9.50 9.50 -
1t 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51
All modes 1" 0.47 9.50 45.08 9.50 9.50 . . . .

1t 0.48 9.51 45.14 9.51 9.51
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.11.9 Valves
PSV- Pilot operated
Water fire fiohtino
0.0351 0.0350
All modes o· 0.01 2.34 8.97 3.30 . . . . -

ot 0.01 2.34 9.00 3.31 -
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Hem
4.5.12 Valves
Unknown
114 1 Calendar Ume * Operational time '
3.1738 3.1710
Critical 15' 2.91 4.73 7.28 1.22 4.73 2.7 4.o· 5.5 so·
15t 2.92 4.73 7.28 1.22 4.73
Fail to close on demand 2. 0.11 0.63 1.98 0.45 0.63 4.0 4.o· 50 so·
2t 0.11 0.63 1.99 0.45 0.63
Fail to open on demand 3• 0.26 0.95 2.44 0.55 0.95 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
3t 0.26 0.95 2.45 0.55 0.95
9t 1.48 2.84 4.95 0.95 2.84
Low output 1. 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32 2.0 2.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32
Degraded 6. 0.82 1.89 3.73 0.77 1.89 1.3 2.o· 1.3 2.o·
6t 0.82 1.89 3.73 0.77 1.89
Low output 2. 0.11 0.63 1.98 0.45 0.63 1.0 1.o· 1.0 to·
2t 0.11 0.63 1.99 0.45 0.63
Minor in-service problems 3. 0.26 0.95 2.44 0.55 0.95 - -
3t 0.26 0.95 2.45 0.55 0.95
1t 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32
Incipient 4. 0.43 1.26 2.88 0.63 1.26 3.0 3.0+ 3.0 3.Jr
4t 0.43 1.26 2.89 0.63 1.26
Abnormal instrument reading 2. 0.11 0.63 1.98 0.45 0.63 - - -
2t 0.11 0.63 1.99 0.45 0.63
1t 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32
Unknown 1. 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 032 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.02 0.32 1.50 0.32 0.32
All modes 25. 5.48 7.88 11.00 1.58 7.88 2.4 4.0 4.4 50
25t 5.48 7.88 11.01 1.58 7.88
Comments
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code- Unknown

Unknown 8.00 - 8.00 12.00 40.00
Total 8.00 - 8.00 12.00 40.00 -


Unknown - 12.00 - 4.00 12.00 - - 4.00 100.0
Total - 12.00 4.00 12.00 - 4.00 100.0
©OREDA

Item: Valves described by taxonomy code - Unknown

Blockagel~ltlgjted - - 4.00 4.00 - -
Instrument failure - Qenerat 8.00 - - - -
Leakaoe - - -
Miscellaneous :JI!Ineral - - 4.00 -
Out of acfustment - - - -
Unknown - - 8.00 - -
Total 8.00 - 8.00 12.00 40.00


Blockaoe/plugged - - 4.00 - - - - 12.00
Instrument failure - general - - 12.00 - - 20.00
Leakage - 4.00 - - 4.00
Mechanical Failure- Qeneral - 4.00 4.00 48.00
Miscellaneous - general 4.00
Out of acfustment 4.00 - - 4.00
Unknown - - - - - 8.00
Total 12.00 - 4.00 12.00 - 4.00 100.0
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.12.1 Valves
Unknown
Chemical iniection
26 I Calendar time* Operational timeT
0.7238 0.7232
failures lower Mean Upper so Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 10" 7.49 13.82 23.43 4.37 "''13.82 2.9 4.1r 0.4 3.0'
10t 7.50 13.83 23.45 4.37 13.83
Fail to close on demand I" 0.07 1.38 6.56 1.38 1.38 -
It 0.07 1.38 6.56 1.38 1.38
Fail to open on demand I" 0.07 1.38 6.56 1.38 1.38 4.0 4.0'
It 0.07 1.38 6.56 1.38 1.38
Fail to regulate s· 5.50 11.05 19.94 3.91 11.05 2.3 3.0' 0.4 3.0'
at 5.50 11.06 19.96 3.91 11.06
All modes 10" 7.49 13.82 23.43 4.37 13.82 2.9 4.1r 0.4 3.1r
10t 7.50 13.83 23.45 4.37 13.83
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no Item
4.5.12.2 Valves
Unknown
Gas production
1.7539 1.7524
failuresLower Mean Upper 5D nh Mean Max Mean Max
Critical 3' 0.47 1.71 4.42 0.99 1.71 3.3 4.1r 19 5lr
3t 0.47 1.71 4.43 0.99 1.71
Fail to close on demand 1' 0.03 0.57 2.71 0.57 0.57 4.0 4.0' 50 50'
1t 0.03 0.57 2.71 0.57 0.57
Fail to open on demand 1' 0.03 0.57 2.71 0.57 0.57 4.0 4.o· 4.0 4.o·
1t 0.03 0.57 2.71 0.57 0.57
low output 1' 0.03 0.57 2.71 0.57 0.57 2.0 2.o· 3.0 3.o·
1t O.D3 0.57 2.71 0.57 0.57
Degraded 3' 0.47 1.71 4.42 0.99 1.71 . - - -
3t 0.47 1.71 4.43 0.99 1.71
Minor in-service problems 3' 0.47 1.71 4.42 0.99 1.71 - - -
3t 0.47 1.71 4.43 0.99 1.71
Incipient 2' 0.20 1.14 3.59 0.81 1.14 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.0'
2t 0.20 1.14 3.59 0.81 1.14
Fail to regulate 1' 0.03. 0.57 2.71 0.57 0.57 3.0 3.0' 3.0 3.o·
1t 0.03 0.57 2.71 0.57 0.57
Unknown 1' 0.03 0.57 2.71 0.57 0.57 3.0 3.o· 3.0 3.0'
1t 0.03 0.57 2.71 0.57 0.57
All modes 8' 2.27 4.56 8.23 1.61 4.56 3.2 4.0' 13 5lr
8t 2.27 4.57 8.24 1.61 4.57
Comments
©OREDA
Taxonomy no ~em
4.5.12.3 Valves
Unknown
Unknown
0.5568 0.5563
Critical 1. 0.09 1.80 8.52 1.80 1.80 . . . .
1t 0.09 1.80 8.53 1.80 1.80
Fail to open on demand 1. 0.09 1.80 8.52 1.80 1.80 .
1t 0.09 1.80 8.53 1.80 1.80
Degraded 3. 1.47 5.39 13.93 3.11 5.39 1.3 2.1r 1.3 2.0"
3t 1.47 5.39 13.94 3.11 5.39
Low output 2. 0.64 3.59 11.31 2.54 3.59 1.0 1.0" 1.0 1.0"
2t 0.64 3.60 11.32 2.54 3.60
Plugged/Choked 1. 0.09 1.80 8.52 1.80 1.80 2.0 2.0" 2.0 2.0"
1t 0.09 1.80 8.53 1.80 1.80
Incipient 2" 0.64 3.59 11.31 2.54 3.59 . . .
2t 0.64 3.60 11.32 2.54 3.60
Abnonnal instrument reading 2. 0.64 3.59 11.31 2.54 3.59 . .
2t 0.64 3.60 11.32 2.54 3.60
All modes 6. 4.70 10.78 21.26 4.40 10.78 1.3 2.1r 1.3 2.0+
6t 4.70 10.79 21.28 4.40 10.79
Comments
©OREDA
The book is distributed and can be ordered from the
following company:
Oet Norske Veotas

NO ·1363 HOVIk
NORWAY
Att. ENEN0753
E·ma1l: distribut1on:t.t'dnv.com
Webshop: http /webshop.dnv.com/globaVcategory.asp?cO 2631
Telephone: • 47 67 57 99 00
....~
ConocoPhillips EJ!(onMobil
1a1o11
bp
TOTA\..

Offshore Reliability Data 5th Edition Volume 1 - Topside Equipment

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Offshore Reliability Data 5th Edition Volume 1 - Topside Equipment

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IWE{]fl 2009

Volume 1- Topside Equipment

5th Edition, 2009

Published by: OREDA Participants

Prepared by: SINTEF

Distributed by: Det Norske Veritas (DNV)

Copyright © 2009 by the OREDA ® Participants

The OREDA Participants in 2009 are:

BP Exploration Operating Company Ltd

Comments or questions to the book can be directed to:

Postal address: SINTEF Teclmology and Society

Copies of the book may be ordered from:

Postal address: Del Norske Veritas

OREDA®~Registered trade mark name of OREDA (Offshore Reliability Data)

A listing, description, or definition of any item in this docwnent is not to be regarded, by

(This page intentionally left blank)

OREDA TOPSIDE DATA STRUCTURE .............................................................................. 17

ESTIMATION PROCEDURES .............................................................................................23

TOPSIDE DATA TABLE FORMATS ...................................................................................35

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................................... 301

(This page intentionally left blank)

Phase II (1987 - 1990)

Phase III (1990 - 1992)

Phase IV (1993 - 1996)

Phase V (1997 - 2000)

Phase VI (2000 - 2001)

Phase VII (2002 - 2003)

Up-to-date information on the OREDA project is available on the Internet address:

' ' Merged with Chevron and left OREDA in phase VI

EQUIPMENT CATEGORIES COVERED IN OREDA HANDBOOK

Table 2- Equipment Population in the 2009 OREDA Handbooks

Subsea Handbook (Volume 2)

SCOPE OF OREDA HANDBOOK

For each topside equipment unit, the following information is presented:

(This page intentionally left blank)

OREDA TOPSIDE DATA STRUCTURE

MAIN DATA CATEGORIES

Table 3 - Failure and Maintenance Data Collected in OREDA Database

Description Format Description Format

Table 4- Equipment Cate2ories (Example)

Condensate processing 1.3.1.2

Cooling systems 1.3.1.3

Flare, vent & blow-down 1.3.1.5

Gas processing 1.3.1.6

·-·-·--·-·---------·--·-·-·-·- ·-·-·-·-·- ·----;

Table 5- Maintainable Items for Pumps (Example)

Subunit Power Control and Lubrication

a Type of instrumenUsensor, e.g. pressure, temperature, level etc.

This implies the approximation

z(t)·M = P(t < T:;:; t+litiT > t).

Bum-in phase Useful life phase Wear-out phase Timet

Figure 3 - Bath-tub shape of the failure rate

An important implication of the constant failure rate assumption is that an item is

ESTIMATORS AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR A HOMOGENEOUS SAMPLE

The maximum likelihood estimator of A is given by:

Note that this approach is valid only in the following situations:

Confidence intervals for the failure rate

P(AL ~A< Au)= 90%

The failure rate estimate is then given by:

A = n/" = 6. I o·• failures per hour

The estimate and the confidence interval are illustrated in Figure 4.

---,---,---,----,--,---,-,.----,--...,---,,--,---r----i~ Failure rate

Figure 4- Estimate and 90% confidence interval for the example

Figure 5 - Multi-sample problem