International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN2018)
A brief review on antlion optimization algorithm
Sumit Kumar
Information Technology Department
Rajkiya Engineering College Ambedkar Nagar
Ambedkar Nagar, India
spal3751@gmail.com
Abstract—Swarm intelligence optimization algorithms have
turn out to be a progressively more valuable tool that can be
practically applied in all areas of optimization and engineering
discipline. Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO) is recently proposed
swarm intelligence based meta-heuristic algorithm that models
the interaction of ants and antlions in nature. ALO and its
variants have been successfully applied to a lot of problems from
various areas. This paper gives a brief review of this evolving
algorithm of swarm intelligence with the aim of showing that
ALO algorithm can be utilized to solve every problem arising in
practice. This paper also encourages new researchers to use this
algorithm or its efficient variant algorithm for problem solving.
Keywords—optimization; single objective otimization; multi-
objective optimization; ant lion optimizer.
I. INTRODUCTION
Optimization procedure uncovers the most economical choice
that achieves the highest performance under the given
constraints or uncertainties by maximizing the required factors
and minimizing the inadmissible ones. In single objective
optimization, an attempt is made to optimize a design or
system by getting global minimum or maximum depending on
constrains and design variables. It usually entails the use of
gradient methods where the algorithms search for either the
minimum or maximum of an objective function, depending on
the goal. Multi-Objective Optimization refers to modelling a
problem with multiple objectives where the aim is to optimize
all these objectives simultaneously. It is possible that the
involved objectives are conflicting to each other. In that case,
some trade-offs are taken into consideration and the most
likely scenario occurs when there is no single solution for the
problem, but a set of non-comparable solutions. One solution
may be better than the other in terms of a particular objective
but worse in terms of the other conflicting objective. Hence
the main goal is to find the solution which optimizes all the
objectives at the same time. The multi-objective optimization
algorithm identifies the solutions which lie on the trade-off
curve, known as the Pareto Frontier. Many industrial problems
involve simultaneous optimization of multiple objectives,
where main purpose is to get pareto-front with non-dominated
solutions, possible uniformly spaced. Based on different
criteria, optimization problems were classified into different
categories in [25] viz. linear, nonlinear, convex, quadratic,
stochastic, discrete, continuous, mixed integer, dynamic and
multi-objective. These different kind of optimization problems
can be solved with numerous techniques like: linear
ISBN:978-1-5386-4119-4/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
Amit Kumar
Information Technology Department
Rajkiya Engineering College Ambedkar Nagar
Ambedkar Nagar, India
amit.it.recabn@gmail.com
programming [29], nonlinear programming [1], iterative
techniques and various heuristic approaches such as
Evolutionary Algorithms [19], Genetic Algorithms [21],
Swarm Intelligence and other nature inspired methods. Swarm
Intelligence (SI) is a pioneering distributed intelligent model
inspired by the biological examples of swarming, flocking and
herding phenomena in vertebrates. Swarm Intelligence
optimization algorithms are approximate methods to deal with
the optimization problems that do not guarantee the optimal
solutions but they obtain acceptable solutions in reasonable
amount of time. These algorithms work in a decentralized way
and imitate the activities of swarms of social insects, flocks of
birds, or schools of fish. These Systems consist of simple
components and exhibit properties which are not present in
any of the components themselves. This property is called
emergence. The resultant combined intelligent behaviour
emergent from such a system is called Swarm Intelligence. In
swarms, the collective intelligence arises through the
collaboration of large numbers of identical agents in the
environment. Representative examples include schools of fish,
flocks of birds, and colonies of ants. Furthermore, these
algorithms perform better than the conventional techniques
while handling complex problems due to their robustness and
flexibility. These algorithms can be implemented easily as
they do not require gradient information. These algorithms are
particularly convenient for optimization problems where the
objective function is neither explicit nor differentiable.
Originally, the two conventional algorithms of the swarm
intelligence methodologies were Ant Colony Optimization
inspired by foraging behaviour of ants. [28] and Particle
Swarm Optimization described by and based on bird flocking
[6]. These two algorithms were put into operation for a vast
range of real-world problems in different areas. In
contemporary years, a number of innovative swarm
intelligence algorithms have emerged that are inspired by
different unique characteristics and behaviours of different
natural swarms. Typical examples include Lion optimization
Algorithm based on lion’s behaviour and social organization
[31], Whale Optimization Algorithm mimicking the social
behaviour of humpback whales [38], Grasshopper
Optimization Algorithm based on the behaviour of
grasshopper swarms in nature [41], Elephant Herding
Optimization inspired by the herding behaviour of elephant
group [16], Social Spider Optimization based on foraging
strategy of social spiders [9], Bat Algorithm based on
echolocation behaviour of micro bats [49], Cuckoo Search
inspired by brooding behaviour of some cuckoo species [48],
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 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN2018)
Firefly Algorithm based on the flashing behaviour of
fireflies[50], Artificial Bee Colony inspired by Bees’
foraging principles [7] and Bacterial Foraging Optimization
based on the group foraging behaviour of bacteria such as
E.coli and M.xanthus [26].
Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO) [40] is a new swarm intelligence
optimization approach proposed by Seyedali Mirjalili that
depicts the interaction of ants and antlions in nature. This
algorithm mathematically simulates the intelligent hunting
behaviour of antlions to trap ants in nature. ALO algorithm is
discussed in next section.
II. ANT LION OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM
Antlions or the so-called doodlebugs are the members of the
Myrmeleontidae family and belong to the Neuroptera order
(net-winged insects). There are two key stages in the life of an
antlion: larvae and adult. The adulthood phase only lasts for 3-
5 weeks only and is used for reproduction. On the other hand,
the prolonged phase of the lifecycle i.e. larvae phase is used
for hunting their favorite prey i.e. ants for the most part. The
hunting behavior of the antlion’s larvae is unique and
fascinating. They move along a circular path and throw out
sands with their huge jaws to make small (1-3 inches long)
funnel-shaped pits in the sandy soil to trap ants. They hide
beneath the bottom of the pit and wait for an ant or tiny insects
to be trapped. The edges of the funnel-shaped pit are so sharp
that the tiny insects can not escape from it and they easily fall
to the bottom of the trap easily. Ant lions also keep throwing
the sand towards the outer edge of its trap to abort any
escaping attempt of its prey. Finally the insect slides into the
bottom of the pit where it is pulled beneath the soil and
consumed by the antlion. The remains of the prey are thrown
outside the pit. Afterwards, the antlions modify the pit for the
subsequent target prey. The higher the level of hunger in
antlions, the larger the traps they dig. In this way the antlions
have evolved and adjusted to enhance their prospect of
survival. Ants move over the
In nature, ants move at random in search for food.
This stochastic movement of ants over the search space
is mathematically modelled in [40] by using cumulative
sum function and a random function applied over
different iteration.
Ants move over the search space and antlions hunt
them and become fitter using traps. Such random
behavior force to find the global optimization solution
instead trap in local maxima.
In order to assess fitness of each, an objective function is
employed during optimization.
Objective function is a functionused to express the actual goal
of the model with respect to maximize the utilization of
resources in a efficient way. Moreover, this is also used as set
of variables which control the objective function fitness value.
To apply this some assumption is Also made:
In ALO, it is assumed that the antlions also hide somewhere in
the search space.
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Search space is restricted by min max algorithm.
The ALO algorithm simulates five important operations of
hunts in larvae: random walk of ants, building traps,
entrapment of ants in traps, Sliding ants towards antlion,
catching preys and re-building traps. These operations may be
modelled mathematically as follows:
A. Random walk of ants
It’s a challenging task to find the best algorithm for such type
of randomly modifiable problem. Ants change their locations
with arbitrary walk at each step of optimization.
In view of the fact that each search space is finite i.e. has a
boundary, so For this reason, the arbitrary walk of ants is
restricted within the boundaries of search space by using min–
max normalization. The position updating of an ant with
respect to antlion is modeled in [40].
B. Building Traps
In order to entrap the prey (i.e Ant), Antlion makes a trap(i.e
pit).The outer edges of the pit is so sharpe, that enables to fall
down the tinny ant easily in to down of the pit.The depth of
the pit is up to 1cm to 3cm, depends upon their hunger
behavior.
The hunting mechanism of antlion is modeled in [40] by using
a roulette wheel in which there are higher chances for the
selection of a fitter antlion to catch the ants. It is assume that
the ants are trapped in only one selected antlion.
C. Entrapment of Ants in Traps
Ant lion is sit down of the pit and waiting for the prey. ALO
uses a operator that is roultte wheel.
Roullte wheel is a operator is used for selecting the antlion
based on their fitness value.
Ant Lions dig their pits proportional to their fitness value to
catch the prey. The influence of antlions’ traps on the random
walks of ants is modeled in [40].
D. Sliding ants towards antlion
When an ant is in a trap, the antlion starts throwing sands
outwards the center of the pit to slide down the escaping ant
[40]. In order to mathematically model this step the radius of
ants’ random walks hyper-sphere is decreased adaptively.
E. Catching prey and rebuilding the pit
Eventually, an ant is caught in the antlion’s jaw when it is
slipped to the bottom of the pit. This process of catching prey
is simulated by assuming that the ant has become fitter than its
corresponding antlion. Thereafter the antlion updates its
position to the most recent position of the hunted ant to
increase its likelihood of catching new prey. simulates this
behavior [40].
F. Elitism
Elitism preserves the best solution(s) obtained during each
generation and here the fittest antlion attained until now in
each iteration is saved and considered as an elite antlion. Now
this elite antlion influences the movements of all the ants
 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN2018)
during iterat..ions. The movement of ants are also influenced
by the arbitrarily chosen antlion by the roulette wheel
simultaneously [40].
Elitism is a vital tool for such type of evolutionary algorithm
to finding the best solution at any stage of optimization
process.
III. VARIANTS OF ANT LION OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM
The original ALO algorithm [40] explores the search
space in a better way. It avoids the problem of local
optima and exhibits excellent convergence rate for
continuous optimization problems. In literature, several
variants of ALO are proposed. Some of these variants
are described as follows:
E. Chaotic antlion optimization (CALO)
In [17], chaotic antlion optimization (CALO) was proposed. It
introduced chaos maps in the original ant lion optimizer to
solve the feature selection in the wrapper mode.
F. Improved antlion optimization (IALO)
In [46], an improved ant lion optimization (IALO) algorithm
was presented for parameter identification of hydraulic turbine
governing system. In this algorithm, the search space is
explored by the ALO initially, and then the domain is explored
by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) in each iteration
cycle. A chaotic mutation operation (Logistics map) was also
initiated so that the elite can break out of the local optimum.
IV. ALO IN SINGLE OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZAITON PROBLEM

A. Binary Ant Lion Optimizer (BALO) Single objective optimization uncovers the best solution that is
either minimum or maximum. ALO has been applied in
In [10], binary variations of the ant lion optimizer were
various such problems. Table I records some application of
propositioned using two different approaches. In the first
approach, defines the binary ALO operators while the ALO in g single objective optimization problems.
second approach uses suitable threshold functions to
TABLE I. APPLICATION OF ALO IN SIGNLE OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION
threshold the continuous steps. These two binary
variants were applied to feature selection domain to
choose features that maximizes the classification Application
S.NO Problem Reference
performance while minimizing the number of selectd
features. 1 Flexible Processing Planning [30]
2 Non-convex economic load dispatch problem for [47]
B. Multi-Objective Ant Lion Optimizer (MOALO) small-scale power systems
3 Optimal power flow solution using ALO [2]
In [39], a multi-objective variation of Ant Lion Optimizer 4 Optimal sizing of renewable energy resources for [5]
called Multi-Objective Ant Lion Optimizer (MOALO) was loss reduction in DS.
proposed. In this approach, the obtained non-dominated 5 Feature selection [54]
pareto optimal solutions were stored in a repository. A 6 Unified Reliability Centric Preventive Generator [11]
roulette wheel selection procedure was then used to Maintenance Scheduling Measure
choose solutions from this repository to steer ants in the 7 Data gathering tour problem in wireless sensor [15]
direction ofguaranteeing regions of multi-objective network.
8 Optimal design of skelton structure. [43]
search spaces. 9 Training neural network [51]
C. Discrete Ant Lion Optimization (DALO) 10 Route planning for unmanned areal vehical [52]
11 Regulator in automatic generator control of [13]
In [14], a Discrete Ant Lion Optimization algorithm interconnected power system.
(DALO) was proposed to solve the data gathering tour 12 Hydrothermal wind scheduling [32]
problem in a WSN. In this approach a few basic 13 Optimal community detection [4]
assumptions are made: 14 optimal reactive power dispatch solution [34]

 The data contained in all sensor nodes are 15 Structural design problems [53]
equally important 16 Efficient Modeling of Linear Discrete Filters [42]

 Mobile sink has to visit all the nodes in the

network and collect their data and forward the
same to the ba.se station at the end. V. ALO IN MULTI- OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZAITON PROBLEM

D. Enhanced ant lion optimization (e-ALO) algorithm
In [27], Enhanced ant lion optimization algorithm was
proposed that introduced stochastic probability
distribution function in the proposed algorithm.
Furthermore, the various weighting factors are assigned
to selected antlion and the elite while updating the ant
position.
Manyreal-world problems need to optimize contradictory
objectives concurrently. In these problems there exists a
set of pareto-optimal solutions Multi-Objective Ant Lion
Optimization Algorithms (MOALO) have been exploited
for these problems. Table II lists some of the application
of ALO in solving multi-objective optimization problems.
TABLE II. APPLICATION OF ALO IN MULTI- OBJECTIVE
OPTIMIZATION

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