By : Yessica Elisabeth Sinabariba, M.

Pd
 Modals are forms of words that help verbs.
Modals must be paired with verbs. Therefore,
modals are often called pronouns.
 Outline. modals are divided into two,
namely modals present and modals past.

Modals present Modals past

Can (bisa) Could
Will (akan) Would
Shall (akan) Should /
May (boleh) Might
Must (hams) Had to

Should (harus/sebaiknya) –

Ought to (harus/sebaiknya) –
 The formula for modals are as follows:
( + ) S + modal + V1 + ( O )
( – ) S + modal + not + V1 + ( O )
( ? ) modal + S + V1 + ( O ) ?

1. Can/could
States abilities
Example :
I can cook very well.
I could not sing this song beautifully.
2. May/might
To state possibilities (not 100% sure)
Example :
Tia does not come to the class, she may get up late.
shinta might not be angry because I am her boyfriend.

3. Must / had to
To state a necessity
Example :
You must pay all of these.
You must not be late.
We had to keep the secret.
4. Shall
Shall is used for I and we, and Shall is used to
state a plan.
Example :
We shall return the books this week end.
I shall not text you tonight.

5. Should
Should be used to state suggestions.
Example :
You look so tired, you should take a rest.
She Should tell me where she will go.
Should I give You The money?
You should take the test.
6. Will
Used to declare a plan
Example:
I will go to Manado.
Will you come to my party?

7. Would
Used to state a plan in the past
Example :
I would visit Bali last semester but I did not have
money. I would sleep last night, but it was too noisy.
8. Ought to
Ought to be used to express suggestions.
However, the advice is not very strong or
compelling.
Example :
You ought to study tonight.
He ought not to be here.
 Another form of modals is the modals + perfect that
is used to show the past. The formula for this form of
modals is as follows:
(+) S + modal + have + V3 + (O)
(-) S + modal + have + not +V3 + (O)
(?) Modal + S + have + V3 + (O)

1. Must have
Used to deduce events or events that occurred in the
past. This type of modals states that the speaker is very
confident in the conclusions he makes.
Example :
You won the competition. You must have practiced very
hard.
You look so exhausted. You must have not taken a rest.
2. May/Might have
Used to infer the possibility that happened in
the past. This type of modals states that the nuturer is
not very sure of his words.
Example :
Jane 0did not come to work this morning. She might
have been sick.
Shinta failed in the exam. She mav have not studied.

3. Could have
Used to express abilities that were not exercised
in the past.
Example :
I believe that he could have been an outstanding
student. I could have answered Mr. Tono’s questions but
I remained silent.