Contents of Volumes 1-29

CONTENTS
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1 – 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEXES FOR VOLUMES 1– 29 . . . . . . . . . . 15
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUMES 1 – 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1 –29
VOLUME 1
The Physiological Significance of Acetylcholine in Insects and Observations

upon other Pharmacologically Active Substances ........................................... 1
E. H. COLHOUN
Feeding Behaviour and Nutrition in Grasshoppers and Locusts ..................... 47

R. H. DADD
The Biochemistry of the Insect Fat Body.......................................................... 111

B. A. KILBY
The Properties of Insect Axons......................................................................... 175

TOSHIO NARAHASHI
The Chitin/Protein Complexes of Insect Cuticles ............................................. 257

K. M. RUDALL
Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Insects .......................................................... 315

J. SHAW and R. H. STOBBART
Functional Aspects of the Organization of the Insect Nervous System .......... 401
D. S. SMITH and J. E. TREHERNE
VOLUME 2
Resilin. A Rubberlike Protein in Arthropod Cuticle ........................................... 1

SVEN OLAV ANDERSEN and TORKEL WEIS -FOGH
The Active Transport and Passive Movement of Water in Insects.................. 67

J. W. L. BEAMENT
Colour Discrimination in Insects........................................................................ 131

DIETRICH BURKHARDT
The Hormonal Regulation of Growth and Reproduction in Insects ................. 247

V. B. WIGGLESWORTH
2 CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1–29
VOLUME 3
Image Formation and Sensory Transmission in the Compound Eye .............. 1

E. T. BURTT and W. T. CATTON
Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in Insect Development ........................... 53

P. S. CHEN
Metabolic Control Mechanisms in Insects ........................................................ 133

W. R. HARVEY and J. A. HASKELL
The Control of Polymorphism in Aphids ........................................................... 207

A. D. LEES
The Regulation of Breathing in Insects............................................................. 279

P. L. MILLER
VOLUME 4
The Excitation of Insect Skeletal Muscles ........................................................ 1

D. J. AIDLEY
The Excretion of Nitrogen in Insects................................................................. 33

E. BURSELL
Lipid Metabolism and Function in Insects......................................................... 69

LAWRENCE I. GILBERT
Chitin Orientation in Cuticle and Its Control...................................................... 213

A. C. NEVILLE
The Biochemistry of Sugars and Polysaccharides in Insects .......................... 287

G. R. WYATT
VOLUME 5
The Synaptic Transmission and Related Phenomena in Insects .................... 1

J. BOISTEL
Spiracular Gills................................................................................................... 65
H. E. HINTON
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1–29 3
Comparative Physiology of the Flight Motor..................................................... 163

J. W. S. PRINGLE
The Consumption and Utilization of Food by Insects....................................... 229

G. P. WALDBAUER
The Nervous Control of Insect Flight and Related Behaviour.......................... 289

DONALD M. WILSON
VOLUME 6
Frost Resistance in Insects ............................................................................... 1

E. ASAHINA
Neural Control of Firefly Luminescence............................................................ 51

A. D. CARLSON
Postembryonic Development and Regeneration

of the Insect Nervous System ........................................................................... 97
JOHN S. EDWARDS
The Biology of Pteridines in Insects.................................................................. 139

IRMGARD ZIEGLER and RUDOLF HARMSEN
Electrochemistry of Insect Muscle .................................................................... 205

P. N. R. USHERWOOD
VOLUME 7
Function and Structure of Polytene Chromosomes

during Insect Development................................................................................ 1
MICHAEL ASHBURNER
The Structure and Function of the Insect Dorsal Ocellus ................................ 97

LESLEY J. GOODMAN
Polarity and Patterns in the Postembryonic Development of Insects.............. 197

PETER A. LAWRENCE
Regulation of Intermediary Metabolism, with Special

Reference to the Control Mechanisms in Insect Flight Muscle........................ 267
BERTRAM SACKTOR
Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Behavior –Neuroethology ............................ 349

GRAHAM HOYLE
VOLUME 8
Effects of Insecticides on Excitable Tissues..................................................... 1

TOSHIO NARAHASHI
Functional Organizations of Giant Axons in the

Central Nervous Systems of Insects: New Aspects ......................................... 95
I. PARNAS and D. DAGAN
The Variable Coloration of the Acridoid Grasshoppers.................................... 145

C. H. FRASER ROWELL
The Mechanisms of Insect Excretory Systems ................................................ 199

S. H. P. MADDRELL
VOLUME 9
The Role of Cyclic AMP and Calcium in Hormone Action ............................... 1

MICHAEL J. BERRIDGE and WILLIAM T. PRINCE
Choline Metabolism in Insects .......................................................................... 51

R. G. BRIDGES
Learning and Memory in Isolated Insect Ganglia ............................................. 111

E. M. EISENSTEIN
The Saliva of Hemiptera.................................................................................... 183

PETER W. MILES
The Insect Blood-Brain Barrier.......................................................................... 257

J. E. TREHERNE and Y. PICHON
Insect Sperm Cells ............................................................................................ 315

BACCIO BACCETTI
VOLUME 10
The Physiology of Insect Circadian Rhythms ................................................... 1

JOHN BRADY
The Tryptophan ! Ommochrome Pathway in Insects .................................. 117

BERNT LINZEN
Biophysical Aspects of Sound Communication in Insects ............................... 247

AXEL MICHELSEN and HARALD NOCKE
Hormonal Mechanisms Underlying Insect Behaviour....................................... 297

JAMES W. TRUMAN and LYNN M. RIDDIFORD
VOLUME 11
Regulatory Mechanisms in Insect Feeding....................................................... 1

L. BARTON BROWNE
The Cytophysiology of Insect Blood ................................................................. 117

A. CLIVE CROSSLEY
Development and Physiology of the Oöcyte-Nurse

Cell Syncytium ................................................................................................... 223
WILLIAM H. TELFER
Major Patterns of Gene Activity During Development

in Holometabolous Insects ................................................................................ 321
JOHN A. THOMSON
VOLUME 12
Sequential Cell Polymorphism: A Fundamental Concept

in Developmental Biology .................................................................................. 1
FoTIS C. KAFATOS
The Extraction and Determination of Ecdysones in Arthropods ...................... 17

E. DAVID MORGAN and COLIN F. POOLE
The Cells of the Insect Neurosecretory System: Constancy,

Variability, and the Concept of the Unique Identifiable Neuron ....................... 63
HUGH FRASER ROWELL
Specification of the Basic Body Pattern in Insect Embryogenesis .................. 125

KLAUS SANDER
Hormonal Control of Metabolism in Insects...................................................... 239

J. E. STEELE
VOLUME 13
Long-Chain Methyl-Branched Hydrocarbons: Occurrence,

Biosynthesis, and Function ............................................................................... 1
DENNIS A. NELSON
Insect Visual Pigments ...................................................................................... 35

RICHARD H. WHITE
Structure and Function of Insect Peptides........................................................ 69

ROBERT P. BODNARYK
Insect Flight Metabolism.................................................................................... 133

ANN E. KAMMER and BERND HEINRICH
Neuroethology of Acoustic Communication...................................................... 229

NORBERT ELSNER and ANDREJ V. POPOV
VOLUME 14
Atmospheric Water Absorption in Arthropods .................................................. 1

JOHN MACHIN
Insect Vitellogenin: Identification, Biosynthesis

and Role in Vitellogenesis ................................................................................. 49
FRANZ ENGELMANN
Physiology of Moulting in Insects...................................................................... 109

ARTHUR M. JUNGREIS
Morphology and Electrochemistry of Insect Muscle Fibre Membrane............. 185

TOM PIEK and K. DJIE NJIO
Theories of Pattern Formation in Insect Neural Development......................... 251

JOHN PALKA
The Scent Glands of Heteroptera ..................................................................... 351

BRIAN W. STADDON
VOLUME 15
Transpiration, Temperature and Lipids in Insect Cuticle.................................. 1

A. R. GILBY
Intercellular Junctions in Insect Tissues ........................................................... 35

NANCY J. LANE and HELEN LE B. SKAER
Acetylcholine Receptors of Insects ................................................................... 215

DAVID B. SATTELLE
Biogenic Amines in the Insect Nervous System............................................... 317

PETER D. EVANS
Integration of Behaviour and Physiology in Ecdysis ........................................ 475

STUART E. REYNOLDS
VOLUME 16
Microclimate and the Environmental Physiology of Insects ............................. 1

P. G. WILLMER
Control of Food Intake....................................................................................... 59

E. A. BERNAYS and S. J. SIMPSON
Biology of Eye Pigmentation in Insects ............................................................ 119

K. M. SUMMERS , A. J. HOWELLS and N. A. PYLIOTIS
The Physiology of Caste Development in Social Insects................................. 167

J. DE WILDE and J. BEETSMA
Chemoreception: The Significance of Receptor Numbers ............................... 247

R. F. CHAPMAN
VOLUME 17
Mechanisms of Sclerotization in Dipterans....................................................... 1

H. LIPKE , M. SUGUMARAN and W. HENZEL
The Physiology of Insect Tracheoles................................................................ 85

V. B. WIGGLESWORTH
The Endocrine Control of Flight Metabolism in Locusts................................... 149

G. J. GOLDSWORTHY
The Neurosecretory –Neurohaemal System of Insects;

Anatomical, Structural and Physiological Data................................................. 205
M. RAABE
VOLUME 18
Ant Trail Pheromones........................................................................................ 1

ATHULA B. ATTYGALLE and E. DAVID MORGAN
Pattern and Control of Walking in Insects ........................................................ 31

D. GRAHAM
Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism and Physiology of the Fruit Fly

Drosophila melanogaster.................................................................................. 141
JOHN A. KIGER , JR . and HELEN K. SALZ
The Developmental Physiology of Color Patterns in Lepidoptera ................... 181

H. FREDERIK NIJHOUT
Nonspiking Interneurons and Motor Control in Insects .................................... 249

MELODY V. S. SIEGLER
Structure and Regulation of the Corpus Allatum .............................................. 305

STEPHEN S. TOBE and BARBARA STAY
VOLUME 19
Proctolin: From ‘‘Gut Factor’’ to Model Neuropeptide ...................................... 1

M. O’SHEA and M. ADAMS
Insect Reproduction: Regulation of Successive Steps..................................... 29

M. RAABE
Calcium Regulation in Insects........................................................................... 155

C. W. TAYLOR
Insect Midgut Function ...................................................................................... 187

J. A. T. DOW
Mechanisms and Control of Reabsorption in Insect Hindgut........................... 329

J. E. PHILLIPS , J. HANRAHAN , M. CHAMBERLIN and B. THOMSON
VOLUME 20
The Turnover of Phototransductive Membrane in

Compound Eyes and Ocelli............................................................................... 1
A. D. BLEST
Honey Bee Learning.......................................................................................... 55

J. L. GOULD and W. F. TOWNE
The Formation of a Neurohaemal Organ During Insect Embryogenesis ........ 87

P. H. TAGHERT , J. N. CARR and J. B. WALL
Thermoregulation and Heat Exchange ............................................................. 119

T. M. CASEY
Molecular Targets of Pyrethroid Insecticides.................................................... 147

D. B. SATTELLE and D. YAMAMOTO
VOLUME 21
Hormonal Approaches for Studying Nervous System

Development in Insects ..................................................................................... 1
J. W. TRUMAN
Neural Repair and Regeneration in Insects...................................................... 35

J. E. TREHERNE , P. J. S. SMITH and E. A. HOWES
Haemocyte Behaviour ....................................................................................... 85

A. M. LACKIE
Molecular Mechanisms for Cuticular Sclerotization.......................................... 179

M. SUGUMARAN
VOLUME 22
GABA Receptors of Insects .............................................................................. 1

D. B. SATTELLE
Molecular and Genetic Approaches to Neurotransmitter

and Neuromodulator Systems in Drosophila.................................................... 115
L. L. RESTIFO and K. WHITE
Genetics of Biological Rhythms in Drosophila ................................................. 221

J. C. HALL and C. P. KYRIACOU
Insect Haemolymph Proteins ............................................................................ 299

M. R. KANOST , J. K. KAWOOYA , J. H. LAW , R. O. RYAN ,
M. C. VAN HEUSDEN and R. ZIEGLER
VOLUME 23
Locust Phase Polymorphism and its Endocrine Relations............................... 1

M. P. PENER
A Fresh Look at the Arousal Syndrome of Insects........................................... 81

S. A. CORBET
The Genetics of Division of Labour in Honey Bee Colonies ............................ 117

R. E. PAGE , JR and C. E. ROBINSON
Aerodynamics and the Origin of Insect Flight................................................... 171

C. P. ELLINGTON
VOLUME 24
Homologous Structures in the Nervous Systems of Anthropoda .................... 1

W. KUTSCH and O. BREIDBACH
Prostaglandins and Related Eicosanoids in Insects......................................... 115

D. W. STANLEY -SAMUELSON
Cellular and Molecular Actions of Juvenile Hormone:

General Considerations and Premetamorphic Actions .................................... 213
L. M. RIDDIFORD
Mechanism of Action of Bacillus thuringiensis

Insecticidal d-Endotoxins ................................................................................... 275
B. H. KNOWLES
Insect Glutamate Receptors.............................................................................. 309

P. N. R. USHERWOOD
VOLUME 25
Advances in Insect Virology .............................................................................. 1

L. A. KING , R. D. POSSEE , D. S. HUGHES , A. E. ATKINSON , C. P. PALMER ,
S. A. MARLOW , J. M. PICKERING , K. A. JOYCE , A. M. LAWRIE , D. P. MILLER and
D. J. BEADLE
Genetic Mechanisms of Early Neurogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster..... 75

J. A. CAMPOS -ORTEGA
Molecular Biology of the Honeybee .................................................................. 105

R. F. A. MORITZ
Information Processing in the Insect Ocellar System: Comparative

Approaches to the Evolution of Visual Processing
and Neural Circuits ............................................................................................ 151
M. MIZUNAMI
Allatostatins: Identification, Primary Structures, Functions

and Distribution .................................................................................................. 267
B. STAY , S. S. TOBE and W. C. BENDENA
VOLUME 26
Cellular and Molecular Actions of Juvenile Hormone.

II. Roles of Juvenile Hormone in Adult Insects................................................. 1
G. R. WYATT and K. G. DAVEY
Physiology and Biochemistry of Insect Moulting Fluid ..................................... 157

S. E. REYNOLDS and R. I. SAMUELS
Interactions of Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Viruses with Insects ....................... 233

S. BELLONCIK
Interaction of Circulation and Tracheal Ventilation in

Holometabolous Insects .................................................................................... 297
L. T. WASSERTHAL
VOLUME 27
Chordotonal Organs of Insects ......................................................................... 1

L. H. FIELD and T. MATHESON
Unified Mechanism for Sclerotization of Insect Cuticle .................................... 229

M. SUGUMARAN
The Evolution of Vitellogenins, Cyclorrhaphan Yolk Proteins

and Related Molecules ...................................................................................... 335
H. H. HAGEDORN , D. R. MADDISON and Z. TU
Activity-dependent Functional and Developmental Plasticity

of Drosophila Neurons ...................................................................................... 385
C.-F. WU , J. J. RENGER and J. E. ENGEL
VOLUME 28
The Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule ........................................... 1

J. A. T. DOW and S. A. DAVIES
Plasticity in the Insect Nervous System............................................................ 83

I. A. MEINERTZHAGEN
Neutral Amino Acid Absorption in the Midgut of Lepidopteran Larvae............ 167

V. F. SACCHI , M. CASTAGNA , D. TROTTI , C. SHAYAKUL and M. A. HEDIGER
The Unpaired Median Neurons of Insects ........................................................ 185

P. BRÄUNIG and H.-J. PFLÜGER
FMRFamide-related Peptides: A Multifactorial Family

of Structurally Related Neuropeptides in Insects ............................................. 267
I. ORCHARD , A. B. LANGE and W. G. BENDENA
VOLUME 29
Cyclic GMP Regulation and Function in Insects .............................................. 1

D. B. MORTON and M. L. HUDSON
Neurotransmitter Transporters in the Insect Nervous System......................... 55

S. CAVENEY and B. C. DONLY
Sound Signalling in Orthoptera ......................................................................... 151

D. J. ROBINSON and M. J. HALL
Insect Diuretic and Antidiuretic Hormones ....................................................... 279

G. M. COAST , I. ORCHARD , J. E. PHILLIPS and D. A. SCHOOLEY
CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEXES FOR VOLUMES 1 – 29
A. aegypti, A. mascariensis, Absorption site threshold humidity 14: 20

pterines 6: 151, 158 Absorption thresholds, arthropods,
Abdomen temperature and 14: 20 – 24
resilin in cuticle of 2: 14, 16 Absorption, alimentary canal 19: 258
stretch receptors 2: 252, 253, 264, 268, 303 Absorption, calcium 19: 158
Abdomen, distension, and regulation of meal Absorption, potassium, locust rectum
size 11: 83 19: 371
Abdomen, heat loss from 20: 130, 131 Absyrtus luteus, wingbeat frequency,
Abdomen, nerve cord 4: 23 temperature and 13: 139
Abdominal connectives, giant fibres 8: 100, Acalyptratae, polytene chromosomes 7: 7
101 Acanthacris
Abdominal ganglia, anatomy and histolysis of larval musculature 2: 182
development 14: 324– 328 Acanthacris ruficornis 23: 17
Abdominal ganglia, Arthropoda 24: 17 – 19 Acanthacris ruficornis fulva,
Abdominal ganglion, and ommochromes 10: 152
learning 9: 153– 155 Acanthacris ruficornis, coloration 8: 154,
Abdominal nerve cord, ion uptake 9: 95 159, 172, 174, 179
Abdominal nerve, median, and regulation of Acanthacris ruficornis, grooming
meal size 11: 47 – 49, 56 – 58 activity 7: 399
Abdominal neurosecretory organs 19: 68 Acanthagyna villosa, tracheal modifications
Abdominal positioning of malpighian for flight 3: 343
tubule 28: 10 Acanthagyna, spiracle activity 3: 312
Abdominal pumping in hemolymph Acanthocephala femorata, scent gland
circulation 13: 179 secretion components 14: 398
Abdominal segments, neural Acanthocyclops viridis, cuticular
developments 14: 322– 332 orientation 4: 225
Abdominal tissues, choline 9: 75 Acanthodis curvidens 29: 239
Abelson 29: 30 Acanthogryllus fortipes 29: 248
Abracio flavolineata 28: 301 Acantholyda nemoralis, choline
Abraxas grossulariata 25: 45 metabolism 9: 67, 73, 90
Abricta curvicosta, tymbal 10: 257 Acanthomyops claviger, alkanes in,
Abruptex 25: 86 function 13: 24
Absorption biological activity of alkanes and alkenes
chitin 4: 328, 341, 345 in 13: 22
lipid 4: 97 – 102 Acanthomyops claviger, fatty acid content
sugar from gut 4: 297– 299, 320 4: 95
water in chitin orientation 4: 277 isoprenoid content 4: 169
Absorption of tracheole fluid 17: 119– 123 Acanthoplus speiseri 29: 251
muscular activity and 17: 124– 127, 131, Acanthoscelides 19: 85 – 88, 91
132 Acanthoscelides obtectus 19: 84
16 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEXES FOR VOLUMES 1–29
Acanthoxia, coloration 8: 149 Acetic acid vapour, effect on blood

Acarid mites, desmosomes in 15: 80 clotting 11: 164
Acarina 25: 316, 317 Acetobacter xylinum
Acarine receptors, gamma-aminobutyric celulose polymerization 4: 263
acid 22: 68 electrostatic orientation mechanism
Acarines, atmospheric water absorption 4: 279
in 14: 15 – 19 Acetozolamide 26: 80
water absorption mechanisms in 14: 34, (N a-Acetyl) HVFLR7Famide 28: 312
35 Acetyl choline receptors 20: 182– 186
water exchange variables 14: 22 classification 20: 182
Acarus siro, atmospheric water absorption pyrethroid interactions
in 14: 8, 15, 17 biochemical studies 20: 184– 186
water absorption mechanisms in 14: 35 electrophysiological studies 20: 183,
water exchange variables 14: 22 184
water vapour absorption in 14: 15 role 20: 183
Acarus spp., atmospheric water absorption structure 20: 183
in 14: 17 Acetyl-b-methylcholine, effect on sixth
pump thresholds 14: 39 abdominal ganglion of
water exchange allometry 14: 26 Periplaneta 15: 251, 258
Accessory collateral gland, septate junctions Acetylcholine (ACh) 25: 210
in 15: 63 Acetylcholine 28: 221
Accessory ducts 19: 80 accumulation in brain during diapause
Accessory glands 19: 80 2: 273
and female refractoriness 10: 327 and catecholamines 9: 34
and male behaviour 10: 317, 318 and choline metabolism,
and oviposition behaviour 10: 330– 332 vertebrates 9: 53 –55
Accessory glands, and JH 12: 243 and choline synthesis 9: 91 – 100
Accessory glands, juvenile hormone 24: 218, and electrically excitable membranes
219, 246– 248; 26: 36 – 44 6: 267
Accessory planta retractor motor neurons and luminescence 6: 60, 61, 74, 79
(APR) 24: 242 and synaptic membranes 6: 243
Accessory salivary gland 9: 236, 246 binding to Musca domestica head
Accessory sex glands, role in uric acid extracts 15: 225
storage 4: 47 characteristics of
Acentrocneme hesperiaris, lipid content distribution 1: 2, 4 – 7, 10 – 12
4: 75 identification 1: 3, 8 – 10
Acer negundo, sterols in 4: 175 control over hind-gut 2: 236, 237
Acerentomon, sperm axoneme 9: 338 effect of toxic compounds upon 1: 25 –29,
A. majus 9: 342 37, 39
Acerentulus, sperm axoneme 9: 338 effect on cell bodies of Periplaneta central
Acetabularia 19: 368 neurones 15: 260
Acetate on electrophysiology of the sixth
conversion to lipid in fat body 4: 148 abdominal ganglion of
conversion to sterol 4: 160, 161, 167, 184 Periplaneta 15: 251
in fatty acid synthesis 4: 130– 133, 147 on Periplaneta fast coxal depressor
in TGL and PL synthesis 4: 135, 137 motoneurone 15: 263
Acetate-14C, oxidation, effect of corpus on salivary gland stimulation by
cardiacum 4: 337 biogenic amines 15: 411
Acetates, plasma membrane on single neurones 15: 254– 258
permeability 14: 212 effect on heart rate 2: 221, 222, 229
Acetazolamide (Diamox), and Malpighian effect on muscle excitatory response
tubules 8: 226 4: 12, 13
CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEXES FOR VOLUMES 1 –29 17
effect on postsynaptic potential in frog Acetylcholine sensitivity 21: 50

muscle 4: 9, 10 Acetylcholine system, physiological
excitatory junctions 8: 18, 19 significance in insects 1: 1 – 34,
extraction and assay 1: 10 – 12 37 – 39
extraneous application 9: 258, 282 Acetylcholine systems 24: 310
giant fibres 8: 129 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) 25: 210
hydrolysis by Acetylcholinesterase 24: 72, 244
acetylcholinesterase 22: 145–157 Ace locus 22: 151, 152
in adult development 1: 21 – 37 and acetylcholine 5: 8, 9
in cholinergic system 15: 217 and electrical nervous activity 1: 19 – 21
in diapause 1: 5, 19 – 21 and mechanism of transmission 5: 39, 40,
in eggs 1: 17 – 19 42, 55
in plants, and rhythm modification 5: 23 – 25
Nitella flexilis 1: 2 and temperature 5: 20
in vertebrates 1: 2, 3, 7, 8, 14, 19, 21, 25, developmental and anatomical
27, 31 – 33, 37 consequences of deficits 22: 153,
inhibition of a-bungarotoxin binding 154
by 15: 229
enzymatic activity 22: 145, 146
intracellular form of 1: 32 – 34
mechanism of synthesis 1: 13, 33 functional consequences of
metabolism 9: 63 – 66 deficits 22: 152, 153
neural function genetics
activity in axons 1: 24, 25 in cholinergic system 15: 217
general 1: 2, 37 in ganglia 5: 8, 9
in central nervous tissue 1: 8, 21 – 24, inhibition of 1: 8, 16, 18, 21 – 29, 37
218, 384 molecular genetics 22: 154– 157
neuromuscular junctions 1: 2, 15, 16, properties and distribution 1: 3 – 8,
30, 31, 474– 477 14 – 16
non-neural function 1: 31, 32 role in cholinergic system 1: 16– 29, 32,
presynaptic receptors at neuromuscular 37
junctions 15: 392 structural gene in Drosophila for 15: 281
receptors 15: 215– 316 structure 22: 146– 149
in development 15: 282– 288 synthesis 1: 20
putative, biochemical temporal profile and spatial
characterisation 15: 218– 240 localization 22: 149– 151
spontaneous release in quantal units Acetylcholinesterase activity, rhythms
4: 15, 16 10: 31 – 33, 91, 92, 95
synthesis by choline Acetylcholinesterase, in choline
acetyltransferase 22: 121– 132 metabolism 9: 84, 96
toxic effects of 1: 21, 22 Acetylcholinesterase, in ocelli 7: 121
Acetylcholine esterase 26: 28, 198 Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase in cuticle
Acetylcholine receptors (AchRs) 29: 114 synthesis and degradation
Acetylcholine receptors 14: 128
a-bungarotoxin-binding Acetyl-CoA-transacetylase, in
component 22: 136– 138 sclerotization 2: 185, 199
electrophysiological responses 22: 133 Acetyldopamine – lysozyme adduct 21: 193
molecular genetics oxidation 21: 219, 220
96A locus 22: 140–142 Acetylglucosamine [GLcNAc] 26: 160, 165,
64B locus 22: 138–140 172, 179, 181– 186
muscarinic 22: 142– 145 Achaete 25: 88, 90, 92
nicotinic 22: 133– 136 Achaete-scute complex (AS-C) 25: 82
AChR-related antigens 22: 138 Acherontia 26: 300, 303
Acherontia atropos 26: 298– 301, 303, 315, malpighian tubule in 28: 36, 38, 42
337, 340, 341 MNCs and LNCs in 29: 358, 364
Acherontia styx nervous system plasticity 28: 88, 128
dopamine in 29: 99 NSCs in 29: 359
octopamine in 29: 106 sound signalling in 29: 168, 200, 217,
Acheta (Gryllus) domesticus 219, 221, 223, 225, 251
egg, dopa 6: 172 synergism between diuretic
nervous system, development 6: 100, 101, hormones 29: 380
105, 107, 116, 120, 121 terminal abdominal ganglion extracts,3H-
nervous system, regeneration 6: 126, quinuclidinyl benzilate binding
128, 129 component 15: 240
Acheta 19: 58, 64; 24: 29, 39 transport in Malpighian tubules
Deutocerebrum, biogenic amine cell 29: 285
localization in 15: 342 unpaired median neurons in 28: 190
domesticus 24: 129– 131, 139– 141, 147, 5-HT distribution in 15: 325
150, 159, 169, 224 Acheta domesticus, alkane biosynthesis
ecdysis, blood volume and 15: 553 in 13: 20
fat body alkenes in 13: 2
tissue respiration 1: 131 flight metabolism, development 13: 198
nutrition 1: 64, 74 – 76, 78 hair sensilla 13: 283
Acheta domestica 25: 202 methylalkanes in 13: 4, 9, 11
allantoicase activity 4: 39 muscle activity, co-ordination, sound
egg size 12: 133 production and 13: 245
embryogenesis 12: 135, 176, 205 pulses per chirp, phonotactic response
longitudinal body pattern 12: 136– 155 13: 273
neurosecretory cells, brain 12: 88 song patterns, evolution 13: 332
protocerebral 12: 77 sound production, proprioceptive
nitrogenous excretion 4: 46, 47 control 13: 258
uricolytic enzymes 4: 47 stridulatory patterns, modification by
Acheta domesticus (cricket) 21: 15 external stimuli 13: 252
giant interneuron 21: 38, 57 tympanal organs 13: 294
Acheta domesticus 19: 57, 89, 96, 354; 23: Acheta domesticus, cerci, neural
97; 25: 175, 303; 26: 11, 44, 45, development 14: 313
48 – 51, 89, 102; 27: 62 vitellogenin and vitellin in 14: 52
Achdo-Dp in 29: 297 Acheta domesticus, choline metabolism
biogenic amine, distribution 15: 323 in development 9: 57
cell localization 15: 332 lipids containing choline 9: 74, 75
corpora pedunculata, biogenic amine phosphatidylcholine 9: 78, 81
distribution in 15: 333 Acheta domesticus, circadian rhythms
dorsal midline neurones, octopamine acetylcholinesterase 10: 32
and 15: 365 endocrine cells 10: 37, 38
CRF-like diuretic hormones in 29: 304, haemolymph metabolites 10: 30
329 locomotor activity 10: 3, 6
diuretic hormone in 29: 302 control 10: 55, 66, 67
diuretic peptide in 29: 293 narcotic sensitivity 10: 24
DUMDL cells 15: 371 pharmacological rhythms 10: 42
ecdysis, escape from cuticle 15: 524 role of brain hormone 10: 60
globuli cells 15: 334 Acheta simplex, methylalkanes in 13: 11
haemolymph in 29: 379 Acheta spp., eggs, non-specific proteins
heart preparations, biogenic amine effect in 14: 90
on 15: 418 vitellogenin extraction from 14: 63
kinins in 29: 305, 331, 361, 370 Acheta, innervation of tracheae 3: 302
Acheta, oocyte-nurse cell syncytium neurosecretory cells 12: 75, 84, 87

classes of RNA, egg 11: 286, 289 ventral glands 2: 258
extrachromosomal DNA body 11: 273, Acrididae, amplitude modulation 13: 314
274 auditory neurons 13: 306
germarial function 11: 261 contralateral co-ordination, sound
Acid phosphatase 26: 198 production and 13: 249
and salivary gland histolysis 7: 64 female, phonotactic reaction 13: 275– 277
Malpighian tubules 7: 69 Acrididae, antennae, sensilla on 16: 283
saliva 9: 210, 215 Acrididae, female reproductive
sperm axoneme 9: 352 behaviour 10: 321, 325
Acid phosphatase in transductive Acrididae, spiracles 3: 301, 303
membrane degradation 20: 25, Acridids 23: 10
27, 28 chemosensilla, initiation of food intake
Acid-base equivalents, transport 19: 388, and 16: 63
399 colouration 23: 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21
Acid-phosphatase activity, drinking 16: 95
haemocyte 11: 124 food intake, length of time between meals
Acilius sulcatus, rectal fluid 1: 333 in 16: 84 – 86
Acilius sulcatus, scent substances, gut emptying 16: 87 –89
antimicrobial properties 14: 402 hopper development 23: 27
Acilius, flight reflexes 5: 199 male sexual behaviour 23: 22
Acone 16: 122 meal size control 16: 77 – 80
Acoustic behaviour, female innate releasing reproductive parameters 23: 24
mechanisms 13: 279– 281
VG 23: 45, 46
Acoustic communication, development
Acridinae 23: 17
13: 316– 320
Acridinae, coloration 8: 149– 151, 153, 158,
evolution 13: 329– 338
159, 162, 166, 179, 184
genetics 13: 320– 329
Acridines, effect on chromosome
neuroethology 13: 229– 235
puffing 7: 49
Acoustic feedback, sound production
and 13: 254 Acridiommatins
ACP (see Acyl carrier protein) as waste products 10: 177
Acricotopus lucidus, chromosome puffing chromatography 10: 140
and ecdysone 7: 35, 38 distribution 10: 136, 138, 151, 152, 161,
and gibberellin A 7: 48 162
during development 7: 27 special data 10: 143
salivary gland 7: 29, 30, 59, 65 Acridoid grasshoppers, variable coloration
Acricotopus, chromosome puffing 11: 336 145– 198, see Grasshoppers
Acrida bicolor, lipid content 4: 78 Acridoidea 24: 33
Acrida sp., pigmentation 1: 88 antennae, sensilla on 16: 284
Acrida turrita (grasshopper) 23: 3, 17 chemoreceptor populations, evolution
Acrida, coloration 8: 149, 158– 161, 164, and 16: 331
169– 172, 174 feeding habits, sensilla numbers
A. bicolor 8: 178 and 16: 323
A. turrita 8: 170 food specificity 16: 327
Acridid 24: 25 mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 255
Acridid ear 29: 176– 180 size, chemoreceptor numbers and 16: 309
Acridid grasshoppers, song patterns 13: Acridoidea, stridulatory mechanisms 13: 231
239– 241 Acrolepia assectella 19: 91
Acrididae 23: 6; 26: 9, 39, 48, 54 Acrolita naevana, egg, frost resistance 6: 27
air-swallowing at ecdysis 2: 180 Acroneuria 24: 141
coloration 12: 102 Acronycta rumicis, lipid content 4: 76
Acronycta, protocerebral neurosecretory Activation, Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 287,

cells 12: 81 288
Acrosomal complex, sperm 9: 324– 328, 382 ‘Activation’, juvenile hormone 26: 71
Acrosternum hilare, and fungus 9: 241 Active membrane response, in muscle 4: 8,
Acrotylus, coloration 8: 166 9
Acta caia, PL in 4: 142 Active reabsorption, neutral amino
ACTH, gap junction permeability and 15: acids 19: 390
109 Active transport
ACTH, sensitivity of lipase 4: 184 basic premises 2: 69 – 72
Actias gnoma 26: 304 definition 2: 69, 70, 87, 90
Actias luna 27: 25, 51, 61, 191 in sugar absorption 4: 298, 322
Actias lung, lipid content 4: 77 muscle cell membrane
Actias selene 25: 48 chloride ions 4: 5
ions in muscle systems 6: 220, 221 magnesium ions 4: 23
resting membrane potential 6: 239 sodium extrusion mechanism 4: 6, 7
Actias selene, hemidesmosomes 14: 189 of water (see Water, active transport)
muscles, ionic composition 14: 204 role of PL 4: 138
surface dyads 14: 191 Active transport in moulting fluid, secretion
Actin and resorption of 14: 158
in skeletal muscle 6: 206 Active transport, absence in oocyte-nurse
in transverse tubular system 6: 210 cell syncytium 11: 294, 301
Actin and calcium ion fluxes 20: 39, 40 Active transport, characterization of
Actin, in muscle contraction 4: 24, 25 1: 317– 319
Actin, sperm flagellum 9: 345, 375, 379 Active transport, in CNS 9: 300
Actin, synthesis in pharate adult Active transport, locust rectum 19: 377
development 11: 369 Activity
a-actinin 27: 49 food intake and 16: 91 – 93
Actinomycin D 26: 74, 84, 85, 91, 214 microclimate and 16: 32 – 42
Actinomycin D, effect on chromosome Activity and behaviour 23: 31 – 37
puffing 7: 49 Activity, voluntary cessation of 23: 103,
Actinomycin D, effect on circadian 104
rhythms 10: 40, 88 Actomyosin, birefringence 4: 266
Actinomycin D, juvenile hormone induced Actomyosin, synthesis during
vitellogenin synthesis and 14: 73 metamorphosis 11: 372
Actinomycin D, PTF induced tanning Acyl carrier protein (ACP)
and 15: 545 in fatty acid synthesis 4: 127, 128
Action potential, all-or-none 6: 257– 259, Acylurea insecticides 26: 218
262 Acyrthosiphon pisum 24: 140, 141; 26: 45,
and extra-axonal ions 9: 282, 283, 288, 289 46
and Na+ 9: 278 amino acids in honeydew 4: 49
in fast flight muscle 5: 296 fatty acid content 4: 94
in synaptic transmission (see Synaptic glycogen and development 4: 327
transmission) Acyrthosiphon pisum, ingestion after
Action potentials and metabolic rate 20: 126 deprivation 11: 89
Action potentials, crural nerve trunk 4: 11 Acyrthosiphum pisum, polymorphism
Action-site of production 19: 8 clonal variability 3: 216
Activation centres, embryonic pattern gamic female production
specification 12: 155– 160, 206, anholocycly 3: 237, 238
207 day length 3: 221, 225
Activation continuum 23: 102, 103 polymorphic forms 3: 211
Activation processes, in muscle fibre sex determination 3: 220
membrane 4: 22 wing dimorphism
crowding 3: 247 in cuticle hardening 15: 544

host plant 3: 251 post ecdysial cell death and 15: 565
nutrition 3: 250 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Acyrthosiphon pisum, trimethylalkanes and nitrogen excretion 4: 40
in 13: 17 in carbohydrate metabolism 4: 305– 307,
Adalia decempunctata, gravity and 319, 332
pre-ingestion activity 11: 21 in lipid metabolism 4: 69, 102, 108, 109,
Adaptation and genotypic variability 23: 120– 122, 129, 132– 136, 138, 161,
160– 162 164, 165
Adaptation in insect visual pigments 13: in muscle contraction 4: 24, 25
57 –60 role in uric acid synthesis 4: 40
Adaptation of chemoreceptors, and Adenosine triphosphate, gut 24: 284, 292
regulation of meal size 11: 46 – 52, Adenosine, enzymic deamination of 4: 36
67, 69, 75, 82 Adenosine-30 ,50 -phosphate, cyclic, and
Adaptation, effect on compound eye luminescence 6: 79
histological changes 3: 19, 20 Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 26: 102
potential changes 3: 27 – 31 Adenovirus major late antigen promoter
Adaptation, ocellus 7: 164– 170 (AdML) 26: 99
Adaptive colouration, ommochromes Adenyl cyclase 24: 131, 173, 177, 183, 223,
10: 171 331
Adaptive responses of Adenyl cyclase, and cyclic AMP 9: 12, 18,
tracheoles 17: 110– 115 19, 21, 29, 31 –38, 40, 41
Additive genetic variance 23: 126 Adenyl cyclase, and luminescence 6: 79
Adelgidae, and phytopathogenicity 9: 221 Adenylate cyclase (Drosophila
Adelocephala heiligbrodtii lipid content melanogaster)
4: 77 activity in dunce mutants and wild
Adelphocoris lineolatus, thoracic glands type 18: 160– 165, 161
2: 259 effect of dunce and rutabaga
Adelphocoris seticornis, salivary mutations 18: 172
pectinase 9: 213 response to Ca2þ in wild-type and
Adelphocoris, protocerebral neurosecretory rutabaga mutants 18: 163
cells 12: 79 Adenylate cyclase 28: 223, 235
Adenase activity, biogenic amines and 15:
in ammonia formation 4: 42 436– 445
in silkworm 4: 37, 41 function 15: 444– 445
in uricolytic pathway 4: 36, 37 in fireflies, cellular location 15: 402
Adenine light organ 15: 442
in uricolytic pathway 4: 34 – 36 50 -Adenylic acid, effect on meal size
oxidative deamination 4: 36 11: 84
Adenosine 30 50 -cyclic monophosphate Adephaga 26: 319
eicosanoids 24: 117, 131, 171, 173, 174 Adephagan beetles 24: 50
glutamate receptors 24: 331, 332 Aëdes
juvenile hormone 24: 223 fat body 1: 115, 141, 144
Adenosine deaminase nutrition 1: 78
in ammonia formation 4: 42 Aëdes aegypti, fat body 1: 115
in uricolytic pathway 4: 36, 37 Aëdes aegypti, haemolymph
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ionic composition 1: 325
in carbohydrate metabolism 4: 305 osmotic and ionic regulation 1: 320, 321,
in lipid metabolism 4: 69, 129, 136, 164 326– 329
Adenosine monophosphate 28: 233 Aëdes aegypti, osmoregulation
30 ,50 -cyclic, gap junction permeability excretory system 1: 330, 331, 333– 340,
and 15: 107 360
uptake of inorganic ions 1: 341– 345, 388, Adrenaline

391 application to salivary glands 15: 408
water balance 1: 349–351, 388 function in corpora cardiaca 15: 433
Aëdes detritus, haemolymph, in central nervous system 15: 320
ionic regulation 1: 326 in insect nervous system 15: 321
non-electrolyte fraction 1: 329 stimulation of Photuris pyralis light
osmotic pressure and medium 1: 323 organs 15: 397
Aëdes detritus, osmoregulation Adrenaline and luminescence 6: 74 – 77
excretory system 1: 336, 337 Adrenaline and noradrenaline in synaptic
water balance 1: 352, 388 transmission 5: 26
Adhesion Adrenaline, effect on muscle excitatory
desmosomes and 15: 83 response 4: 12
gap junctions and 15: 100, 101 a-adrenergic agonists 23: 90
intercellular, septate junctions and 15: 69 Adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cyclic
tight junctions and 15: 141, 142 AMP 9: 36
Adipo haemocytes 11: 138, 187, 194– 196 Adriamycin 27: 251
Adipo leucoytes 11: 134 Adsorption of ommochromes 10: 138, 139
Adipokinetic activity 4: 184, 185 ADTN, adenylate cyclase activity and 15:
Adipokinetic hormone (AKH) 26: 57, 103, 442
106 Adult
Adipokinetic hormone 12: 246, 247, nervous system, development 6: 98, 106,
283– 286; 28: 271, 302 107, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118,
actions 17: 162– 181, 190, 192, 194 120, 121
chemical nature 17: 160– 162 nervous system, regeneration 6: 125
control of release 17: 158–160, 233 Adult diapause, flight metabolism and 13:
dynamics of release 17: 157, 158 206, 207
site of synthesis and release 17: 156, 157 Adult, amino acid and protein metabolism
Adipokinetic hormone release 13: 177, 178 reproduction 3: 99, 102
Adipokinetic hormone see AKH sex-specific differences 3: 96 – 99
Adipokinetic hormones 19: 9; 22: 352; Ae sollicitans 26: 254
24: 177, 178, 185; 28: 237 Aedes (pupa), respiratory enzymes 3: 94
red-pigment concentrating Aedes 19: 59, 63, 71, 74, 75, 86 – 88, 91, 93,
hormone 22: 354, 355 118, 219, 259, 336; 26: 85, 341
Adipokinetic/red pigment concentrating absorption of tracheal fluid 2: 209
hormone (AKH) family 29: 293 amino acids
Adipose tissue, action of hormones 4: 184 essential 3: 71
Adipose tissue, DDT accumulation 8: 58 excretion 3: 77
Adoxophyes orana 25: 7, 8, 36 methionine 3: 97
Adoxophyes orana fasciata 25: 36 comb desmosome 15: 54
ADP (see Adenosine diphosphate) detoxication 3: 78
ADPase, sperm 9: 352 growth of imaginal discs 2: 262, 272
Adrena, parasitism and reproduction hatching, developmental readiness
2: 298 15: 480
Adrenal cortex, septate junction occurrence timing 15: 477
in 15: 67 scalariform junctions, thin section
Adrenal medulla, mammalian, acetylcholine appearance 15: 159
receptors 15: 276 trachael air filling in ecdysis 15: 547
Adrenalin 1: 35 Aedes aegypti 19: 38, 54, 55, 60, 82, 99, 117,
effect on heart rate 2: 222, 223 156, 158, 217, 220; 21: 91, 140;
effect on Malpighian tubules 2: 239 24: 134, 169, 170, 172; 26: 18 –20,
Adrenalin, and giant fibre response 30, 34, 40, 43, 53, 84; 27: 336, 362,
10: 311 376; 29: 285, 373
circadian rhythms Aedes aegypti, passage time of food in gut

feeding 10: 8 5: 237
in constant light 10: 81 Aedes aegypti, rectum 8: 299
oviposition 10: 12 Aedes aegypti, rhodopsin and
CRF-related peptide in 29: 330, 357 metarhodopsin 13: 146
diuretic/myotropic kinin neuropeptides sex peptides 13: 91
in 29: 305, 331, 333, 335 Aedes aegypti, vitellogenin and vitellin
ecdysis, bursicon and 15: 542 in 14: 54
cuticle inflation 15: 529 vitellogenin biosynthesis, control by
fatty acid content 4: 95 ecdysone 14: 77
feeding regulation of Aedes ageypti 28: 36, 38, 42, 43, 50
meal size 11: 83 FRMFamide peptides in 28: 275, 300
olfactory stimulation 11: 17 Aedes albopictus 28: 54
probing, effect of sugar and Aedes atropalpus 19: 55, 60; 26: 19, 30
water 11: 40, 41 Aedes campestris 19: 176, 219
tarsal threshold to sugars 11: 32 Aedes campestris, anal papillae 8: 212
gene activity Aedes cassipius 19: 60
polynemy 11: 328, 329 Aedes detritus 19: 60
soluble DNA 11: 331 Aedes dorsalis 19: 368, 399
vitellogenin synthesis 11: 366, 367 Aedes flavescens, oxygen consumption, flight
haemolymph in 29: 380 and 13: 135
hormonal control, female behaviour Aedes genera 19: 86
receptivity 10: 304, 305, 324 Aedes nearcticus, metabolic rate, mass,
refractoriness 10: 326, 327 wing-loading wing beat frequency
kinins in 29: 360, 361, 364 and 13: 140
MNCs and LNCs in 29: 358, 364 Aedes sierrensis 28: 54
mosquito natriuretic peptide (MNP) Aedes solicitans, medial NSC hormone
in 29: 311 12: 268
nitrogenous excretion 4: 52, 53 Aedes spp., fat bodies, vitellogenin secretion
NSCs in 29: 359 by 14: 80
nutrition and excretion 4: 53 ovariectomy, vitellogenin biosynthesis
oocyte-nurse cell syncytium and 14: 84
cell determination 11: 254 prospective eye field, operations on 14:
end of synchrony 11: 263 280
PL in 4: 143 vitellogenin in, biosynthesis control,
post-eclosion diuresis in 29: 290 juvenile hormone and 14: 73
serotonin in 29: 324, 325, 351 mode of entry 14: 91
sterol utilization 4: 163 yolk proteins, vitellin in 14: 61
trehalose in eggs 4: 325 Aedes spp., neurosecretory cells and
vitellogenin genes 22: 323, 324 carbohydrate metabolism 4: 338
vitellogenin synthesis 22: 325– 327 Aedes taeniorhynchus 19: 85; 25: 38; 26: 69
Aedes aegypti, amino acids and growth 3: 72 glycogen metabolism and JH 12: 250
Aedes aegypti, choline metabolism lipid metabolism and JH 12: 271
in development 9: 56, 58 medial NSC hormone 12: 268
lipids containing choline 9: 72 Aedes taeniorhynchus, circadian rhythms
phosphatidylcholine 9: 78 eclosion 10: 78
sphingomyelin 9: 83 haemolymph metabolites 10: 31
substitutes 9: 59, 60 hatching 10: 16
Aedes aegypti, medial NSC hormone 12: 268 in constant light 10: 79
Aedes aegypti, ovulation and ovarian pupation 10: 16, 17, 20, 54
development 2: 297, 301, 304, 307 types of clock 10: 77, 78, 81
Aedes taeniorhynchus, ecdysis, circadian Aeschna grandis, resilin in wing

rhythms and 15: 480 cuticle 2: 11, 37
Aedes triseriatus, swarming rhythm 10: 10 Aeschna see Aeshna
Aedes, circadian rhythms 10: 3, 16 Aeschna sp.
Aedes, eye (see also Dragonfly)
development 6: 111 resilin in cuticle 2: 12
Aedes, flight muscle temperature 13: 196 Aeschna tuberculifera 25: 166
Aedes, glucose conversion to lipid 4: 148 Aeschna viridis, biogenic amine cell
Aedes, Malpighian tubules 8: 213 localization 15: 332
Aedes, neurosecretory cells Aeschna, giant fibres 8: 96, 101
brain 12: 93 Aeschna, neuromuscular junctions
protocerebral 12: 76, 81 1: 468– 471
stomatogastric ganglia 12: 72 Aeschna, ommochromes,
Aeneolamia, composition of saliva 9: 216 A. cyanea 10: 151
Aequorin 15: 104; 28: 44 – 46 A. juncea 10: 151
Aerodynamic function of winglets A. mixta 10: 151
23: 200– 206 Aeschna, osmoregulation
glide angle improvement 23: 200– 203 non-electrolyte fraction of
glide speed reduction 23: 203– 206 haemolymph 1: 329
Aerodynamics and origin of flight 23: 17, uptake of inorganic ions 1: 346
1 – 208 Aeschna, protocerebral neurosecretory
Aerodynamics, basic 23: 178– 188 cells 12: 77
fluid forces 23: 178– 180 Aeschna, purine metabolism 1: 156
force coefficients 23: 182– 186 Aeschnid nymphs, giant fibres 8: 103
cylinder in axial flow 23: 185, 186 Aeshna (larva), eye 3: 25, 26
cylinder in normal flow 23: 184, 185 Aeshna 24: 26
flat plate in normal flow 23: 183, 184 abdominal ganglion 5: 12
flat plate in parallel flow 23: 182 eye,
gliding, mechanics of 23: 186– 188 and central nervous system 3: 33
Reynolds number 23: 180– 182 post-retinal fibres 3: 40
Aeschna 25: 159, 201, 212 transients 3: 25, 29
effect of parasitism on metamorphosis flight
2: 315 oxygen consumption 3: 321
eye development 6: 112 tracheal modifications 3: 323, 325,
innervation of heart 2: 224 339
internal ecdysial pressure 2: 179 flight reflexes 5: 203
muscle fibre electrical constant 6: 212, neural pathway map 7: 351
213 ocellus 7: 153
sensitivity to juvenile hormone 2: 293 oxygen supply 7: 270
ventral glands 2: 261 Aeshna cyahea, nitrogenous excretion
Aeschna cyanae 4: 46 – 48
biogenic amine cell localization 15: 332 Aeshna cyanea 19: 267, 381
eclosion hormone in 15: 531 Aeshna juncea, scalariform apodeme
Aeschna cyanea, embryogenesis 12: 155 4: 233
Aeschna cyanea, pterines 6: 153 Aeshna sp., lipid content 4: 79
Aeschna cyanea, resilin in wing cuticle 2: 11, Aeshna spp, chitin orientation 4: 233, 234
14 Aeshna spp., abdominal ganglion 14: 325
Aeschna grandis, haemolymph 6: 216– 218 lamina, growth pattern 14: 291
Aeschna grandis, ionic composition of postsynaptic vesicles 14: 199
haemolymph 1: 325 retina, growth pattern 14: 291
Aeschna grandis, oxygen consumption, flight A-esterase 26: 197
and 13: 135 Afferent feedback, and learning 9: 164– 166
Afferent fibres Aglais urticae, rhodopsin and metarhodopsin

development 6: 112, 119 13: 46
regeneration 6: 127, 128 Aglais, dark regeneration 13: 52
Afferent inputs, giant fibres 8: 128 –130 Agratis segetum 28: 42
After-discharge 5: 35 – 36 Agreement song 13: 268
After-potentials 1: 203– 210, 231– 236, Agria affinis (larva), amino acids and
240– 243, 463, 465, 466 nutrition 3: 76, 77
Agabus bipustulatus, water balance 1: 348 Agria affinis, amino acids 3: 70
Agabus, hatching, timing 15: 477 Agria affinis, fatty acid content 4: 93, 95
Aganacris insectivora 29: 239 Agrianome spinacollis, cuticle proteins 1:
Agapetes galathea, lift and drag when 282– 284
gliding 5: 171– 173 Agrion, ocellus 7: 108, 131
Age Agrion, protocerebral neurosecretory
and lipid content 4: 81 – 85, 142, 169 cells 12: 77
determination in cuticle 4: 245, 246 Agriopocoris froggatti, scent gland secretion
Age and variation in food utilization 5: components 14: 398
267– 271 Agritos comes, nitrogenous excretion 4: 55
Age castes 23: 129, 152, 155, 159 Agrius convolvuli 28: 294, 299
Age demography 23: 136, 140 Agromyzidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 7,
Age polyethism 23: 118, 129, 133; 26: 54, 9
55 Agropyron, effect on meal size 11: 60, 63,
division of labour plasticity 23: 130– 132, 66, 73
135 Agrostis ipsilon 26: 52, 54
Agrostis segetum 26: 278
genotypic variability 23: 140
Agrotis comes, ommochromes 10: 157
Age, and energetics of mitochondria 3: 155
Agrotis exclamationis, cholinergic elements
Age, flight metabolism and 13: 210
in 1: 6
Ageing, food intake and 16: 101, 102
Agrotis fucosa, larva, frost resistance 6: 28
Agelenids 24: 72
Agrotis orthogonia (larva), amino acids
Agenius zebra, ecdysis, cuticle inflation 15:
3: 71
530 Agrotis orthogonia, choline in
Ageratochromenes, see Precocenes development 9: 57
Aggregation of ommochromes 10: 138, Agrotis orthogonia, feeding
139 and age 5: 249, 267, 270
Aggregation pheromone, alkanes 13: 24 consumption 5: 245
Aggregation, scent substances and 14: 403, dry matter 5: 243, 254
404 nitrogen 5: 274
Aggregation, slime mould, and cyclic Agrotis segetum 25: 45; 29: 359
AMP 9: 33, 34 Agrotis ypsilon, food intake 5: 249
Aggregation, thermal balance and 16: 19 Agrotis, flight stability 5: 196
Aging, flight muscles 13: 208 Agrotis, image formation 3: 14
Aglais (Vanessa) urticae, ommochromes Agymnastus ingens, wingbeat frequency 5:
10: 155 294– 296
Aglais urticae 26: 269 AIDS infections 21: 125
Aglais urticae, feeding Ailopus, coloration 8: 154
dry matter 5: 255 A. tergestinus 8: 176
fresh matter 5: 259 A. thalassinus 8: 154, 156
indices, dry and fresh weight 5: 251 Aiolopus strepens, neural lamella 1: 406
nitrogen 5: 275– 277 Aiolopus strepens, sperm
starch 5: 278 axoneme 9: 344, 352
Aglais urticae, nitrogenous excretion cell surface 9: 319, 323
4: 54 –56 Air filling, trachea, in ecdysis 15: 546–549
Air sacs 26: 336– 339, 343, 344 Ali-esterases, inhibition by TOCP1: 16, 24,
Air swallowing 25
failure in ecdysis and 15: 570 Alimentary canal 19: 190
in adult eclosion 15: 500 active transport of water 2: 76 – 78
in ecdysis 15: 509 innervation of 2: 232, 233
Air, tracheoles filling with 17: 119– 133, musculature of 2: 232, 238
137 sense organs 2: 232
Air-swallowing Alimentary canal structure, cockroaches
control of 2: 208 19: 209
role in expansion 2: 179–181 Alimentary canal, honey bees 19: 292
AKH 23: 35, 36, 49, 54 Alkaline phosphatase 26: 197, 271
arousal syndrome extended 23: 90, 91 Alkaline tetrazolium reaction, sulphydryl
endocrine control 23: 84, 85 groups 9: 240
insecticide design 23: 105 Alkaloidal glycosides as phagostimulants, in
metabolic substrates 23: 92 continuation of feeding 16: 71
paralysis/insecticide poisoning 23: 101 Alkanes 13: 2, 3
Ala-arg-thr-bradykinin 13: 118 biosynthesis 13: 17
Alabama argillacea, lipid content 4: 75 dimethyl 13: 13 – 16
Alae 26: 339, 340 internally branched methyl, analysis 13:
Alanine, and Malpighian tubules 8: 279, 280 4–6
Alanine, Hemiptera saliva 9: 218, 221 methyl 13: 6 – 13
Alanine, in resilin 2: 34, 52 trimethyl 13: 16, 17
Alarm pheromone 23: 105, 133 2-methyl 13: 3, 4
Alarm stimuli 23: 82 3-methyl 13: 3, 4
Alarm-defence substances, alkanes and Alkenes 13: 2, 3
13: 24 Alkyl-substituted glutamates 24: 316
Alary muscles, and heart action 2: 220, Allacma fusca 27: 14
221, 224 Allantoic acid
Albinos 23: 31 end product nitrogen metabolism 4: 58
Albumin, and lipid 4: 102, 103, 106 enzymic formation and degradation
Albumin, serum, free diffusion 7: 44 4: 38, 39
Albumins in insects 11: 343 excretion
Alcaeorrhynchus, abdominal scent gland Coleoptera 4: 50, 51
morphology 14: 364 Diptera 4: 52 –54
Alcaligenes faecalis, pterine Hymenoptera 4: 51, 52
metabolism 6: 168 Lepidoptera 4: 54, 55
Alcohol dehydrogenase 28: 32, 33 Orthoptera 4: 46
Alcohols in insect cuticular lipids 15: 23 in uricolytic pathway 4: 35, 38
Alcohols, polyhydric, and frost
resistance 6: 26 – 34 Allantoicase
Aldehydes in insect cuticular lipids 15: 23 in urea synthesis 4: 38, 39, 41
Aldehydes, in cuticular wax 4: 153, 154 in uricolytic pathway 4: 38, 39, 45, 47
Aldolases, larval and adult 11: 371 Allantoicotelic insects, excretory
Aldosterone, mitochondria-rich cells 9: 40 terminology 4: 59
Aldrin, nerve and muscle changes 8: 24, 26 Allantoin 28: 34
Aleochara 28: 119, 123 end product nitrogen metabolism
Aleurodes, fat body 1: 113 4: 58
Aleyrodidae, food specificity 16: 327 enzymic formation and degradation
Alfalfa plant bug (see Adelphocoris) 4: 37 – 39
Algae, methylalkanes in 13: 7, 13 excretion
polyolefins in 13: 3 Coleoptera 4: 50, 51
Algae, trehalose in 4: 291 Diptera 4: 52 –57
Hemiptera 4: 48, 49 isolation and characterization of

Hymenoptera 4: 51, 52 receptors 25: 294, 295
Lepidoptera 4: 54 – 56 isolation procedure 25: 274– 277
Neuroptera 4: 50, 51 message sequence 25: 279, 280
Orthoptera 4: 46 metabolism of 25: 325
in uricolytic pathway 4: 35, 37, 38 mode of action 25: 326– 328
Allantoinase multiple receptors 25: 295, 296
in Collembola 4: 75 neural and humoral pathways for action
in Orthoptera 4: 47 of 25: 291, 292
in uricolytic pathway 4: 38 – 40, 45 possible factors contributing to changes in
localization in insects 4: 40 responsiveness of CA to 25: 291
Allantoinotelic insects, excretory primary structures 25: 272, 273
terminology 4: 59 radioimmunoassay 25: 277
Allatectomy receptors for 25: 293, 296
behaviour/activity 23: 34 redundancy in 25: 286, 287
colouration 23: 20 responsiveness to analogues of 25: 290,
effect on carbohydrate metabolism 4: 336 291
effect on lipid metabolism 4: 180, 181, sensitivity of corpora allata
184, 185 to 25: 286– 293
male sexual behaviour 23: 22 structure – activity studies 25: 279– 286
physiology/biochemistry/molecular synthetic 25: 278
biology 23: 28, 29 Allatostatins, corpora allatum
reproductive parameters 23: 24, 25 regulation 18: 385, 386
unilateral 23: 26 Allatotropin 23: 48; 26: 57
Allatectomy, vitellogenin biosynthesis Allatotropins 19: 64
and 14: 70 Allatotropins, corpora allatum
Allatostatin 26: 57 regulation 18: 377 –383
Allatostatin-immunoreactive cells 25: 303 Allethrin
distribution of 25: 296– 306 acetyl choline receptor interaction 20:
Allatostatins 19: 64; 23: 105; 25: 267–338 185, 186
activity in interneurones/chemical action potential 8: 45 – 50
synapses 25: 311 membrane ionic conductances 8: 50 – 56
address sequence 25: 280–282 nerve and muscle changes 8: 45 – 56
amino acid sequences 25: 278 potasssium current, axon,
analogues of allatostatin IV 25: 282– 284 modification 20: 180
and regulation of JH titre 25: 292, 293 structure – activity relationships 8: 75 – 76
bioassay 25: 277 temperature coefficient 8: 61 – 65
cockroaches 25: 299– 303 Allium porrum, alkanes in, function 13: 25
conformational models of Allomenobius socius 29: 214
allatostatinIV 25: 284 Allomyrina dichotomus, nerve
crickets 25: 303 conduction velocity 1: 193
C-terminal analysis 25: 278 effect of insecticides 1: 233, 244
degradation 25: 323– 325 solutions 1: 221
developmental changes in corpora allata in Allonemobius fasciatus 29: 214
response to 25: 287– 289 Allonemobius fasciatus, alkane
distribution of 25: 303 biosynthesis 13: 18
duality of responses 25: 289, 290 2-methylalkanes in 13: 4
evidence for occurrence in brain 25: All-or-none spike 6: 257– 259, 262,
268– 271 264– 267, 269, 270
factors regulating release 25: 328, 329 Allosamidin 26: 219– 221
gene for 25: 317– 323 Allosteric, property of metabolic enzymes
immunoreactivity to antisera 25: 314 4: 308, 309
Aloeorhynchus, metathoracic scent glands, Amblystoma punctatum, sarcoplasmic

sexually dimorphic 14: 375 reticulum 14: 191
a and b-methylcholines, as choline Ambrosia beetles 26: 46
substitutes 9: 62 American cockroach (see Periplaneta)
salivary gland cells 10: 39 American cockroach see Periplaneta
X-ray sensitivity 10: 29 americana
female receptivity, control 10: 324 A-methyl aminoisobutyric acid
tryptophan ! ommochromepathway (MeAIB),28: 172
detrimental effects of Ametrus 29: 229
ommochromes 10: 220, 221 Amidephrine, effect on salivary gland
enzyme ontogeny 10: 212, 214, 217 stimulation by biogenic
kynurenine formamidase 10: 189, 190 amines 15: 410
kynurenine-3-hydroxylase 10: 191, Amiloride 28: 20
192 Aminergic neurotransmitters 24: 12
ommochrome distribution 10: 157 Aminergic receptors 22: 181– 183
quinoline derivatives 10: 131 Amines (see also Octopamine)
tryptophan content 10: 122, 124, 125 in sclerotization 17: 31, 32, 35, 45,
3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 128, 129 52 – 72 passim
a,b-quinone methide sclerotization 27: 293 neurosecretory-neurohaemal system
a,b-sclerotization 27: 247, 249, 293 and 17: 207, 230– 238, 240,
a-Ecdysone in Manduca sexta, moulting 253– 255, 263
and 14: 114 Amines
Alpha– beta-sclerotization 21: 206– 209 effect on insect heart 2: 222, 223
Alpheus heterochelis 24: 65 effect on Malpighian tubules 2: 239
Alsophila pometaria, egg, frost reactions with dopa quinone 2: 203
resistance 6: 27, 28 Amines, biogenic 23: 49
Amino acid absorption, rectal sacs,
Altica ambiens alni, choline 9: 72
locusts 19: 390
Amacrine cells 15: 342
Amino acid concentration ratios, rectal
a-amanitin 26: 49
tissue 19: 389
a-Amanitin, vitellogenin biosynthesis
Amino acid decarboxylase, corpus
and 14: 73
cardiacum active agent 2: 227
Amathes ditrapezium, larva, frost
Amino acid oxidases
resistance 6: 28 in ammonia synthesis 4: 43
Amblycorypha oblongifolia, in fatbody 4: 43
coloration 8: 153 Amino acid reserves 26: 6
Amblycorypha parvipennis 29: 219, 248 Amino acid sequences 25: 274
Amblyomma (tick), action of GABA 22: 68 Amino acid(s)
Amblyomma americanum, atmospheric water composition
absorption in 14: 15 passim 49
water absorption mechanisms in in crosslinking 17: 39 – 45, 48, 55, 68
14: 35 in substrate provision 17: 154
water exchange, allometry 14: 26 of adipokinetic hormone 17: 160– 162
variables 14: 23, 24 of apoproteins 17: 164, 165
Amblyomma cajennense, atmospheric water of cuticle proteins 17: 10 – 38
absorption in 14: 15 of neurohormones 17: 209, 225, 228
Amblyomma maculatum, atmospheric water in chitin-protein bonds 17: 46, 47
absorption in 14: 16 Amino acids (see also Development) and
Amblyomma spp., water exchange proteins, metabolism during
allometry 14: 25 development 3: 53 – 131
Amblypelta nitida, scent extracellular essential 3: 71
biochemistry 14: 360 excretion 3: 77, 78
in adult 3: 96 – 102 muscle phosphorylases 7: 290

in blood 3: 62, 69 – 71, 73, 75, 77, 78 puparium glue 7: 60
in embryo 3: 55, 62 role in lipid metabolism 4: 137, 140, 147,
in growth and moulting 3: 72 – 75 148
in larva 3: 69 – 82 sequence information 22: 302, 303
in lethal mutants 3: 106 source of urea 4: 42
in pupa 3: 89 – 93 storage 22: 313
intermediary pathways 3: 79 – 82 synthesis of lipid from 12: 279
interrelationships 3: 75 – 82 Amino acids as phagostimulants, in
nutrition and absorption 3: 76, 77 continuation of feeding 16: 69
occurrence and significance Amino acids reactions in quinone
3: 69 –72 tanning 21: 201
osmoregulation 3: 78 Amino acids, and rectum 8: 304, 322
other specific functions 3: 78, 79 Amino acids, cell to cell transfer 15: 86, 87
sex specific differences 3: 96 – 99 Amino acids, fat body 1: 146– 149
Amino acids Amino acids, Hemiptera saliva
and membrane potential 6: 224, 232, 237 and phytopathogenicity 9: 218, 220– 225
as neurotransmitters in sheath material 9: 206
GABAergic systems 22: 188– 192 in watery saliva 9: 216
glutamatergic systems 22: 183– 188 origins of saliva 9: 236, 237
composition of resilin 2: 14, 29, 30, Amino acids, in insect haemolymph
33 –36, 52 14: 201
deamination 4: 42, 43 in vitellins 14: 68
decarboxylic, and synaptic in vitellogenins 14: 65 – 69
membranes 6: 248 Amino acids, regulation, hindgut 19: 388
effect on food intake 11: 98 e-amino caproic acid, microfibril
effect on heart rate 2: 223 diameter 4: 214
excretion Amino dopaquinone 27: 245
Coleoptera 4: 50, 51 e-Amino groups, role in tanning 2: 184
general aspects 4: 34, 43, 44 Amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isooxazole
haematophagous Diptera 4: 52, 53, propionic acid (AMPA) 24: 312,
57, 58 313, 333
Hemiptera 4: 43, 44, 48 – 50 4-Amino-5-imidazole carboxamide riboside,
Homoptera 4: 49, 50 role in uric acid synthesis 4: 40
Orthoptera 4: 46 Aminoacetophenone 24: 183
faecal material 4: 44 r-aminobenzioic acid, folic acid
free, in blood; haemocyte role 11: 200 synthesis 6: 185
in ammonia synthesis 4: 42, 43 g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), effect on
in calliphorin 11: 347 inhibitory synaptic
in chironomid haemoglobin 11: 348 membranes 6: 252, 254– 256
in glutamic acid cycle 4: 43 g-Aminobutyric acid see GABA
in haemolymph 6: 215, 217, 218 g-Aminobutyric acid see Gamma-
in honeydew 4: 49 aminobutyric acid
in purine synthesis 4: 34 g-Aminobutyric acid, and salivary gland
in uricotelic pathway 4: 35 stimulation 9: 6
incorporation in egg 12: 224 a-Aminobutyric acid, aphid saliva 9: 218
metabolism, endocrine 1-Aminocyclobutane-trans-1,3-
control 12: 286– 294 dicarboxylate 29: 73
bursicon 12: 291– 293 Aminopeptidase 26: 194, 195, 197, 201,
juvenile hormone 12: 288– 291 209– 211, 216
moulting hormone 12: 287, 288 Aminophylline, firefly light organ
nitrogen metabolism and CC 12: 294 stimulation by 15: 400
Ammonia Amoebocytes 11: 194

biosynthesis AMP see Adenosine 30 50 -cyclic
amino acid deamination 4: 42, 43, monophosphate
57 AMPA (Amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-
glutamic acid cycle 4: 43, 57 isooxazole propionic
peptone deamination 4: 43 acid) 24: 312, 313, 333
protein sources 4: 42, 43 Ampelisca 25: 158
purine deamination 4: 42, 57 Amphetamine and locomotor rhythms 10:
uricolytic pathway 4: 35, 38, 39, 42 42
end product of protein metabolism 4: 47, Amphetamine, and luminescence 6: 74, 75,
48 77, 79
excretion Amphetamine, stimulation of Photuris
aquatic insects 4: 42, 51, 57 pyralis light organs 15: 397
Coleoptera 4: 50, 51 Amphiacusta maya 29: 246
Diptera 4: 52 – 54 Amphibia, plasma membrane permeability
meat-eating maggots 4: 39, 42, 53, in 14: 209
54 Amphibians 24: 131, 168, 169, 197, 253
minor product 4: 42 Amphibicorisae, feeding 9: 192
Neuroptera 4: 51 Amphicremna, coloration 8: 149, 166
Odonata 4: 46 – 48 Amphinma 19: 369
Orthoptera 4: 46 Amplification, gene 11: 331
toxic end product 4: 34 Amplitude modulation, innate releasing
role in uric acid synthesis 4: 40 mechanisms and 13: 268– 277
Ammonia, CPV 26: 270 pattern 13: 310– 314
Ammonia, in extracellular fluid 6: 218 Amputation, leg, effect on walking 18: 95,
Ammonia, probing responses to 11: 39, 40 96
Ammonium 24: 323 Amsacta moorei 25: 30, 31
Ammonium bicarbonate, excretion 4: 51 Amylamine, salivary gland stimulation 9: 6
Ammonium ions, and Malpighian Amylase
tubules 8: 244 and cyclic AMP 9: 37
Ammonium salts, quaternary, effect on in glycogen metabolism 4: 305, 334– 336
electrically excitable pH in mid-gut 4: 320
membranes 6: 267, 269 saliva 9: 209, 214, 215
Ammonium, 2-isothiocyanato- Anabaena 29: 26
ethyltrimethyl-, iodide, receptor Anabolia nervosa
actions 15: 292 biogenic amine distribution 15: 323
Ammonium, 4-(N-maleimido)-5- dopamine cell 15: 375
benzyltrimethyl-, iodide, in 5-HT distribution in 15: 324
binding studies of acetylcholine Anabolia nervosa haemolymph
receptors 15: 219 ionic regulation 1: 327
Ammonium, hydroxyphenyltrimethyl-, osmotic pressure and medium
interneurone synaptic transmission 1: 320, 321
and 15: 253 Anabolia nervosa, osmoregulation
Ammonium, plasma membrane excretory system 1: 333, 336, 337
permeability to 14: 212 water balance 1: 349– 351
Ammonotelic insects Anabrus simplex 29: 176
excretory terminology 4: 59 cuticular lipid 4: 153
Ammophila 26: 325 extra-cuticular hydrocarbons 4: 155
Ammophile, behaviour 7: 376 Anabrus simplex, dimethylalkanes in 13: 13,
Amoeba, diffusion rate of cell 14, 15, 16
membrane 2: 85 methylalkanes in 13: 9
Amoeba, pinocytosis 3: 101 3-methylalkanes in 13: 4
Anaciaeshna, spiracle activity 3: 312 Anatomy 23: 8 – 12

Anacridium aegypticum, vitellogenin and Anatomy of firefly lantern 6: 54 – 59
vitellin in 14: 52 Anatomy, neurosecretory system 12: 65 –99
Anacridium aegyptiu 19: 76 see neurosecretory system
Anacridium aegyptium Anatomy, proctolinergic system 19: 13
female sexual behaviour 10: 319 Anatopynia varius, polytene
ommochromes 10: 152 chromosomes 7: 4
Anacridium aegyptium, lipid content Anax 25: 159, 160, 201
4: 78 abdpminal ganglia 7: 359
Anacridium aegyptium, myogenic rhythm, ecdysis 2: 179, 180
function 15: 380 innervation of heart 2: 224
Anacridium aegyptium, neural lamella 1: ocellus 7: 114
403 A. junius 7: 153
Anacridium aegyptium, ocellus 7: 137 spiracle activity 3: 312
Anacridium, coloration ventilation and flight 3: 343
A. aegyptium 8: 175 Anax imperator, failures in ecdysis 15: 571,
A. moestum 8: 176 572
Anacridium, protocerebral neurosecretory Anax imperator, giant fibres 8: 101, 102
cells 12: 78 Anax imperator, nerve
Anadevidia peponis 25: 229 conduction velocity 1: 193
Anaerobic metabolism and tracheolar physiological solution 1: 221
fluid 17: 130 structure 1: 178
Anaesthesia, rhythmic response to 10: 24, Anax imperator, ommochromes 10: 151
25 Anax imperator, water balance 1: 348
Anaesthetics 24: 324, 325 Anax junius 25: 159, 166, 202
Anaesthetics, use in study of flight 5: 191 Anax spp., lamina, growth pattern 14: 291
Anagasta kuehniella 19: 45 retina, growth pattern 14: 291
Anagasta kuehniella, feeding Anax, flight reflexes 5: 213
and water 5: 266 Ancestral condition, midgut formation 19:
dry matter 5: 257 194
fresh matter 5: 261, 262 Ancistrura nigrovittata 29: 167, 201– 203,
indices, dry and fresh weight 5: 251 215
Anagasta kühniella, circadian response to Andrena, protocerebral neurosecretory
pheromones 10: 10 cells 12: 82
Anagasta kühniella, larva, freezing 6: 19 Androctonnus australis 24: 175
Anagasta kuhniellia, vitellogenin, mode of Androctonus australis 25: 18
entry 14: 91 Androgenic factor 19: 34
Anagasta spp., follicle cell proteins 14: 92 Androgenic hormones 19: 33
Anagasta, accessory nuclei, germinal Androstenedione 4: 173
vesicle 11: 285 Aneuploidy, segmental (Drosophila
Anagasta, sperm capacitation 9: 381 melanogaster) 18: 145
Anal cerci, and habituation 9: 151, 152, 156 Anguillula silusiae, frost resistance 6: 39
Anal gill, polytene chromosomes 7: 7 Animal/plant dichotomy 19: 203
Anal papillae 1: 341, 342, 349, 350 Animals other than insects
mosquito larvae 8: 212 Aplysia, nervous system 5: 16 – 18, 25, 51,
respiratory function 17: 102, 103 52, 54
salt-water mosquito 8: 320 birds
tracheole filling in 17: 127– 129 food utilization 5: 234, 278
Anaphylaxis 24: 122 song 5: 333
Anasa tristis, fat body pigment 1: 160 cephalopods 5: 33
Anastomoses, peripheral nerve 20: 111 crayfish, nervous system 5: 16, 33, 52,
Anastomosis of tracheoles 17: 87, 88, 109 305, 331, 333
Crustacea, nervous system 5: 2, 33, 52, Arthropods

333 and Reduviid saliva 9: 204
farm animals, food utilization 5: 237, 242, sperm 9: 316, 327, 331
244, 245 arthropods, giant fibres 8: 96
Helix, synaptic transmission 5: 16, 52 Ascaris lumbricoides, ecdysone
Lumbricus, nervous system 5: 19 concentration 12: 23
molluscs, nervous system 5: 2 Balanus balanoides, ecdysone 12: 22,
rat, food utilization 5: 232, 235 25, 44
snail, acetylcholine 5: 8 bat, hawkmoth detection 10: 289, 290
vertebrates bird, driving oscillators 10: 89
nervous system 5: 2, 8, 51, 331 bird, erythrocytes 11: 335
nutrition 5: 231, 242 Branchioma vesiculosum, escape 8: 128
Acarina, sperm 9: 317 Branchiura, sperm 9: 316
amoeba, endocytosis 11: 181 Bufo marinus, cyclic AMP 9: 39 – 41
Amphibia Bull, sperm 9: 374, 381
blood– brain barrier 9: 303 Callinectes 6: 236
epithelia, permeability 9: 39 Callinectes sapidus, ecdysone
sperm 9: 349 concentration 12: 23
Amphibia, embryogenesis 12: 126, 208, Cambarus, locomotor rhythm 10: 68
215 Carcinas maenas, blood – brain-barrier
amphibia, nucleolar DNA 7: 23 9: 300, 303
amphibians 6: 140 Carcinas maenas, locomotor rhythm 10:
Amphioxus, sperm 9: 316 68, 69, 73
amphipod, locomotor rhythm 10: 69 Carcinus, blood cell glycogen 11: 198
Anacystis 6: 180 cat, motoneurones 8: 21
Annelida cephalopoda, ommochromes 10: 150
blood– brain barrier 9: 258, 302, 303 Cephalopods
sperm 9: 316 body fluid composition 9: 275
Annelida, nervous organization 12: 64 excitation and conduction 9: 277
Annelida, polychaete, cerebral NSCs Cherox destructor, for ecdysone
12: 86 bioassay 12: 34
annelids, giant fibres 8: 96 chick embryo 6: 124
Anthomedusa, ommochromes 10: 150, chick wing, embryogenesis 12: 201
165 Chilopoda, sperm 9: 316
Aplysia Chlamydomonas, flagellum 9: 347
learning 9: 162– 164 Chordata, sperm 9: 316
neurones 9: 277 ciliates, polytene chromosomes 7: 9
Aplysia californica, driving Cirrepedia, sperm 9: 316
oscillators 10: 81 coelenterates, nervous organization 12: 64
Aplysia, circadian rhythms 10: 90, 91, 97 Corophium, coloration 8: 167
Aplysia, NSC coupling 12: 106 crab, blood clotting 11: 163
Arachnid, locomotor rhythm 10: 339 Eupagurus 11: 166
Arachnida, sperm 9: 316, 317 crab, DDT 8: 31
arachnids crab, locomotor rhythm 10: 68, 73
excretion 8: 21 Crab, shore, blood– brain barrier 9: 300
giant fibres 8: 96 Crangon vulgaris, ecdysone
Arenicola, behaviour 7: 426 concentration 12: 22
Arthropoda crayfish
ecdysone extraction 12: 17 – 62 abdominal extensor muscles 8: 136
nervous organization 12: 64 allethrin 8: 55, 75, 76
Arthropoda, hormones and rhythm blood clotting 11: 164
control 10: 66 – 71 claw, innervation 8: 136
DDT 8: 73, 74 flatworms, giant fibres 8: 96

electrical synapse 8: 17 frog 6: 223– 225, 228, 231, 269
formed bodies 8: 276, 278 Frog
giant axons 8: 123, 128 body fluid composition 9: 275
habituation of escape response 7: 392 formed bodies 8: 277
haemagglutinins 11: 175 ion transport 8: 258
interneurons 7: 401 nerve, and DDT 8: 45
l-glutamate 8: 20 neuromuscular junction 8: 18
locomotor rhythm 10: 68 phosphorylases 7: 289
mitochondrial membrane 10: 192 potential changes 9: 285, 286
motor neurons 7: 363 sodium transport 8: 230
optic lobe rhythm 10: 91 sulphate solutions 8: 229
stretch receptor 7: 385 visual system 7: 377
voltage clamp experiments 8: 39 water permeability 9: 39
crayfish, ecdysone extraction 12: 24 water storage 8: 202
Crustacea Gastropoda
blood clotting 11: 157, 158, 163, 168 glycogen 9: 350
blood – brain barrier 9: 258, 300, 302, hyperpolarisation 9: 286
303 paired sperm 9: 367
DDT and calcium 8: 37 Geocareinus lateralis, locomotor
driving oscillator 10: 89 rhythm 10: 69
ecdysone 12: 20, 22, 23 goat, spermatogonia intercellular
“explosive corpuscles” 11: 139, 157 bridges 11: 267
extra-retinal entrainment 10: 46 goldfish, electrical synapse 8: 17
for ecdysone bioassay 12: 34 Gonyaulax, catanella, saxitoxin 8: 44
giant fibres 8: 96 Haemonchus contortus, ecdysone
haemocyte phenolase 11: 190 concentration 12: 23
haemocyte polysaccharides 11: 198 Hamster, blood– brain barrier 9: 302
muscle fibre innervation 9: 147 Heterometris fulvipes, locomotor
muscle input 8: 136 rhythm 10: 40, 41, 339
neurosecretory cells 12: 99 Hirudo medicinalis, blood– brain
nurse cells 11: 229 barrier 9: 303
sperm 9: 316 Homarus americanus, ecdysone
X organ 12: 103 concentration 12: 23
Crustacea, decapod, locomotor human, phosphorylases 7: 289
rhythm 10: 62 Hydra, morphogenetic gradients 7: 221
Daphnia magna, phototaxis rhythm 10: Jasus lalandei, ecdysone 12: 23, 25, 27, 34
13 Lamellibranch, blood – brain
Decapoda, sperm 9: 330 barrier 9: 303
Dictyostelium discordeum, and cyclic Leech
AMP 9: 33, 34 blood –brain barrier 9: 303
Diplopoda, sperm 9: 317 glial cells 9: 273
Dog, learning 9: 143 leech, neurosecretory cells 12: 100
earthworm, circadian rhythms 10: 60 Ligia, albedo response 8: 162
Echinodermata, sperm 9: 341, 343 Limulus 6: 100
echinoderms, nervous organization 12: 64 Limulus, blood cells 11: 121, 162, 163
Echiurida, ommochromes 10: 150 Limulus, eye 7: 158, 161
Elasmobranchs, blood– brain Limulus, ommidin 10: 161
barrier 9: 302, 303 lobster
Fish, euryhaline, ions 8: 212 abdominal extensor muscles 8: 136
Fish, sperm 9: 331 DDT 8: 38– 40, 43, 44
Flagellates, flagellum 9: 349, 350 membrane currents 8: 13, 14
lobster, motor neurons 7: 363 nemerteans, morphogenetic

Loligo, choline 9: 94 gradients 7: 222
Lumbricus giant axons 8: 118 nemertineans, giant fibres 8: 96
Mammal Neurospora, kynurenine hydroxylase 10:
ATP synthesis 7: 279 192
blood– brain barrier 9: 300, 302, 303 Nosema, effect on juvenile hormone 7: 53
choline metabolism 9: 52, 59, 96 Opilionids, sperm 9: 317
coated vesicles 11: 181 Opossum, paired sperm 9: 369
cyclic AMP 9: 12 ostracods, nurse cells 11: 229
glycogen synthetase 7: 296 oyster, haemagglutinins 11: 175
kidney and dyes 8: 284 Pauropoda, sperm 9: 316
learning and drugs 9: 169 planarian, morphogenetic
macrophage cytophilic antibody gradients 7: 221– 224
system 11: 175 Plasmodium, cleavage 12: 131
mitotic cycle 11: 148 Polychaeta, ommochromes 10: 150, 162
neuromuscular junction 8: 18, 20 polychaetes, giant fibres 8: 96
pyrethroids 8: 65 Protista, circadian rhythms 10: 39, 51, 92
saliva production 9: 3 Protozoa
sperm 9: 326, 341, 350, 382 flagellum 9: 341– 343, 374, 375
mammals 6: 17, 33, 34, 39, 105, 172, 216 learning 9: 176
glutarate pathway 10: 132 protozoa infection, and chromosome
kynurenine hydroxylase 10: 192 puffing 7: 52
oestrous behaviour 10: 302 Protozoa, circadian clocks 10: 77
mammals, phosphorylase rabbit, gall bladder 8: 273
activation 12: 262, 263 rabbit, phosphorylases 7: 289
Marsupials, paired sperm 9: 367 Rat
Merostomata, sperm 9: 316 choline uptake 9: 95
mollusc, giant neurons 7: 357 kynurenine formamidase 10: 189
Mollusca learning 9: 114, 115, 126– 128, 168
ecdysone 12: 20, 28 sexual behaviour 10: 303
heart, 5-HT 9: 11 stomach, 5-HT 9: 11
neurosecretory cells 12: 99, 100 rat, coated vesicles 11: 183
pervous organization 12: 64 reptiles 6: 140
sperm 9: 316 Saxidomas giganteus 8: 44
molluscs, giant fibres 8: 96 scorpion, circadian rhythms 10: 32, 40,
monkey, displacement activity 7: 423 41, 69 – 71, 339
mouse 6: 124 scorpion, giant fibres 8: 96
Mouse Scorpion, sperm 9: 316
blood– brain bather 9: 302 sea hare, driving oscillators 10: 81
brain, in cockroach 11: 178 sea urchin egg 6: 25, 37
choline metabolism 9: 94 Sea urchin, sperm 9: 343, 345, 349, 374
cyclic AMP 9: 18 Sepia, ommins 10: 161
myoblast movement 11: 153 Slime mould aggregation, and cyclic
phagocytes 11: 188 AMP 9: 33, 34, 41
Myriapoda, sperm 9: 316, 317 slime mould, mitotic synchrony 11: 266
Mystacocarida, sperm 9: 316 Snake venom 9: 209
Mytilus edulis, ecdysone concentration spider, blood clotting 11: 162
12: 23 spider, eye 7: 110
Necturus, blood – brain barrier 9: 302 spider, giant fibres 8: 96
Nematoda spider, slit sense organ 10: 274
ecdysones 12: 20, 23 Spisula, egg, tubulin 11: 236
nervous organization 12: 64 squid 6: 257, 267, 269
Squid, giant axon 9: 278, 291 lampbrush chromosomes 7: 55

squid, giant axons 8: 17, 123 leucocytes 11: 156, 191
allethrin 8: 50, 51 liver, glycogen breakdown 11: 198
DDT 8: 38 lung epithelium, intercellular
starfish, cell vacuoles 11: 131 bridges 11: 233
Symphyla, sperm 9: 316 malignant trophoblastic cells 9: 304
Talitrus saltator, locomotor rhythm 10: mucopolysaccharide secreting
69 cells 11: 196
Teleost, blood– brain barrier 9: 303 nervous organization 12: 64
termite, embryogenesis 12: 136 neurophysins 12: 100
Tetrahymena, cilia 9: 341, 343 neurosecretory cells 12: 99, 100,
Thelophania, effect on salivary 103
gland 7: 52 ovary, intercellular bridges 11: 261
Toad, bladder, and cyclic AMP 9: 39 – 41 oxytalan fibres 11: 195
toad, water storage 8: 202 salivary glands 9: 37
Tritonia gilberti, neuroethology 7: 352 sperm 9: 316
Trypanosome rangeli, in thyroxine and respiration 12: 305
haemocytes 11: 188 tryptophan metabolism 10: 218
tubularia, morphogenetic tryptophan oxygenase 10: 184, 189
gradients 7: 221– 224 xenopus embryo 6: 124
Turritella terebra, paired sperm 9: 367 Xenopus laevis, DDT 8: 74
vertebrates 6: 74, 114, 116, 124, 126, Animals, microclimates in, environmental
173– 175, 187, 206, 207, 214, 215, physiology and 16: 12 – 24
218, 222, 240, 244, 245, 247, 255
Anion ATPases, chloride transport,
Vertebrates
hindgut 19: 368
adipokinetic hormones 12: 285
Anions, Malpighian tubules 8: 320
and reduviid saliva 9: 204
Calliphora 8: 219, 220
blood cell ultrastructure 11: 121, 123,
Carausius 8: 228– 230
127, 129
Rhodnius 8: 244– 247
blood clotting 11: 162, 163, 165– 167
blood – brain barrier 9: 251, 302, 303 Anisodiametric crystallites, parallel
cell lines 7: 257 rearrangement 4: 265
choline metabolism 9: 52 – 55, 69, 71, Anisolabis
82, 89, 96 corpus allatum 2: 283, 288, 297, 298,
chromaffin cells 12: 73 335
cilia 9: 350 storage of neurosecretory substance
CNS, axons 8: 136 ensp;2: 250
corticosteroids and chromosome ventral glands 2: 260, 288
puffing 7: 45 Anisolabis, neurosecretory cells
culture cells, phagocytosis by protocerebral 12: 76, 79
haemocytes 11: 188 volume 12: 105
cyclic AMP 9: 15 Anisopodidae 26: 319
displacement activities 7: 423 Anisotarsus cupripennis, thoracic
giant fibres 8: 96 glands 2: 283
glucagon 12: 260 Anisotarsus, thoracic glands 2: 259
glutarate pathway 10: 133 Annelid worms
haem prosthetic group 11: 348 desmosomes in 15: 82
haemoglobins 11: 360 gap junction in 15: 97, 103
Hela cells, intercellular bridges 11: 234 septate junction in 15: 65
immune system 11: 176 Annelida 24: 58
kidney 8: 281 Anolis carolinensis, axo-glial tight
kynureninase 10: 193 junction-like associations 15: 154
Anomala orientalis, amino acid stridulating, sound production

metabolism 3: 72, 76 radiation 10: 262, 263
Anopheles 27: 59 through earth 10: 254, 263
effect of adrenalin on heart rate 2: 223 Ant queens, development 16: 176
rhythmic contractions in gut 2: 232 Ant workers, development 16: 176
Anopheles gambiae 28: 41; 29: 11, Ant, carpenter, frost resistance 6: 31
12, 281 Antagonism
Anopheles gambiae, circadian rhythms calcium – magnesium, in excitatory
behavioural phase-response curve 10: 80, responses of muscle 4: 13, 14
81 of “relaxing factor” in muscle 4: 25
bimodal locomotor rhythms 10: 7 Antagonists, proctolin 19: 10
feeding rhythms 10: 8 Antemia salina 26: 220
flight phase-response curve 10: 48 Antenna
oviposition 10: 12, 15 development 6: 117– 119, 123
Anopheles quadrimaculatis, nitrogenous regeneration 6: 127, 129
excretion 4: 52, 53 Antenna, anatomy 14: 300, 301
Anopheles quadrimaculatus 19: 86; antennal lobes and 14: 305, 306
21: 105 development 14: 302, 303
effect of acetylcholine on heart rate homeotic transformation into legs 14:
2: 222 306– 308
innervation of heart 2: 222, 224 neural development 14: 300– 309
mid-gut contractions 2: 236 Antenna, as sound receiver 10: 271,
Anopheles spp., lipid content 4: 80 290, 291
Antenna, septate junctions in 15: 63
Anopheles stephensi (mosquito) 23: 90
Antennae 24: 29, 33, 43, 44, 46, 234
Anopheles stephensi 28: 41
Antennae and giant fibres 8: 130– 132
Anopheles stephensi, genetics of clock
Antennae, effect on flight 5: 192–194, 206,
10: 74, 75
208
Anopheles subpictus 27: 87
Antennae, sensilla on 16: 275– 308
Anopheles superpictus, swarming
Antennal lobes, anatomy 14: 300– 302
rhythms 10: 10 antennae and 14: 305, 306
Anopheles, amino acid excretion 3: 77 development 14: 305
Anopheles, heart, innervation pattern 15: Antennal nerves, growth to the brain 14: 304
414 Antennal pulsatile organ muscle 25: 308
Anopheles, Johnstone organ 10: 290, 291 Antennal units, and ocellus 7: 140, 172, 190
Anopheles, polynemy 11: 329 Antennapedia 25: 108
Anoplocnemis montandoni, scent gland Antennapedia spp., antennal lobes, axonal
secretion components 14: 398 terminals 14: 307
Anoplura, antennae, sensilla on 16: 290 central projections of sensory fibres from
Anoplura, ocellus 7: 99 antennae 14: 306
Anoplura, protocerebral neurosecretory homeotic appendage transformation 14:
cells 12: 79 308
Anoplura, sperm 9: 328, 369, 380 neural development, positional
Anostostoma australasiae 29: 156 information and 14: 259
ANP binding 29: 6 Antennata 28: 242
Ant Antenno-glomerular tract, Arthropods
circadian rhythms 10: 9, 12 24: 46
embryogenesis 12: 187 Anterior hindgut 19: 336
leaf-cutting, ultrasonic frequencies in Anterior region involvement,
sound 10: 257 embryogenesis 12: 172– 184
NSCs during life history 12: 98 Anterior retraction factor, ecdysis and 15:
sound production 10: 262, 273 535
Antherae polyphemus, flight metabolism, Antheraea pernyi, flight metabolism,

development and senescence development and senescence 13:
13: 201 201
flight muscles 13: 157 oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 135
montor patterns, development 13: 202, Antheraea polyphemus (silkmoth) 21: 24,
203 26, 53, 90, 93, 96, 181
Antherae spp., antenna 14: 301 Antheraea polyphemus 24: 230; 26: 169,
vitellogenin uptake, specificity 171, 179, 194, 199, 201, 205;
14: 93 28: 190; 29: 27, 40
Antheraea acetylcholine 9: 66
gene activity choriogenesis, proteins 12: 10
haemolymph protein 11: 347 eclosion 15: 497, 498
proteases, moulting gel 11: 367 behavioural switching and 15: 518
haemocytes effect of CA on respiration 12: 295
diversity 11: 135, 138 phosphorylcholine 9: 67
during wounding 11: 180 vitellogenin synthesis and JH 12: 278
phagocytosis 11: 184 Antheraea polyphemus, food efficiency 5:
phenol metabolism 11: 189, 230
190 Antheraea polyphemus, hormones
vacuoles 11: 125, 129 eclosion hormone 10: 315
ribosomes, ooplasm 11: 289 female receptivity 10: 321, 325
Antheraea B virus 25: 45 Antheraea spp.
Antheraea pernyi 26: 87, 179; 28: 190, 202; carbohydrate in larval hemolymph 4: 293
29: 108 lipid content 4: 77, 86, 141
brain hormone 12: 245 Antheraea spp., eclosion 15: 498
chilling during diapause 2: 275, 276 Antheraea yamamai, hatching,
circadian rhythms developmental readiness 15: 480
eclosion, clock-gating 10: 52, 53 Antheraea, cellular differentiation 7: 258
eclosion, hormonal control 10: 340 Antheraea, effects of juvenile
protocerebral clock 10: 82 – 84 hormone 2: 284, 287
ecdysis, bursicon and 15: 542 Antheraea, neurosecretory cells 12: 81, 96
circadian rhythms 15: 478 Antherea myletta, electrically excitable
ecdysone concentration 12: 21 responses 6: 268
eclosion 15: 497, 498 Antherea pernyi 19: 98, 100, 170
behavioural switching and 15: 518 Antherea pernyi
eclosion hormone in 15: 530 electrically excitable responses 6: 268
extraction of juvenile hormone muscle fibre electrical constant 6: 212,
2: 296 213
glycogen and development 4: 327 nervous system development 6: 104,
hormonal control 107– 109, 121, 123
adult behaviour, activation 10: 314, pterines 6: 156
315 synaptic membranes 6: 245, 247, 248
eclosion hormone 10: 302 Antherea pernyi, basal lamina 14: 187
female receptivity 10: 321 transverse tubular system 14: 193
labial gland excretion 8: 209, 210 Antherea polyphemus 19: 98, 156
midgut, oxygen 8: 270 Antherea polyphemus, see Telea polyphemus
ommochromes 10: 154 Anthereae mylitta, potassium
trehalose 4: 295, 296, 306 secretion 3: 184, 185
use of carbohydrate 4: 303 Anthereae pernyi
Antheraea pernyi, acetylcholine 9: 66 potassium secretion 3: 184, 185
Antheraea pernyi, fat body purines 1: protein synthesis 3: 88
151– 153, 155 r.q. in flight 3: 148
Antherix variagata 24: 135 esenine 1: 8, 16, 21 –23, 37

Anthocars cardamines, pterines 6: 148, 156 eserine 5: 24, 25, 42, 55
Anthocyanin, in fat body 1: 162, 163 HETP 1: 8, 24
Anthomyiidae, lipid content 4: 79 hexaethyl tetraphosphate 5: 35
Anthonomis grandis 26: 14; 26: 54; 27: 336 Iso-OMPA 1: 16
fatty acid synthesis 4: 130, 209 malathion 1: 29
lipid content 4: 74, 89, 90, 92 parathion 1: 16, 18, 29
nitrogenous excretion 4: 51 phosphine oxides 5: 36
sterol in diet 4: 209 physostigmine 5: 35
Anthonomus grandis, activity after olfactory TEPP 1: 19, 24, 29, 37
stimulation 11: 18 tetraethyl pyrophosphate 5: 35, 42
Anthonomus grandis, alkenes in 13: 2 TOCP 1: 25
methylalkanes in 13: 7, 11, 12 62.C.47 1: 16
Anthonomus grandis, amino acids 3: 78, 97 Anticorixa, phototaxis rhythm 10: 13
Anthonomus grandis, choline antidiuretic factors (ADFs) 29: 284
metabolism 9: 57 – 59, 61 Antidiuretic factors (ADH), rectal fluid
Anthonomus grandis, circadian rhythms 10: absorption 19: 340, 342, 354,
26, 31, 32 379
Anthonomus grandis, vitamin Antidiuretic hormones 24: 169, 172, 173
requirement 1: 78, 81 antidiuretic hormones see diuretic and
Anthopera sp., trehalase in blood of 1: 118 antidiuretic hormones
Anthophora sp., carbohydrate in larval Antifreeze elements 26: 28, 276
haemolymph 4: 294 Antigens, sex-specific differences 3: 99
Anthranilic acids Antigonadotropin 19: 67 – 69
during metamorphosis 10: 202, 206 Antigonadotropin, corpora allata 19: 69
properties 10: 131, 132 Antigonadotropin, direct action 19: 70
tumour induction 10: 221 Antigonadotropin, pars intercerebralis 19:
Anthrenus spp. glycogen and 70
development 4: 327 Anti-HRP antibody 27: 9
Anthrenus vorax, lipid content 4: 140 Anti-juvenile agents 23: 54
Anthrenus, proteinaceous spheres 11: 351 Anti-Lucifer Yellow antibody 27: 11
Antibacterial proteins 21: 109– 111; 24: 162 Antithrombins, effect on clotting 11: 164
attacins 22: 336– 338 Ant-lion, circadian rhythms 10: 8, 79
bactericidal peptides 22: 332– 336 Antocha bifida, spiracular gills 5: 76, 78,
insect immune system 22: 330, 331 102– 104, 112
lysozyme 22: 331 Antocha spp., spiracular gills 5: 75, 77, 78,
regulation of synthesis 22: 339– 341 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 98 – 100, 102,
Antibodies 103, 105, 107, 108, 113, 114,
absence in insects 11: 170 130– 133
cytophilic, in mammals 11: 175, 176 Antocha vitripennis, spiracular gills 5: 76,
Antibodies to juvenile hormone 87, 88, 93 – 95, 99, 102, 103, 106,
characterization of 18: 372– 375 109, 112, 114, 124, 132
generation of 18: 371, 372 Antp gene, Arthropoda 24: 78, 79
Anticarsia gemmatalis 25: 15 Antromysis juberthiei 27: 55, 77
Anticholinesterases 9: 99, 100 Antrozous p. pallidus 29: 225
and after-discharge 5: 35, 36 Ants 23: 4
and sodium transport 1: 343 aneuretine, trail pheromones 18: 22
DFP 1: 8, 24, 29, 37 antennae, sensilla on 16: 298
di-iso propyl fluorophosphate (DFP) 5: caste development, trophogenic
25, 35, 55 factors 16: 185–188
effect on heart rate 2: 222 caste formation, endocrine
effect on hind-gut 2: 236 in 16: 209– 212
dolichoderine, trail pheromones 18: 14 photoperiodicity 7: 151

ecitonine, trail pheromones 18: 21 resistance to parasites 11: 173
environmental physiology 16: 39 trehalase activity 4: 311, 319, 320
exocrine glands, location 18: 3 Aphid, black bean, feeding 9: 194
formicine Aphid, circadian rhythms
intestinal tract, location 18: 3 morph determination 10: 22
trail pheromones 18: 20, 21 photoperiod measurement 10: 93
myrmicine photoperiodic induction 10: 44, 47
response to artificial trails 18: 15, 16, 17 response to pheromones 10: 11
trail pheromones 18: 14 – 20 Aphid, egg, freezing 6: 27
ponerine, trail pheromones 18: 21 Aphid, feeding
queen pheromone, effect on worker rate of sap intake 5: 241
behaviour 16: 183, 184 starvation 5: 237
social, caste functioning in, dominance Aphid, pea 1: 59, 128
and 16: 198 Aphidae, neurosecretory cells 12: 73,
trail pheromones, see Pheromones, ant trail 84, 92
Ants, colour vision 2: 133 Aphididae, lipid content 4: 78, 91 – 94
Ants, defence 1: 94 Aphididae, saliva
Ants, effect on aphid polymorphism 3: 252, composition 9: 209– 211
253 pectinase 9: 213, 214
Ants, stridulatory organs 13: 320 Aphidius 2: 316
Anuraphis bakeri, choline metabolism 9: 73 Aphidius platensis, and aphid
Anurogryllus 29: 156 polymorphism 3: 260
Anurogryllus arboreus 29: 162 Aphidoidea, saliva 9: 226– 229, 245
Anurogryllus muticus 24: 156 Aphids 19: 169, 286
Aorta, and heart action 2: 220, 224 flagellum, chemoreceptors on 16: 287
Apamin, from bee venom 13: 113 hormones and polymorphism 2: 315, 316
function relationships 13: 114 initiation of feeding in 16: 67
pharmacological activity 13: 114, 115 saliva
structure 13: 113, 114 composition 9: 211, 212, 215, 216
synthesis 13: 114 excretion 9: 245
Apanteles glomeratus phosphatases in metabolites 9: 218– 221
egg 3: 62 methods 9: 185– 187, 189
Aphaenogaster sensilis, caste development, necrosis 9: 249
trophogenic factors 16: 187 oxidases 9: 239, 247
Aphaniptera, ocellus 7: 99 phenolic compounds 9: 249
Aphaniptera, sperm phytopathogenicity 9: 217–225
acrosomal complex 9: 324 stylet-sheath feeding 9: 194– 202, 205,
axoneme 9: 338 246
cell surface 9: 318 virus transmission 9: 242
motility 9: 377, 379 sperm 9: 365
Aphanomyces astaci 21: 108 transport of neurosecretory product 2: 250
Aphanops, pterines 6: 148 Aphids, control of polymorphism in (see
Aphelocheirus Polymorphism)
entry of water 5: 106 Aphids, flight metabolism, polymorphism
oxygen consumption 5: 108 and 13: 207
Aphid Aphids, reproduction 19: 123
fat biosynthesis 7: 316 Aphids, wing polymorphism of 23: 3, 4
feeding regulation 11: 89, 91, 98 Aphiochaeta xanthina, polyteny and
flight muscle metabolism 7: 271 endopolyploidy 7: 6, 7
lipids in eggs of 4: 118 Aphis abbreviata, pectinase, saliva 9: 213
ovariole morphology 11: 229 Aphis brassicae, uricolytic enzymes 4: 50
Aphis cardui, pectinase, saliva 9: 214 Aphis spp., lipid content 4: 78

Aphis cerasi, hormones and wing Aphis, neurosecretory cells 12: 80, 103
dimorphism 3: 258 Aphis, oxygen consumption in flight 3: 321
Aphis chloris, polymorphism Aphis, woolly, saliva
gamic females and day detoxicant function 9: 248
length 3: 221 phytopathogenicity 9: 217
interval timers 3: 266 Aphodius, hardened protein in elytra 2: 202
sex determination 3: 220 Aphoidea, feeding 9: 192
Aphis craccivora, polymorphism Aphrodite, chitin
control of wing dimorphism chitin/protein complexes 1: 297,
crowding 3: 239, 244, 246, 248, 249 300– 303, 307, 309, 310
developmental pathways 3: 255– 257 structure of 1: 262, 270, 273, 274
effect of ants 3: 252 Aphrodite, X-ray diffraction of chaetae
hormones 3: 258, 260, 261, 263– 265 4: 275
nutrition 3: 251 Aphrophora alni, chitin orientation 4: 234
photoperiod 3: 253 Aphrophora alni, salivary glands 9: 232
temperature 3: 253 Aphrophora parallela, choline
interval timers 3: 270 metabolism 9: 73
Aphis fabae 23: 94, 103; 26: 13 Aphrophora spumaria, ocellus 7: 102
Aphis fabae, effect of flight feeding 11: 103 Aphrosylus celtiber, spiracular gills 5: 109,
Aphis fabae, polymorphism 149– 151
control of wing dimorphism Aphrosylus spp, spiracular gills 5: 75, 84,
crowding 3: 247 100, 113, 148– 152
effect of ants 3: 252 Apical borders, rectal pads, chloride
hormones 3: 264 transport 19: 356
host plant 3: 251, 252 Apical entry mechanism, chloride
developmental pathways 3: 271 19: 362
gamic females 3: 221 Apical mechanisms, sodium fluxes
gynoparae 3: 232 19: 382
polymorphic forms 3: 212, 213 Apical membranes, locust rectum 19: 371
Aphis fabae, saliva Apical membranes, rectal pads 19: 376
feeding 9: 194– 196 Apical tissue, sex determination 19: 34
methods 9: 189 Apidae
pectinase 9: 213 differentiation of flight muscle 5:
Aphis fabae, trehalase activity in tissues 220– 222
4: 311 flight reflexes 5: 213, 215
Aphis farinosa, gamic females 3: 237 Apidae, pterines 6: 149
Aphis forbesi, polymorphism Apis 19: 344; 25: 108, 110, 116, 131, 201;
gamic females 3: 221, 236 26: 305, 325, 343
interval timers 3: 266 blood clotting 11: 157, 164
photoperiodic response 3: 208 deutocerebrum, biogenic amine cell
Aphis gossypii, interval timers in localization in 15: 342
polymorphism 3: 268 differentiation centre 12: 131
Aphis palmae, clonal variability 3: 216 embryogenesis 12: 133, 134, 176,
Aphis pomi, fatty acid content 4: 94 185– 187, 203
Aphis pomi, metabolites, saliva 9: 218, 219 gene activity
Aphis rosae, clonal variability 3: 216 epidermal nuclei 11: 328
Aphis saliceti (see Aphis farinosa) haemolymph protein 11: 344
Aphis sambuci, metabolites, saliva 9: 218, larval fat body 11: 350
219 synthesis, adult proteins 11: 370
Aphis sedi, pectinase, saliva 9: 213 neurosecretory cells
Aphis spireacola, pectinase, saliva 9: 213 during life history 12: 97
protocerebral 12: 82 flight

volume 12: 105 differentiation of muscles 5: 219, 220
oocyte-nurse cell syncytium reflexes and direct muscles 5: 204
bridge distribution 11: 244 reflexes and flight initiation 5: 200
cell determination 11: 254 reflexes and indirect muscles 5: 202
end of synchrony 11: 264 reflexes and velocity control5: 206, 207
germinal vesicle function 11: 283 reflexes and vision 5: 199
mitotic synchrony 11: 249, 250 reflexes and yaw control 5: 214
protocerebral bridge, biogenic amine cell flight muscle
localization 15: 338 and fatty acid oxidation 4: 125
scalariform junctions, thin section and lipid hydrolysis 4: 111, 116
appearance 15: 159 hexokinase activity 4: 302, 303
Apis andreniformis 25: 131, 133, 135 hive aeration 5: 187
Apis armbrusteri 25: 133 lipid content 4: 81, 93
Apis cerana 25: 127, 132– 134 metabolic oscillator 4: 252
Apis cerana, phylogenetic relationships 13: monosaccharide utilization 4: 303
111 mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 268
Apis dorsata 25: 127, 132– 135 N-acetyltransferase in, biogenic amine
Apis dorsata, lipid content 4: 81 inactivation and 15: 362
Apis dorsata, phylogenetic relationships optic lobes, biogenic amine cell
13: 111 localization 15: 338
Apis florea 25: 127, 128, 132, 135 scent 4: 169
Apis florea, phylogenetic relationships 13: sugar in haemolymph 4: 294, 295, 298,
111 299
Apis koschevnikovi 25: 131– 133 tritocerebrum, biogenic amine cell
Apis laboriosa 25: 134 localization in 15: 344
Apis mellifera (see also Bees) unpaired median neurons in 28: 190
cholinergic elements in 1: 6, 7, 9 wax production 4: 156
diet 1: 355, 357 Apis mellifera capensis 25: 130
haemolymph 1: 213, 355, 357 Apis mellifera carnica 25: 130, 158
neuromuscular junctions 1: 468, 469, 471, Apis mellifera carnica, melettin in 13: 106
472 Apis mellifera carnica, mushroom bodies,
Apis mellifera 19: 291, 292; 24: 45, 50, 51, function 15: 336
55, 56, 314; 25: 108, 109, 114, 115, Apis mellifera liguistica 25: 115, 120, 138
117, 120, 122, 124, 127– 129, 132, Apis mellifera mellifera 25: 126, 138
133, 135–138, 158, 190, 200, 202, Apis mellifera see honey bee
210, 222, 316; 26: 327; 28: 119 Apis mellifera, alkenes in 13: 2
abdominal scent glands 5: 187 fibrillar muscles 13: 203
absence of glutarate pathway 10: 133 flight fuel 13: 165
antennae, sensilla on 16: 296, 297 flight speed, metabolic rate and 13: 145
antennal cuticle structure 4: 222, 229 hyperglycaemic hormone 13: 101
biogenic amine inactivation in 15: 360 isolation of visual pigments from 13: 39
corpora pedunculata, biogenic amine metabolic rate, mass, wing-loading
distribution in 15: 332 wingbeat frequency and 13: 140
cuticular parabolic lamellae 4: 226 methylalkanes in 13: 8
diuretic and antidiuretic hormones oxygen consumption during flight 13: 142
and 29: 301, 305, 358– 360 oxygen consumption, flight and
dopamine in 29: 98 13: 136
EAAT (apmEAAT) 29: 64, 67, phylogenetic relationships 13: 111
70 power output, control mechanisms 13:
fanning 5: 187, 188 153
feeding rhythms 10: 9 pre-flight warm-up 13: 187, 188
rhodopsin and metarhodopsin 13: 46 adenylate cyclase activity, octopamine

substrate-cycling 13: 195 and 15: 443
wingbeat frequency temperature and 13: catecholamine synthesis in 15: 351
139 neuromuscular junctions, biogenic amines
Apis mellifera, basal lamina 14: 187 and 15: 390
haemolymph, vitellogenin in 14: 60 neuromuscular transmission 5-HT
surface dyads 14: 191 and 15: 384
vitellogenin and vitellin in 14: 53 neurones, acetylcholine receptors 15:
vitellogenin biosynthesis control, juvenile 272, 273, 275
hormone and 14: 71 Aplysia californica
Apis mellifera, breathing in flight 3: 321 action of GABA 22: 67, 68
Apis mellifera, GABA receptors 22: 24 circadian-pacemaker
Apis mellifera, haemolymph 6: 216, 217 structures 22: 280– 286
Apis mellifera, ocellus Aplysia californica, putative acetylcholine
electrical response 7: 153 receptors, pharmacological
flicker fusion frequency 7: 166– 168 profiles 15: 233
sensitivity 7: 165 Aplysia, circadian rhythms in neurons
Apis mellifera, resilin in cuticle 2: 14 4: 262
Apis mellifica Aplysia, visceral ganglion 3: 287, 288, 291,
kynurenine-3-hydroxylase 10: 191 296
ommochromes 10: 158 Apodemes, chitin orientation 4: 220, 233
Apis mellifica, choline metabolism Apodiphus amygdali, abdominal scent
acetyicholine 9: 66 glands, developmental fate 14:
lipids containing choline 9: 75, 77 369
oxidation 9: 89 scent gland functions 14: 362
requirements 9: 92 Apoidea, caste development in 16: 169
Apis mellifica, ocellus Apoidea, flight reflexes 5: 204, 205, 210
as stimulatory organ 7: 137, 138 Apolysis 14: 118; 26: 161
units, thoracic ganglion 7: 178 and tissue isolation in spiracular gills
Apis mellifica, pterines 6: 147, 155, 165, 5: 85 et seq.
173, 176 definition 5: 68 – 71
Apis, antenna 14: 301 Apolysis and ecdysis 11: 322
rhabdomere arrangement 14: 285 Apomorphine, effect on salivary gland
vitellogenin biosynthesis, control 14: 72 stimulation by biogenic
genetic control 14: 86 amines 15: 410
Apis, fat body 1: 125 Apomorphy, Arthropoda 24: 5
Apis, flight speed, metabolic rate and 13: 145 Apoptosis 25: 14, 15
phylogenetic relationships 13: 111, 112 Apoptosis, occurrence 11: 167
Apis, nervous system development 6: 100, Aporia crataegi, ommochromes 10: 156,
113, 118, 121, 120 177
Apis, ocellus Aposynaptic granules 14: 199
dark adaptation 7: 169 Aposynaptic granules, and synaptic
development 7: 102 membrane 6: 209
spectral sensitivity 7: 170 Apotettix eurycephalus, coloration 8: 157
structure 7: 114 Appias drusilla, pterines 6: 149
Apis, ommochromes 10: 144, 161 Appias nero, pterines 6: 149, 156
Apis, vision Apterous mutant 25: 329
eye 3: 2 Apterygota 23: 172; 28: 190
polarized light 3: 19 antennae, sensilla on 16: 275, 276
spacing of photoreceptors 3: 16 arginine-vasopressin-like DH 28: 38
Aplysia 19: 7, 115, 369, 370; 24: 179; chemoreceptor populations, evolution
28: 270 and 16: 331
mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 253 Archilochus colubris, metabolic rate and

Apterygota, germarium morphology 13: 146
11: 229 Archimantis 24: 41
Apterygota, haemolymph, ionic Archips cerasivoranus, lipids containing
composition 14: 200 choline 9: 73
Apterygota, sperm 9: 326–329, 338 Arctia caia, choline metabolism 9: 66, 73,
Apterygote 24: 81 85
Apterygotes, gut formation 19: 192 Arctia caja, cholinergic elements in 1: 5, 6,
Aptynus displosor 26: 319 9, 10, 32
APUD cells 15: 436 Arctia caja, lipid content 4: 74
Apulmonata 24: 73 Arctia villica 1: 6
Aquarius najas, scent substances, water Arctias 27: 18
proofing and 14: 404 Arctias selene, brain activity and diapause
Aquatic insects 2: 272
mechanisms of, osmoregulation 1: Arctiidae, lipid content 4: 74
328– 352 Areneae 24: 72, 73, 76, 326, 327
osmotic and ionic regulation 1: 320– 328 Arenivaga investigata, atmospheric water
Aquatic insects, excretion 4: 42, 51, 57 absorption in 14: 18
Aquatic insects, haemolymph 6: 219 larvae, atmospheric water absorption
Aquatic insects, spiracles 3: 303 in 14: 2
Aquatic invertebrates, eicosanoids 24: 135 water balance in 14: 14
Arabinose water exchange allometry 14: 26
from plasma glycoprotein 4: 341 water exchange variables 14: 22, 24
in Glossina spp. 4: 296 Arenivaga investigata, transpiration,
Arachidonic acid and other PUFAs 24: 116, temperature and 15: 12
117, 118– 129 Arenivaga spp., faecal pellets, weight loss,
insects 24: 128, 129 relative humidity and 14: 11
advances in biochemistry 24: 187, 188, water absorption mechanisms in 14:
196 30 – 33
biosynthesis 24: 136– 147 Arenophilus 24: 58
immunity 24: 165– 168, 166 ARF See Anterior retraction factor
neurophysiology 24: 179 Arge pectoralis, lipids choline 9: 73
occurrence in insect lipids 24: 131– 136 Argia vivida 25: 171
oxygenation 24: 129– 131 Arginase
peptide hormone 24: 223 in fat body extracts 4: 42
reproduction 24: 149– 153, 160, 161 in ornithine synthesis 4: 42
secretion rate 24: 171– 174 in urea synthesis 4: 42, 57
thermobiology 24: 176 Arginine
mammals 24: 119, 121– 127 effect of arginase 4: 42
Arachnida 24: 12, 14, 52, 72, 73, 80; 25: 316, excretion 4: 35, 53
317 in ornithine cycle 4: 42
cuticle structure 4: 227 in urea synthesis 4: 42, 57
fatty acids in 4: 92 in uric acid synthesis 4: 40
suboesophageal ganglion 24: 73, 74 saliva, aphids 9: 218
supraoesophageal ganglion 24: 74 – 76, sperm 9: 331, 335
75, 76 use as phosphagen 4: 57
Arachnida, resilin in cuticle 2: 13, 14 Arginine vasopressin-like insect diuretic
Arachnida, septate junction in 15: 65 hormone (AVP-IDH)29: 294– 296,
Araschnia laevana, ommochromes 10: 155 326, 351, 352, 368
Araschnia levana, pupa, frost Arginine vasotocin 19: 355; 24: 161
resistance 6: 28 Arginine, and Malpighian tubules 8: 279, 280
Archeognatha 27: 13 Arginine, in resilin 2: 34
Argiotoxin 24: 636, 324, 326, 327– 329 microvilli composition 20: 5– 8
Argynnis paphia, ommochromes cystoskeletal proteins 20: 5 – 7
as pattern pigments 10: 170 membrane proteins 20: 5
biosynthesis 10: 195 proteases 20: 8
in meconia 10: 177 transductive systems 20: 7, 8
localization 10: 155 Arthropod, resilin in cuticle 2: 1 – 62
Argyrotaenia velutinana, choline in Arthropoda 24: 161
development 9: 57 see also Chelicerata, Homology,
Argyrotaenia velutinana, fatty acids in Mandibulata
diet 4: 145 Arthropodin 1: 282, 303, 304
Arista, sound reception by 10: 291 chemical and mechanical properties
Armadillidium vulgare 29: 317 4: 217
Army worm, phagocytic capacity 11: 186 chitin complex 4: 219, 269, 271, 272
Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase fibre birefringence 4: 266
(AADC) 29: 59 Arthropodin, cuticular protein 2: 96, 97
Aromatic amino acid decarboxylases 15: 352 Arthropods 19: 13, 23; 23: 174
Aromatic compounds, juvenile desmosomes in 15: 80, 81
hormones 24: 254 gap junctions, vertebrate and 15: 98
Aromatic hexamerin 26: 89 spot desmosomes, thin section
Arousal response, postulated and appearance 15: 77
octopamine/neuropeptides tight junctions in 15: 132– 138
23: 86, 87 Arthropods, atmospheric water absorption
Arousal response, postulated and stress/ in 14: 1 – 48
flight/insecticide/feeding Artogeia rapae 25: 20
23: 88, 89 Arylesterase 26: 197
Arousal syndrome 23: 81 – 106 Aryl – histidine adducts 21: 198– 201
extended 23: 85 – 99 Aryl – lysine crosslinks 21: 194– 196
ions 23: 98, 99 Arylphorin 24: 235– 237, 236, 238, 239,
metabolic substrates 23: 92, 93 244; 27: 233, 303
nerve and muscle effects 23: 90 – 92 Arylphorins 22: 304–308; 26: 26
water 23: 94 – 98 deprivation 22: 314, 315
Arousal, DUM neurones and 15: 393 AS-C 25: 88 – 90
Arrhenotoky 23: 119 Ascalaphidae, pterines 6: 148
Artefacts Ascalaphus macaronius, rhodopsin and
in haemolymph lipoprotein metarhodopsin 13: 46
preparation 17: 172 ultraviolet sensitive visual pigment 13: 50
Artemia salina 24: 83 visual pigment 13: 44, 45
chitin synthesis 4: 344 Ascalaphus, metarhodopsin 13: 49
trehalose in 4: 324, 325 opsin, molecular weight 13: 47
Artemia salina, haemolymph 1: 323, 324 retinous, phospholipids 13: 61
Arthopoda, vision rhodopsin 13: 62
excitatory and inhibitory chromophore 13: 48
systems 3: 39 – 42 visual sensitivity and 13: 58
form vision 3: 42 – 45 ultraviolet sensitive rhodopsin 13: 54
in Limulus 3: 38, 39 Ascaris
light compass response 3: 43 carbohydrate synthesis 4: 329
mechanism of vision 3: 38 –45 trehalose in 4: 291, 324
of movement 3: 42 Ascaris lumbricoides (worm) 21: 189
Arthrodial membranes, chitin orientation Ascaris see Nematodes
4: 223, 227 Ascending auditory neurons 13: 302– 314
Arthropod photoreceptors Ascending neurones 24: 36, 37, 41, 44, 45,
differentiation of function 20: 3 – 5 55
Aschersonia aleyrodis 26: 208 ATP, conversion to cyclic AMP 9: 14

Aschiza, polytene chromosomes 7: 7 ATPase
Ascogregarina clarki 28: 54 snake venom 9: 204
Ascogregarina taiwanessis 28: 54 sperm 9: 336, 343, 345, 346, 349,
Atelocerata 28: 242 363– 367, 371, 375, 377, 379
auditory system, plasticity in ATPase (Adenosine), gut 24: 284, 292, 294,
insects 28: 92, 93 295
Ascorbic acid ATPase, myofibrillar, flight muscle 7: 272,
as a phagostimulant 1: 54 273
in fat body metabolism 1: 124 ATPase/pyrethroid interactions 20: 192– 195
nutritional role 1: 61, 69, 80, 81 and calcium ion uptake 20: 194
physiological significance 1: 81 – 83 binding sites 20: 194
Ascorbic acid, effect on blood ATPases, chloride transport, hindgut 19: 368
clotting 11: 165 Atrachya menetriesi 12: 133, 160, 182– 184,
Ascorbic acid, enzymic oxidation of 2: 187 201, 206, 221
Asense 25: 88 Atractamorpha, coloration 8: 185
Asilidae 26: 319 Atrial natriuetic factor 19: 355
Asopinae, feeding 9: 192 Atrial natriuretic peptide 29: 5
Asparagine, saliva 9: 216, 218 Atropine 1: 30, 37, 218; 29: 121
Aspartate 24: 285, 331– 333 binding to Musca domestica head
central nervous system 24: 311, 312 extracts 15: 222, 225
skeletal muscle 24: 323, 324, 330 effect on dorsal unpaired median
Aspartate, in haemocytes 11: 200 neurones 15: 265
Aspartate, role in purine synthesis 4: 40, 41 on Periplaneta motoneurone D5 15:
Aspartic acid, effect on muscle excitatory 265
response 4: 12 on sixth abdominal ganglion of
Aspartic acid, in calliphorin 11: 347 Periplaneta 15: 259
Aspartic acid, in resilin 2: 34, 52 inhibition of a-bungarotoxin binding
Aspartic acid, saliva 9: 216, 218, 221 by 15: 229
Aspergillus cyanea, methylalkanes in 13: 7 nicotinic receptor antagonist 15: 216
Aspergillus nidulans, methylalkanes in 13: 7 synaptic transmission and 15: 252
Aspergillus variabilis, methylalkanes in 13: Atropine and synaptic transmission5: 25, 26
7 Atropine, effect on heart rate 2: 221, 223
Aspirin 24: 150, 157, 176, 183 Atropos pulsatorium, sperm 9: 369, 370
Astacus astacus, cuticle structure 4: 227 Atta cephalotes isthmicola, trimethylalkanes
Astacus astacus, serotonin in 29: 92 in 13: 16
Astacus fluviatalis Atta colombica, trimethylalkanes in 13: 16
(see also Crayfish) Atta sexdens, caste formation, endocrine
resilin in cuticle 2: 13, 14 in 16: 210, 211
Astarta, ocellus development 7: 102 Atta sexdens, ommochrome distribution 10:
Astaxanthine, and grasshopper 158
coloration 8: 184 Atta sexdens, trimethylalkanes in 13: 16
Asura conferta, lipid content 4: 75 Atta, sound
Athalia rosae 26: 14, 88 radiation of 10: 262, 263
Atmospheric water absorption, arthropod through earth 10: 254, 263
rectum and 14: 10 Attachment (cap) cell 27: 3
kinetics 14: 11 – 26 Attacins 22: 336–338; 24: 162
ATP (see Adenosine triphosphate) Attacus 26: 302, 303, 309– 313, 325,
ATP 329– 331, 335– 337
and luminescence 6: 60, 61, 78, 79 Attacus atlas 26: 302, 309, 311, 313, 328,
and membrane potential 6: 225 333
ATP in flight muscle 13: 16 Attacus lorquinii 26: 302
Attacus ricini, amino acids 3: 70, 78 Austriocetes, coloration 8: 176

Attacus spp., lipid content 4: 77 Autodesmosomes in flagellates 15: 82
Attagenus piceus Autographa californica 25: 3– 5
nitrogenous excretion 4: 50, 51 Autographa californica 26: 187
sterol utilization 4: 162 Automeris io, feeding
Attagenus piceus, amino acids 3: 77 starch as marker 5: 245
Attagenus spp., choline in development 9: 56 starch digestion 5: 277
Atteva fabricella 19: 225 water loss from faeces 5: 242
Atyaephyra desmarestii 27: 77 Automeris io, lipid content 4: 77
Auchenorrhyncha Automeris io, potassium regulation 3: 184
saliva
composition 9: 209, 216 Automeris memusae, eclosure, behaviour
switching and 15: 518
glands 9: 225, 233, 234
Automeris, eclosion, behavioural switching
pectinase 9: 213, 214
and 15: 519
sperm 9: 365
Automeris, neurone 1: 431
Auditory interneurons 29: 194– 206
Autoneurotoxin 23: 101
ascending 29: 201– 203
Autonomic ganglia
in grasshoppers 29: 205, 206
avian, acetylcholine receptors 15: 276
in the mole cricket 29: 203– 205
mammalian, acetylcholine receptors 15:
omega neuron 29: 197– 201 276
T-cell 29: 194– 197 Autonomic nervous system 2: 240– 242
Auditory mechanism, evolution 13: 338 Autonomous rhythmicity, individual
Auditory neurons, information processing cells 10: 92, 95
by 13: 296– 316 Autoradiographic localization, binding
Auditory organs, Arthropoda 24: 30, 31, 33, sites 15: 240
36 Autoradiography
Auditory receptor organs in the in lipid metabolism studies 4: 156
tibia 29: 182–185 of Calpodes cuticle 4: 263– 265
Aulacaspis tetalensis, feeding 9: 198, 199 of resilin lamellae 4: 234
Aulacophora fumolaris, lipid content Autoregulation in nenrosecretory
4: 74 cells 17: 261, 262
Aulacophora, protocerebral neurosecretory Autotanning 17: 51, 57, 58
cells 12: 83 Auximon 15: 552
Aulacorthum circumflexum, gamic females Avena, cellulose reorientation 4: 266
and anholocycly 3: 237 Avermectins 22: 74 – 77
Aulacorthum solani, polymorphism structure 22: 66
polymorphic forms 3: 211 Avipenser transmontanus 27: 336
wing dimorphism 3: 254 Axo-glial junctions
Aulacorthum solani, saliva 9: 213, 249 smooth septate-like junctions 15: 155
Aulacorthum, resistance to parasites 11: 173 tight junction-like appositions 15:
Aulacosternum nigrorubrum, metathoracic 152– 155
scent glands, morphology 14: 374 Axon
scent glands secretion components 14: development 6: 102, 105, 116, 118
398 excitatory, and membrane potential
Auloserpusia, coloration 8: 151 6: 232
Austracris 25: 159 regeneration 6: 125, 127
Austracris guttulosa 25: 159 Axonal regrowth 21: 44, 46, 48
Austracris guttulosa, cuticular lipids, Axoneme, sperm 9: 336– 353, 374– 380
differential thermal analysis 15: 28 and motility 9: 374– 380
Australian locust (see Chortoicetes) axonemal matrix 9: 352, 353
Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes central sheath 9: 349
terminifera) 23: 6, 9 coarse fibres 9: 350– 352
links heads 9: 349, 350 Bacillus subtilis 26: 277

microtubules 9: 338– 349 Bacillus subtilis, alkane biosynthesis 13: 18
Axons Bacillus thuringiensis 19: 197, 220, 240;
acetylcholine activity 1: 24, 25 25: 18; 26: 218, 257, 277
effect of extracellular system 1: 462, 463 Bacillus thuringiensis var
giant 21: 38 israelensis 19: 220, 221
pathways and neuronal growth 20: 110, Bacillus thuringiensis var
111 kurstaki 19: 240– 242
potassium current, allethrin Bacillus thuringiensis,
modification 20: 180 endotoxin 24: 275– 277, 298, 299
properties of classification of 24: 277, 278
after-potentials 1: 203– 210, 231– 236, insect gut 24: 282
240– 243, 463, 465, 466 Coleoptera 24: 284, 285
effect of insecticides 1: 230– 244 Diptera 24: 284
ionic composition of haemolymph 1: Lepidoptera 24: 282– 284, 283
211– 219 mechanism of action 24: 285, 286, 286
ionic fluxes and metabolism 1: activation 24: 287, 288
219– 230, 457 cell lysis 24: 291– 294
membrane potential and electrical peritrophic membrane 24: 288
excitability 1: 179– 210 pore formation 24: 291
regeneration of motor 21: 73 receptors 24: 288–290
relationships with glial cell sheaths 1: 464 solubility 24: 286, 287
structure and organization 1: 176– 179 models for the mechanism of pore
Axons, growth from retina to lamina 14: formation 24: 294– 296, 295,
296– 298 297
Axons, septate junctions in 15: 63 ‘penknife model’ 24: 296– 298, 297
Axotomy 21: 39, 54 umbrella model 24: 297, 298
secondary effects 21: 41 structure
Azide, effect on blood clotting 11: 164 Cry toxins 24: 279, 280, 280, 281
Azide, sodium, circadian response to 10: 26 Cyt toxins 24: 280– 282
Azinphosmethyl, circadian response to 10: use of 24: 278, 279
27, 28 Bacillus, protocerebral neurosecretory
cells 12: 78
b 1-4 linkage, of chitin 4: 215, 217 Baclofen, IC50 values 22: 25
B chromosomes 23: 30 (R)-Baclofen, structure 22: 6
B vitamins in development 9: 58 Bacteria 19: 208
b,b-dimethylacrylcholine, in defence and haemocyte phenol
phenomena of Lepidoptera 1: 9, metabolism 11: 191
10, 32 Enterobacter 11: 191
Bacillus Serratia 11: 191
cereus 21: 109 macromolecular orientation 4: 214
thuringiensis 21: 92, 100, 124 microfibril diameter 4: 214
Bacillus rossii, neurosecretory cells 2: 252 resistance to, role of
Bacillus rossius, sperm haemocytes 11: 170– 172,
absence of mitochondria 9: 360 184– 187
accessory flagellar bodies 9: 366, 368 Aerobacter cloacae 11: 172
acrosomal complex 9: 327 Bacillus cereus 11: 185
axoneme 9: 345, 346, 352 Bacillus thuringiensis 11: 186
cell surface 9: 323 E. coli 11: 172
centriole region 9: 335 Gram-positive and Gram-
motility 9: 377, 368, 381 negative 11: 172
nucleus 9: 330, 331 Micrococcus lysodeikticus 11: 172
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 11: 171 b-Alanine, biogenic amine conjugation by

Shigella 11: 171 sulphates in 15: 363
Staphylococcus 11: 187 b-Alanine, IC50 values 22: 25
Bacteria, alkenes in 13: 3 Balaninus elephas, lipid content 4: 74
dimethylalkenes in 13: 4 Balanus balanoides 24: 161
Bacteria, and cyclic, AMP 9: 12 Balanus nubilis 29: 122
Bacterial infection 24: 162, 163 Balanus nubilus, myoplasm, ionic
Bactericidal peptides 22: 332– 336 composition 14: 205
Baculoviridae 25: 15 b-alanyldopamine 26: 162
classification 25: 4 b-Alanyl-L -tyrosine, Sarcophaga 11: 349,
Baculovirion 26: 218, 219, 278, 280, 281 371
Baculovirus 23: 54, 55; 24: 246, 249 b-Alanyltyrosine. See Sarcophagine
Baculoviruses 25: 2 – 29 Balbiani rings 7: 23, 94
assessing safety of genetically modified and ecdysone 7: 35
insecticides 25: 20, 21 and juvenile hormone 7: 47
biological control of insect pests 25: and RNA synthesis 7: 13 – 16
15 – 22 and RNA transport 7: 17
cell lines 25: 29 and salivary gland function 7: 64, 65, 68
classification 25: 3 – 5 during development 7: 27, 29, 30
early gene expression 25: 9, 10 in different tissues 7: 31
expression of foreign genes in insect nurse cells 7: 55
expression vectors 25: 22 – 29 Balboa tibialis 29: 239
future experiments 25: 22 Baldoria, pterines 6: 148
gene promoters 25: 11 – 13 ‘bands’ 23: 31
genetic modification of BAPTA-AM 28: 44
insecticides 25: 16 – 19 Barathra brassicae 1: 5; 25: 7, 8
host range 25: 2, 3 Barbistes fischeri, coloration 8: 153
immediate-early (IE) genes 25: 9 Barbitistes 29: 212
insect cell lines 25: 28 Barbitistes serricauda 29: 225
insecticide improvement Barbiturates, structure 22: 5
techniques 25: 19, 20 Barium 24: 293
isolation 25: 2, 3 Barium ions, effect on muscle fibre resting
late genes 25: 10, 11 potential 4: 6
multiple expression vectors 25: 25 Barium, and stimulation by ADH 9: 40
non-occluded 25: 4 Bark beetles 26: 46
past field release experiments Barnacle 24: 161
25: 21, 22 Barrier functions, tight junctions and 15:
post-translational processing in insect 142– 144
cells 25: 27, 28 Barytettix psolus (Mexican
replication in vitro 25: 9 grasshopper) 24: 35
replication in vivo 25: 5, 6 Basal lamina, morphology 14: 186,
selection of recombinant 25: 26, 27 187, 188
structure 25: 3 – 5 Basal lamina, tracheoles and 17: 87, 135
transmission between hosts 25: 6 – 8
very late genes 25: 11 Basalar muscle, peripheral inhibition of
vs. chemical insecticides 25: 16 postsynaptic potentials 4: 18
Bacunculidae, lipid content 4: 79 Basement membrane 21: 139– 143
b-adrenergetic agents, and cyclic haemocyte involvement 21: 141– 143
AMP 9: 35 role in defence reactions 11: 176, 183
Baffle, use in sound emission 10: 264– 267 role of haemocytes in formation
Bafilomycin 28: 20 of 11: 194, 196, 197
b-Alanine in puparium 11: 349 structure 21: 139–141
Basement membrane, see Basal lamina flight, tracheal modifications 3: 338, 340
Basic aerodymics see aerodynamics, basic foraging 7: 354
Basiphilia, perinuclear, and frost resistance 6: 34, 35
regeneration 6: 126 kynurenine-3-hydroxylase 10: 193
Basking, thermal physiology and 16: 24, 25 ocellus 7: 132, 135, 139, 140, 149– 151,
Basolateral exit mechanism, 189
chloride 19: 367 sensory hair fields 2: 17
Basolateral membrane mechanisms, chloride sex attractant 4: 180
transport 19: 356 solitary (see Ceratina)
Basolateral membrane mechanisms, sodium synaptic membranes 6: 252, 262
fluxes 19: 382 trehalose in diet 4: 319
Basolateral membranes, locust vision
rectum 19: 371 and corpora pedunculata 3: 45
Batella bermanica 19: 172 diffraction images 3: 15
Bathus occitanus 24: 175 of form 3: 8, 42
Bauplan, Arthropoda 24: 5, 12, 13, 79, 80 polarized light 3: 10
Chelicerata 24: 71, 74 Bee larvae, fatty acids in 4: 92, 93
Crustacea 24: 68 Bee venom, peptides 13: 106–116
Insecta 24: 18, 24, 54, 55 Bee, bumble-
b-carotene 23: 20 brain, electrical activity 7: 375
b-carotene, in dermal light sense 4: 255 carbohydrate, and flight 7: 322
b-Carotene, role in entrainment 10: 47, 49 Bee, honey-
Bean bug cyanoprotein 26: 26 brain 6: 100
Beauveria bassiana 26: 207, 208
carbohydrate, and flight 7: 322
b-Ecdysone E, gap junction permeability
glycolysis 7: 309
and 15: 107
Mendelian laws, behaviour 7: 352
Bee
nervous system development 6: 113, 114,
acetylcholine 5: 7
118, 122
behaviour and lipid content 4: 186
ocellus 7: 149–151, 157, 158, 170, 171
brain 4: 138
circadian rhythms 10: 15, 25 pterines 6: 159, 175, 178
colour vision 2: 131, 160– 163, 164 Bee, honey
compared with man 2: 134, 137, embryonic cells, locomotion 11: 153
161– 163 feeding rhythm 10: 9
flight haemocyte shape 11: 121
aerodynamics 5: 198, 291 ommochromes
and sound 5: 326– 328, 330 as screening pigments 10: 168, 169
and temperature 5: 318, 321 deposition 10: 162
differentiation of flight muscle 5: 222, 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 129, 130
223 Bee, honey, neurosecretory cells 12: 86
motor control 5: 314 Bees (see also Apis), cholinergic system
reflexes and accessory indirect of 1: 3, 9, 10, 31, 34
muscles 5: 205 Bees 19: 121, 205; 23: 4, 130; 26: 54, 55
reflexes and flight initiation and see also bumble bees; honey bees
termination 5: 200 see also honeybee
reflexes and notal wing articulation ocellar tract of 25: 193
5: 211 spiking and non-spiking
reflexes and velocity control L-neurones 25: 220– 222
5: 206– 208 Bees wax, dielectric constant 15: 27
reflexes and yaw control 5: 217 Bees, environmental physiology 16: 39
flight muscle metabolism 7: 269, 272, Bees, flight performance of, and
296, 315 temperature 20: 134
see also Bumblebees; Carpenter bees; Beetles, endothermy in 20: 135, 136
Euglossine bees; Honey bees Beetles, environmental physiology 16: 32
Beeswax, methylalkanes in 13: 11 Begging, caste development and 16: 187,
Beetle 188
brain neurosecretory cells 12: 93 Behaviour
circadian rhythms and lipid content
daily growth layers 10: 21 feeding 4: 185
endocrine cells 10: 34 mating 4: 86, 169, 186
in ERG 10: 91 worker bee 4: 186
insecticide susceptibility 10: 27 cellular mechanisms 7: 349–444
temperature effects 10: 73 anatomy 7: 356– 361
contractile protein 7: 272 courtship 7: 417– 420
dehydration 5: 96 flight 7: 408– 412, 467
embryogenesis, body pattern habituation 7: 389– 392
cytological aspects 12: 20, 22, 23 locomotion 7: 403– 408, 465– 470
longitudinal body pattern 12: 155, 160, memory and “learning” 7: 392– 398
172– 184, 190, 203 models, neural activity 7: 420–425
transverse body pattern 12: 209– 211, motor neurons, physiology 7: 361– 375
215 neuropil, electrical activity 7: 375– 387
flight respiration 7: 401– 403
aerodynamics 5: 292 song, crickets 7: 412– 417
and sound 5: 330 in ecdysis, integration of physiology
nervous control 5: 314 and 15: 475– 595
reflexes and accessory indirect physiology and 15: 530– 569
muscles 5: 202 role of ocellus 7: 132– 152
reflexes and direct muscles 5: 204 as stimulatory organ 7: 133– 141
reflexes and flight initiation and light intensity 7: 148– 152
termination 5: 200 phototactic orientation 7: 141– 147
ocellus 7: 99 polarized light 7: 147, 148
oviposition behaviour 10: 328 thermal physiology and 16: 23 –26
sound emission 10: 265 water balance and 16: 31, 32
spiracular gills (see Spiracular gills) Behaviour and activity 23: 31 – 37
Beetle, Blister, defence 1: 94 adults 23: 33 – 37
Beetle, carabid, locomotor rhythms 10: 338 hoppers 23: 31 – 33
Beetle, Colorado, endogenous factors in Behaviour, and coloration, in locusts
feeding 1: 54, 57 1: 87 – 89
Beetle, Colorado, migratory behaviour 10: Behaviour, feeding, in grasshoppers and
336 locusts 1: 49 – 56
Beetle, Colorado, mitotic waves 12: 222 Behaviour, feeding; regulatory changes, see
Beetle, dung, orientation rhythm 10: 13 Feeding
Beetle, Passalid, frost resistance 6: 34 Behaviour, in colour discrimination 2: 131,
Beetle, scarab, migratory behaviour 139– 141, 160– 163, 166
10: 337 Behaviour, see Hormonal control
Beetle, synaptic membranes 6: 252 Behavioural
Beetle, uric acid 8: 204 canalization and heritability 23: 160
Beetle, water 8-hydroxy-quinaldic acid 10: dominance 23: 149, 152
131 colony-level integration of
Beetles 24: 40, 45 feedback loops, negative 23: 147, 148
Beetles, chitin orientation in cuticle individual behaviour 23: 146– 148
4: 220– "222, 226, 232 interactions 23: 148
Beetles, dytiscid 11: 250, 274, 276, 284, modification 23: 156
296– 297 modularity 23: 157– 160
response thresholds 23: 148 Benzoquinonium

variability 23: 143– 145 circle-giant-interneurone synaptic
co- and cross-fostered cohorts 23: 139, interneurone synaptic transmission
140 and 15: 253
members of different subfamilies 23: transmission and 15: 253
137– 139 Benzoyl arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) 26: 195
within subfamily 23: 143, 144 Benzoyl arginine p-nitroanilide
Behavioural circadian rhythms (BAPNA) 26: 195
changes in responsiveness 10: 12 – 15 Benzoyltyrosine ethyl ester [BTEE] 26: 195
control by oscillator 10: 54 – 71 Benzoyltyrosine p-nitroanilide
brain hormones 10: 57 – 60 [BTPNA] 26: 195
cardiaca-allata complex 10: 57 Berkeley Drosophila Genome
optic lobes 10: 61 – 63 Project 29: 116, 307
other arthropods 10: 66 – 71 Bernoulli’s equation 23: 181
suboesophageal ganglion 10: 55 – 57 Betaine, and choline metabolism 9: 52 – 55,
ventral nerve cord 10: 60, 61 59, 63, 89
feeding rhythms 10: 8, 9 Beta-scholerotization 21: 205– 217
locomotor activity 10: 6 –8 and alpha 21: 206– 209
sexual rhythms 10: 9 – 12 and mechanisms 21: 207
Behavioural fevers 24: 174, 175 quinone methide 21: 209– 217
Behavioural responses, scent substances Betulus alba, effect on Lasiocampa
and 14: 405
excretion 4: 55
‘being touched’ 23: 31, 32
b-Flupenthixol, adenylate cyclase activity
Belostoma, neurosecretory cells
and 15: 441
protocerebral 12: 80
b-galactosidase, salivary gland 7: 62
volume 12: 105
b-glucosidase 26: 36; 27: 312
Belostomatid bugs, flight
aerodynamics 5: 291
b-Glucosidase in cuticle synthesis and
muscle 5: 220 degradation 14: 128
nervous control 5: 314 b-glucosides 26: 36
reflexes 5: 204 b-glucuronidase 26: 198
Belostomatidae b-Glucuronidase, and haemocyte
chitin orientation 4: 221, 231 phagocytosis 11: 184aBgt 3.1,
cuticular structure 4: 229, 231, 232 receptor actions 15: 288
Belostomatidae, protocerebral aBgt 3.2, receptor actions 15: 288
neurosecretory cells 12: 80 aBgt 3.3, receptor actions 15: 288
Belostomatidae-Lethocerinae, metathoracic aBgt 3.4, receptor actions 15: 288
scent gland morphology 14: 372, g-BHC, glutathione S-aryltransferase
373 conjugation with 13: 83 – 85
Belt desmosome See Zonula adhaerens b-hydroxy dihydrocaffeiyl methyl
Bembix, behaviour 7: 350 amide 27: 271
Benzethonium chloride (Bztc) nonpeptide Bibio hortulanus, Malpighian tubules
agonist 28: 316, 317 7: 2
Benzilylcholine mustard in cholinergic Bibionidae 25: 154
receptor studies 15: 220 Bibionidae, polytene chromosomes
Benzodiazepine binding sites, GABA 7: 7
receptors 22: 9, 10 Biblio marcia
Benzodiazepines nitrogenous excretion 4: 52, 54
and deltamethrin 20: 187 uricolytic enzymes 4: 54
and GABA receptor/chloride channel Bicarbonates, active transport across the
binding sites 20: 187 pharate pupal integument 14:
and pirotoxinin potency 20: 187 150– 154
Hyalophora cecropia, decay profile control experiments 24: 190– 194,

and 14: 144 191– 193, 195
in insect haemolymph 14: 201 fat body preparation 24: 194– 197
Manduca sexta decay profile and 14: 149 molecular biology 24: 197
Bicuculline methiodide phospholipase A2 activity 24: 187, 188
effect on influx of 36Cl2, nerve cord tobacco hornworm tissues 24: 188– 190,
microsacs 22: 36 189
IC50, values 22: 25 Biochromes 23: 15
Bicuculline methochloride, structure Biocytin 27: 9
22: 5 Biogenesis
Bicuculline, structure 22: 6 CoQ 4: 166, 167
Big brain 25: 84 sterol 4: 161, 164– 167, 176, 209
3,4-(Bihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid 27: 309 Biogenic amines 12: 247
Bilaterally projecting neurons see also Dopa decarboxylase: Dopamine;
(BPNs) 28: 211, 215 Octopamine; Serotonin; Tyrosine
Bile pigments 23: 15 hydroxylase
Bile pigments, and grasshopper coloration application to insect heart
8: 171, 176, 177, 183, 186, 188 preparations 15: 418– 420
Biliproteins 22: 358– 362 to salivary glands 15: 408– 412
Biliverdin 26: 26, 27 catecholamines 22: 166–171
Biliverdin binding protein (BBP) 26: 198, cellular localization 15: 330– 346
199 development of dopamine-I and serotonin-
Biliverdin, and grasshopper coloration containing neurons 22: 174–178
8: 171, 175, 184, 187, 188 distribution in cardiac regulatory
mesobiliverdin 8: 184 in insect nervous system 15: 320– 349
Biliverdin, in colour changes 10: 174– 176 system 15: 417, 418
Bilobella massoudi, polytene firefly light organs and 15: 394– 402
chromosomes 7: 9 fluorescence-based assays of
Bimodal entrained rhythms 10: 6, 7 distribution 15: 321– 325
Binding proteins, juvenile functional aspects 22: 178– 183
hormones 24: 246, 247 functional role 15: 364, 365
Binding sites, autoradiographic in neurohaemal organs 15: 433– 436
localization 15: 240– 243 heart and 15: 414– 420
Binding studies in control of gut muscles 15: 420– 426
central nervous system acetylcholine in nervous system 15: 317– 473
receptors 15: 216 inactivation 15: 356–365
radiolabelled-ligand, acetylcholine indolamines 22: 171– 174
receptors 15: 218 metabolism 15: 349– 365
b-indolyl acetic acid (IAA), in saliva 9: 216, metabolism 22: 158– 160
217 neurohaemal organs and 15: 426– 436
Binomial probability density function 23: radioenzymatic assays 15: 326
122 salivary glands nerve stimulation and 15:
Bioallethrin and crayfish stretch receptor 406– 412
20: 163 subcellular location 15: 346– 349
Bioassay 24: 181 synthesis 15: 350– 356
Bioassay, for ecdysones 12: 33 – 35, 54 synthesis, genetics and molecular
Biochemical circadian rhythms 10: 29 – 34 biology 22: 160– 166
Biochemistry 23: 28 – 30 Biological clock mechanisms, in chitin
Biochemistry of luminescence 6: 59 – 61 orientation 4: 239
Biochemistry, eicosanoids 24: 186, 187 Biological control 26: 266, 280– 282
control experiments 24: 190– 194, Biological control of insect pests
191– 193 25: 15 – 22
Biological control see Bacillus thuringiensis of chitin 4: 220, 221, 235, 236
Biological rhythms of constant-day cuticle 4: 238, 239
see also Drosophila melanogaster, of drawn fibres 4: 266
biological rhythms of exocuticle 4: 235
insects in general 22: 222– 224 of lobster cuticle 4: 221
Biology, molecular 23: 28– 30 study in locust cuticle 4: 235, 236
Biopterin, biosynthetic pathway 16: 140 Bisabolol 26: 54
Bioresmethin and neurosecretory cells 20: Biston cetularia, ommochrome
160 distribution 10: 156
Biosynthesis Biston petularia 25: 45
ammonia 4: 35, 38, 39, 42, 43, 57 Bithorax mutants, clones, projections 14:
chitin 4: 261, 262, 343, 344 312
CoQ 4: 166, 167 compartment in neural development 14:
ecdysone 4: 179, 186 256
fatty acid 4: 127– 134, 144, 146– 148 neural development in 14: 309– 313
glucose 4: 301, 302, 321 projections 14: 311, 312
isoprenoid compounds 4: 161– 169 Biting factor, in silkworm diet 4: 160
lipid (see Lipid biosynthesis) Biting insects, initiation of ingestion
PL 4: 134– 137, 139– 144 16: 61 – 64
TGL 4: 134– 137, 148 Bitumen, trimethylalkanes in 13: 17
trehalose 4: 298, 304–309, 321 Bituminous shales, dimethylalkanes in 13: 16
urea 4: 39, 41, 42, 49, 57 Bivalves 24: 161, 169
uric acid 4: 36, 37, 40, 41, 47, 57 Bivalves, septate junctions in 15: 43
Biosynthesis of pterines 6: 177– 185 Blabera craniifer, abdominal ganglion and
Biosynthesis, alkanes 13: 17 – 21 temperature 5: 30
Biosynthesis, chitin 21: 183 Blabera craniifer, regeneration of
Biosynthesis, proctolin 19: 25 antenna 6: 129
Biosynthesis, PUFAs 24: 136, 183, 184 Blaberus 19: 63; 21: 89, 184; 26: 28; 29: 96
biosynthesis of C20 PUFAs 24: 140, 142, cranijfer 21: 102, 107
143, 144– 147 dopamine in 29: 101, 104
denovobiosynthesis 24:139,140,141,142 fat body purines 1: 155
Lepidopterans 24: 136, 137, 138 giganteus 21: 133
mosquitos 24: 137 glial cells 1: 425, 426
Biotechnology 24: 279 hardening of cuticle 2: 201
Biphasic response, glutamate neurosecretory material 2: 305
receptors 24: 312, 325, 332 ocellus 7: 114, 171
Bipolar midgut formation 19: 194 B. craniifer 7: 108, 153– 157
Bipolar midguts 19: 195 octopamine in 29: 109
Bipolar neurones 24: 59 trehalase 7: 299– 303
Biprorulus bibax, metathoracic accessory Blaberus cranifer effect of CA on
gland 14: 396 respiration 12: 299
Birds Blaberus craniifer 19: 59, 91, 94; 26: 9
enemy learning by 20: 56 cardiac nerve cords, biogenic amines
ornithine cycle 4: 42 in 15: 418
pigeons, conditioning of 20: 57, 58 corpora cardiaca, biogenic amines in 15:
uric acid synthesis 4: 40 427
Birds, metabolic rate during flight 13: 137 desmosomes in, occurrence 15: 80
Birefringence heart, response to biogenic amines 15: 419
artificial increase 4: 266 putative aminergic neurones, vesicle
experimental control 4: 235 characteristics 15: 348
in experimental cuticle 4: 259 Blaberus craniifer, alkanes in, function
of cellulose 4: 220 13: 24
biological activity of alkanes and alkenes BLAST analysis of Drosophila

in 13: 23 genome 29: 3, 8, 15, 23, 30,
Blaberus craniifer, circadian rhythms 10: 293, 303
58, 80 Blastocrithidia triatomae 28: 54
Blaberus discoidalis 26: 8, 9, 27, 29, 51, 84, Blastoderm
88 – 90, 103, 104; 29: 27 cell boundaries 12: 223
effect of CA on respiration 12: 298, 299, mitotic waves 12: 221, 222
304 pattern specification, Diptera 12: 198
glycogen phosphorylase 4: 334 Blastokinesis 24: 224
hyperglycaemic hormone 12: 260 Blastokinesis, and nervous system
trehalase in tissue 4: 311, 313– 315 development 6: 108
Blaberus discoidalis, hyperglycaemic Blatella germanica 23: 92
hormone 13: 101 cyclodiene resistance 22: 72
Blaberus gigantea, neural fat body dihydropicrotoxinin binding 22: 31
sheath 9: 280 vitellogenin synthesis 22: 325, 326
Blaberus giganteus, neuromuscular Blatella germanica, ocellus 7: 135, 136,
junction 1: 476 139, 140, 147
Blaberus giganticus Blatta
biogenic amine distribution 15: 323 fat body 1: 114
gut muscle, biogenic amine effect on 15: glial cells 1: 425, 426
424 haemocyte numbers 11: 144, 187
pharmacological studies 15: 423 neuromuscular junctions 1: 468, 471
Blaberus spp., endocrine system and ocyte, nucleolus 11: 273
carbohydrate metabolism 4: 338, Blatta 19: 214
339 Blatta germanica, alkanes in, function
Blaberus, haemocytes 13: 24
and blood clotting 11: 162 Blatta orentalis
carbohydrate in granules 11: 195, 196 lipid content 4: 79
diversity of 11: 136 nitrogenous excretion 4: 46
locomotion of 11: 151– 153 Blatta orientalis 21: 156
pseudopodia 11: 147 heart, innervation pattern 15: 415
tubular elements 11: 129 water loss 15: 9
vacuoles 11: 125 Blatta orientalis, corpora pedunculata 6: 120
Blaberus, muscle postsynaptic potential Blatta orientalis, learning, isolated
4: 15, 16 ganglion 9: 132, 158
Blaberus, tight junctions 15: 138 Blatta orientalis, methylalkanes in
Blaberus, ventilation 3: 283, 288, 290, 294, 13: 9, 11
297 3-methylalkanes in 13: 4
Black beetle virus (BBV) 25: 46, 47 Blatta orientalis, ommochrome
Bladder 24: 197 distribution 10: 153
Bladder cicada singing 20: 135 Blatta orientalis, utilization of dry matter 5:
Blaps gibba 28: 287 256
Blaps gibba, neural lamella 1: 409 Blatta, b-arthropodin in ootheca 4: 272
Blaps mucronata, locomotor rhythm Blatta, innervation of heart 2: 223, 224
10: 73 Blattaria 24: 26
Blaps, neurosecretory cells Blattaria (Periplaneta) 27: 23
anatomy 12: 109 Blattaria, brain volume 6: 99
brain 12: 90 Blattaria, haemocyte ultrastructure 11: 118,
during life history 12: 97 125
protocerebral 12: 83 Blattela germanica, feeding
total 12: 93 and sex 5: 271
Blaps, suboesophageal ganglion 10: 56 residual food in gut 5: 236
Blattella lipid content 4: 79

corpus allatum and ovarian sterol utilization 4: 159, 163, 171, 172
development 2: 302, 303 Blattidae
fat body lipid content 4: 79
carbohydrate metabolism 1: 128 uric acid storage 4: 47
tissue respiration 1: 131 Blattidae, thoracic glands 2: 258, 259
glial cells 1: 425, 426 Blattids, mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 260
neural lamella 1: 403 Blattodea 24: 82
nutrition 1: 78, 80 Blattoidea 27: 19
regeneration and hormone activity Blattoidea, ocellus 7: 98, 101
2: 253, 269, 314, 315 Blattoidea, sperm 9: 324
regeneration and moulting 2: 253 Bleaching of rhodopsin 13: 37
role of symbionts in amino acid Blepharocera, spiracular gills 5: 139
synthesis 1: 145 Blepharoceridae, spiracular gills 5: 75, 87,
Blattella germanica (German 97, 100, 105, 113, 139– 144
cockroach) 24: 140, 160, 238 Blindness, for colour 2: 131– 133, 150,
Blattella germanica 26: 8, 38 – 40, 51, 52, 164, 169
82, 89, 92 b-Linolenate 24: 118, 120, 132, 136, 144
female receptivity 10: 322, 323 Blissus leucopterus, lipid content 4: 78
insecticide susceptibility rhythm 10: 26 Blockers, chloride channels,
oxygen consumption rhythm 10: 23 vertebrates 19: 359
Blattella germanica, amino acids 3: 71, Blocking agents
76 neuro muscular
Blattella germanica, choline effect on electrical response 4: 24
metabolism 9: 57, 59, 61, 74, 89 effect on excitory response 4: 9, 11, 12,
Blattella germanica, feeding 13
regulation 11: 89, 92 effect on twitch tension 4: 24, 11
Blattella germanica, muscle Blocking agents of synapses 5: 41
membrane 6: 209 Blood
Blattella germanica, uric acid 8: 204 calcium content 4: 13
Blattella germanica, vitellogenin, cells, physiology 11: 117– 221
characteristics 14: 66 and connective tissue
vitellogenin and vitellin in 14: 51 formation 11: 192– 198
Blattella spp., fat bodies, vitellogenin clotting 11: 156– 169
secretion by 14: 80 diversity 11: 131– 141
ovaries transplanted into, vitellogenin endocytosis 11: 181, 189
uptake specificity and 14: 94 fine structure 11: 118– 131
vitellogenin, amino acid composition 14: humoral control of
68 populations 11: 141– 151
extraction from 14: 63 in defence reactions 11: 170– 181
yolk proteins, vitellin in 14: 61 in synthesis, secretion and plasma
Blattella vaga, corpus allatum and ovarian homeostasis 11: 198– 201
development 2: 303 locomotion and social
Blattella vaga, female receptivity 10: 322, behaviour 11: 151–156
323 phenol metabolism in 11: 189– 192
Blattella, amino acids 3: 77 effect on mosquito labellar
Blattella, fatty acid synthesis 4: 131 threshold 11: 37, 38
Blattella, moulting 6: 130 ions, rhythms 10: 95
Blattellar 26: 96 lipid in 4: 102, 103, 107, 110, 140
Blattellua germanica magnesium content 4: 13
fatty acids in diet 4: 145 neuropharmacological rhythms 10: 41
hydrocarbons in haemolymph 4: 155 sugar level 10: 30, 31, 92, 95, 299
Blood analysis, orthoptera 19: 249 initiation of feeding 16: 64

Blood circulation meal size control in 16: 80 – 82
and heat loss from head 20: 132 Blowfly 24: 49, 131
and heat transfer 20: 130 adenosine deaminase 4: 37
Blood feeders, feeding mechanisms 16: 66 cholinergic system 1: 7, 9, 13
Blood flukes 24: 180, 181, 181 control bioenergetics 3: 156
Blood meal, and ovarian CoQ in larvae 4: 166
development 2: 297, 301 cuticle tanning 12: 246, 291
Blood sucking insects, feeding habits, daily growth layers, rhythms 10: 22
sensilla numbers and 16: 325, 326 fat body lipid 4: 336
Blood sugar, regulation of 4: 299– 301, 309, flight muscle and lipid function 4: 139
329 indirect flight muscles 5: 202, 333
Blood volume kynureninase 10: 132
failure in ecdysis and 15: 570 landing response, rhythm 10: 15
in ecdysis 15: 553– 557 larval cuticle 1: 271, 272, 279, 281– 283,
Blood, frost resistance 6: 4, 5, 8, 9, 15, 24, 288, 290– 295, 297, 302
25, 43 longitudinal body pattern
Blood, isolation in spiracular gills 5: 86,88, specification 12: 194, 198
89, 122 metamorphosis, tryptophan during 10:
Blood, lepidopteran larvae 19: 224 206
Blood, volume 12: 105 mitochondria 3: 141
Blood– brain barrier 9: 257– 312 mitotic waves 12: 222
electrical aspects, nerves 9: 277– 291 nitrogen utilization 5: 273
ionic basis 9: 277, 278 oxidative metabolism and age 3: 155
neural fat body sheath 9: 278– 281 puparium formation 1: 82
neuronal function 9: 281– 291 purines 1: 154
ionic composition, haemolymph and sterol modification 4: 172
nervous tissues 9: 274– 277 tyrosine metabolism, moulting
nervous tissue, organisation 9: 260– 274 hormone 12: 287
extraneuronal fat body uricase 4: 38
deposits 9: 200– 203 Blowfly, flight muscle metabolism
glial cells, neurones and extra-cellular carnitine 7: 315, 316
spaces 9: 268– 274 contractile protein 7: 223
neural lamella 9: 264– 266 fat biosynthesis 7: 318
perineurium 9: 266– 268 fatty acid catabolism 7: 313
radioactive ions and molecules, glycogenolysis 7: 283– 295
exchanges 9: 291– 299 glycolysis 7: 307– 309
Blood– brain barrier, regeneration mitochondrial metabolism 7: 326– 329,
21: 61 – 63 332– 335
Blood-clotting, eicosanoids 24: 122, 184 organization 7: 279
Blood-feeding, ticks, eicosanoids 24: 181, proline oxidation 7: 312
182 sugar supply 7: 270
Bloodsuckers 19: 271 trehalase 7: 297, 298, 300
Bloodsuckers, saliva 9: 203–206, 215, 238 trehalose 7: 301
Blood-sucking Diptera, feeding rhythms Blowfly, neuropile 6: 59
10: 7 Blowfly, see Calliphora erythrocephala
Blood-sucking insects, food intake 5: 241 Blowfly, tanning of cuticle 2: 58, 59
Blood-sucking insects, probing ‘Blueprint hypothesis’ for neuronal growth
response 11: 39 – 42 guidance 20: 110
Blowflies 26: 319, 341 b-methyoxy NADA 27: 259
diapause, food intake and 16: 101 b-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase 26: 169, 170,
food intake, reproduction and 16: 99 210, 211
b-N-acetylglucosaminidase 26: 179, 181, sugar in hemolymph 4: 295

183– 190, 199– 201, 203, Bombus agrorum, wingbeat frequency,
214– 218, 221 temperature and 13: 139
Body composition, Glossina 19: 273 Bombus hortorum, hexokinase activity
Body fluid analysis, bloodsuckers 19: 272 13: 192
Body fluid analysis, carnivores 19: 265 Bombus hypnorum 19: 120
Body fluid analysis, cellulose caste development, trophogenic
digesters 19: 297 factors 16: 189
Body fluid analysis, cockroaches 19: 206 caste differentiation, juvenile hormone
Body fluid analysis, dipteran larvae 19: 216, and 16: 212
260 caste functioning, juvenile hormone
Body fluid analysis, lepidopteran and 16: 226
larvae 19: 224 Bombus lucorum 25: 132
Body fluid analysis, nectar feeders 19: 290 Bombus pennsylvanicus, electrically
Body fluid analysis, orthoptera 19: 249 excitable membranes 6: 262
Body fluid analysis, sap feeders 19: 284 Bombus sp., resilin in cuticle 2: 14, 15
Body fluid composition 19: 291, 302 Bombus spp., flight fuel 13: 165
Body fluid composition, mantids 19: 266 flight muscle, phosphofructokinase in
Body fluid composition, Rhodnius 19: 272 13: 172
Body fluid composition, Sarcophaga 19: 265 trehalase in 13: 164
Body fluid composition, metabolic rate 13: 146
Schistocerca 19: 335 mass, wing-loading wingbe at
Body pattern, specification in frequency and 13: 140
embryogenesis 12: 125– 238, oxygen consumption during flight 13:
see Embryogenesis 136, 142
Body weight, Hyles lineata, oxygen thermogenesis 13: 192
consumption and 13: 141 Bombus spp., vitellogenin in, mode of
metabolic rate and 13: 140, 141 entry 14: 92
Bodymass, wing-loading and 13: 139– 143 Bombus ternarius, substrate cycling
Boettcherisca 28: 105, 128, 136, 139 13: 195
Boettcherisca peregria 25: 158 Bombus terrestris 19: 120, 121; 26: 14, 55,
Boettcherisca peregrina, ocelli 7: 140, 70
172 caste development, trophogenic
BOL (Bromolysergic acid diethylamide), factors 16: 189
and salivary glands 9: 8 – 10 caste functioning, endocrine in 16: 225
BOL, adenylate cyclase activity and 15: 441 juvenile hormone and 16: 226
Boll weavil (see Anthonomus grandis) Bombus terrestris, vitellogenin and vitellin
Boll weevil in 14: 53
fatty acids 4: 92, 130 mode of entry 14: 91
lipid content 4: 74, 89, 90 vitellogenin, biosynthesis control, juvenile
Bollworm (see Heliothis zea) hormone and 14: 71, 73
Bollworm, lipid in diet 4: 146 Bombus vosnesenskii, oxygen consumption,
Bollworm, pink (see Pectinophora flight and 13: 136
gossypiella) pre-flight warm-up 13: 187, 188
Bollworm, pink, circadian rhythms Bombus, flight motor neurones 12: 104
hatching 10: 15 Bombycidae, lipid content 4: 74, 75
insecticide susceptibility 10: 27, 28 Bombykol, as sex attractant 4: 186
oviposition 10: 12 Bombyliidae 26: 319
X-ray sensitivity 10: 29 Bombyx (larva)
Bombilius spp., metabolic rate 13: 146 amino acids 3: 75
Bombus 26: 325 haemolymph proteins 3: 85
flight muscle 4: 18 moulting fluid 3: 75
Bombyx (pupa) arylphorin 22: 305– 308

alkaline phosphatase 3: 95 body pattern specification 12: 211, 217,
ecdysone 3: 169 218
tyrosinase 3: 95 brain hormone 3: 166, 167
Bombyx 19: 59, 77, 84, 89, 92, 97, 102, 105; brain hormone 2: 253, 256, 257
21: 93, 113, 114, 118, 132; 24: 26; carbohydrate in haemolymph 4: 293
26: 204, 218, 220, 221, 310 chitinolytic activity 4: 345
air-swallowing at ecdysis 2: 180 choline metabolism
allantoicase activity 4: 39 in development 9: 57, 58
amino acids lipids 9: 73
excretion 3: 77 phosphatidycholine 9: 78, 85, 96
in tissues 3: 70 phosphorylcholine 9: 67
and lipid metabolism 4: 117, 139, 144, substitutes 9: 59, 61
167, 174 cholinergic elements in eggs of 1: 5
and sterol biosynthesis 4: 167 circulation and tracheal ventilation 26:
and sterol modification 4: 174 303
brain hormone 2: 256, 257, 277, 335 corpus allatum and juvenile
D and L units in eye 3: 41, 42 hormone 2: 281, 286, 297, 299
detoxication 3: 78 CPV 26: 234, 242, 249– 264, 269, 273,
diet 4: 160, 174 278, 279
eicosanoids 24: 156– 159, 159, 177, 178 cuticular enzymes 2: 187
enzymes eccentric cells of eye 3: 40
isoenzymes 3: 110 ecdysis, behavioural switching in
proteolytic 3: 67
15: 516
extraction of “diapause hormone 2: 279
cuticle inflation 15: 530
fat body
heart rate in 15: 558
purines 1: 155
ecdysones
tissue respiration 1: 131
concentration 12: 21
glucose 1: 117
extraction 12: 18
haemolymph
carbohydrate metabolism GLC of 12: 48
enzymes 3: 87 large-scale extraction 12: 20
protein synthesis 3: 87, 88 mass fragmentography of 12: 49
tyrosinase 3: 87 electrically excitable membranes
juvenile hormones 24: 216, 236, 237, 236, 6: 267
238 endocrine system and carbohydrate
mori metabolism 4: 336, 338– 340
peptides 3: 83 enzymes in egg
protein synthesis 3: 88, 113 oxidative 3: 161
respiratory enzymes in egg 3: 68 phosphatases 3: 65
role of neurosecretory product2: 255 eye development 3: 25; 6: 116
source of moulting hormone 2: 254, frost resistance 6: 26, 28
270, 335 gene activity
Bombyx mori 19: 38, 41, 156, 170, 225, 226, female specific proteins 11: 366
237, 242, 291; 25: 3, 4, 7, 14, 17, genome, loci 11: 325
23, 36, 45; 27: 235, 316, 336; haemolymph peptides 11: 349
29: 321, 322, 383 haemolymph proteins 11: 343, 344,
amino acid absorption 28: 171, 174, 176 347
amino acids silk fibroin loci 11: 362, 363
in embryo 3: 56 silk gland protein synthesis 11: 331
in growth and moulting 3: 72 storage protein synthesis 11: 354, 355,
amylase 4: 334 360
glycogen metabolism 4: 326– 328, 332, sperm 9: 341

334, 341, 346 sterols 4: 163, 168, 174
guanylyl cyclase in 29: 2, 44 sugar absorption from gut 4: 298
haemocytes synaptic membranes 6: 245
and connective tissue formation 11: 196 thoracic gland hormone 2: 259, 260
blood citrate level 11: 164 trehalase activity 4: 311– 313, 322, 323
hexose-1-phosphate, in blood 11: 198 trehalose 4: 296, 306, 325
locomotion of 11: 154 tryptophan ! ommochrome pathway
numbers of 11: 144, 145 absence of glutarate pathway 10: 133
prophenolases 11: 190 anthranilic acids 10: 132
trephocytes 11: 138 cinnabarinic acic 10: 136
tubules 11: 129 enzyme ontogeny 10: 214, 217, 218
haemolymph 1: 213, 355; 6: 216, 217; kynureninase 10: 193
9: 276 kynurenine 10: 125, 127
hormonal control kynurenine formamidase 10: 190
cocoon construction 10: 314 kynurenine-3-hydroxylase 10: 191, 192
ecdysone, larval activity 10: 312 ommochrome localization 10: 154
female receptivity 10: 321 protein tryptophan 10: 122
oviposition 10: 328, 330 quinoline derivatives 10: 130
hormones tryptophan balance 10: 219
brain 12: 245 tryptophan during metabolism 10:
diapause 12: 245, 254, 255, 258 202– 204, 210
juvenile 12: 243, 273, 278 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 127– 130
moulting 12: 248 unpaired median neurons in 28: 187, 190,
ions in muscle systems 6: 220, 221 223
juvenile hormone 26: 17, 25, 35 Bombyx mori feeding
labial glands, cellular metamorphosis and sex 5: 272
12: 2 –4 carbohydrate and lipid 5: 276
lipid content 4: 74, 75, 85, 86, 93, 96, 117, digestion and conversion of fresh and dry
131, 140, 141, 142, 148 matter 5: 251, 253, 258,
lipid in brain hormone 4: 177 262– 272
methionine-rich storage energy utilization 5: 279–281
protein 22: 308– 310 fibre 5: 277
monosaccharide utilization 4: 303 intake 5: 242, 249
moulting fluid 26: 158, 168, 169, 176, nitrogen 5: 273– 275
178, 181, 188, 190, 207, nutritive ratio 5: 278
213– 217 recent papers 5: 230
nervous system development 6: 123 uric acid in faeces 5: 235
neurosecretory cells use of groups 5: 238
brain 12: 89, 90, 94 Bombyx mori, dimethylalkanes in 13: 16
during life history 12: 96 methylalkanes in 13: 12
protocerebral 12: 81 2-methylalkanes in 13: 4
total 12: 92 3-methylalkanes in 13: 4
volume 12: 105 Bombyx mori, muscles, ionic
neurosecretory material 2: 250, 255, 306 composition 14: 204
nitrogenous excretion 4: 56 resting membrane potential 14: 222
ovariole, morphology 11: 228 vitellogenin and vitellin in 14: 53
pheronome 4: 186 vitellogenin biosynthesis control in
phosphatases 4: 301, 302 14: 69
physiological solution 1: 221 Bombyx pupae 23: 32, 33
pterines 6: 149, 156, 160, 164, 166, 168, Bombyx sonorus, pre-flight warm-up
169, 171, 172 see also Mutants 13: 185
Bombyx spp., mutant sm, vitellogenin uptake Bradykinin 13: 116, 117; 24: 182
in 14: 96 structures 13: 116
ovariectomy, vitellogenin biosynthesis Bradynotes obesa 24: 141
and 14: 85 Bradysia mycorum, polytene
vitellogenesis in male milieu in 14: 87 chromosomes 7: 61, 94
vitellogenin biosynthesis, ecdysone Bradysia, gene activity
control 14: 79 nucleolus 11: 340
Bombyx, protein kinases in 29: 27 salivary gland cells 11: 335
Bombyx, wing expansion in ecdysis 15: 512, Brain 19: 60
526 see also Blood – brain barrier
Bone amphibian, acetylcholine receptors 15:
collagen orientation 4: 221 276
parabolic lamellae 4: 223 and circadian rhythms
Booklouse, see Liposcelis rufus cells 10: 35, 37, 38, 85
Boolarra virus (BoV) 25: 46 cells, photosensitivity 10: 44, 46
Boolean switching functions 23: 149 eclosion rhythm 10: 340
Boophilus microplus 24: 181, 182; 29: 331 extract 10: 41
cuticle plasticization in ecdysis 15: 540 hormones 10: 53, 54, 57 –60, 63 – 67, 85
salivary glands, catecholamine in locomotor activity 10: 63 – 65, 70, 338
15: 403 and luminescence 6: 67 –73, 90 – 93
Boophilus microplus, excretion 8: 212 and regeneration 6: 127
Boophilus, glutathione S-aryltransferase catecholamines and cyclic AMP 9: 34
in 13: 81 choline 9: 75, 77
Boophthora erythrocephala, polytene corpora allata system, and ommochrome
chromosomes 7: 9 synthesis 10: 174
Bormbus edwardsii, oxygen consumption development 6: 104– 107, 110– 122
body weight and 13: 143 antennae and olfactory
Bot fly (see Gastrophilus) centres 6: 117–119
Bothops jararaea 19: 9 central body 6: 121, 122
Bothriurus, perikaryon 1: 433, 441 corpora pedunculata 6: 119– 121
Botrychium, trehalose in 4: 291 eye and optic lobe 6: 110– 117
Boundary layer 23: 180, 186 protocerebral bridge 6: 122
fluid forces 23: 178, 179 eclosion behaviour and 15: 532
laminar 23: 182 electrical activityand ovarian
turbulent 23: 185 development 2: 306
b-quinone methide sclerotization 27: 293 during diapause 2: 273
Brachycera 26: 24 extracts 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate
Brachycera, haemolymph protein 11: 347 binding components 15: 237
Brachycera, polytene chromosomes 7: 7 fish, acetylcholine receptors 15: 276
Brachycera, protocerebral neurosecretory function of PL 4: 138
cells 12: 82 growth 6: 99 – 101
Brachycera-Cyclorrhapha, cocoon hormone
escape 2: 177 and lipids 4: 177, 178
Brachycera-Orthorrhapha, cocoon effect on carbohydrate metabolism
escape 2: 177 4: 336, 338, 340
Brachyura 24: 66 mammalian, acetylcholine receptors 15:
Bracon cephi, glycerol 4: 140, 346 276
Bracon cephi, glycerol in blood of 1: 129 maps 7: 359
Bracon cephi, larva, frost resistance 6: 26, ocelluar units 7: 171– 173
29, 35 polytene chromosomes 7: 7
Braconid parasite, resistance to 11: 173 role in corpus allatum activity 2: 255,
Braconids, ocellus 7: 101 280– 283, 293, 301– 304
Brain auditory neurons 13: 314– 316 formation 11: 231– 234
Brain factor 26: 106 in panoistic ovaries 11: 261
Brain hormone 12: 244, 245 in polytrophic ovaries 11: 231– 234
action of 2: 253– 260, 272– 275, 307 in spermatogenesis 11: 250
chemical nature 2: 256– 258 movement of organelles across 11: 290,
liberation of 2: 252– 254, 275, 278 292
Brain neurosecretory cells 12: 71, 72, protein transport and electrical polarity
87 –94 of 11: 294– 304
Brain, allatostatins in 25: 268– 271 RNA passage through 11: 262, 288
Brain, Arthropoda 24: 2, 6, 7, 80, 81 role in synchronous division 11: 267, 268
Chelicerata 24: 72 Brindley’s glands 14: 377
Insecta 24: 55, 56 Bristle sensilla, anatomy and
Myriapoda 24: 59 development 14: 322
Brain, cholinergic elements in 1: 4 – 7, 19, Bristles and hairs, development
20 and imaginal disc
Brain, neurohormone production 19: 109 development 7: 339– 354
Brain, transplantation of 11: 178 cell polarity 7: 199– 209, 215, 220, 221
Brassica oleracea 4: 55; 24: 146 chromosome puffing 7: 8, 58
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera, alkanes pattern formation 7: 224– 233
in, function 13: 25 Bristletails (Diplura) 23: 174
Brathra brassicae, moulting, juvenile Brochynema quadripustulata, scent gland
hormone in 14: 112 secretion components 14: 398
BR-C protein 24: 252 Bromides, plasma membrane
Breathing, regulation 3: 279– 354 permeability 14: 212
spiracles 3: 300– 321 (see Spiracle) Bromine, effect on amylase activity 4: 335
tracheal modifications for flight Bromolysergic acid diethylamide, on
3: 321– 343 (see Tracheae) neuromuscular transmission
ventilation 3: 280 –300 (see Ventilation) 1: 30, 36
Breathing, sound production and 13: 265 Bromophenacyl ester 24: 149
Bretylium, effect on salivary gland Brood viability 23: 123, 124
stimulation by biogenic ‘brother’ drones 23: 124, 125
amines 15: 411 Brown locust (Locustana pardalina)
Brevicoryne brassicae, nitrogenous 23: 4, 7
excretion 4: 49, 50 Brown rice planthopper 24: 184
Brevicoryne brassicae, polymorphism Brown strain 23: 140
clonal variability 3: 216– 218 Bruchidae, lipid content 4: 73
forms and terminology 3: 211 Bruchidius obtectus, body pattern
gamic females 3: 221, 231, 236, 238 specification
interval timers 3: 266 egg size 12: 133
sex determination 3: 220 longitudinal 12: 173– 184, 187, 189, 190,
wing dimorphism 203
crowding 3: 239, 243, 246 transverse 12: 215
intrinsic factors 3: 254 Bruchidius, oocyte-nurse cell syncytium
nutrition 3: 250 cell differentiation 11: 264
photoperiod 3: 253 germarial function 11: 256, 257, 259
Brevicoryne brassicae, pterines 6: 153 germinal vesicle function 11: 283
Bridge cells in transverse nerve RNA transport 11: 279
formation 20: 94, 98, 99 Bruchus 26: 322
Bridge, Arthropoda 24: 74, 75 Brush-border membrane vesicles
Bridges, intercellular; oocyte-nurse cell (BBMVs)28: 171– 174, 176
syncytium 11: 305 Bryobia praetiosa
distribution 11: 243– 248 active water balance 4: 277
b-sclerotization 27: 246– 251, 293 motoneurone 15: 263

see also cuticular sclerotization motoneurone D5 15: 265
Bt see Bacillus thuringiensis in cholinergic receptor studies 15: 219
Buffer, veronal; effect on blood receptors 15: 294
125
clotting 11: 165 I-, binding in insect tissues,
Bufo marinus 24: 169 distribution 15: 240
Bufo marinus, transport system, proton binding to low speed extracts 15:
couples 14: 225 227– 236
Bufotenine, and salivary gland pharmacology 15: 242, 243
stimulation 9: 7 a-Bungarotoxin-binding component of
Bufotenine, function in corpora cardiaca 15: acetylcholine
433 receptors 22: 136– 138
Bug, contractile protein 7: 272 a-bungatoxin 29: 116
Bug, mealy, resistance to parasites 11: 173 Bupalus pinianus, digestibility and age
Bug, milkweed 5: 269
daily growth layers 10: 20 Bupalus piniarius, diapausing
locomotor rhythms 10: 7 pupa 2: 273, 274, 277
migratory behaviour 10: 335 Bupalus piniarius, ommochromes 10: 156
Bug, pyrrhocorid, oviposition behaviour Buprestidae
10: 328 chitin orientation 4: 221
Bulinus globosus 25: 317 elytra structure 4: 232
Bulla gouldiana, circadian-pacemaker lipid content 4: 73
structures 22: 280– 286 Buprofezin 24: 184
Bullacris membracioides 29: 160, 181, Burrowing, thermal physiology and 16: 24
211 Burrows in soil, microclimate 16: 6
Bumble bee 23: 94, 103 Bursa copulatrix, in oviposition
Bumble bee, sex attractant 4: 180 behaviour 10: 329, 330, 332
Bumble bees, corpora pedunculata, biogenic Bursicon 11: 189; 12: 102, 103, 146,
amine distribution in 15: 332 291– 294; 23: 18
Bumblebee 26: 325 blood volume in ecdysis and 15: 555
Bumble-bees cuticle plasticization and 15: 537
caste development, trophogenic cuticle tanning and 15: 541
factors 16: 189, 190 ecdysis and 15: 534, 535, 542
caste formation, endocrine in 16: 212, 213 endocuticle formation and 15: 551
environmental physiology 16: 38 in tracheal air filling in ecdysis 15: 547,
social, caste functioning in, dominance 548
and 16: 200 post ecdysial cell death 15: 565
Bumblebees 24: 175 tyrosine hydroxylation and 15: 543
heat transfer in Bursicon release from transverse nerve
by blood circulation 20: 130 20: 89, 91
in brood incubation 20: 135 Bursicon, gated release of 10: 52
thermoregulation, thoracic, in Bushcricket chordotonal organs
foraging 20: 136 27: 110– 113
Bumetanide 28: 27, 38 Bushcrickets 24: 33
a-Bungarotoxin Busseola fusca 26: 61
a-bungarotoxin 28: 220 Butanoic acid in scent gland secretions
binding to Musca domestica head 14: 398
extracts 15: 224, 225 Butterflies 26: 338
effect on dorsal unpaired median flower learning 20: 77
neurones 15: 265 thermoregulation 20: 136– 138
on Periplaneta fast coxal depressor Butterflies, mushroom bodies, function
giant interneurone 15: 3, 260 15: 337
Butterfly metabolism of chitin 4: 342, 343, 344

cabbage white, electrically excitable sugar absorption 4: 297, 298
membranes 6: 268 [14C]glucose-1-phosphate, in trehalase
monarch, glial cell development 6: 107 synthesis study 4: 305
oxygen consumption in flight 3: 321 [14C]glutamate, in nitrogen excretion
papilionid, frost resistance 6: 15, 16 studies 4: 53
pierid, pterines 6: 140 [14C]mevalonate, in sterol biosynthesis
swallow tail, frost studies 4: 161, 168, 180, 181
resistance 6: 39vision 3: 15, 16 [14C]palmitate, and lipid metabolism
Butterfly (monarch) (Danaus studies 4: 103, 104, 106, 108, 117,
plexippus) 21: 18 121, 123, 124, 148, 150, 151, 185
Butterfly, ommochromes [14C]pyruvate in trehalose synthesis
as pattern pigments 10: 170 studies 4: 305
daily growth layers 10: 21 [14C]pyruvate, in trehalose biosynthesis
deposition 10: 162 studies 4: 305
14
extraction 10: 135 C palmitate, in carbohydrate metabolism
Butterfly, sperm 9: 318 studies 4: 337
Butterfly, wingbeat frequency 5: 294 C. morosus 29: 342, 344
a-Butylbicyclophosphorothionate C. salinarius 29: 302, 330
binding studies 22: 24 C. vicina 29: 375
tritiated 22: 31 – 33 C18 PUFAs 24: 119, 120, 129, 132, 133
inhibition by endrin 22: 70, 71 see also Linoleate, Oleic acid
Butyrate, and fatty acid oxidation 4: 122, C20 PUFAs 24: 116, 119, 120, 129
125 see also Arachidonic acid,
Butyrylcholine, effect on electrophysiology Eicosapentaenoate, Homo-g
of the sixth abdominal ganglion of linolenic acid
Periplaneta 15: 251 occurrence in lipids 24: 131– 136, 132, 134
Byrsotria 19: 76, 82, 94 CA (corpora allata) 23: 3, 21, 53, 54
Byrsotria fumigata 26: 51 and JH 23: 37 – 45
Byrsotria fumigata, sexual behaviour 10: behaviour/activity 23: 34, 35
320, 321, 323 colouration 23: 19, 21
Byrsotria fumigata, ventilation 3: 283 endocrine organs 23: 37 – 40, 44, 45
Byrsotria fumigata, vitellogenin and vitellin hopper development 23: 27
in 14: 51 locust phase characteristics 23: 41 –43
identification in 14: 57 male sexual behaviour 23: 22
vitellogenin, biosynthesis control, juvenile metabolic substrates 23: 97
hormone and 14: 71 morphology/morphometrics/anatomy 23:
Byrsotria funigata 19: 51 9 – 12
Byrsotria spp., ovariectomy, vitellogenin pheromones 23: 50, 52
biosynthesis and 14: 85 physiology/biochemistry/molecular
vitellogenin biosynthesis, genetic biology 23: 28, 29
control 14: 86 reproductive parameters 23: 24 – 26
Byrsotria, ventilation 3: 288, 290, 293– 295 VG 23: 46, 48
Ca2+
[14C]acetate, in lipid metabolism studies and DDT 5: 27
4: 130, 131, 147, 148, 150, 155, and synaptic transmission 5: 23,
156, 167 56
[14C]glucose Cactoblastis cactorum 26: 266
biosynthesis of trehalose 4: 304 –307 Cactus, sterol in 4: 169
blood sugar regulation 4: 299, 300 Caddisfly
glycogen synthetase 4: 330, 331 central body complex, biogenic amine
lipid metabolism 4: 130, 132, 147– 149 localization in 15: 338
stomatogastric system, biogenic amine Calcium dependence, proctolin action 19: 15

cell localization in 15: 344 Calcium elimination 19: 169
Caedicia simplex 27: 82 Calcium entry 19: 165
Caelifera 24: 30 Calcium excretion 19: 169
Caelifera, stridulatory mechanism 13: 231 Calcium exit 19: 161
Caenorhabdites elegans 21: 26; 27: 336, Calcium fluxes, midgut, Calliphora 19: 159
362, 365; 28: 279, 308; 29: 126 Calcium ion-dependent cAMP
choline transporters 29: 116 hydrolysis 18: 148
dopamine in 29: 102 Calcium ions
MsGC-b3 29: 21 and DDT 8: 37
MsGC-I 29: 18 and Malpighian tubules 8: 215, 222, 225
octopamine in 29: 107 and permeability 7: 44
receptor GCs in 29: 3, 34 effect on muscle fibre resting potential
Caesium ions, and potential 4: 6
changes 9: 283– 285 effect on spontaneous miniature potentials
Caffeine 28: 309, 310 in muscle 4: 15
Caffeine, effect on blood clotting 11: 164 flight muscle 7: 272, 273
Calandra oryzae, ganglionic fusion 6: 101 importance in excitation-contraction
Calandra, depletion of fat body coupling process in muscle
cells 11: 352, 353 4: 24 – 26
Calaudra, exocuticle fibrogenesis 4: 264 mitochondrial metabolism 7: 333– 335
Calcification role in electrically excitable response of
of crustacean gastroliths 4: 234 muscle fibres 4: 22
Calcitonin-like peptides 29: 304, 336, 363 Calcium ions, in axonal sprouting
Calcium 26: 73, 82, 91, 175, 176 21: 46, 47
see also Cyclic AMP Calcium oxalate 26: 36
and electrically excitable Calcium reabsorption 19: 386
membranes 6: 260, 268 Calcium regulation 19: 155, 174
and firefly scintillation 6: 80, 81 Calcium signalling 28: 42 – 52
and membrane potential 6: 220, 221, 232, cell-specific cycling 28: 46 – 48
241, 242 channels and transporters 28: 48, 49
and synaptic membranes 6: 247, 248 cycling mechanisms 28: 51
Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 293 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
channels, pyrethroid interactions 20: signaling 28: 50 – 52
180– 182 neuropeptide modulators of 28: 42 – 46
eicosanoids 24: 173, 174, 186– 188 Calcium storage 19: 173
exchanges, and retinal damage 20: 39, 40 Calcium, and lipase activity 4: 100, 113
glutamate receptors 24: 323, 331 Calcium, body fluids 19: 302
haemolymph 9: 275 Calcium, gap junction permeability and 15:
in haemolymph 6: 216, 217 104
ions Calcium, Hyalophora cecropia decay profile
and photoreceptor turnover 20: 14, 15 and 14: 143, 144
uptake and ATPase pyrethroid in sarcoplasmic reticulum 14: 205
interaction 20: 194 ions, vitellogenin uptake in Hyalophora
– mediated action potentials 9: 278 and 14: 92
peptide hormone 24: 223 Manduca sexta decay profile and
sequestration by cisternae 20: 29, 31 14: 148
Calcium absorption 19: 158 plasma membrane permeability to
Calcium absorption, hindgut 19: 168 14: 212
Calcium buffering 19: 162 Calcium, role in clotting 11: 160, 163, 164,
Calcium chloride fed flies 19: 167 168
Calcium chloride, effect on meal size 11: 78 Calcium-ATPase 19: 162, 165
Calcium– magnesium antagonism, in desmosome development in 15: 84

excitatory responses of muscle ecdysis, blood volume and 15: 553
4: 13, 14 metabolism and 15: 560
Caligo 26: 310, 329, 334 erythrocephala 24: 49, 55, 56, 131
Caliseta, NSCs during life history 12: 97 eye
Callandra grania (Sitophilus granarius), and ventral nerve cord 3: 33
locomotor rhythms 10: 7 eccentric cells 3: 40, 43
Callatostatins 25: 312– 314 illumination potential 3: 36
Calligypona pellucida, saliva 9: 216, 224 image formation 3: 16
Callinectes sapidus, neurones, acetylcholine polarized light 3: 18, 19
receptors 15: 275 post-retinal fibres 3: 40, 41
Calling behaviour 26: 52, 53 potential profile 3: 26
“Calling” posture, hormonal control 10: resolving power 3: 7, 11, 14, 15
300, 303, 325, 340 rhabdomere 3: 11
Calling song, crickets 13: 237 transients 3: 24, 25, 29
Calliphona erythrocephala wavelength discrimination 3: 40, 41
body pattern specification 12: 133, 196, fat body
197, 205 nature of 1: 113
ecdysones pigment 1: 159
concentration 12: 21 purines 1: 152, 153, 155–157
use for bioassay 12: 20, 34, 35 tissue respiration 1: 133
flight motor neurons 12: 104 fatty acid synthesis 4: 131, 209
hormones FMRFamide peptides in 28: 273, 276,
bursicon 12: 293 277, 279, 287, 288, 294, 295, 300,
CA and respiration 12: 296 305, 306
hyperglycaemic hormone 12: 260, 267 gap junctions 15: 161
juvenile hormone 12: 250, 252, 271 formation 15: 111
medial neurosecretory cell gene activity
hormone 12: 268 before pupariation 11: 364
moulting hormone 12: 287 calliphorin 11: 365, 376
5-HT 12: 270 chromosome structure and
neurosecretory cells 12: 82, 93 function 11: 333– 336
Calliphora (larva) differential replication of loci 11: 330,
tanning of cuticle 3: 73 331
tissue proteins 3: 92 fat body, endocrine influences 11:
Calliphora (pupa) 372– 375
amino acids 3: 89, 90 haemolymph protein 11: 343, 349
proteases 3: 94 larval and adult proteins, relation
respiratory enzymes 3: 93 of 11: 368– 372
Calliphora 19: 58, 61, 69, 268, 293– 295, 336, larval fat body 11: 350– 353
337, 344– 349, 384– 387; 21: 88, 90, larval storage protein 11: 354
93, 98, 109, 118, 142, 184; 23: 46; nucleolus 11: 337– 342
25: 157, 164– 166, 171, 187, 194, polyteny 11: 329
201; 26: 23, 85, 316–319, 337, 341, programmed cell death 11: 370
343; 27: 276, 279, 298, 303, 337 salivary gland protein 11: 362
absence of arginase 4: 42 haemocytes
adult eclosion 15: 500 blood clotting 11: 159– 169
axo-glial smooth septate-like brain, transplantation of 11: 178
junctions 15: 155 collagen, rectal papillae 11: 198
carbohydrate content 4: 299 diversity 11: 136– 140
giant 3: 171 endocytosis 11: 181
puffing 3: 174 free amino acids 11: 200
in defence reactions 11: 177 Calliphora augur, cysteine-cystine at

locomotion 11: 153 metamorphosis 11: 370
pericardium, elastic fibres 11: 194 Calliphora erythrocephala
phagocytosis 11: 184, 185, 186 choline metabolism 9: 56, 72, 84
phenol metabolism 11: 189– 192 feeding regulation
populations, humoral control 11: 143, constancy of intake 11: 89
144, 146, 149, 150 rejection thresholds 11: 34
pupal myoblasts, filopodia 11: 152 thresholds to sugars 11: 22, 35
ultrastructure 11: 119–131 gene activity
haemolymph proteins 3: 101 calliphorin cysteine 11: 370
heart preparations, biogenic amine effect calliphorin synthesis 11: 354, 355
on 15: 418 chromosomes, fat body 11: 334
larval cuticle 1: 288 haemolymph protein 11: 343, 347
malpighian tubule in 28: 46 – 48 larval fat body 11: 351, 352
medulla, biogenic amine localization labial glands 8: 210
in 15: 341 Malpighian tubules 8: 216– 240, 242,
nervous system development 6: 118, 119, 244– 246, 248, 250–252, 263, 265,
121, 122 266, 276– 279
nervous system plasticity in 28: 109, salivary glands, cyclic AMP 9: 1– 49,
111 1– 49 see Cyclic AMP
oocyte-nurse cell syncytium asynchrony, Calliphora erythrocephala 19: 50, 70, 82;
nurse cell development 11: 265 25: 157, 202, 206, 220
polytene chromosomes 11: 269, 270 active transport of water 2: 78
RNA synthesis and amino acids and growth 3: 72
transport 11: 277–280, 297 axo-glial junction-like associations
peripheral retina, reticular septate 15: 152
junctions 15: 177 cholinergic elements in 1: 7
reticular septate junctions, freeze- cuticular lipids, crystal structure 15: 27
fracture appearance 15: 179 cyanide insensitive respiration 2: 190
pleated septate junction development ecdysone 3: 165, 168, 169
in 15: 73 ecdysone, pre-pupal 10: 86
post ecdysial cell death 15: 562 endogenous factors in feeding 1: 55
protocerebral bridge, biogenic amine cell fat body
localization 15: 338 amino acid metabolism 1: 146– 148
puparium formation 15: 502 flight muscle, metabolism
rectum 1: 370, 374 mitochondria 7: 327– 329, 333
reticular septate junctions 15: 175 organization 7: 284
scalariform junctions 15: 162 oxygen supply 7: 270
freeze-fracture replica 15: 164 haemolymph 1: 212
thin section appearance 15: 159 heart, biogenic amine distribution in 15:
sensory terminal, asymmetric 417
junctions 15: 151 interglial junctions, thin section 15: 122
septate junctions, function 15: 71 internal ecdysial pressure 2: 179
sterol 4: 161, 179 nervous system, regeneration 6: 126
tight junctions in 15: 133 ocellus
degradation 15: 149 as stimulatory organ 7: 135, 137, 138
development 15: 146 dark adaptation 7: 168
ridge morphology 15: 145 electrical activity 7: 153, 159, 160, 162,
tubular salivary glands 15: 405 163
vicina 24: 52 eye, structure 7: 124
Calliphora augur, amino acids and flicker fusion frequency 7: 166, 167
growth 3: 72 form perception 7: 131
ocellar units, VNC 7: 176, 181 Calliphora spp., lipid content 4: 79, 80
phototactic orientation 7: 141 Calliphora stygia, ecdysones 12: 21, 25, 35
visual field 7: 131 Calliphora stygia, gene activity
phenolase activity 2: 196, 198 calliphorin, absence of cysteine 11: 370
polytene chromosomes calliphorin, synthesis 11: 354– 356
ecdysone 7: 38, 41 chromosome structure 11: 334, 335
interspecific transplant 7: 35 differential replication of loci 11: 330,
nurse cells 7: 8, 55 331
trichogen cells 7: 58 haemolymph protein 11: 344– 347, 349
post-emergence development 2: 206 larval fat body 11: 351–353
pterines 6: 151, 157, 161– 164, 172, 174, nucleolus 11: 338– 340
176, 187 salivary gland protein 11: 362, 363
puparium formation 2: 200, 204 Calliphora stygia, protein synthesis 7: 94
resilin in cuticle 2: 14, 15 Calliphora vicina 19: 40, 55, 156, 159– 178;
tryptophan ! ommochrome pathway 26: 318; 27: 205, 298
during metamorphosis 10: 208, 211 Calliphora vicina, ecdysis, bursicon and 15:
enzyme ontogeny 10: 213 542
free tryptophan 10: 124 Calliphora vicina, ecdysones 12: 21, 27
kynurenine-3-hydroxylase 10: 191, Calliphora vomitoria 19: 168; 25: 312– 315,
192 24, 29; 26: 24, 53, 210;
ommochrome biosynthesis 10: 194– 196 29: 358– 360
ommochrome deposition 10: 162– 164 Calliphora vomitoria, corpora pedunculata,
ommochrome localization 10: 158, 160 biogenic amine distribution in 15:
screening pigments 10: 166– 168 333
xanthommatin 10: 135 Calliphora vomitoria, thresholds to
3-hydroxy-kynurenine 10: 127, 128 sugars 11: 22, 35
Calliphora erythrocephala, carbohydrate Calliphora, dark regeneration 13: 52
metabolism 4: 338 eyes, isolation of intact rhabdomeres
Calliphora erythrocephala, corpora cardiaca from 13: 39
hormones 13: 175 fibrillar muscles 13: 203, 204
fibrillar muscles 13: 205 hemolymph trehalose 13: 177
hemolymph circulation 13: 179 power output, neural control 13: 153
hormone release, neural control 13: 176 pre-flight warm-up 13: 189
hyperglycaemic hormone 13: 101, 104, rhodopsin orientation in 13: 61
174 visual sensitivity and 13: 58
peptide pools, metabolic aspects 13: 89 visual pigments 13: 55, 56
rhodopsin and, metarhodopsin 13: 46 microspectrophotometry 13: 44
visual pigment 13: 45 Calliphora, flight reflexes
Calliphora erythrocephala, haemolymph, and antennae 5: 208
ionic composition 14: 201 and Johnston’s organ 5: 198
moulting, ecdysone and 14: 113, 114, and maintenance of flight 5: 199
115 and pitch 5: 211, 212
juvenile hormone and 14: 112 and roll 5: 213
neuromuscular junctions 14: 196, 197 and yaw 5: 215, 216
Calliphora spp., antennal development Calliphorid flies, optic lobe NSCs 12: 71
14: 303 Calliphoridae 26: 319
antennal lobes 14: 300 Calliphoridae, polytene chromosomes 7: 8
fat bodies, vitellogenin secretion by Calliphorin 22: 304
14: 80 and larval fat body 11: 351, 352
retina, axons 14: 297 at metamorphosis 11: 365
rhabdomere arrangement 14: 285 in haemolymph 11: 343– 349
vitellogenin in, mode of entry 14: 92 polymorphism 11: 356
relationship to adult proteins 11: 369, Calpodes spp., atmospheric water absorption
370 in 14: 6
synthesis 11: 354, 355, 372, 373, 376 Calpodes, cuticle autoradiography
Callobruchus chinensis, lipid content 4: 73 4: 263– 265
Callobruchus, sterol utilization 4: 159, Calpodes, endocuticle deposition 12: 242
163 Calpodes, larval cuticle 1: 304
Callosamia promethea, lipid content 4: 77 Calpodes, Malpighian tubules 8: 237,
Callosobruchus maculatus, body pattern 264– 269
specification 12: 180, 181, 209, C. ethlius 8: 216
211 Calyculin A 29: 39
Callosobruchus maculatus, flight fuel 13: Calyptratae, polytene chromosomes 11: 334
165 Calyx (corpora pedunculata),
Calmodulin 19: 162, 164; 24: 223; 26: 82, development 6: 120, 121
89 Cambaris virilis, nerve-muscle
Calmodulin activity in Drosophila effect of DDT 1: 231
melanogaster 18: 165, 166 Cambarus bartoni 24: 174
Calmodulin in microvilli 20: 6, 7 Cambarus, septate junction in 15: 66
Caloneurodea 23: 173 Camnulla pellucida, food plant preferences
Calopedes ethlius, wax secretion 4: 155 of 1: 48
Calophasia lunula, fatty acid content 4: 95 Campaniform sensilla 27: 3
Calopteryx, protocerebral neurosecretory Campaniform sensilla, anatomy and
cells 12: 77 development 14: 322
Calosaturnia mendocino, lipid content 4: 77 Campaniform sensillae, role in flight 5: 198,
Calosoma calidum, fatty acid content 4: 94 304
Calotermes 25: 156 Campanotus herculeanus, frost
Calotermes flavicollis, isoprenoid content resistance 6: 29
4: 168 Campanotus obscuripes, frost
Calotermes, ocellus 7: 135, 137 resistance 6: 29
Calpodes Campesterol 4: 174, 175
collagen, fibrous components 11: 198 Campodea, sperm 9: 325, 342, 344, 350,
cuticle deposition prior to ecdysis 15: 550 361
cuticular lipids, function 15: 24 Campodeidae, sperm 9: 347, 349, 351
gene activity Camponotus 26: 325
larval fat body 11: 350, 351 body pattern specification 12: 187
proteinaceous spheres 11: 373, 374 neurosecretory cells 12: 82, 97
myoepidermal connections 15: 77 Camponotus floridanus 28: 119
Verson’s glands 15: 557 Camponotus intrepidus, methylalkanes
Zonulae occludentes 15: 88 in 13: 6, 8
Calpodes ethlius 21: 187; 24: 236; 26: 164 Camponotus vagus, lipid content 4: 81
Calpodes ethlius, cuticle deposition in Campsocleis buergeri, hatching,
14: 120 developmental readiness 15: 480
ecdysial droplets in 14: 121 Camptochironomus, chromosome
formation of cuticulin layer in puffing 11: 336
14: 122 Camptomyia, polytene chromosomes 7: 4
Golgi complex in secretion and Campylenchie latipes, fatty acid content
digestion 14: 125 4: 94
inner epicuticle formation in 14: 123 Canace nasica, spiracular gills 5: 75, 106,
Calpodes ethlius, daily growth layers 113, 152– 155
10: 21 Canaceidae, spiracular gills 5: 75, 105,
Calpodes ethluis 152– 156
chitin lamellogenesis 4: 251 Canalization, behavioural 23: 160
cuticle structure 4: 226 Cancer 24: 66
Cancer borealis 25: 311, 316; 29: 88 neural lamella 9: 265, 266
Cancer irroratus, nerve-muscle perineurium 9: 266, 268
effect of DDT 1: 231 Carausius (Dixippus) morosus 19: 248
Cancer pagurus Carausius (see Dixippus)
cuticular orientation 4: 225 Carausius 19: 7, 64, 102, 103, 105, 112
Cancer pagurus, neurones, acetylcholine Carausius
receptors 15: 275 eye development 6: 116
Cancer, and rhythmic hormone secretion 10: haemocyte number 11: 143, 145
42 leg muscle
Cancinus 24: 67 effect of acetylcholine 4: 12
menas 24: 51 ion basis of electrically excitable
Cannula punctata 24: 141 responses 4: 22, 23
Cannula, coloration 8: 149, 159 membrane potential 4: 2
Cantharis sp., wingbeat frequency, locomotion control 7: 421
temperature and 13: 139 magnesium in blood 4: 13
CAP2b membrane potential 6: 235, 236
and nervous system plasticity 28: 129 muscle potentials 4: 2, 5, 6, 16
in malpighian tubules 28: 40, 41, 45, nervous system development,
48 embryo 6: 103, 104
Capillarity and fluid level in neural lamella formation 11: 195
tracheoles 17: 123– 125, 129, 133, synapses 7: 361
134, 137, 138 tight junctions in 15: 133
Capillary force in trachedes 2: 83, 84 development 15: 146
Capnodis milliaris, trehalase activity 4: 311 visceral muscle 6: 206, 207
Capsules 21: 104 Carausius monosus 24: 27
haemocytic 21: 154 coloration 8: 164, 171, 175
Capsus ater, pectinase, saliva 9: 213 cuticular lining, rectum 8: 307
Capture, tracheole 17: 115–119 hindgut 8: 287
Carabid beetles, oocyte-nurse cell Malpighian tubules 8: 213–216,
syncytium 11: 254, 236 226– 231, 234, 236, 239, 240, 242,
Carabidae 244, 245, 248, 250, 251, 263, 265,
chitin orientation 4: 221 266, 276, 278, 284– 286
lipid content 4: 73 Carausius morosus 19: 70, 75, 102, l70, 172,
Carabidae, antennae, sensilla on 16: 303 336, 338; 26: 11; 27: 23, 61, 123,
Carabids, sperm 9: 331 124, 137, 140, 145, 158
Carabus 26: 321 allantoinase activity 4: 47
Carabus auratus, cholinergic elements in carbonic anhydrase transport 28: 28, 29
head of 1: 6 cholinergic elements in 1: 6
Carabus nemoralis, endocrine cell circadian rhythms
rhythm 10: 34 colour change 10: 71, 72
Carabus, oocyte-nurse cell ecdysis, bursicon and 15: 542
syncytium 11: 279, 283 electrically excitable
Carabus, spectral sensitivity 2: 146, membranes 6: 264– 268
148, 149 FMRFamide-related peptides in 28: 285,
Carasius morosus 289, 293
extra neuronal potentials 9: 285, 288 haemolymph 6: 215, 216
extra-axonal sodium regulation 9: 302 haemolymph 1: 214
fat body deposits 9: 260– 263 hormones
ionic basis, electrical activity 9: 277, 278 CA and respiration 12: 295
ionic composition, nervous tissues 9: 275, hyperglycaemic response 12: 260
276 juvenile hormone 12: 250, 271
neural fat body sheath 9: 278– 281 ions in muscle systems 6: 220, 221
locomotor activity 10: 77 toxin binding inhibition by 15: 231

longitudinal body pattern Carbocyanine dyes 27: 9
specification 12: 160 Carbohydrate
median neurohaemal organs, biogenic content in haemolymph 4: 291– 298
amines in 15: 431 conversion to lipid 12: 278, 279
neurosecretory cells conversion to lipid 4: 86, 130, 132, 137,
protocerebral 12: 78 147– 149, 150, 151
total 12: 91 haemocyte granules 11: 195, 196
nitrogenous excretion 4: 46, 47 in haemolymph 17: 150, 151
ommochromes intake of 11: 102
as pattern pigments 10: 171, 172 metabolism, endocrine
as waste products 10: 178 control 12: 247– 270
association with melanin 10: 171,172 diapause hormone 12: 254 –259
distribution 10: 153 hyperglycaemic hormone
in morphological colour change 10: 12: 259– 268
173 juvenile hormone 12: 249– 254
turnover 10: 196 medial neurosecretory cell hormone
3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 128 12: 268, 269
oviposition behaviour 10: 328 moulting hormone 12: 247– 249
pharmacological 10: 41 octopamine 12: 269, 270
pterines 6: 153, 186 5-hydroxytryptamine 12: 270
synaptic membranes 6: 247 mobilization of 17: 150, 174, 175
unpaired median neurons in 28: 190 neurohormones and 17: 268, 269
Carausius morosus, antennae, sensilla utilization of 17: 152, 153, 176– 181,
on 16: 285 183– 186
Carausius morosus, basal lamina 14: 187 Carbohydrate composition 21: 144
haemolymph, ionic composition 14: 200 Carbohydrate levels, and diapause pupa
muscle fibres, ion barriers 14: 232 4: 300, 342, 345, 346
muscles, ionic composition 14: 204 Carbohydrate metabolism
mycoplasm, ionic composition 14: 203 effect of hormones 4: 309, 336– 340
resting membrane potential 14: 222 effect on injury to diapause pupae 4: 333,
transverse tubular system 14: 194 339, 340
Carausius morosus, feeding general introduction 4: 287– 289
and age 5: 249 interrelation of tissues in 4: 321
dry matter 5: 253 Carbohydrate metabolism, flight
fresh matter 5: 258 muscle 7: 281–312
Carausius morosus, hyperglycaemic glycogen synthetase 7: 295, 296
hormone 13: 101 glycogenolysis 7: 283– 295
Carausius morosus, neuronal activity glycolysis 7: 303– 309
ofpyrethroids in 20: l60, 161 other loci of control 7: 310– 312
Carausius, synapses 5: 3, 4 phosphorylase b kinase 7: 295
Carayon’s classification, scent glands 14: 374 trehalase 7: 296– 300
Carayon’s glands, see “ventral” under Scent trehalose, biosynthesis 7: 300– 303
glands Carbohydrates 5: 231, 251, 276, 278
Carbamylcholine as flight energy source 4: 329
effect on cell bodies of Periplaneta central relation of chitin to 4: 328, 341–343
neurones 15: 260 saliva 9: 240, 241
on electrophysiology of the sixth sperm 9: 352, 353, 380
abdominal ganglion of synthesis from fat 4: 328, 329
Periplaneta 15: 251 Carbohydrates in flight muscle
on Periplaneta fast coxal depressor 13: 161– 164
motoneurone 15: 263 Carbohydrates in vitellogenin 14: 63, 64
Carbohydrates, fat body 1: 114– 129 Carcinus maenas, myoplasm, ionic

Carbohydrates, in extracellular fluid 6: 218 composition 14: 205
Carbon dioxide plasma membrane permeability to
and acetylcholine 5: 8 hydrogen ions 14: 216
and electrical activity 5: 23 Carcinus moenas, cuticular orientation
effect on muscle potential 4: 6, 14, 26 4: 225
role in purine synthesis 4: 40, 41 Carcinus, nerve 1: 186, 192, 209
Carbon dioxide and hypoxia Cardiac activity, regulation 10: 299
effect on spiracles Cardiac cells, and cyclic AMP 9: 15
control of activity 3: 303– 305, 311, Cardiac nerves 2: 224
317– 321 Cardiac stimulator, from corpus
mechanism of stimulation 3: 311 cardiacum 2: 225–228
effect on ventilation 3: 294– 297 Cardiac system, transmitters 19: 14
electrical activity 3: 288 Cardioacceleratory peptide 2b
periodic ventilation 3: 290, 291 (CAP2b) 29: 42, 43, 307, 308, 336,
pumping 3: 281 346, 347, 362, 363, 371
receptors 3: 285 Cardiochiles nigriceps, alkanes in,
role of abdominal ganglion function 13: 24
3: 283– 293 Cardiochiles, defence reactions
Carbon dioxide see CO2 against 11: 173
Carbon dioxide, and grasshopper Cardio-regulatory substances
coloration 8: 182 in central nervous system 2: 228–230
Carbon dioxide, and membrane in corpus allatum 2: 230
potential 6: 234 in corpus cardiacum 2: 225– 228
Carbon dioxide, juvenile hormone 26: 80 in other tissues 2: 231
see also circulation and tracheal Cardisoma carniflex 19: 6
ventilation Cardophilus hemipterus, choline
Carbon dioxide, permeability of 9: 56
cuticle 2: 78, 79 Carex 4: 291
Carbonic anhydrase, activity in carnitine, in lipid metabolism 4: 125, 126,
Manduca’sexta larval pupal 143
transformation 14: 153 Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase in flight
Carboniferous 23: 198 muscle metabolism 13: 173
Middle 23: 174 Carnitine, and choline metabolism 9: 52,
Middle to Upper 23: 172 59 – 62, 70, 80, 87, 99
Upper 23: 173, 174 Carnitine, and fat metabolism
(2S,3S,4R)-cis-(Carboxycyclo- 7: 314– 316
propyl)glycine (CCG III) 29: 73 Carnivores 19: 264
Carboxyl groups, and quinone Carnivores, saliva 9: 203– 205, 238
tanning 21: 196, 197 Carotene
Carboxylates, plasma membrane and phase characteristics in locust
permeability 14: 214 1: 83 – 91
Carboxylesterase 26: 197, 198 in fat body 1: 159
Carboxylic acids, transport, hindgut in growth and reproduction 1: 61, 69,
19: 395 91 – 95
Carboxymethyl-o-benzoquinone 27: 271, nutrition and pigmentation in locusts
307 1: 61, 73, 80, 83 –91, 159
Carcinus Carotene, and grasshopper coloration 8: 185,
muscle 189, 190
flight muscle metabolism 4: 125 b-carotene 8: 184
temperature and resting potentials 4: 6 Carotenoid metabolism, temperature
Carcinus maenas 21: 108; 29: 70, 92, 317 coefficient 4: 255, 256
Carotenoid protection of photoreceptors 20: Catechol oxidase in cuticle synthesis and

38 degradation 14: 127
Carotenoids 23: 15 Catechol, effect on tyrosinase 2: 188
Carotenoids, grasshopper coloration 8: 183, Catechol-4, at neuromuscular junctions
184, 187– 190 1: 31
Carotenoids, in colour changes 10: 174 Catecholamine 24: 65, 219, 222
Carotenoproteins 22: 362 Catecholamine derivatives, acylation
Carpenter bee (Xylocopa capitata) 23: 94 of 21: 184
Carpenter bees Catecholamines
flight performance and ambient and luminescence 6: 76, 77, 79
temperature 20: 134 and pterines 6: 171, 172, 186
thermoregulation, head 20: 132 dopamine uptake studies 22: 170, 171
Carpocapsa pomenella, lipid content 4: 76 Drosophila melanogaster,
Carpocapsa, transplantation of testis mutations 22: 167, 168
from 11: 178 histofluorescence and immunostaining
Carpocoris pudicus, abdominal scent glands, patterns 22: 168– 170
developmental fate 14: 369 in nervous system 15: 318
metathoracic scent glands, in salivary glands, innervation pattern
morphology 14: 374 and 15: 403– 405
morphology 14: 367 mutations 22: 167, 168
Carpocoris spp., metathoracic scent gland synthesis 15: 350
development 14: 364 Catecholamines, and cyclic AMP 9: 34 –36,
Carposina niponensis, lipid content 4: 75 38
Cartap, receptor actions 15: 291 Catechol-O-methyltransferase in
Caste biogenic amine inactivation 15:
development, as deviation from solitary 360– 362
development 16: 169, 170 Catechols 21: 184, 185, 223
endocrines and 16: 203– 224 Catechols (see also Amines)
in social insects 16: 167–246 in crosslinking 17: 52 – 72 passim
elimination, mechanism 16: 182, 195,196 in neurosecretory system 17: 230– 238
formation, in social hymenoptera, Caterpillar
endocrine in 16: 209– 224 colour change 10: 175
in termites, endocrine in 16: 204– 209 cutworm, frost resistance 6: 14
functioning, endocrine and 16: 224 electrically excitable responses 6: 266
induction, by factors inside the phototactic rhythm 10: 13
colony 16: 179– 196 slug, frost resistance 6: 4 – 6, 12, 14, 18,
by factors outside the colony 27, 38 – 42
16: 177– 179 synaptic membranes 6: 248
syndromes, functioning 16: 170– 176 Caterpillars 19: 204; 24: 215
Cat, nerve 1: 8, 186 Caterpillars, initiation of feeding in
Catabolism 16: 62
ecdysone 4: 186 Caterpillars, thermoregulation in 20:
fatty acid 138– 140
in embryos 4: 116– 118 Cathepsin, and haemocyte
in flight muscle 4: 118– 127 phagocytosis 11: 184
Cataglyphis 25: 168, 177, 178; 26: 325 Cation exchange, blood and CNS 9: 258
Cataglyphis fortis 28: 106 Cation transport 28: 16
Catantopinae, coloration 8: 146, 149– 151, Cations, divalent (see divalent)
154, 158– 160, 164, 172, 176, 178, Catopsilia argante, pterines 6: 149
185, 189 Caudal filaments 23: 207, 208
Catantops kissenjianus, coloration 8: 168 median 23: 198, 199
Catechol 27: 253 Caves, microclimate 16: 7, 8
CC (corpora cardiaca) 23: 17, 18 Celerio euphorbiae, celerin in 13: 74

see also neurosecretory cells Celerio euphorbiae, choline metabolism
behaviour/activity 23: 35, 36 9: 66, 85
endocrine control 23: 85 Celerio euphorbiae, fat body
locust 23: 90 amino acid metabolism 1: 147
metabolic substrates 23: 97 arginase 1: 156
VG 23: 48, 49 Celerio euphorbiae, food intake 11: 92
CCRF-DP 28: 38 Celerio euphorbiae, ommochromes 10: 167,
CDP (see Cytidine diphosphate) 168
CDP-choline (cytidinediphosphorylcholine), Celerio euphorbiae, proteins 3: 99
and choline metabolism 9: 53 – 55, Celerio euphorbiae, pterines 6: 171
69, 86, 96, 97 death, in nervous system
Cebrio gigas, lipid content 4: 73 development 6: 104, 106, 117,
Cecidogenesis, and saliva 9: 224, 225, 249 122– 125
Cecidomyiidae, antennae, sensilla frost resistance 6: 6 – 9, 14, 24, 25, 39, 42
on 16: 302 membrane
Cecidomyiidae, endopolyploidy 11: 328 see also Membrane
Cecidomyiidae, lipid in 4: 209 and luminescence 6: 78
Cecidomyiidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 7 structure 6: 208
behaviour 7: 52 movement, in optic lobe 6: 114– 116
nurse cells 7: 9 Celerio euphorbiae, vitellogenin and vitellin
polyteny and endopolyploidy 7: 5, 6, 8 in 14: 52
salivary gland function 7: 60 Celerio lineata, corpus allatum 2: 291
Cecidomyiinae, polyteny and Celerio lineata, flight and temperature 5: 321
endopolyploidy 7: 6 Cell
Cecropia (see Platysamia and Hyalophora) phospholipids 4: 137– 139
Cecropia 19: 83, 93 trehalase in muscle 4: 314– 316
Cecropia moth Cell coupling 19: 360
juvenile hormone 12: 243 Cell death, Arthropoda 24: 18, 19
mid-gut, differentiation 12: 4 Cell death, post-ecdysial 15: 561– 567
Cecropia, flight muscle metabolism Cell expression, Arthropoda 24: 31
fat biosynthesis 7: 318 Cell “inertia” 2: 290, 291
fat mobilization and transport 7: 319, 322 Cell lineage, neural development and 14:
glycogen synthetase 7: 296 339
glycogenolysis 7: 294 retina development and 14: 288
substrate 7: 271 Cell lysis, Bacillus
trehalase 7: 298, 299 thuringiensis 24: 291– 294
trehalose 7: 302 Cell membrane
Cecropin-like peptides 22: 334 and choline 9: 52
Cecropins 22: 332–334; 24: 162 and sterols 4: 176, 178, 180
Celereo lineata, pre-flight warm-up 13: 185 and watery saliva 9: 201
Celerin 15: 364 muscle excitation 4: 1, 19 –23
Celerin in Celerio euphorbiae 13: 74 phospholipids 4: 137, 138, 144
Celerio 26: 298, 303 Cell membrane, juvenile hormone 26:
Celerio euphorbia, food intake 5: 247 73 – 83, 111
Celerio euphorbiae Cell migration, Arthropoda 24: 31
carbohydrate in haemolymph 4: 293, 299 Cell multiplication, and tryptophan
ornithine cycle 4: 42 metabolism 10: 217
PL in 4: 142, 143 Cell polarity, post embryonic
trehalase activity 4: 312, 320 development 7: 198– 224
trehalose in haemolymph 4: 291, 296, 297 Cell polymorphism, sequential 12: 1– 15,
Celerio euphorbiae celerin from 15: 363 see Polymorphism
Cell proliferation in Drosophila polymerization 4: 263

melanogaster malpighian role of water in crystallization 4: 278
tubule 28: 10 Cellulose digestion 19: 296
Cell shape in larval pupal ecdysis 14: 120 Cellulose, digestion 5: 277
Cell surface, sperm 9: 317– 324 Cellulose, effect on food intake 11: 91, 92, 97
Cell types in Drosophila malpighian Cement rings in tracheoles 17: 90, 91
tubule 28: 13 Cement, cuticle 26: 158– 160
Cell types, lepidopteran larval Cenocorixa 19: 344
midgut 19: 227 Cenocorixa expleta
Cell volume changes in insect nervous energy budget analysis 15: 19
systems 28: 113– 115, 140– 142 water loss, measurement 15: 11
Cell wall Cenocorixida 19: 337
cellulose orientation 4: 215, 263 Centipedes 24: 59
differentiation 4: 213 Centipedes, gap junction in 15: 97
Cell-cell interactions, Arthropods 24: 37 Central body complexes, biogenic amines
Cellobiose, as inhibitor in trehalose cell localization in 15: 337, 338
synthesis 4: 309 Central body, brain, Arthropoda 24: 2, 3
in locust haemolymph 4: 292, 295 Chelicerata 24: 71, 74, 75
Cells (see also Haemocyte) Crustacea 24: 69
crystal 21: 88 Insecta 24: 33, 46
exogenous 21: 58 – 67 Central body, development 6: 121, 122
recruitment during glial Central ganglia, positional information
repair 21: 63 – "71 in 14: 337
ganglion mother (GMC) 21: 3 Central nervous system (CNS) 23: 132, 133
granular 21: 88 Central nervous system 24: 310–314, 311
plasmatocytes (PLS) 21: 87, 88 see also Skeletal system
prohaemocytes (PRS) 21: 87 acetylcholine receptors, binding
Schwann 21: 51, 73 studies 15: 216, 217
sessile 21: 88, 89 comparative pharmacology
spherule 21: 88 15: 265– 279
Cell-specific processing of FMRFamide- anatomical changes 6: 101, 102
related peptides 28: 288, 289 and luminescence 6: 67 –73, 84, 89 –93
Cell-to-cell contact, in optic lobe and regeneration 6: 129, 130
development 14: 299 degenerative responses 21: 36 – 40
neural development 14: 335 development, hormonal
Cellular aspects, embryonic pattern approaches 21: 1 – 34
specification 12: 220– 226 endocrine (hormonal)
Cellular circadian rhythms regulation 21: 7 – 12
clocks 10: 93 – 97 postembryonic 21: 4 – 7
endocrine cells 10: 34 – 39 neurohormones in 17: 272– 274
tissue culture 10: 39, 40 neurosecretory cells in 17: 216– 229,
Cellular immunity 24: 162– 168, 198, 277 256– 258
Cellular mechanisms of behaviour, see amines in 17: 231– 234, 237, 238
Behaviour and corpora cardiaca 17: 242– 244
Cellulase, saliva 9: 197, 209 and neurohaemal areas 17: 250– 252
Cellulose and perisympathetic organs 17:
birefringence 4: 220 244– 249
comparison with chitin and tonicin 4: regulation of 17: 262– 265
213, 214, 227 oxygen supply 17: 101, 102
crystallite orientation 4: 266 patterns of 21: 2 – 7
microfibril diameter 4: 214 embryonic 21: 2 – 4
orientation 4: 215 tight junctions in 15: 132
vertebrates, biogenic amines as hormones Ceratitis capitata, ommochrome

and 15: 392 distribution 10: 157
Central nervous system, hormonal effects Ceratitis capitata, protein kinases in 29: 27
on 10: 305– 309 Ceratitis capitata, pterines 6: 147, 150, 151,
copulatory movements 10: 306, 307 157, 176
level of spontaneous activity 10: 305, 306 Ceratocoris cephalicus, scent gland
pre-eclosion behaviour 10: 307, 308 secretion components 14: 398
Central nervous system, locust 18: 252– 255, Ceratopogonidae
253 antennae, sensilla on 16: 302
Central nervous system, ocellar input 7: 189 mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 266
Central nervous system, sound production Ceratopsyllus canis, ocellus 7: 108
and 13: 260– 267 Cercal receptors, Arthropoda 24: 39
Central projections of the wing, bithorax Cercarial penetration 24: 180
mutants 14: 309 Cerci and giant fibres 8: 124, 129
Centrin 27: 49, 183 Cerci, abdominal, regeneration
Centriolar region, sperm 6: 128, 129
centriole 9: 332, 333, 382 Cerci, anal, and habituation 9: 151– 155
centriole adjunct 9: 329, 333– 335, 365 Cerci, habituation 7: 388, 389
initial segment, axoneme 9: 335, 336 Cerci, paired 23: 198, 199, 207
Centriole transfer, oocyte-nurse cell Cercopidae, saliva 9: 216
syncytium 11: 290 Cercopids 19: 286
Centripetal fibres and eye Cercopoidea, saliva 9: 214, 229, 232
development 6: 117, 118 Cercus 24: 29
Centruroides sculpturatus, cuticular lipids, Cercus, basic anatomy 14: 314, 315
electron paramagnetic effects of rotation and exchange of 14:
resonance 15: 28 317– 319
Cenula vinula, thoracic gland hormone ganglion development and 14: 317
and colour change 2: 263 neural connections, physiological
Cepaea nemoralis, methylalkanes in 13: 4 assessment 14: 315– 317
trimethylalkanes in 13: 17 neural development and 14: 313– 322
Cephus cinctus, hormones and Cerebral ischaemia 24: 310
diapause 2: 253, 272 Cerititis capitata, pre-ingestion locomotor
Cephus, action of brain hormone 2: 254, activity 11: 17, 18
255, 275, 277 Ceruchus piceus 26: 28
Cephus, flight muscle differentiation Cerula vinula, pigment 1: 162
5: 219, 220 Cerura vinula
Cerambycid larvae, frost resistance 6: 29 hormonal control of
Cerambycidae 26: 321 cocoon construction 10: 314
Cerambyx scopolii, lipid content 4: 73 pigmentation 10: 313
Ceramide, and choline metabolism 9: 53 – 55 ommochromes
Ceraratis capita as pattern pigments 10: 170– 172
choline metabolism 9: 71, 72 as waste products 10: 177, 178
sperm 9: 337, 344, 346 egg, tryptophan metabolites 10: 199
Cerataphis lataniae (see Aphis palmae) enzyme ontogeny 10: 217
Ceratina flavipes, frost resistance 6: 34, 35 free tryptophan 10: 124
Ceratina japonica, frost resistance 6: 34, 35 in morphological colour change 10:
Ceratina spp., sugar levels and over- 173, 175
wintering 4: 296 larva, tryptophan metabolites 10: 200
Ceratitis capitata 26: 80, 198; 27: 337, 364 localization 10: 157, 160
Ceratitis capitata, arylphorin 22: 306 metamorphosis, tryptophan
Ceratitis capitata, ecdysis, X-irradiation metabolites 10: 204– 206, 211
and 15: 578 oxidation-reduction 10: 165, 166
turnover 10: 196 Chaoborus plumicornis,

3-hydroxy-kynurenine 10: 127 water balance 1: 350, 351
Ceruraphis eriophori, saliva 9: 214 Characteristics, calcium absorption by
Ceruraphis viburnicola, saliva 9: 213 midgut 19: 159
Cesium, glutamate receptors 24: 323 Charybdotoxin 28: 220, 221
Cessation of activity, voluntary 23: 104 Chelae, Crustacea 24: 65, 66
Cetonia aurata, lipid content 4: 74 Chelentoptera
Cetonia roetotsi, larva, frost haemolymph 6: 216, 217
resistance 6: 14, 29 ions in muscle systems 6: 220, 221
Cetonia, flight stability 5: 196, 197 Cheleutoptera, haemolymph, ionic
Cetoniidae, elytra 5: 169 composition 14: 200, 202
CGMP-dependent protein kinase myoplasm, ionic composition 14: 203
(PKG) 29: 1 Chelicerata 19: 7; 24: 1, 2, 3, 69 – 71
Chaetocarabus intricatus, nitrogenous arachnida 24: 70 – 73
excretion 4: 50 compared to Insecta 24: 44
Chaetodacus, protocerebral neurosecretory phylogeny 24: 80, 82
cells 12: 82 ‘primitive’ chelicerata 24: 71, 72
Chaetognaths suboesophageal ganglion 24: 73, 74
desmosomes in 15: 82 supraoesophageal ganglion 24: 70,
gap junction in 15: 97 74 – 76, 75, 76
septate junction in 15: 65 visual systems 24: 77
Chaetopteryx villosa, haemolymph Chelicerata, haemolymph 26: 298
1: 214 Chelicerata, resilin in cuticle 2: 14
Chafer, larva, frost resistance 6: 14 Chelifera, spiracular gills 5: 147
Chalcidae, flight muscle differentiation Chemical characterization, proctolin 19: 5
5: 220 Chemical factors, CPV 26: 253– 257
Chalcidae, pterines 6: 149 Chemical mating factor 24: 147, 149
Chalcophora mariana, carbohydrate in Chemical potential gradient in insect water
larval haemolymph 4: 294 loss 15: 11
Channel gating kinetics, extrajunctional Chemical recognition, receptor numbers
glutamate receptors 24: 316 and 16: 318– 320
agonist concentration jump Chemical stimulus, encapsulation 11: 180,
studies 24: 319, 320 181
desensitization, quisqualate Chemicals, susceptibility to, CPV 26: 276,
receptors 24: 320– 323 277
ion-selectivity, quisqualate ‘Chemoaffinity model’ 21: 57
receptors 24: 323 Chemokinesis 24: 122
non-competitive antagonism of Chemoreception
quisqualate-sensitive glutamate initiation of food intake and 16: 63, 64
receptors 24: 324 receptor numbers and 16: 247– 356
antagonism by phencyclidine, Chemoreceptors
ketamine, chlorisondamine, adaptation, initiation of feeding and
trimetaphan 24: 324–327, 326 16: 64
antagonism by polyamine in cibarial cavity, stimulation, feeding
amides 24: 327– 329 and 16: 62
channel block by (+)- numbers, functions and 16: 248– 309
tubocurarine 24: 324 significance of 16: 309–331
quisqualate-sensitive glutamate populations, evolution and 16: 331,
receptors 24: 316, 317 332
single channel studies 24: 317– 319 Chemoreceptors, and feeding
structure-activity studies 24: 315, 316 regulation 11: 9, 50 – 52
Chaoborus (see Corethra) Chemoreceptors, Arthropoda 24: 67
Chemosensilla 23: 90 Ch. strenzkei 11: 348

Chemotaxis 24: 122 Ch. tentans 11: 324, 348, 359, 360
Chemotaxis, haemocytes 11: 156, 181 Ch. thummi 11: 347, 348
Chewing insects, initiation of chromosome structure 11: 332, 336
ingestion 16: 61 – 64 haemolymph protein 11: 347, 348
Chiasma frequency 23: 30, 31 nucleolus 11: 342
Chile, haemocyte tissue culture 11: 155 proteinaceous spheres 11: 352
Chilling, physiological changes salivary gland 11: 362, 370
during 2: 274– 277, 300 haemocytes
Chilo iridescent virus (CIV) 26: 249, 279 fragmentation of multinuclear
Chilo partellus 26: 43 plasmatocytes 11: 166
Chilo simplex, eggs 1: 5 haemocytopoeic centres 11: 149
Chilo simplex, trehalase activity 4: 311 multinucleate haemocytes 11: 121
Chilo suppressalis 19: 40; 25: 38 phenol metabolism 11: 189
Chilo suppressalis, feeding osmoregulation
carbohydrate and lipid 5: 276 uptake of inorganic ions 1: 341, 343
dry matter 5: 256 tentans 24: 219, 221, 243
nitrogen 5: 274 thummi 24: 238
starch 5: 277 Chironomus dorsalis, embryonic pattern
Chilo, hormones and diapause 2: 272, specification 12: 189– 192
274, 275 Chironomus luridus 25: 30
Chilopoda 24: 26, 57, 58, 62, 77 Chironomus pallidivattatus, chromosome
Chiro suppressalis puffing and synthetic processes
induction of apolysis 12: 242 3: 181
use in ecdysone bioassay 12: 34, 35 Chironomus plumosus, osmoregulation role
Chironomid larva, frost resistance 6: 18, 19, of excretory system 1: 330
37, 41 Chironomus sp., haemolymph osmotic
Chironomid midges, embryonic pattern pressure and medium 1: 320– 323
specification 12: 208, 224, 225 Chironomus spp., and lipids 4: 80, 180
Chironomidae 27: 13 Chironomus spp., choline metabolism
Chironomidae, gene activity 9: 72
haemochironomin 11: 359, 360 Chironomus tentans (larva), chromosome
haemoglobins 11: 347, 348 puffs and ecdysone 3: 112
Chironomidae, head, sensilla on 16: 273 Chironomus tentans 26: 220
Chironomidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 2, chromosome puffing
7, 25 –29, 60 and development 3: 174– 178
Chironomidae, spiracular gills 5: 66, 69, 87, and synthetic processes 3: 181
92, 96, 152, 155 giant chromosomes 3: 172– 174
Chironomous Chironomus tentans, polytene
salivary glands, gap junctions 15: 102 chromosomes 2: 205
gap junction permeability, calcium Chironomus thummi, eggs, non-specific
and 15: 104 proteins in 14: 90
pH and 15: 106 Chironomus thummi, trehalase activity
Chironomus (larva), giant 4: 311, 320
chromosomes 3: 171, 172 Chironomus, chromosome puffing 12: 244
Chironomus Chironomus, chromosome puffs and
fat body transport enzymes 3: 183
pigments 1: 160 Chironomus, dehydration 5: 96
gene activity Chironomus, larva, frost resistance
before pupariation 11: 364 6: 13
Ch. pallidivitattus 10: 348, 359 Chironomus, Malpighian tubules 8: 230
Ch. plumosus 11: 348 Chironomus, moulting of 2: 266, 335
Chironomus, polytene chromosomes 7: 21, cuticle plasticization in ecdysis and 15:

49, 70 540
C. dorsalis 7: 18, 27, 48, 50, 61 effect of water on tensile strength 4: 218
C. melanotus 7: 23, 52 fibril formation 4: 215
C. palliduvitatus growth rate 4: 250
cellular junctions 7: 45 H-bonding 4: 215, 217, 218
during development 7: 28, 29 histochemical localization 4: 236
ecdysone 7: 35 in various body parts 4: 220, 222
RNA synthesis 7: 15 inhibition of lamellogenesis 4: 236, 238,
salivary gland function 7: 64, 65 239
secretory protein synthesis 7: 94 kinetics of deposition 17: 33, 36 – 38
C. plumosus 7: 48 lamellogenesis rhythm 4: 249–252
C. tentans levels of acetylation 4: 275, 276
biochemistry 7: 10 – 17, 19, 93, 94 lifestage and 17: 50
developmental physiology 7: 25 – 28, macromolecular configuration 4: 217
31 metabolism
endocrine control 7: 33, 37, 39, 40, and mounting 4: 328, 341– 345
42 – 44 enzymatic degradation 4: 344, 345
experimental modifications 7: 47, 49 general 4: 288
significance 7: 61, 63, 64, 66, 67 relation to other carbohydrates 4: 328,
C. thummi 341– 343
biochemistry 7: 15, 18, 20, 21, 27 synthesis 4: 323, 329, 343, 344
development 7: 32 micelle and crystallite orientation 2: 61,
endocrine control 7: 35, 42, 43, 47, 93
200, 201
oxytetracycline 7: 49
microfibril diameter 4: 214
significance 7: 61, 62, 66, 67
molecular transport 4: 215
Chironornus thummi
orientation changes 4: 214, 215
chromosome puffing
orientation in arthrodial membrane 4: 223
and development 3: 178–180
orientation in cuticle 4: 213– 279
and Na+ and K+, 188, 189
and Zn++, 113 and pH 4: 274– 277
Chirping, Gryllidae amplitude anisotropic skeletal strains 4: 266
modulation 13: 269 around tactile pits 4: 229, 231, 232
a-chitin association with protein 4: 269, 271,
molecular structure 4: 216 272
Chitin 17: 32 –36; 21: 182, 183; 26: biological clock control 4: 239
158– 160, 164, 165 cellular regulation 4: 272
absorption 4: 328, 341, 345 chemical bonds 4: 217, 218
alignment of 17: 54 chemical control 4: 254, 260, 262
and resilin 2: 4, 9, 13, 22, 54, 59, 61, 62 circadian clock control 4: 221, 222,
anisotropic character 4: 217 233– 246, 259
as a carbohydrate reserve 4: 328, 341 conclusion 4: 279
as a glycoprotein 4: 340 control mechanisms 4: 215, 233– 262
biosynthesis 21: 183 crossed fibrillar 4: 214, 220–223
birefringence 4: 220, 221, 235, 236, 238, cuticulin expansion 4: 223
239, 266 daily rhythm systems 4: 233, 234
chromatography 4: 236, 237 diurnal and nocturnal 4: 236
comparison with cellulose and tonicin during intermoult growth 4: 268, 269
4: 213, 214, 227 during moult 4: 267, 268
content of cuticle 4: 238 exocuticular lamellae 4: 235, 236
content of rubber-like cuticle 4: 248 experimental conditions 4: 238, 239,
crystallization 4: 215 269
extracellular polymerization 4: 263, Schmidt’s layer 4: 265

264 secondary 4: 215, 262, 265– 269
facultative lamellogenesis 4: 243, 244 structural stability 4: 229– 233
form birefringence studies 4: 220, 235 temperature effect 4: 239, 241, 242,
functional aspects 4: 229– 233 244, 245
gel rearrangement 4: 265 types of 4: 220– 223
Hemiptera 4: 221, 229, 231, 232, 234 uncoupling of clock 4: 241– 243
hypotheses 4: 261, 262, 272– 279 X-ray diffraction study 4: 217
implantation experiments 4: 257– 260 orientation mechanisms 4: 262, 263
in deposition zone 4: 272 oscillating synthesis 4: 246– 254
in relation to hardening 4: 267 physico-chemical properties 2: 96, 97
in various arthropods and tunicates – protein bonds 17: 46, 47, 48, 68
4: 221, 222, 225– 227, 229, 231, proteins associated with 1: 281– 287
232, 239 structure of
independent of synthesis 4: 238 a new view 1: 279– 281
infra-red spectroscopy 4: 217 absorption bands 1: 266– 268,
initiation 4: 251 275– 281
internal and external factory 4: 261, chemical 1: 259– 261
262 crystalline 1: 262– 275, 279– 281
ionic changes 4: 276, 277 synthesis pathway 4: 261
ionic concentration 4: 272, 274, 275 synthesis, insect growth regulators
lamellar structure 4: 223– 229, and 15: 576, 577
235– 238 tensile strength 4: 217– 219
mechanical properties 4: 217– 220 van der Waal’s forces 4: 217, 218
mechanisms 4: 262– 279 1 – 4 b covalent linkage 4: 215, 217
metabolic switches 4: 253, 254 Chitin, gut 24: 226, 283, 288
Moiré effect 4: 225, 228, 229 Chitin, synthesis from haemolymph
muscular forces 4: 267 glucose 11: 199
nervous control 4: 260 Chitin/protein complexes of cuticle
obligatory lamellogenesis 4: 243, 244 electron microscopy 1: 304– 306
of apodemes 4: 232, 233, 267 optical studies 1: 301– 304
of bristles and scales 4: 222, 263 X-ray studies on
of cross bars 4: 232 chaetae (Aphrodite) 1: 262, 270, 273,
of egg shell 4: 226 274, 297, 300, 301, 307, 309, 310
of elastic ligament 4: 223 hardened adult cuticle 1: 295– 298
of elytra 4: 232 intersegmental soft adult cuticle 1: 294,
of exuvia 4: 226 295
of locust hind tibia 4: 237, 240 oesophageal cuticle (Loligo) 1:
of pore canals 4: 236, 238 298– 300, 308, 310
of prealar arm 4: 246–249 soft larval cuticle 1: 288– 294, 304, 310
of puparium 4: 223, 267 Chitinase 4: 275, 344, 345; 24: 288
of tracheal taenidia 4: 222 Chitinase in cuticle synthesis and
of wing hinge ligament 4: 253, 254 degradation 14: 126– 232
organic and inorganic 4: 214 Chitinase see chitinolytic enzymes
orthogonal fibril systems 4: 235 Chitinase, in defence reactions 11: 172
parabolic lamellae 4: 223– 229 Chitinolytic activity, in tissues 4: 345
parallel orientation 4: 220 Chitinolytic enzymes 26: 169, 171,
polarization analysis 4: 217 178– 193, 199– 221
primary 4: 215, 262– 265, 269 Chitin-UDP acetylamino deoxyglucosyl
rhythmic lamellogenesis 4: 246– 249 transferase in cuticle synthesis and
rhythmical water absorption 4: 277 degradation 14: 129
scheme of events 4: 215 Chitobiase 4: 344, 345; 26: 189
Chitobiose in cuticle synthesis and Chloride transport stimulating

degradation 14: 129 factor 19: 260, 342, 349,
Chitoconus bipustulatis, constancy of food 351– 355, 407
intake 11: 89 Chloride transport stimulating hormone
Chitogenetic cells, fine structure 4: 229 (CTSH) 29: 314– 315
Chitosan, in rubber-like cuticle 4: 246 Chloride transport, locust rectum 19: 349
Chitosan – iodide, staining of exocuticle Chloride, body fluids 19: 302
4: 235, 238 Chloride, moulting fluid 26: 165– 167, 176
Chloëon dipteron, sperm 9: 325, 339 Chlorides, in insect haemolymph 14: 201
Chloramphenicol acetyl transferase in moulting fluid, secretion and resorption
(CAT) 25: 10 and 14: 159
Chlordimeform 28: 232 in sarcoplasmic reticulum 14: 206
Chloride 24: 168, 312 plasma membrane permeability to 14:
and diuretic hormone 9: 33 209, 210– 212
and electrically excitable responses Chlorinated hydrocarbons, affect on
6: 264 acetylcholine levels 1: 25 – 28
and membrane resting Chlorine, effect on amylase activity 4: 335
potential 6: 219– 232, 235– 241 Chlorisondamine, glutamate
and synaptic membranes 6: 244, 245, receptors 24: 324, 327
251– 255 Chlorogenic acid, aphid saliva 9: 219
in haemolymph 6: 215, 218 Chlorophanus, vision 3: 7, 9, 43, 44
in muscle fibres 6: 218 Chlorpromazine 27: 156
salivary glands 9: 3, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29, Choerocampinae, pilifers 10: 289, 290
31 Choeroparnops 29: 239
Chloride cells, scent glands and 14: 406 Choironomus thummi, embryonic pattern
Chloride channels channel- specification 12: 189
permeating/anion-binding Cholecystokinin-related peptides 22: 194
site 22: 12 Cholecystokinins (CCKs) 28: 273
GABA receptor working Cholestanol, in lipid metabolism 4: 158,
model 22: 86 – 88 162, 163, 177
radioligand binding and 36Cl2 uptake, Cholestanone, structure 4: 158
muscle 22: 60, 61 Cholesteine, structure 4: 158
nervous system 22: 33 – 36 Cholestenone (ol), as growth factor 4: 162,
Chloride ions 163
active transport of 4: 5 Cholesterol, and brain hormone 2: 257, 270,
effect on muscle fibre membrane 4: 4, 5, 271, 335
20 Cholesterol, in lipid metabolism
effect on muscle inhibitory postsynaptic 4: 157– 169, 171– 179, 184
potential 4: 19 Choline 24: 168, 310, 323
effect on muscle resting potential 4: 2, 4, Choline acetylase, in acetylcholine
5 synthesis 1: 3, 12 – 14, 17, 20, 21,
Malpighian tubules 8: 215, 277 26, 31, 33, 37
Calliphora 8: 223, 232 Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) 29: 58
Calpodes 8: 266, 267 Choline acetyltransferase
Rhodnius 8: 246, 249– 252, 255– 263 biochemistry 22: 121– 124
Tipula 8: 238 deficits
rectum, Schistocerca 8: 293–295 anatomical and developmental
water absorption, Tenebrio 8: 311, consequences 22: 130, 131
314– 217 functional consequences 22: 128– 130
Chloride ions in haemolymph, and meal genetics, Drosophila
size 11: 79 – 81 melanogaster 22: 127, 128
Chloride transport 28: 25 – 27 molecular genetics 22: 131, 132
synthesis of acetylcholine 22: 121– 132 Cholinergic receptors as sites of insecticide

temporal profile and spatial action 15: 289– 293
localization 22: 124– 127 Cholinergic system (see Acetylcholine
Choline acetyltransferase in cholinergic system)
system 15: 217 Cholinergic systems
Choline esters (other than acetylcholine) in acetylcholine receptors 22: 132– 145
insects 1: 9 hydrolysis of acetylcholine by
Choline ions, and potential changes acetylcholinesterase 22: 145– 157
9: 283– 287 synthesis of acetylcholine by
Choline metabolism 9: 51 – 109 choline acetyltransferase 22: 121– 132
enzymes 9: 84 – 91 Cholinesterase inhibitors, control of
choline, oxidation 9: 88, 89 susceptibility 10: 71
choline, synthesis 9: 89 – 91 Cholinesterase, level in brain 2: 273
cholineacetylase and Cholinesterases and insecticides 8: 2, 27, 31
acetylcholinesterase 9: 84 Chondroderella borneenses 29: 240
phosphatidylcholine, hydrolysis Chordate, methylalkanes in 13: 12
9: 87, 88 Chordotonal organs
phosphatidylcholine, central organization of auditory and
synthesis 9: 85 – 87 vibrational afferents 27: 110– 119
lipid-soluble metabolites 9: 71 – 84 bushcricket and cricket 27: 110–113
lysophosphatidylcholine 9: 82, 83 cricket and grasshopper 27: 117, 118
phosphatidylcholine 9: 71 – 82 locust 27: 113– 117
sphingomyelin 9: 83, 84 other insects 27: 118, 119
metabolic role of choline 9: 91 – 100
central organization of other afferent
nutritional requirements 9: 55 – 63
neurons 27: 119– 126
in development 9: 55 –58
cockroach and fly femoral chordotonal
substitutes 9: 59 – 63
organ 27: 124, 125
vertebrates 9: 52 – 55
locust femoral chordotonal
water-soluble choline
organ 27: 120– 122
metabolites 9: 63 –71
acetylcholine 9: 63 –66 stick insect femoral chordotonal
CDP-choline 9: 69 organ 27: 123, 124
glycerylphosphorylcholine 9: 70, 71 tarsal and cercal chordotonal
phosphorylcholine 9: 66 – 69 organs 27: 125, 126
Choline transporters 29: 114– 121 comparisons between species 27: 109, 110
background 29: 114, 115 development 27: 156– 172
distribution 29: 119 hemimetabolous
kinetics and pharmacology 29: 119– 121 development 27: 12 – 16
regulation 29: 121 holometabolous development
structure 29: 116– 119 27: 166– 168
Choline uptake, Drosophila morphogenesis of chordotonal
melanogaster 22: 121 organs 27: 161, 162
Choline, and electrically excitable morphogenesis of nerve
membranes 6: 267, 269 pathways 27: 168– 171
Choline, effect on muscle resting non-guidepost nerve
potential 4: 5 morphogenesis 27: 170,
Choline, effect on transients in eye 3: 24 171
Choline, Hyalophora cecropia decay profile of central projections of chordotonal
and 14: 147 organs 27: 171
Cholinergic ligands, electrophysiological physiological consequences of delayed
responses of neurones to 15: development in
243– 265 orthoptera 27: 171, 172
pioneer neurons and the guidepost antibodies against cell

hypothesis 27: 168– 170 products 27: 9 – 11
scolopidium cell Baker– Masson’s triple stain 27: 7, 8
differentiation 27: 160, 161 histochemical staining of fixed
scolopidium cell lineage 27: 158– 160 tissue 27: 7, 8
taxonomic overview 27: 157, 158 immunochemical techniques 27: 9 – 11
distribution, structure and intracellular dye injection 27: 8, 9
function 27: 11 – 40 intravital perfusion techniques 27: 8
abdomen 27: 22 – 25 mechanics of scolopidium 27: 69 –80
coxal and trochanteral chordotonal morphology 27: 3, 4
organs 27: 27 neuropilar areas 27: 109
head 27: 12 – 14 physiological responses 27: 86 – 108
innervation atlas 27: 25 mechanosensitive roles 27: 86, 87
legs 27: 25 – 40 methods of analysis 27: 88, 89
mouthparts and antennae 27: 12 – 14 nature of the stimulus 27: 87, 88
overview 27: 11, 12 response properties 27: 89 – 108
thoracic tympanal organs 27: 14, 15, 17 single unit responses 27: 91 – 103
thoraco-coxal region 27: 19 –22 stimulus intensity – response
thorax 27: 14 – 22 curves 27: 103– 108
tibio-tarsal and tarso-pretarsal tonic vs phasic responses recorded in
chordotonal organs 27: 39, 40 whole nerve 27: 89 – 91
tracheal organ 27: 31, 38, 39 processing of information 27: 126–156
tympanal organ 27: 31, 35– 38 cercus 27: 150
wings and wing articulations 27: 15 – 19
convergence of information from
evolution and homology 27: 185–200
different chordotonal
antennal chordotonal organs 27: 187,
organs 27: 151, 152
188
coxal 27: 148, 149
complex tibial organs 27: 194– 196
femoro-tibial chordotonal
concepts of homology 27: 186, 187
organ 27: 126– 148
femoral chordotonal organ 27: 193, 194
homology of scolopidia and cuticular neuromodulation 27: 154– 156
sensilla 27: 196, 197 presynaptic inhibition 27: 152– 154
leg chordotonal organs 27: 193–196 wing 27: 149, 150
origin and evolution of subgenual organ (SGO 27: 26, 31 – 35
scolopidia 27: 198–200 terminology 27: 3 – 5
segmentally iterated chordotonal transduction mechanisms 27: 80 – 86
organs 27: 188– 191 ultrastructure 27: 40 – 69
thoracic and abdominal chordotonal attachment cell 27: 67 – 69
organs 27: 188– 193 basal bodies 27: 45
tympanal organs 27: 191– 193 bipolar sensory neuron 27: 42 –61
femoral chordotonal organ ciliary root and rootlets 27: 45 – 61
(FeCO) 27: 26 – 31 dendrite morphology 27: 42 – 45
evolution 27: 193, 194 general scolopidial structure 40, 41
genetics and molecular intercellular junctions 27: 62, 63
biology 27: 172–185 labyrinth 27: 62
gene structure and expression method of fixation 27: 41, 42
control 27: 178– 180 scolopale 27: 63 – 66
model for genetic determination of scolopale cape or tube 27: 66, 67
sensilla 27: 173– 178 scolopale cell 27: 61 – 67
molecular biology of gene scolopale space (receptor lymph
products 27: 180– 184 cavity) 27: 66
histological methods 27: 7 – 11 terminology 27: 41 27: 44
Chordotonal organs, Arthropoda 24: 28, 30, muscle activity, co-ordination, sound
31, 62, 66 production and 13: 245
Choriogenesis, follicular epithelial nymphs, sound production 13: 317
cells 12: 10, 11 song patterns 13: 241
Chorion 4: 85; 26: 30 evolution 13: 334, 336
Chorion, proteins 11: 367 genetics 13: 324
Chorionization 19: 48, 74 sound production, proprioceptive
Chorista, haemocyte tissue culture control 13: 257
11: 156 stridulation development 13: 318
Choristoneura 25: 32 Chorthippus montanus, female, innate
Choristoneura eriosoma 26: 254 releasing mechanism 13: 277
Choristoneura fumiferana 25: 35, 41; 26: song pattern, evolution 13: 334
70, 218, 248, 254, 261, 263, 268, Chorthippus parallelus, sexual
276– 281 behaviour 10: 318, 324
Choristoneura fumiferana, preingestion Chorthippus spp., female, innate releasing
activity 11: 20 mechanism 13: 276
Choristoneura, coloration 8: 156 nymphs, sound production 13: 317
Chorthippus 29: 214 song pattern, evolution 13: 336
Chorthippus biguttulus 24: 36; 27: 171; Chorthippus vagans, sound patterns
29: 165, 179, 180, 187– 189, 13: 240
191– 193, 215 Chorthippus, coloration 8: 150, 170, 176
Chorthippus biguttulus, C. albomarginatus 8: 154, 175
electromyograms 13: 243 C. brunneus 8: 154, 168
female, innate releasing mechanism 13: C. parallelus 8: 154, 169
276, 277 Chorthippus, electrical activity of eye 3: 29,
phonotatic reaction 13: 275 33
muscle activity, co-ordination, sound Chortohippus cutipennis 26: 48
production and 13: 245 Chortoicetes cruciata, food plant preferences
nymphs, sound production 13: 317 of 1: 49
song patterns 13: 241 Chortoicetes terminifera (Australian plague
evolution 13: 334, 336 locust) 23: 6, 9
genetics 13: 324 Chortoicetes terminifera 24: 20
sound production, proprioceptive drinking 16: 95
control 13: 257– 260 meal size control 16: 77 – 79
stridulation development 13: 318 Chortoicetes terminifera, feeding
Chorthippus brunneus, female, innate meal size 11: 69 – 76, 78
releasing mechanism 13: 277 rate of ingestion 11: 86
song pattern, evolution 13: 334, 336 Chortoicetes terminifera, flight metabolism,
genetics 13: 324 development 13: 199, 200
stridulation development 13: 318 Chortoicetes terminifera, food plant
Chorthippus curtipennis preferences of 1: 49
Chorthippus curtipennis 19: 96 Chortoicetes, coloration 8: 150, 164,
Chorthippus curtipennis 26: 38 172
circadian rhythms 10: 12, 45 C. terminifera 8: 154, 156, 177
female refractoriness 10: 326 Chortophaga viridifasciata 27: 51, 61
Chorthippus longicornis, female, innate Chortophaga viridifasciata, amino acids
releasing mechanism 13: 277 in embryo 3: 58
Chorthippus mollis 29: 164 Chortophaga viridifasciata, embryo,
Chorthippus mollis, female, innate releasing nervous system
mechanism 13: 277 development 6: 103
motor scores, sound production and 13: Chortophaga viridifasciata, water
247 balance 1: 381
Chortophaga, amino acids in egg 3: 61 in trehalase study 4: 313

Chortophaga, atmospheric water silicic acid
uptake 2: 73 for juvenile hormone 4: 181, 183
Choruses 29: 247– 251 for lipid 4: 89
alternating 29: 248 thin layer
synchronous 29: 247 in juvenile hormone studies 4: 183
unison bout singing 29: 247 tryptophan metabolites 10: 120, 121
unison singing 29: 247 ultra-violet
Chrinomus luridus 25: 31 in lipid studies 4: 172
Chromatic droplets, and nervous system Chromatography, ecdysones
development 6: 104 gas-liquid 12: 38 –49, 54, 55
Chromatin 24: 221, 228, 229, 252; electrophore 12: 44, 45
26: 94 preparation for ECD 12: 45 – 48
Chromatographic columns, septate junctions trimethyl silyl ethers 12: 40 – 43
as 15: 72 trimethyl silyl
Chromatography 24: 151, 158, 181 heptafluoroborates 12: 43, 44
see also Gas-chromatographic high-pressure liquid 12: 50 – 55
mass spectrometric analysis, liquid-liquid partition 12: 52, 53
Gas – liquid chromatography, liquid-solid absorption 12: 53
High-performance liquid reversed-phase 12: 51, 52
chromatography thin-layer 12: 27, 29 – 33, 54
Chromatography Chromatography, use for pterine
absorption separation 6: 144– 146, 150
in juvenile hormone studies 4: 183 Chromatoid body, and centriole adjunct
column 9: 334
column Chromatophore, neurosecretory control
in lipid studies 4: 90, 104, 105, 153, of 12: 76
168, 182 Chromic oxide, as marker in food
of juvenile hormone 2: 296 utilization 5: 243
resilin composition 2: 44, 49 Chromomere 18: 3D4
gas DNA cloning 18: 159, 160
in juvenile hormone studies mutations in 18: 158
4: 181– 183 physiological effects 18: 149, 150
in lipid studies 4: 91 –93, 145, 146, Chromomere, unit hypothesis 7: 10, 11
153, 155, 169, 177, 178, 186 Chromophores, energy transfer from opsin
gas and thin layer to 13: 51
in juvenile hormone assay 2: 296 of insect visual pigments 13: 47 – 51
in protein composition 17: 12, 15, 28 orientation in rhabdomeres 13: 61
to identify crosslinking amino Chromoprotein and light 8: 171
acids 17: 40 – 43 Chromoproteins
infra-red biliproteins 22: 358–362
in lipid studies 4: 172, 177 carotenoproteins 22: 362
of apoprotein 17: 167, 171, 188, haemolymph 22: 358
189 Chromosome puffing
of chitin 4: 236– 238 and ecdysone 12: 20
ommochromes 10: 135– 137, 139, 140 initiation in culture 12: 12
paper Naþ and Kþ, 244
neurohormones 2: 229 Chromosomes
pericardial cell extracts 2: 227 germinal vesicle 11: 280– 286
resilin composition 2: 41, 42, 44, 49 giant, biochemistry 3: 171– 174
paper, in lipid studies 4: 92 hormones, biochemistry
in sugar analysis 4: 294–296, 304 brain hormone 3: 166, 167
ecdysone 3: 168– 171 Chrysopa oculata, alkanes in, function

juvenile hormone 3: 167, 168 13: 24
metabolic control at level of 3: 166– 183 alkenes in 13: 3
puffing 11: 332, 334– 336, 363, 364 Chrysopa spp., embryogenesis, induction
and development 3: 174– 181 (see also and 14: 276
Development) induction of mesodermal structures by
and Na+ and K+ 3: 188, 189 ectoderm 14: 277
and synthetic processes 3: 112, 181, 182 Chrysopa, egg stalk fibroin structure 1: 264
and transport enzymes 3: 188, 189 Chrysopa, oocyte-nurse cell syncytium
structure and function, classes of RNA 11: 289
Holometabola 11: 332– 337 extra-chromosomal DNA body 11: 273
Chromosomes, parabolic lamellae 4: 223 germinal vesicle function 11: 283, 284
Chromosomes, polytene, during Chrysoperla
development 7: 1 – 93 Johnston’s organ in 27: 13
and endopolyploidy 7: 4– 7 subgenual organ 27: 34, 35
epidermal cells 7: 56 – 59 Chrysoperla carnea 27: 51, 118
infection 7: 51 – 54 femoral chordotonal organ (FeCO)
nurse cells 7: 54 – 56 27: 27
occurrence 7: 7 – 9 subgenual organ (SGO) 27: 35
physiology 7: 24 –32 Chrysopilus, haemolymph protein 11: 347
puffing Chylomicron, and lipid transport 4: 103,
biochemistry 7: 10 – 24 110
endocrine control 7: 32 – 47 Chymoelastase 26: 208
experimental modification 7: 47 – 51 Chymomyza costata, dopamine in 29: 101
significance 7: 59 – 69 Chymotrypsin 26: 196, 197, 206– 208
Chromosomes, sperm 9: 332 a-Chymotrypsin 2: 195
Chronology, ecdysone release 19: 59 Cibarial armature 19: 273
Chrotogonus, coloration 8: 150, 159, 188 Cibarial pump, and feeding
Chryptothrips latus, sperm axoneme 9: 351 regulation 11: 49, 50, 87
Chrysalis oil 4: 168 Cicada 19: 337
Chrysalis, frost resistance 6: 39 Cicada concinna, form perception 7: 131
Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium as Cicada singing 20: 135
pyrethrum source 20: 150 Cicada, eye lens cuticle lamellogenesis
Chrysobothris affinis 4: 264
nitrogen metabolism 4: 50 Cicada, song, neuroethology 7: 362, 363,
Chrysomela crotchi, choline 9: 72 416, 417, 424
Chrysomela knabi, food intake 5: 245 Cicada, sound emission
Chrysomelid beetles, neurosecretory baffled sound radiator 10: 20 – 25
cells 12: 73, 86 click mechanism 10: 257
Chrysomelidae 26: 46, 47 radiating tymbal, Q value 10: 260
Chrysomelidae, lipid content 4: 73, 74 Cicada, tymbal action 5: 330
Chrysomelidae, spiracular gills 5: 66 Cicadas, chordotonal organs 27: 23
Chrysomeloidea, protocerebral Cicadellidae
neurosecretory cells 12: 83, 85 saliva 9: 213, 230, 233
Chrysopa 19: 344; 27: 47, 59 sperm 9: 365
C. carnea, ommochromes 10: 153 Cicadidae, amplitude modulation 13: 314
C. vulgaris, ommochromes 10: 153 frequency of sounds 13: 235
ear 10: 288, 289 sound patterns, stridulatory movements
ommochromes 10: 170, 176 and 13: 236
Chrysopa carnea 24: 142 sound reception, sensory mechanisms 13:
Chrysopa carnea, sperm axoneme 9: 339 281
Chrysopa carnea, uric acid storage 4: 51 stridulatory organs 13: 230
tympanal organs 13: 285, 286, 294 feeding 9: 192, 193, 203
Cicadidae, fatty acid content 4: 94 salivary glands 9: 234, 238
Cicadidae, flight muscle differentiation Cinara, spp., pectinase, saliva 9: 213
5: 219 Cinnabarinic acid 27: 309, 310
Cicadidae, pterines 6: 148 distribution 10: 136, 161
Cicadids, coloration 8: 167 spectral data 10: 144
Cicadomorpha, saliva 9: 192, 233 Ciona intestinalis, MsGC-I 29: 218
Cicindela maritima, haemolymph 1: 212 Cionus olen, fat body pigment 1: 162, 163
Cicindela sp., ommochrome distribution 10: Circadian clock
159 definition 4: 239
Cicindela, sperm 9: 365 graded uncoupling 4: 254, 255, 257
Cidindela 28: 108 in chitin orientation control 4: 221, 222,
Ciliary collar 27: 51 – 53 233– 246, 259
Ciliary ganglion, chick, acetylcholine in cuticle lamellogenesis 4: 233– 246,
receptors 15: 277 254, 255
Ciliary root and rootlets 27: 45 – 61 in homeostatic mechanisms 4: 244
Cilium 27: 53 – 55 in nervous system 4: 262
axial stretch 27: 75 – 79 photoperiodic initiation 4: 254– 257
bending and distortion of shape 27: 59 – 61 temperature coefficient 4: 239, 244, 245
lateral compression 27: 79, 80 uncoupling experiments 4: 239– 243
mechanical attachments between 27: 59 Circadian periodicities see Biological
role in mechanical coupling 27: 75 –80 rhythms
ultrastructure 27: 55 – 59 Circadian rhythm 24: 147
Cimex and nervous system plasticity 28: 124,
cuticle inflation in ecdysis 15: 525 127, 128
cuticle plasticization in ecdysis 15: 538 clocks in Drosophila 28: 55 – 59
tracheal air filling in ecdysis 15: 546 Circadian rhythm, and blood trehalose
Cimex lectularius 19: 84 regulation 4: 292, 300, 301
Cimex lectularius, abdominal scent glands, Circadian rhythms
developmental fate 14: 369 hormonal control 10: 337– 340
eggs, non-specific proteins in 14: 90 principles 10: 2 – 6
scent substances, aggregation and timing processes 10: 43 – 91
14: 403 control of behavioural rhythms 10:
dispersion 14: 399 54 – 71
Cimex lectularius, feeding control of gated events 10: 52 – 54
and age 5: 270 control of other rhythms 10: 71, 72
different bloods 5: 264 genetics 10: 74 – 76
fresh food, utilization 5: 259 mechanisms of driving oscillators 10:
intake 5: 241 81 – 91
Cimex lectularius, haemolymph phase adjustment 10: 47– 51
1: 212 photoreception 10: 44 – 47
Cimex lectularius, salivary glands 9: 234, temperature effects 10: 72 – 74
235, 238 two clock types 10: 76 – 81
Cimex, corpus allatum and types 10: 6 – 43
reproduction 2: 297, 304 adult eclosion 10: 17 – 20
Cimex, haemoglobin in egg 3: 101 biochemical 10: 29 – 34
Cimicidae cellular 10: 34 – 40
feeding 9: 192 changes in responsiveness 10: 12 – 15
salivary glands 9: 235, 249 daily growth layers 10: 20 – 22
Cimicomorpha feeding 10: 8, 9
composition of saliva 9: 215 hatching 10: 15, 16
composition of sheath material 9: 206 insecticide susceptibility 10: 25 – 29
locomotor activity 10: 6 – 8, 337– 339 Clitumnus extradentatus 19: 72, 102, 196
metabolic 10: 23, 24 Clitumnus extradentatus, circadian
narcotic sensitivity 10: 24, 25 rhythms 10: 37, 328
pharmacological 10: 40– 42 Clitumnus extradentatus, muscle
photoperiodism 10: 22 membrane 6: 209
pupation 10: 16, 17 Clitumnus, neurosecretory cells 12: 78, 91
sexual 10: 9 –12 Clitumnus, ovarian development 2: 301
tumours 10: 42, 43 Clitumnus, sperm 9: 360
X-ray sensitivity 10: 29 Clock genes see Drosophila melanogaster,
Circadian rhythms, and ocellus 7: 151, 152, clock genes
189 Clock types 10: 93 – 97
Circadian rhythms, ecdysis and 15: ‘Clockwork cricket’ 29: 161
478– 480 Cloeon, ocellus 7: 102, 103, 108
Circulation and tracheal ventilation, Clonal analysis, embryonic pattern
holometabolous insects 26: specification 12: 219, 220
298– 234 Cloning, glutamate receptors 24: 332– 334
adaptation of circulation for eclosion and Close junction See Gap junction
morphogenetics 26: 309– 314 Clotting of blood 11: 156– 169
circulation and respiratory gas exchange in Clunio marinus, circadian rhythms
adults 26: 315–342 eclosion 10: 19 – 20
circulation and respiratory gas exchange in genetics of clock 10: 74, 75
larvae 26: 298– 301 Cnemidophyllum eximium 29: 228
circulation and tracheal gas exchange in Cnidaria, desmosomes in 15: 82
pupae 26: 301–309
CNS see central nervous system
Circulatory organs, unpaired median neurons
CNS transmitter, proctolin 19: 20
in 28: 215, 216
CO2 (carbon dioxide) 23: 30, 36, 39, 49
cis-3-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic 14
CO2, in fatty acid synthesis studies
acid 29: 87
4: 133
Cistelidae, lipid content 4: 74
CoA and CoASH (see Coenzyme A)
Cisternae functions 20: 29, 31
Citheronia regalis, lipid content 4: 75 Coagulocyte 11: 137, 139, 159, 160,
Citrate 162– 164, 180, 191
and amylase activity 4: 335 Coagulocytes (COs) 21: 88
and trehalase activity 4: 322 Coagulogen 21: 131
Citrate levels, blood 11: 164 Coated vesicles, haemocyte
Citrate, in haemolymph 6: 218 phagocytosis 11: 181– 183
Citrates in insect haemolymph 14: 201 Coaxal muscles, cockroach, innervation
Citric acid cycle, in liquid metabolism 4: of 21: 51, 54
121, 122, 124, 125, 132, 148 Cobalt 24: 20; 26: 197
Citrulline, precursor of urea 4: 42 Cobratoxin, binding to Musca domestica
Cixius nervosus, sperm 9: 364 head extracts 15: 224
Cladistic analysis 24: 8, 13 Cocaine 28: 224; 29: 109, 110
Classical conditioning 9: 113, 162– 164 Coccidae
Classification, Bacillus phytopathogenicity 9: 217
thuringiensis 24: 277, 278, 278 sperm 9: 332, 353, 363, 370, 374, 380,
Classification, feeding habits 19: 200, 204 381
Classification, lipid 4: 71, 72 Coccinella 26: 7
Claws, Crustacea 24: 64 Coccinella septempunctata 26: 14, 84
Cleavage, and use of trehalose 4: 309– 316, Coccinellids 26: 305
321 Coccoidea 19: 286
Cletus signatus 19: 289 Coccoidea, sperm 9: 328
Clitumnus 19: 104, 109– 112, 114, 115, 117 Coccus cacti, lipid content 4: 78
Cochliomyia horninivorax, choline 9: 56, connectives 21: 61, 65, 67 – 69, 71

58 – 60 corpus cardiacum and carbohydrate
Cockchafers (see Melolontha) metabolism 4: 337
Cockroach 23: 82 cuticle 1: 297, 302, 304
see also Periplaneta cyclodienes 8: 25, 26
see also Periplaneta americana DDT 8: 22, 23
(Leucophaea maderae) 21: 14, 37, 53 after potential 8: 31 – 36
abdominal nerve cord 21: 63 repetitive discharge 8: 38
abdominal nerve cord 9: 258 structure– activity 8: 73
action potential 8: 7 temperature coefficient 8: 57, 58 –61
activation continuum 23: 103 Dictyoptera 23: 173
allatectomy 4: 184 dieldrin 8: 69
allethrin 8: 45 – 49, 51 Diploptera punctata 23: 105
arousal syndrome, extended 23: 90 effect of crowding 3: 247
behaviour, hormonal control electrically excitable membranes 6: 259,
circadian locomotor rhythms 10: 337, 261, 264– 266, 268
338 endocrine control 23: 83
female sexual behaviour 10: 321– 323, energy reserve 3: 78
325 fat body
male sexual behaviour 10: 306, 307, symbionts 1: 157, 158
320 uric acid 1: 149, 150, 157
oviposition 10: 328 fat body deposits 9: 260
phallic nerve-stimulating hormone 10: femoral chordotonal organ 27: 124, 125,
300, 332 132
cardiac muscle 6: 207 flight
cessation of activity, voluntary 23: 104 oxidative metabolism 3: 146, 155
choline substitutes 9: 59 r.q. 3: 148
chordotonal organs 27: 23 –25, 31, 39 tracheal modifications 3: 155
circadian rhythms flight muscle differentiation 5: 219
brain hormone 10: 57 – 60 German
constant light 10: 80 nutrition 1: 61, 66, 70 –72, 77,
control system 10: 63 – 66 78
driving oscillator 10: 89 giant axons 21: 38
endocrine cells 10: 34 – 37 giant fibres
entrainment 10: 44, 45, 49, 51 afferent inputs 8: 129
insecticide susceptibility 10: 26, 27 histology 8: 100, 102, 103, 105,
locomotor activity 10: 3, 6, 7, 93 107– 109
narcotic sensitivity 10: 25 integration 8: 136– 139
optic lobe clock 10: 81, 82 leg motoneurones 8: 124, 128
optic lobes, role 10: 61 – 63 membrane properties 8: 110
oxygen consumption 10: 23, 24 outputs 8: 130– 135
pharmacologically active system 8: 97 – 100
substances 10: 40 through conduction 8: 110–121
photosensitivity 10: 44, 45 timing relations 8: 135, 136
sodium and potassium 10: 34 glide characteristics 23: 196
suboesophageal ganglion, role 10: glutarate pathway, absence of 10: 133
55 – 57 haemocytes 21: 66, 67, 151
temperature effects 10: 72, 74 hormones
tumour induction 10: 42, 43 adipokinetic hormone 12: 285, 286
ventral nerve cord, role 10: 60, 61 bursicon 12: 246, 291, 292
coaxal muscles, innervation of 21: 51, 54 haemolymph lipids 12: 246
colour vision 2: 133, 148– 150, 164 hyperglycaemic hormone 12: 282
juvenile hormone 12: 288, 289 brain 12: 94

octopamine 12: 247 during life history 12: 94, 98
tanning 12: 288, 289, 291, 292 extraganglionic 12: 74
hypertrehalosaemia 23: 84 optic lobe 12: 71
insecticide design 23: 104 protocerebral 12: 76
insecticide-poisoned 23: 84 ocellus
ions 23: 98 circadian rhythms 7: 151, 152
learning, isolated ganglia see Learning electrical activity 7: 153– 157, 159,
lipid utilization 4: 106– 108, 113, 125 160, 163, 164
membrane potential 6: 227, 231, 235, flicker fusion frequency 7: 168
241, 242 ocellar units, brain 7: 172
metathoracic nerve 21: 49, 52 spectral sensitivity 7: 170
muscle odour 4: 97
excitatory response 4: 12, 14 organophosphates 8: 27, 28, 29 – 31
mechanical properties 4: 27 Periplaneta americana 21: 40, 41
muscle ion content 6: 219 pumping 3: 281
muscle membrane 6: 209, 210 pyrethroids 8: 26, 27
nerve scolopidia in 27: 13
effect of insecticides 1: 230– 244 spiracles, innervation 3: 302
electrical behaviour 1: 412, 414, 415, sterol modification 4: 171, 172
459– 463, 465, 466 synaptic membranes 6: 252
extracellular system 1: 462, 463, 465, tanning of cuticle 2: 58
466 uric acid 8: 204, 206, 319
haemolymph 1: 216– 218 uricolytic enzymes 4: 37
membrane potential and electrical ventilation 3: 283, 285, 288, 290, 291,
excitability 1: 183– 186, 189, 190, 296, 298
192, 195– 208 ventral diaphragm, structure 6: 207, 208
metabolism and ionic fluxes 1: 219, Cockroach (See also Periplaneta americana)
222– 226, 457 central nervous system extract, toxin
organization 1: 177 binding component 15: 235
physiological solution 1: 219 cuticular lipids composition 15: 23
sheath 1: 403 epidermis, Zonulae adhaerentes 15: 77
use in micro-electrode experiments 1: globuli cell bodies, octopamine in 15: 335
180, 181, 183 mushroom bodies, function 15: 337
nerve cord, electrophysiological nerve cords, extract, binding
properties 5: 10 – 57 properties 15: 226
(see Synaptic transmission) nervous tissue, biogenic amines
nervous system development 6: 120 distribution 15: 328
nervous system regeneration 6: 126–128 octopamine distribution in 15: 327
neuroethology rectal pads, scalariform junctions 15: 168
brain map 7: 359 testis, tight junctions 15: 136, 137
ephaptic excitation 7: 369 tight junctions in 15: 133
ganglion structure 7: 356– 359 water loss from 15: 2
habituation 7: 388 Cockroach body fluids 19: 207
learning 7: 393, 397 Cockroach see Periplaneta americana
motor neurons 7: 363, 364 Cockroach transferrin 26: 29
nervous system 7: 375, 377–379 Cockroach, haemocytes
neuropil 7: 386 amino acids 11: 200
removal of ganglia 7: 398 binding of red blood cells 11: 175
walking 7: 403, 405, 406, 466 –468 blood clotting 11: 162
neurosecretory cells during wounding 11: 187
anatomy 12: 109 neural lamella formation 11: 195
number of 11: 142, 143 Coelopa frigida

tissue culture of 11: 155 haemolymph osmotic pressure and
ultrastructure 11: 128 medium 1: 323
Cockroach. See Periplaneta spp. rectal fluid 1: 336, 337
Cockroach: unpaired median neurons Coelopidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 7
in 28: 200, 201, 203, 204, 215, ‘coelopulses’ 26: 343
218, 220, 221, 225, 227, 228 Coenagnion puella
Cockroaches 19: 8 – 25, 96, 205, 342; 26: 4, water balance 1: 348, 349
6, 36 – 38 Coenzyme A (CoA)
allatostatins 25: 299– 303 coenzymeASH(CoASH), in lipid
antennae, sensilla on 16: 277, 279 metabolism 4: 69, 120, 126, 129,
dynamics of spiking responses of 136, 164
L -neurones in 25: 222– 225 in chitin synthesis 4: 261
gut emptying 16: 87 – 89 in lipid metabolism 4: 69, 120– 123,
ocellar tract of 25: 189 126– 129, 132– 134, 136, 161, 164,
Cockroaches and pyrethroids 165, 184
mechanoreceptor stimulation 20: 162, 163 Coenzyme A, and luminescence 6: 60, 61
neuronal activities 20: 160 Coenzyme Q (CoQ), in lipid metabolism
poisoning 20: 155, 157 4: 69, 139, 166, 167
and temperature 20: 158 Co-factors, eicosanoids 24: 194– 197
sodium channel voltage clamp Cofactors, in lipid metabolism 4: 121, 122,
analyses 20: 164 124, 132, 133, 139, 140
sodium currents, axonal, and Co-factors, pterines as 6: 170–172, 185,
deltamethrin 20: 164, 166 186, 190, 191
Cockroaches, feeding 19: 206 Cognitive maps of bees 20: 69, 70, 72, 73
Cockroaches, see Periplaneta Cohorts, co- and cross-fostered 23: 139, 140
Cockroaches, sexual behaviour 19: 94 Colaspidema atrum, lipid content 4: 73
Cocoa capsid, phytopathogenicity 9: 217, Colchicine, effect on blood clotting 11: 166,
220, 223, 225 169
Cocoon escape 2: 177 Cold climates 16: 7
Cocoon formation Cold resistance, and glycerol and sorbitol
Antherea 7: 258, 259 production 4: 325, 346
salivary gland function 7: 60, 61 Cold, effect on chromosome puffing 7: 47,
Cocoon proteins, and chromosome 50
changes 11: 336 Cold-hardiness 26: 28, 29
Cocoon spinning Coleoptera 19: 6, 206; 26: 13, 14, 21, 53,
circadian rhythm of 10: 340 162, 305, 319– 324; 28: 119, 122,
hormonal control 10: 304, 314 190
tryptophan metabolism 10: 202– 204 antennae, sensilla on 16: 303– 308
Cocoon spinning, and lipid content 4: 85, 86 Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 276– 278, 282,
Cocoon spinning, hormonal control 284– 286
12: 111 choline metabolism
Cocoon, frost resistance 6: 4 analogues 9: 98
Cocoonase 8: 210; 11: 367, 377; 26: 166 enzymes 9: 86, 90
Cocoonase organules, sequential in development 9: 55, 56
polymorphism 12: 5 – 9 lipid-soluble metabolites 9: 71, 72, 78,
Coefficient of approximate 82, 83
digestibility 19: 302 phosphorylcholine 9: 69
Coelenterates cocoon escape 2: 177
desmosomes in 15: 82 colour vision 2: 163
gap junction in 15: 97 daily growth layers 10: 21
Coelomic cavities, Arthropoda 24: 44 egg size 12: 133
eicosanoids 24: 128, 142, 183 acrosomal complex 9: 324, 328

environmental physiology 16: 32– 35 axoneme 9: 337, 348, 350, 351
excretory system 8: 310 cell surface 9: 323
fatty acid content 4: 94 centriolar region 9: 336
feeding stimulants 11: 98 mitochondria 9: 357, 358, 362
flight paired sperm 9: 367
differentiation of flight muscles 5: 19, spiracular gills
220, 221 Hydroscaphidae 5: 105, 156 158, 159
flight stability 5: 195– 197 Psephenidae 5: 72, 74, 75, 82, 83, 86,
lift and thrust generation 5: 166– 171 96, 114– 120
reflexes and click action of Sphaeriidae 5: 74, 105, 156, 158, 159
articulation 5: 205 Torridincolidae 5: 74, 86, 122, 156–158
reflexes and fibrillar muscles 5: 204 synthesis of adult proteins 11: 370
reflexes and flight initiation 5: 200 thoracic glands 2: 258, 259
reflexes and yawing 5: 214 uric acid storage excretion 4: 51
food intake, reproduction and 16: 99 uricolytic enzymes 4: 50, 51
food utilization Coleoptera, biological activity of alkanes
dry matter 5: 257 and alkenes in 13: 22
fresh matter 5: 258, 260 dimethylalkanes in 13: 14
frost resistance 6: 29 methylalkanes in 13: 7, 11
haemocyte ultrastructure 11: 118 Coleoptera, haemolymph, ionic
haemolymph 6: 216, 217 composition 14: 200, 202
haemolymph, ionic composition 9: 275 myoplasm, ionic composition 14: 203
homologous structures 24: 26, 47, 54, 82 Coleoptera, ocelli 7: 99
ions in muscle systems 6: 220, 221 Coleopterans, sexual behaviour 19: 97
larva, head, sensilla on 16: 271 Coleorrhyncha
mouth parts and antennae, sensilla feeding 9: 192
on 16: 272 salivary glands 9: 225, 226, 231, 233, 245
larval fat body 11: 351 Colias croceus, pterines 6: 149, 156, 176
lipid content 4: 73, 74 Colias edusa, ommochromes 10: 156
Malpighian tubules 8: 283 Colias edusa, pterines 6: 149
nervous system development 6: 101, Colias eurytheme 25: 7
112, 119 Colias eurytheme, pterines 6: 146, 147, 149,
neurosecretory cells 12: 86, 87 156, 176, 179, 182, 183
brain 12: 87, 89 Colicin A 24: 298
during life history 12: 97 Collagen
protocerebral 12: 82, 85 composition 2: 33
total 12: 93 fibre orientation in bone 4: 221
uniqueness of secretion 12: 104 lamellar structure 4: 223
nitrogenous excretion 4: 50, 51 molecular orientation 4: 214
ommochrome distribution 10: 159 swelling of 2: 26
oocyte-nurse cell syncytium Collagen formation, and
germarium 11: 229, 256– 260 haemocytes 11: 197, 198
germinal vesicle 11: 282 Collagen in nervous system 1: 178,
ovariole morphology 11: 226 403– 409, 447, 454, 455, 458, 459
RNA 11: 277, 279, 280 Collagen, in muscle membrane 6: 209
synchronous division 11: 305 Collembola 19: 169, 192
trophic chamber 11: 255 cuticle structure 4: 227
pterines 6: 148, 154 nitrogenous excretion 4: 45, 46
resilin in cuticle 2: 15, 16 ocellus 7: 99, 101
sperm polytene chromosomes 7: 9
accessory flagellar bodies 9: 364 uricolytic enzymes 4: 45
Collembola, antennae, sensilla on 16: 276 phenocopies 18: 226– 231, 228, 229,
Collembola, oocyte-nurse cell 231
syncytium 11: 227, 229, 278, 285 serial homology of 18: 205, 206
Collembola, resilin in cuticle 2: 17 signal interpretation
Collembola, sperm 9: 316, 324, 327, 338, 354 discontinuities 18: 222– 224
Colleterial glands, cockroaches 26: 36 –38 stochastic elements in 18: 233
Colleterial glands, glucoside ripple patterns 18: 202
synthesis 12: 288, 289 sources of color 18: 189– 196
Colocasia coryli, lipid content 4: 76 structural colors 18: 189–191
Colony two gradient model for specification
defence 23: 138 of 18: 219
fissioning see swarm wing development 18: 182– 189
genotypic composition 23: 124, 125 wing-cell-restricted patterns 18: 217
single-cohort see single-cohort colonies Colorado beetle, endogenous factors in
Colony-level integration of individual feeding 1: 54, 57
behaviour 23: 143– 149 Colorado potato beetle 24: 237, 238, 285;
behavioural dominance 23: 146, 147 26: 46, 47
behavioural variability within Colorado potato beetle, isoprenoid
subfamily 23: 144 content 4: 168
idiosyncratic/elite/reserve workers 23: Coloration
148 and environment 1: 87, 88
plasticity in division of labour 23: effect of nutrition 1: 83 – 92
144– 146 Coloration, temporal factors 12: 102
Coloration, variable, Acridoid grass
Colony-level selection 23: 142, 162
hoppers 8: 145– 198
Color patterns, lepidopteran
environmental factors 8: 156– 177
basic patterns 18: 240– 242
genetic factors 8: 152– 156
cautery effect on 18: 220
natural history 8: 147– 152
chemical colors 18: 191– 196
physiological mechanisms 8: 177– 183
circular patterns 18: 210
pigments 8: 183– 190
dependence on primary venation terminology 8: 146– 147
system 18: 235 Colorimeter, use in colour vision
determinants of 18: 234 studies 2: 134, 160
development physiology 18: 182– 242 Colour blindness 2: 131– 133, 136, 150,
diffusion as mechanism 18: 238, 239 164, 169
diversity of 18: 232– 234 Colour change
foci, origin of 18: 234– 236 ommochromes 10: 171, 173– 176, 204
global gradients 18: 221 rhythms 10: 71, 72
models 18: 231– 242 Colour change, hormonal control of 2: 263,
constraints on 18: 236, 237, 239, 240 285, 305, 306
requirements for 18: 237, 238 Colour changes, mantids 9: 32
morphology 18: 196– 205 Colour discrimination (see also Colour
Nymphalid ground plan 18: 199– 201 vision)
pattern formation 18: 205–231 behaviour in 2: 131, 139– 141, 146,
developmental compartments 18: 215, 160– 163
216 history of research in 2: 131–135
developmental-field in ants 2: 133
dimensions 18: 211– 215 in bees 2: 131 ff, 160– 163, 164 ff
interpretation landscape 18: 216– 221 compared with man 2: 134, 161– 163
local pattern origin 18: 206– 211 in Calliphora 2: 141, 143– 149, 152– 160,
morphoclines 18: 224– 226, 225 166– 169
ocellus development 18: 208 in Canabus 2: 146, 148, 149
in cockroach 2: 133, 148– 150, 164 Colouration 23: 12– 21

in Deilephila livornicz 2: 148 acridids 23: 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21
in Drosophila, 132, 139 adult locusts 23: 18 – 20
in general 2: 131– 139 hoppers and associated hopper-adult
in insect orders 2: 163 features 23: 12 – 18
in Libellula 2: 146, 164 Colouration, by pterines 6: 190
in Macroglossum 2: 146, 148, 149 Columnar cells 19: 227
in Notonecta 2: 146, 150, 151, 164 Columnar cells, gut 24: 282, 283, 283, 285,
in Photinus 2: 134 286, 289, 292– 294, 295
in Pieris brassicae 2: 139 Columnar epithelial 14: 117
in Vespa 2: 138 Colymbetes fuscus, rectal fluid 1: 333
range and sensitivity Colymbetes fuscus, scent substances,
behaviour 2: 139–141, 146, 157, antimicrobial properties
160– 163 14: 402
mass-response of the eye 2: 133, Colymbetes, satellite DNA, ovary 11: 274,
141– 146, 149, 150, 151, 157– 159 275
methods 2: 137– 139, 140, 143, 144 Comb desmosomes 15: 44
sensitivity curves 2: 136, 137, definition 15: 43
164– "168 freeze-fracture 15: 49– 51
single receptor cells 2: 133, 152– 157, lanthanum infiltration 15: 46 – 48
164– 169 structural features 15: 44 – 54
Colour reactions, resilin in cuticle 2: 4 – 7, structural model 15: 51 – 54
14, 44 thin section appearance 15: 44 – 46
Colour vision 3: 5, 40 Command functions, scent substances
and wavelength discrimination 2: 131, and 14: 403, 404
159– 164 Commissures, Arthropoda 24: 14
central mechanisms 2: 134, 135, 139, Commius elegans, scent substances,
141– 143, 159, 162– 169 cytological sources 14: 393
definition of 2: 131, 136, 137 Communication
measurement of, cell to cell, gap junctions and 15: 85,
colorimeter 2: 134, 160 101– 109
electrophysiological 2: 133, 137, 141, intercellular, septate junctions and
143– 157, 159, 160, 164 15: 69
flicker responses 2: 133, 159, 160 junctions and 15: 181,
intracellular 2: 134, 135, 150, 152– 155 182
optomotor responses 2: 132, 137, Compactin and endoplasmic tubule
148, 149 generation 20: 34
phototactic response 2: 132, 137, 139 Compactin, juvenile hormone biosynthesis
spontaneous preference 2: 132, inhibition 18: 350
137, 139 Comparative endocrine control
presence in insect orders 2: 163 17: 184– 194
screening pigments 2: 141– 147, Compartmentalization, tight junctions
150– 154, 156– 158 and 15: 144, 145
terminology 2: 135– 137 Compartments, abdominal sensilla
trichromatic theory 2: 162 development and 14: 332
vertebrates and invertebrates 2: 131, 134, antennal development and 14: 308
137, 147, 148, 155, 158, 159, in bithorax mutant neural
161– 163, 166, 168, 169 development 14: 312
visual pigments 2: 142– 147, 150, 155, in developing retina 14: 287
158, 159 in optic lobe development 14: 299
Colour vision, insects 13: 53, 54 in pattern formation in insect neural
Colour, thermal physiology and 16: 20, 21 development 14: 252– 257
retina development and 14: 288 Compsilura concinnata, nitrogenous

Competition, cerci development and excretion 4: 52
14: 321 Concanavalin A 24: 313, 322
Complement proteins, eicosanoids 24: 162 skeletal muscle 24: 316, 317, 319,
Complex lipids 4: 72 321– 323
Components and division of labour 23: visceral muscle 24: 330
137– 142 Conditioning 20: 57 – 60
concave functions 23: 123 alpha 20: 58
Composition and memory phases 20: 59
of adipokinetic hormone 17: 160– 162 compound 20: 59
of apoproteins 17: 164, 165 in odour learning trials 20: 64
of cuticle proteins 17: 10 – 12, inhibition 20: 58
14 – 38 operant 20: 60, 61
of sclerotized tissue 17: 38 – 51 motor learning strategies 20: 61
Compound eye Pavlovian 20: 57
and optic lobe, electrical responses Conditioning, classical 9: 113, 162– 164
3: 20 – 38 Conductance, transepithelial
adaptation 3: 27 – 31 potassium 19: 371
in locust 3: 33 – 38 Conduction, evaporation of water from
nature of 3: 20 – 26 insects and 15: 8
off-response, independent origin Conduction, giant fibres 8: 110– 121
of 3: 31, 32 collision experiments 8: 110–114
potential profile 3: 26, 27 low safety factor zones 8: 114– 121
threshold changes 3: 32, 33 mole cricket, locust 8: 121
evolution 3: 2 – 4 Cones 3: 3, 4, 14, 17, 20
optics of 3: 10 – 20 Congregans 23: 4
adaptation 3: 19, 20 Conistra vaccinii
diffraction images 3: 11 – 17 nitrogenous excretion 4: 55, 56
erect image in Lampyris 3: 16, 17 uricolytic enzymes 4: 56
image formation 3: 10 – 15 Connective shortening 21: 13
movement detection 3: 18 in cockroach 21: 61, 65, 67 – 69, 71
polarized light 3: 10, 18, 19 Connective tissue
spacing of photoreceptors 3: 16 formation, haemocytes in 11: 192– 198
theories of vision 3: 42 – 45 role in defence reactions 11: 176
visual abilities 3: 5 – 10 Connectives, Arthropoda 24: 14
and form 3: 8, 9 Connectives, giant fibres
and intensity 3: 5, 6 abdominal 8: 100– 101
and movement 3: 9 thoracic 8: 104– 106
and polarized light 3: 10 Connectives, mesothoracic, and
and resolving power 3: 6 –8 regeneration 6: 128
visual mechanism 3: 38 – 45 Connexin 15: 114
and form 3: 42 – 45 Connexon 15: 114
and movement 3: 42 Conocephalidae, coloration 8: 153
excitation and inhibition 3: 39 – 42 Conocephalinae, non-resonant sound
in Limulus 3: 38, 39 emissions 13: 233
Compound eye, Arthropoda 24: 77 Conocephalus 29: 246
Compoundeye,generalanatomy 16:121,122 Conocephalus brevipennis 29: 214
Compound eye, tight junctions in 15: 132, Conocephalus conocephalus 29: 235
135, 136 Conocephalus maculatus 29: 235
Compound eyes 25: 152, 154, 164, 194, 201 Conocephalus nigropleurum 29: 214, 218,
Compound lipids 4: 72 245
Conspecific aggregations, microclimates Coreid bugs, scent gland functions 14: 362
in 16: 13 Coreidae, pectinase, saliva 9: 214
Contaminants, CPV 26: 279, 280 Coreoidea, feeding 9: 192
Continuity, criterion of, Arthropoda 24: 13, Corethra
14 gut stimulating substances 2: 236, 238
Continuous junction See Smooth septate heart rate
junction effect of acetylcholine 2: 222
Continuous septate junction See Smooth effect of adrenalin 2: 223
septate junction neurohormonal effect 2: 229, 230
Contrabithorax mutants, neural innervation of heart 2: 224
development 14: 313 neurohormonal effect on
projections 14: 311 melanocytes 2: 229
Control, chloride transport, locust Corethra plumicornis
rectum 19: 349 uptake of inorganic ions 1: 341
Control, potassium, locust rectum 19: 371 water permeability 1: 349, 351
Control, reabsorption, hindgut 19: 329 Corethra plumipennis, neurosecretion 2: 251
Convergent evolution 24: 11, 69 Corethra pulmicornis, amino acids and
Convex functions 23: 123 growth 3: 72
Copepods, chitin in spermatophore 4: 263, Corethra, osmotic regulation of
264 haemolymph 1: 321
Copiphora 29: 239 Coreus marginatus, abdominal scent glands,
Copiphora brevirostris 29: 238, 239 developmental fate 14: 369
Copper morphology 14: 367
Malpighian tubules 8: 258
Corixa dentipes, scent gland functions 14:
phosphate transport 8: 234
362
Coptacridinae, coloration 8: 147, 151, 154
scent gland secretion components 14: 398
Coptosoma scutellatum, scent glands,
scent substances, cytological sources 14:
biological function 14: 397
393
Coptotermes formosanus 24: 141
scent surfaces 14: 384
Coptotermes formosanus, caste development,
inhibitory effects 16: 180 Corixa punctata, water balance 1: 348
Coptotermes lacteus 26: 181 Corixa sp., haemolymph osmotic pressure
Copulation, alkanes and 13: 24 and medium 1: 321, 322
phonotaxis and 13: 281 Corixa spp., abdominal scent glands,
Copulation, protein supply during 14: 90 developmental fate 14: 369
Copulation, role of uric acid 4: 47 metathoracic scent gland
Copulatory movements, hormonal development 14: 364
control 10: 306, 307 Corixa, phototaxis rhythm 10: 13
CoQ (see Coenzyrne Q) Corixidae, feeding 9: 192
Corcyra cephalonica (larva), amino Corixidae, flight metabolism, development
acids 3: 75 and 13: 207
Corcyra cephalonica 19: 38, 41; 26: 35, 43 Corn borer, European, frost resistance 6: 18,
Corcyra cephalonica, amino acids and 22, 28, 40
growth 3: 72 Corn borer, European, oxygen consumption
Corcyra cephalonica, ascorbic acid rhythm 10: 24
synthesis 1: 80 Cornea, collagen orientation 4: 223
Corcyra cephalonica, nitrogenous Cornea, development 6: 116
excretion 4: 56 Cornus drummondi, (dogwood), and
Cordiceps militaris 26: 257 Acrosternum 9: 241
Cordyalus cornutus, fatty acid content Corpora allata (CA) 25: 268– 271, 275
4: 94 developmental changes in response to
Cordylophora, desmosomes in 15: 82 allatostatins 25: 287– 289
measurement of cyclic nucleotides in egg-laying cycles 18: 316, 317

25: 327 embryology 18: 306– 308
sensitivity to allatostatins 25: embryonic glands, synthetic
286– 293 activity 18: 307, 308
Corpora allata 19: 4; 28: 213 fine structure 18: 319– 331
and aphid photoperiodism 3: 236 histological types 18: 315, 316
and aphid wing dimorphism 3: 257, 264, inhibition by intact nerves 18: 386, 387
265 innervation 18: 308, 309
and nutrition 3: 100 from subesophageal ganglion 18: 313
and RNA 3: 100 immunochemical staining 18: 314
and transaminases 3: 81, 100 juvenile hormone biosynthesis
and behaviour cellular and subcellular
cocoon spinning 10: 314 localization 18: 328– 331
female behaviour 10: 320– 324, 326 in adult males 18: 323
juvenile hormone 10: 297, 299 juvenile hormones produces in
larva 10: 312 vitro18: 352, 353
male behaviour 10: 316– 320 location 18: 314, 315
migratory behaviour 10: 334– 337 morphology 18: 314– 319
oviposition 10: 329 nerve endings in 18: 312
reproductive behaviour 10: 331, 332 oocyte development 18: 323–325
and circadian rhythms perikarya and axons to 18: 311
cellular rhythm 10: 34, 35 polymorphism 18: 318, 319
locomotor activity 10: 338 regulation of 18: 376– 397
silkmoth calling 10: 11 by allatohibins 18: 385, 386
and ommochrome synthesis 10: 174 by allatostatins 18: 385, 386
higher termites, caste formation by allatotropins 18: 377– 383
and 16: 206 by feedback loops 18: 391– 394
hormone, and fat biosynthesis 7: 318 by intact nerves 18: 383, 384
implantation, and chromosome ecdysteroid role in 18: 396
puffing 7: 47 nervous system role in 18: 376,
in presumptive queen honey-bee 377
larvae 16: 216 ovarian influence 18: 394–396
role 16: 204 responses to regulatory signals 18: 390,
Corpora allata see CA 391
Corpora allata, and haemocyte shape 18: 315
number 11: 147, 148 structural changes during 18: 322
Corpora allata, juvenile hormone 24: 213, ultrastructure 18: 320– 328
224, 241, 244 changes during developmental
premetamorphic 24: 215– 217 stages 18: 322, 323
Corpora allata, regulation 19: 63 changes in adult males 18: 323
Corpora allata, reproduction, social ovariectomy effects 18: 325
insects 19: 121 volume, change in 18: 316
Corpora allata, sexual behaviour 19: 98 Corpora cardiaca 28: 213
Corpora allata, vitellogenesis 19: 53 amines in 17: 231– 233, 238
Corpora allatum and neurohaemal areas 17: 250, 251
activity cycles 18: 320– 328 immunochemistry in 17: 223– 238
arborization of axonal collaterals 18: 313 passim
cells contributing nerves to 18: 309– 313 neurohormone release in 17: 242–244
cells from glands synthesizing juvenile and adipokinetic hormone 17: 156– 160,
hormone 18: 326, 327, 329 174
contamination of 18: 369, 370 and behaviour 10: 299
developmental stages 18: 317 CNS spontaneous activity 10: 306
female receptivity 10: 325 oxygen supply 17: 101

male behaviour 10: 306, 307, 320 role in reproduction 2: 291, 296– 304,
oviposition 10: 328– 330 308, 309
walking movements 10: 304 role of brain in activity of 2: 255,
and circadian rhythms 280– 283, 293, 301–304
cardiaca-allata complex 10: 57, 63 staining of 2: 291
cellular 10: 35 Corpus allatum, and frost resistance 6: 24
silkmoth calling 10: 12 Corpus allatum, and grasshopper
and control of flight metabolism 17: 184, coloration 8: 178– 180
192, 193 Corpus allatum, see juvenile hormone
biogenic amines and 15: 427– 429 Corpus cardiacum 28: 237
function in 15: 433 and diapause 2: 274, 275, 305
neurohaemal organs 17: 206, 209, 222, and neurosecretion 2: 249– 255, 258, 301,
242– 244 302, 305, 306, 309, 311, 314
oxygen supply 17: 101 and pre-ingestion activity 11: 9, 11
Corpora cardiaca see CC behavioural influence 2: 242
Corpora cardiaca-brain, sexual control over fore-gut 2: 236
behaviour 19: 98 control over heart 2: 225– 228
Corpora pedunculata control over hind-gut 2: 237, 238
biogenic amine distribution in 15: control over Malpighian tubules 2: 239
332– 337 nervous control of 2: 228
function 15: 336, 337 neurosecretory cells 12: 72, 90 – 93
Corpora pedunculata in insect nervous nitrogen metabolism 12: 294
systems 28: 102, 118– 122 release during feeding 11: 31, 32, 61, 66
Corpora pedunculata, Arthropoda 24: 71, 74 structure 2: 225
Corpora pedunculata, development 6: 100, Corpus cardiacum extract, and
104– 106, 117, 119– 123 luminescence 6: 75
Corpostanol, as growth factor 4: 162, 163 Corpus cardiacum, and carbohydrate
Corpse-removal 23: 145 metabolism 4: 333, 337, 339, 340
and adipokinetic hormone Corpus cardiacum, and grasshopper
response 17: 173 coloration 8: 180– 182
and carbohydrate metabolism 4: 336, 338 Corpus cardiacum, and trehalose 7: 295, 303
and control of metamorphosis Corpus cardiacum, pharmacological agents
2: 280– 296 in 1: 34 – 38
and corpora cardiaca 17: 242, 251 Corpus cardiacum, physiologically active
and diapause 2: 274, 275 peptides from 13: 96, 97
and flight muscle tracheoles 17: 112 Corpus cardium, fluid reabsorption 19: 341,
and juvenile hormone 2: 280– 291, 297 350– 354
and lipid metabolism 4: 177, 180, 181, Corrodentia, sperm 9: 327
184, 185 Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) 26:
and neurosecretory cells 2: 250, 251, 255, 62
258, 274, 291, 301– 304, 306, 307, Corticosteroids, and chromosome
311, 314 puffing 7: 45
cardio-regulatory effects 2: 230 Corticotropin releasing-factor see CRF
chemical nature of juvenile Cortisone, and chromosome puffing 7: 45,
hormone 2: 291– 296 62
control of secretion 2: 282, 283, 303, 304 Cortisone, in water beetle 4: 210
effect of nutrition on activity of 2: Corydalis cornutus 28: 239
297– 300, 302, 336 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, alkane
effect on metabolic processes 2: 308– 313 biosynthesis in 13: 17
histology and histochemistry 2: 291 Coryphosima (= Paracomacris),
neurohormones and 17: 267 coloration 8: 151, 186
C. amplificata 8: 150 stretch receptor neurone GABA receptor

Cossus cossus, haemolymph 1: 213, 355 and deltamethrin 20: 188
Cossus cossus, ommochrome stretch receptor organ and pyrethroid 20:
distribution 10: 153 163– 165
Cossus, protocerebral neurosecretory tight junctions in 15: 132
cells 12: 81 Crayfish, control of swimmerets 3: 298
Cost of transport, metabolic rate and 13: 146 Crayfish, plasma membrane permeability
Costelytra zealandica 24: 285 in 14: 209
Costelytra zealandica 26: 196 Crayfish, resilin in cuticle 2: 3, 4, 13, 14,
Costelytra zealandica, glutathione 17, 35
S-aryltransferase in 13: 81 Creatin, excretion 4: 44
Cotesia congregata 28: 305 Creatotos transiens 25: 175
Cotton stainers 26: 45 CREB 28: 129
Cotton, tensile strength 4: 219 Cremastogaster scutellaris, lipid content
Coupled GC – mass spectrometry 24: 117 4: 81
Coupling process, excitation-contraction, in Crematogaster africana, scent substances
muscle 4: 23 – 27 and 14: 399
Courtship CRF-like Dippu-DH 28: 38
rhythm 10: 80 CRF-related diuretic peptides 29: 293, 327
sound emission 10: 264, 265 mode of action 29: 329– 331
Courtship behaviour, juvenile receptors 29: 326
hormone 24: 219 CRF-related neuropeptides 29: 296– 304
Courtship song rhythms, Drosophila isolation and purification 29: 296–302
melanogaster 22: 232– 263 structures of CRF-related DH 29: 303,
Courtship song, crickets 13: 237 304
Courtship, neural control 7: 417, 418, 465, CRF-related peptides 29: 344, 345,
466 352– 357
Cows, trimethylalkanes in 13: 17 circulating levels 29: 368– 370
Coxa, regeneration 6: 128 degradation and inactivation 29: 375, 376
Coxsackievirus B3 (cVB3) 25: 47 Cricket (Acheta domesticus) 21: 40
Crab (see also Carcinus) giant interneuron 21: 38, 57
Crab 24: 67 Gryllus bimaculatus 21: 56
lysosomal pathway 20: 25 –28 Cricket 23: 97, 173
photoreceptor turnover regulation in see also Acheta
20: 14 brain, electrical activity 7: 375
rhabdoms 20: 6 circadian rhythms 10: 6
Crab muscle, glutamate and contraction acetylcholinesterase rhythms 10: 32
4: 12 brain cell changes 10: 85
Crab, chitin 1: 260, 261, 272, 279, 284 brain hormone 10: 60, 63
Cratypedes neglectus 24: 141 control of locomotor rhythm 10: 38, 55,
Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) 21: 40 66, 67, 85
Crayfish 19: 7; 24: 62, 64, 67 – 69, 70 effect of drugs 10: 42
gap junction 15: 91, 98 endocrine cell ultrastructure 10: 37
hemidesmosomes, development 15: 84 entrainment phase adjustment 10: 51
muscle input resistance and haemolymph sugar 10: 30
deltamethrin 20: 187 in constant light 10: 79
neurones, ionically coupled cells 15: 85 narcotic sensitivity 10: 24
septate axons, gap junction permeability, optic lobes, role 10: 61
calcium and 15: 105 RNA synthesis 10: 15, 38
septate giant axons 15: 103 sexual rhythms 10: 12
septate junction in 15: 66 stridulation rhythms 10: 45, 61
conduction by non-tympanal route Crithidia fasciculata, use in pterine

10: 277 assay 6: 146, 150, 159, 172,
eicosanoids 24: 131, 146, 178, 178
179 Critical equilibrium humidity 14: 20
embryonic pattern specification Critical temperature, insect transpiration and,
differentiation of nuclei 12: 222 monolayer hypothesis 15: 25
egg, RNA synthesis 12: 224 in insect water loss 15: 10
longitudinal pattern 12: 136– 155, dynamic experiments 15: 12 – 16
199, 202 Crochets, juvenile hormone 24: 215, 222,
mutants 12: 218 239, 240
transverse pattern 12: 209 Croesus septentrionalis, lipid content
ephaptic excitation 7: 369 4: 81
female receptivity, hormonal control Crop
10: 321 air content 2: 234, 235
Gryllus campestris 23: 3 electrical activity 2: 233
harp, properties emptying rates 2: 234
homology 24: 25, 26, 39, 40 hydrostatic pressure 2: 235
motor neurons 7: 361, 365, 366, 372 Crop volume, and feeding regulation
neurosecretory cells 12: 74, 76 and food dilution 11: 94 – 96
phototactic orientation 7: 142, 144, and maxillary palps 11: 39
145 and meal size 11: 48, 56, 58, 60 – 68, 72,
removal of mushroom body 7: 400 77, 82
resonant sound radiators 10: 263 and osmotic pressure 11: 40, 95
singing muscles 5: 298 haemolymph protein 11: 344
song 7: 412– 417, 425 larval fat body 11: 353
sound communication lytic factors, haemolymph 11: 375
sound production 5: 323, 325 polynemy 11: 328, 329
stridulation mechanism 10: 254 regulation of meal size 11: 84
tympanal vibrations 10: 283– 285 Crop, trehalase activity 4: 311
Cricket paralysis virus 25: 45 Cross-flow analysis 23: 189
Cricket, camel, embryonic pattern Crosslinking
specification 12: 161, 211 chemical mechanisms of 17: 51– 72
Cricket, cuticle 1: 298 in sclerotization 17: 3 – 6, 19, 38 – 46,
Cricket, house, sperm 9: 331, 334 48 – 51
Cricket, lipid in 4: 99 Crosslinks
Cricket, nervous system development aryl-lysine 21: 194–196
house 6: 100, 101 dityrosine 21: 197– 190
mole 6: 101 pathway mechanisms 21: 221, 222
Cricket, ventilation 3: 293, 295, 297 Cross-protection, CPV 26: 266
Crickets (Grylloidea) Crowded 23: 28
chordotonal organs 27: 117, 118 see also gregaria; gregarious
tympanal organ 27: 35 Crowding, and aphid polymorphism
Crickets 19: 17, 97; 26: 44, 45 analysis 3: 239–241
Crickets, allatostatins 25: 303 effect on gamic females 3: 237
Crickets, sexual behaviour 19: 96 effect on wing dimorphism 3: 239– 249,
Crickets, song patterns 13: 237 269, 270
Crickets: unpaired median neurons mechanism 3: 244– 249
in 28: 200, 201, 203, 215, 218 sensitive stages 3: 242–244
Cricotopus vitripennis, haemolymph Crowding, and grasshopper
osmotic pressure and medium coloration 8: 164– 166, 173, 174,
1: 323 180, 182
Crista acustica, Arthropoda 24: 33 Crude oil, dimethylalkanes in 13: 16
Crural nerve trunk, effect of blocking resistance 24: 290

agents on action potentials solubility 24: 286, 287
4: 11 Cryoprotectants, CPV 26: 276
Crustacea 19: 6, 21, 157; 21: 100; Cryptobiosis 5: 95 – 97
25: 316; 28: 243 Cryptocerata, salivary glands 9: 234
and relevance to insect breathing 3: 287, Cryptocercus punctulatus, ecdysone 3: 170
293, 307, 312, 315, 319, 320 Cryptochironomus, salivary gland 7: 29
calcification of gastroliths 4: 234 Cryptoglossa virrucosa, water loss 15: 2
chitin Cryptolestes ferrugineus, uric acid in
microfibrils 4: 214 faeces 5: 235
orientation in cuticle 4: 225, 227 Cryptommidin
gap junctions 15: 85, 95 distribution 10: 136, 137, 152, 161
muscle spectral data 10: 144
contraction 4: 23 Cryptomyzus ribis, saliva 9: 2l8, 219
facilitation 4: 14 Cryptonephridial complex of absorbing
pharmacology of inhibition 4: 19, 20 mealworms 14: 29
sodium ions and resting potential 4: 5 Cryptonephridial system,
muscle, desmosomes in 15: 80 Tenebrio 8: 310– 319, 323, 324
septate junction in 15: 65, 66 Cryptotermes brevis, utilization of fresh
tissues in 15: 81 matter 5: 259, 264
vision 3: 7, 11, 40 Cryptotermes havilandi,
Crustacea, haemolymph 26: 298 haemolymph 6: 216, 217
Crustacea, juvenile hormone 26: 2 Crysomelid beetles 24: 285, 287
Crustacea, nervous system 24: 2, 12, 62, Crysopa carnea 24: 140
81 – 83, 82 Crystal cells 21: 88
compared to Insecta 24: 68, 69, 70 Crystal structure in insect epicuticular
development and lipids 15: 27
immunohistochemistry 24: 8, 9 Crystalline cone 16: 122
interneurons 24: 44, 47, 59, 67, 68 Crytocercus punctulatus 19: 396
motoneurons 24: 26, 62 – 65, 63 Ctenicera destructor (larva), amino acids
receptors 24: 65 – 67 3: 71
Ctenicera destructor 26: 170
visual system 24: 77 Ctenocephalus canis, sperm 9: 318, 376
Crustacea, surfaces waxes, trimethylalkanes Ctenolepisma sp., and sterol biosynthesis
in 13: 17 4: 167
Crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) 24: C-terminal
40, 51 – 54, 59, 61, 73, 74 Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 279, 280,
Crustacean cardioactive peptide 286– 288
(CCAP) 28: 212 juvenile hormone 24: 247
Crustacean cardioactive peptide steroid hormone 24: 219, 220, 220
(CCAP) 29: 21, 37, 293 CTP (see Cytidine triphosphate)
Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone CTPase, sperm 9: 352
(CHH) 29: 8 C-type cells, pars intercerebralis 10: 319
Crustaceans, nonspiking Cubitermes severus 19: 297
interneurons 18: 296–298 Cucullia absinthii, haemolymph 1: 213
Cry proteins, Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 277, Culex (larva), haemolymph protein 3: 85
278, 279, 280, 280, 281, 282, 284, Culex (pupa), amino acids 3: 90
285, 298 Culex 19: 86, 87; 26: 300
activation 24: 287, 288 amino acids
cell lysis 24: 292– 294 excretion 3: 77
pore formation 24: 291, 294– 296, 297, sex-specific differences 3: 96
298 peptides in egg 3: 61
receptors 24: 288, 289 pipiens 24: 131, 132, 132, 133, 134, 137
pole cells 3: 63 Culex territans 28: 54

tarsalis 24: 132, 133, 137 Culex tritaeniorhynchus 25: 44
Culex fatigans, sex-specific differences in Culex, osmoregulation
amino acids 3: 97 uptake of inorganic ions 1: 341
Culex modestus, eye pigments 6: 187 Culex, ovarian development 2: 301
Culex molestans, nutrition 1: 80 Culicid Diptera, sperm 9: 338
Culex molestus, corpus allatum and Culicidae 26: 303, 319
ovarian development 2: 297 embryonic pattern specification 12: 191
Culex pipiens (larva), amino acids extra ganglionic NSCs 12: 75
3: 75 Culicidae spp., wingbeat frequency,
Culex pipiens 19: 86; 26: 30, 57 temperature and 13: 139
circadian rhythms 10: 23, 78 Culicidae, Johnston’s organ in 27: 13
lipid content 4: 80 Culicidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 7
nervous system development Culicini, antennae, sensilla on 16: 300
central body 6: 121 Culiseta inornata, labellar threshold to
corpora pedunculata 6: 120 sugar 11: 37, 38
eye 6: 111 Culiseta, neurosecretory cells
larva 6: 100 brain 12: 89
olfactory centre 6: 118 during life history 12: 99
optic lobe 6: 112 protocerebral 12: 81
nitrogenous excretion 4: 52, 53 Culture lines, haemocyte phagocytosis
ommochromes 10: 157 of 11: 188
pterines 6: 151, 158 see also Mutants Cultured tissues, autonomous
Culex pipiens fatigans, choline rhythmicity 10: 92, 95
metabolism 9: 71, 72, 78, 82, 88 Cupiennius salei 24: 72– 76, 75
Culex pipiens var. fatigans, amino acids in Cupric ions, and phosphate transport
embryo 3: 56 8: 234
Culex pipiens var. molestus, amino acids in Curare and synaptic transmission 5: 25, 26,
embryo 3: 56 41, 51, 55
Culex pipiens, corpus allatum and ovarian Curare, affect on neuromuscular junction 1:
development 2: 297, 304 30, 37, 475
Culex pipiens, embryonic pattern Curare, effect on heart rate 2: 221
specification 12: 191 Curare, effect on nicotine stimulation of
Culex pipiens, fat body 1: 116 skeletal muscle 15: 216
Culex pipiens, haemolymph Curare, effect on potentials in muscle 4: 16
ionic and osmotic regulation 1: 320, 321, Curculio caryae, alkenes in 13: 3
326, 328 methylalkanes in 13: 7, 11
Culex pipiens, sex-specific differences in Curculionidae, antennae, sensitla on
amino acids 3: 97 16: 306
Culex pipiens, vitellin, characteristics 14: 67 Curculionidae, lipid content 4: 74
vitellogenin and vitellin in 14: 54 Current concepts of hormone
vitellogenin uptake specificity 14: 94 action 24: 219– 223, 220
Culex quinquefasciata, amino acids and Cuterebra, puparium formation
growth 3: 72 4: 267
Culex salinarius 28: 36, 38, 50 Cuticle (see also Sclerotization)
Culex spp., vitellogenin in, mode of deposition
entry 14: 93 in tracheal system 17: 91
Culex tarsalis, fatty acids 4: 93, 96 kinetics of 17: 36– 38
Culex tarsalis, septate junction formation structure 17: 38 – 51
in 15: 75 Cuticle 21: 132, 180
Culex tarsalis, vitellogenin and vitellin absorption of water when dead 2: 94
in 14: 54 active uptake of water 2: 90
active-transport water-pump 2: 122 environmental factors 4: 242, 243

age determination 4: 245, 246 facultative coupling 4: 243, 244
and chitin metabolism 4: 340– 344 hypothetical cycle 4: 277
and eye in Lampyris 3: 17 implantation experiments 4: 257– 260
and resilin 2: 1 ff, 57 – 62 in wing hinge ligament 4: 253, 254
and water balance 1: 347– 352, 379– 382 independent of sythesis 4: 238
Arthropod 2: 1– 62 initiating stimuli 4: 251
asymmetry of 2: 107– 111, 120 light threshold 4: 254– 256
chitin orientation 4: 213– 279 (see Chitin) metabolic oscillation 4: 246– 252
chitin/protein complexes of 1: 251–313 nervous control 4: 260
chitin – protein complexes 4: 269, 271, obligatory coupling 4: 243, 244
272 rates 4: 251, 252
choline 9: 75 rhythmical ion pump 4: 276, 277
components of sclerotized 21: 181– 187 study of 4: 246
catechols 21: 184, 185 temperature coefficient 4: 239, 244,
chitin 21: 182, 183 245
enzymes 21: 186, 187 laminate texture 4: 223– 229, 235– 238
structural proteins 21: 181, 182 larval 3: 73, 75
dehydration and chitin orientation 2: 200 lipid in 4: 93, 131, 152– 155
deposition of 2: 269, 286 lipids in 15: 1 – 33
deposition prior to ecdysis 15: 549– 553 muscle insertions 4: 245, 246
deposition, endocrine control 12: 242 of Diptera 2: 109
elastic properties 4: 215, 216 of tracheal system 2: 80, 82
elasticity and ventilation 3: 298– 300 optical studies 1: 301– 304
electron microscopy 1: 304– 306 outer grease layer 2: 88
epidermal control 2: 97, 98 percentage chitin 4: 238
escape from, in ecdysis 15: 523– 525 permeability to simple molecules 2: 79, 80
expansion of 2: 176, 179 –181, 208, 209 permeability to water, temperature
fine structure 4: 223, 229, 236 and 15: 2
formation 9: 239, 245 vapourization and 15: 4
general view 1: 251, 258 peroxidase in 21: 222
growth 4: 247– 250 phenol oxidizing enzymes 11: 190
growth layers 4: 235– 238 physical chemistry of 2: 94 – 98
hardening and darkening 2: 58, 59, 62, physical properties 4: 215, 216
175– 212, 262, 263, 267 pigmentation 4: 256, 257
hardening in ecdysis 15: 541–546 plasticization in ecdysis 15: 537– 540
hardening of in adults 1: 295 proteins 11: 361
homology 24: 81 proteins 1: 281– 287
impermeability to poisons 2: 90 resilin 4: 216, 234, 246– 249, 252– 254,
inflation in ecdysis 15: 525– 530 272, 273
inorganic ion content 4: 276, 277 resilin and 3: 299
juvenile hormone 24: 224– 233, 227, 233 “rubber-like” 2: 4 – 29, 31, 33, 51, 57 –61
lamellae 1: 301, 302, 304 shedding, failures in ecdysis and 15: 571
lamellar stabilization 4: 229, 230 solid and rubber-like 4: 215, 216, 223
lamellogenesis splitting and shedding of 2: 176, 178, 179
action spectrum 4: 255, 257 splitting in ecdysis 15: 519–523
chemical control 4: 254, 260, 262 staining of types 2: 4 – 7, 9, 15, 59
circadian clock 4: 233– 246, 254, 255 strengthening bars 4: 232, 233
daily rhythm 4: 233, 246– 249 structure of chitin 1: 258–281
effect of daylight 4: 238, 239, 254– 257 swelling 4: 218, 229, 230
effect of temperature 4: 239, 241, 242, synthesis from haemolymph
244, 245, 255 glucose 11: 199
tanning, endocrine control 12: 246, role as water-valve 2: 122, 123

286– 288 temperature/permeability
bursicon 12: 291– 293 relationships 2: 98, 99
temperature 15: 1– 33 thermal rearrangement 2: 101– 105
measurement 15: 29 transition of 2: 99, 101– 105
total surface measurement 2: 100 Cuticular pegs, Crustacea 24: 66
transpiration 15: 1 – 33 Cuticular proteins
transport mechanism 1: 347 composition and preparation 17: 12 – 38,
water absorption 2: 89, 90 40 – 42, 47 – 51, 60 – 63
water movements 2: 109– 111 quinone reactions 17: 56, 57
water relations 2: 88 – 90 resilin 2: 1 – 62 (see also Protein)
water uptake 4: 277 structure 17: 18, 19, 32 – 35, 50, 54
X-ray studies elastic forces and tracheole
chaetae (Aphrodite) 1: 262, 270, 273, fluid 17: 129, 130
274, 297, 300, 301, 307, 309, 310 synthesis 17: 8 – 12, 33, 36 – 38
hardened adult 1: 295– 298 tanning 2: 58, 59, 62, 181, 182, 198, 267
intersegmental soft adult 1: 294, 295 Cuticular pump model for atmospheric water
oesophageal (Loligo) 1: 298– 300, 308, absorption in arthropods 14: 2
310 Cuticular scales, chitin orientation 4: 222
soft larval 1: 271, 288–294, 304, 310 Cuticular sclerotization 27: 229– 324
Cuticle deposition, rhythm of 10: 71, 89, b-sclerotization 27: 246– 251
299 complexes of enzymes 27: 321– 324
daily growth layers 10: 20 – 22 components of cuticle 27: 232–242
temperature effects 10: 72 chitin 27: 233, 234
Cuticle hydration, epidermal control 4: 277, enzymes 27: 234– 236
278 proteins 27: 233
Cuticle, composition 14: 116 sclerotizing precursors 27: 237– 242
degradation, enzymes in 14: 126– 132 melanization 27: 315– 321
insect ultrastructure 14: 7 quinone methide sclerotization
synthesis, enzymes in 14: 126– 132 27: 251– 290
Cuticle, composition 22: 313, 314 N-acyldopamine quinone methide-
Cuticle, development of foot pads 7: 56, 57 dehydro N-acyldopamine
Cuticle, hindgut 19: 333 isomerase 27: 279
Cuticle, pterines 6: 173, 176 NADA desaturase system 27: 276– 279
Cuticle, see moulting fluid quinone isomerase 27: 259– 276
Cuticular absorption model, pore canals reactive species generated from
and 14: 4 dehydro-NADA 27: 279– 290
Cuticular absorption theory 14: 3 quinone tanning 27: 243– 246
Cuticular lining, rectum 8: 304– 307, 318, unified mechanism 27: 290– 315
322 case of 3-hydroxyanthranilic
Cuticular lipid acid 27: 309– 311
electrical properties of 2: 111– 117 fate of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl
molecular arrangement 2: 102– 105, alcohol 27: 305– 307
107, 116 fate of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic
monolayer acid 27: 307– 309
electrical properties of 2: 111– 117 metabolic fate of dehydro
inversion 2: 105– 107 NBAD 27: 297– 301
ion transfer 2: 119, 120 N-acylnorepinephrine
passage of ions 2: 115 27: 301, 302
passage of water 2: 105, 115– 117 N-b-alanyldopamine 27: 293– 297
thermal destruction 2: 99, 101 peptidyldopa derivatives
physical chemistry of 2: 98– 107 27: 302– 305
3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 3,4- excitation – secretion coupling 9: 36, 37

dihydroxybenzyl pre- and post-synaptic
alcohol 27: 311– 315 transmission 9: 34 – 36
Cuticular sclerotization, molecular slime mould aggregation 9: 33, 34
mechanisms in 21: 179– 230 transporting epithelia 9: 39 – 41
(see Sclerotization, cuticular) 5-HT-receptor interaction 9: 5 – 12
Cuticulin 2: 95; 14: 116 Cyclic AMP, chloride transport 19: 355
Cuticulin, in chitin orientation 4: 223 Cyclic AMP, sodium fluxes, hindgut
Cutting, cuticle, in ecdysis 15: 523 19: 378
Cyanide, circadian response to 10: 26 Cyclic GMP 29: 1 – 44
Cyanide, effect on blood clotting 11: 164 ecdysis 29: 37 –41
Cyanide, effect on luminescence 6: 78, food-search behaviour 29: 41, 42
79, 83 function 29: 26 – 43
Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline 2,3,-dione Malpighian tubule regulation 29: 42, 43
(CNQX) 24: 312, 313, 333 molecular targets 29: 26 – 32
Cyanoprotein, juvenile hormone 24: 239 cyclic nucleotide-gated
Cyanoproteins 26: 26, 89 channels 29: 30 – 32
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) protein kinases and
and nervous system plasticity 28: 122, substrates 29: 27 – 30
129, 140 neuronal development 29: 34 – 37
and unpaired median neurons 28: 192, physiological function 29: 32– 43
223, 225, 235 regulation 29: 2– 26
signalling 28: 35, 38 sensory physiology 29: 33, 34
fluid transport and 28: 38 Cyclic GMP hydrolysis
peptide modulators of 28: 36 cytogenetic analysis 18: 143–149
Cyclic AMP 23: 29, 51, 101 rates of 18: 146
and hyperglycaemic hormone 12: 264 Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase
and moulting hormone 12: 288 (Drosophila
and octopamine 12: 269, 270 melanogaster)18: 142– 160
-binding proteins in Drosophila biochemical analysis 18: 150– 156
melanogaster 18: 166– 168 cAMP hydrolysis, cytogenetic
effect of dunce and rutabaga analysis 18: 143–149
mutations 18: 172 cGMP hydrolysis, cytogenetic
hydrolysis analysis 18: 143–149
as function of Mg2+ and Ca2+ 18: 148 chromomere 18: 3D4 physiological
cytogenetic analysis 18: 143– 149 effects, genetic analysis 18: 149,
kinetics of 18: 157 150
rates of 18: 146 form II, in homogenates of males 18: 155
Cyclic AMP and Calcium, and hormone in body parts and clonal cell lines
action 9: 1 – 49 18: 151
Calliphora salivary glands 9: 2– 5 properties of 18: 154
Intracellular messengers 9: 12 – 21 Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels 29: 30 – 32
calcium 9: 19 – 21 Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel protein
cyclic AMP 9: 12 – 19 (cng) 29: 30
mode of action 9: 21 –32 cng-like (cngl) 29: 30
ion transport 9: 26 – 28 Cyclic nucleotides (Drosophila
potential effect 9: 23 – 26 melanogaster)
time course 9: 28 – 31 adenylate cyclase 18: 160– 165
model of hormone action 9: 31, 32 and female fertility 18: 172– 174
5-HT, comparison 32 – 41 and learning 18: 168– 172
control of metabolism 9: 37 – 39 biochemical analysis 18: 151– 156
epinephrine and heart 9: 36 calmodulin 18: 165, 166
cAMP-binding proteins 18: 166– 168 larval, head, sensilla on 16: 275
metabolism and physiology mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 266, 267
18: 141– 175 post-ecdysial expansion 2: 177, 178
phosphodiesterase. See Cyclic nucleotide Cyclorrhapha, protocerebral neurosecretory
phosphodiesterase cells 12: 82
physiological roles 18: 168– 174 Cyclorrhaphan yolk proteins and
Cyclic nucleotides lipases 27: 363, 364
and adipokinetic hormone 17: 162, 163, adjusted quality comparisons 27: 367,
175, 179 368
and neurohormones 17: 275 analysis of distantly related
octopamine and 17: 182, 183, 192 sequences 27: 365– 367
Cyclic nucleotides, and specificity of cyclic common origin of vitellogenins
AMP 9: 16 –18 and 27: 377
Cyclic nucleotides, glutamate phylogenetic tests of yolk proteins and
receptors 24: 331, 332 vitellogenins 27: 368– 372
Cyclic nucleotides, measurement in possible evolutionary scenarios 27: 378
CA 25: 327 receptors 27: 373– 377
Cyclical activity, corpora allata 19: 50 terminology 27: 380
Cyclic-AMP-response-element binding vitellogenin – apoB – lipophorin group and
protein (CREB) 24: 223 yolk protein– lipase group 27: 365
Cycloalkanes 13: 3 Cyclorrhaphous flies, sound reception 10:
Cyclochila australasiae 19: 288; 27: 25, 51 291
Cyclodienes, nerve and muscle Cydia pomonella 25: 15
changes 8: 24 – 26 Cylinder 23: 188– 200
Cyclohexidine, PTF induced tanning axial flow 23: 185, 186
and 15: 545 glide characteristics 23: 194–198
Cycloheximide 24: 232 normal flow 23: 184, 185
Cycloheximide and chromosome Cynthia papillosa, parabolic lamellae
puffing 7: 34, 39, 40, 49, 63 4: 224, 225, 227
Cycloheximide, and learning 9: 172– 175 Cynthia, flight muscle metabolism 7: 294,
Cycloheximide, effect on blood 321
clotting 11: 164 Cyphocerastis, coloration 8: 151, 154
Cyclooxygenase pathway, Cyphoderris 29: 156
eicosanoids 24: 119, 121, 122, Cyphoderris monstrosa 29: 181, 186, 243,
123, 124, 185, 186 244, 246
fluid secretion rate 24: 168– 170, 170, 171 Cyphoderris strepitans 29: 221, 244
immunity 24: 162, 166 Cypovirus, see cytoplasmic polyhedrosis
inhibitors 24: 180, 183 virus
molecular biology 24: 197 Cyproheptadine, adenylate cyclase activity
reproduction 24: 157 and 15: 441
thermobiology 24: 176 Cyrtacanthacridinae 23: 6, 7, 17
tobacco hornworm tissues 24: 194– 196, Cyrtacanthacridinae, coloration 8: 147, 151,
195 154, 155, 159, 164, 168, 172, 174,
Cycloptiloides canariensis 29: 160, 161 175, 176, 177, 179
Cyclorraphous flies, photopigment Cyrtacanthacris, coloration 8: 172
system 13: 51 C. tartarica 8: 74, 176
visual pigments 13: 55, 56 Cysteate 24: 312, 314
Cyclorrhapha 26: 18, 20 – 24 Cysteine 24: 285– 287, 331
antennae, sensilla on 16: 302 and activity of glycogen phosphorylase
ecdysial muscles 2: 183 4: 333
feeding habits, sensilla numbers and fatty acid synthesis 4: 132
and 16: 325 in calliphorin 11: 347, 370
in haemoglobins 11: 348 alterations of insect functions 26:

Cysteine, saliva 9: 211, 216, 218 270– 275
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance CPV morphogenesis 26: 246– 253
regulator (CFTR) 28: 29 CPV replication 26: 242– 246
Cystine cytopathology 26: 269, 270
content in keratin 4: 50, 56 influence of exogenous factors 26:
excretion 4: 35, 50 253– 259
Cystine, in calliphorin 11: 370 transmission and persistence of 26:
Cystocyte 11: 134 266, 268
Cystosoma saundersii 27: 25, 118 virus specificity 26: 259– 266
Cytidine cofactors, role of 4: 139, 140 main characteristics 26: 235– 239
Cytidine diphosphate (CDP), in lipid practical considerations 26: 279
biosynthesis 4: 134, 135 CPVs as biological control agents 26:
Cytidine pathway 9: 85 280, 281
Cytidine triphosphate (CTP), in lipid CPVs as contaminants 26: 279, 280
metabolism 4: 135 CPVs as expression vectors 26: 281,
Cytochalasin B, effect on blood 282
clotting 11: 164 reactions of CPV infected cells
Cytochrome c, in pharate adult 11: 369 susceptibility to chemicals 26: 276, 277
Cytochrome oxidase activity 28: 139 susceptibility to environmental
Cytochrome oxidase, CPV 26: 270 stress 26: 275, 276
Cytochrome P450 24: 122, 170 susceptibility to pathogens 26:
Cytochrome p450, 28: 32 277– 279
Cytochrome system, and virus ecology 26: 239–242
development 2: 263, 264, 274, Cytoplasmic proteins, juvenile
275, 278 hormone 24: 229, 230
Cytochrome system, ommochrome Cytoplasmic streaming, intercellular
synthesis 10: 194 bridges 11: 293
Cytochrome, and lipid metabolism 4: 108, Cytosine 26: 93
124, 125, 139, 166 Cytosolic juvenile hormone
Cytochrome-c-oxidase, sperm 9: 357, 362, receptors 24: 247, 248
363, 366 Cytproteins, Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 277,
Cytological data, oocyte development 19: 46 278, 278, 280– 282, 284, 288
Cytology 23: 30, 31 activation 24: 288
Cytology, effects of thoracic gland cell lysis 24: 293
hormone 2: 263–267 pore formation 24: 291, 294
Cytoplasm, and nervous system receptors 24: 289, 290
development 6: 116
Cytoplasm, circadian changes 10: 35 –37 D ,L -Muscarine,inhibition of a-bungarotoxin
Cytoplasm, tracheoblast 17: 94, 112 binding by 15: 229
Cytoplasmic (C)PV infections 25: 7 DA see Dopamine
Cytoplasmic DA transmitter 28: 128, 143
filaments in tracheole Dacnonypha, cocoon escape 2: 177
movement 17: 116– 118 Dactylus, effect on meal size 11: 60
inclusions in neurosecretory cells 17: 207, Dactynotus ambrosiae, fatty acid content
260 4: 94
sheaths of tracheoles 17: 118, 130 Dactynotus, sp., saliva 9: 213
vacuoles in tracheole formation 17: 88 Dacus oleae 25: 53
Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses 26: Dacus oleae, choline 9: 72
234– 282 Dacus tryoni, adrenaline distribution in 15:
insect– CPV interrelations 26: 242 324
Dacus tryoni, embryonic pattern (see also Hardening and Darkening)

specification 12: 196, 197, 205 Darkening, role of haemocytes 11: 189– 192
Dacus tryoni, sexual rhythms 10: 10, 79 Darna B virus 25: 45
Dacus, multinucleate cells 11: 329 Darna trima 25: 50
Dacus, sperm 9: 350, 370 Daseychaeta alpium, lipid content 4: 76
‘Dadd’ 24: 128 Dasychira B virus 25: 45
Dahlbominus, sperm 9: 328 Dasychira pudibunda, nerve 1: 34, 35
Dalbulus maidis, saliva 9: 213 Dasychira, protocerebral neurosecretory
Damsel fly, embryonic pattern cells 12: 81
specification 12: 155– 160 Dasyneura affinis, endopolyploidy and
Damselfly polyteny 7: 6
tracheal modifications for flight 3: 326 Dasyneura crataegi, polytene
transients in eye 3: 25 chromosomes 7: 6, 23
Danaus 19: 61, 62, 83, 92; 26: 16 Dasyneura urticae, polytene
Danaus plexippus (monarch butterfly) 21: 18 chromosomes 7: 5, 6, 52
Danaus plexippus 26: 15, 40, 56, 57, 69, Dasyneura, indole acetic acid 10: 132
275; 19: 57, 82, 239 Datana integerrima, choline 9: 73
Danaus plexippus, flight fuel 13: 165 Daughter colonies 23: 158
wingbeat frequency, temperature and Daughterless 25: 82, 84, 89
13: 183 Daunomycin 27: 251
Danaus plexippus, lipid content 4: 75 DAV picornavirus 28: 55
Danaus plexippus, nervous system D-channels 24: 319, 329
development D-cysteate 29: 73
embryonic 6: 104 DDD (dihydroxydinaphthyldisulphide), test
eye 6: 112 for sulphydryl groups 9: 240
glia 6: 107 DDT 23: 82, 100, 101
larva 6: 100 action 8: 4
optic lobe 6: 113– 116 artificial membranes 8: 79
perineurium 6: 108, 109 detoxication 8: 57, 58, 201
Danaus plexippus, vitellogenin and vitellin effect on cholinergic system 1: 8, 25 – 28
in 14: 52 effect on nervous activity 1: 200,
synthesis rate 14: 61 230– 240
vitellogenin, biosynthesis control, juvenile insecticide design 23: 104, 105
hormone and 14: 71 nerve and muscle changes 8: 21 – 23
Danaus spp., antennal lobe development 14: mechanisms 8: 31 – 45
305 nerve, sensitivity 8: 58 –60
ecdysone control 14: 79 receptors 8: 78
vitellogenin biosynthesis, control in, resistance 8: 67 – 68, 201
juvenile hormone and 14: 70 structure – activity relationships 8: 73 – 75,
Danaus, JH and protein synthesis 12: 275 79 – 80
Danaus, vitellogenin synthesis 11: 366 temperature coefficient 8: 56 – 61
Dansyl amide 26: 80 DDT and synaptic transmission 5: 27
Daphnia, septate junction in 15: 66 DDT, circadian response to 10: 26, 27
D -Arabinose, and labellar DDT, effect on musculature 2: 221
chemoreceptors 11: 36 DDT/pyrethroid cross resistance 20: 158,
Dark induced retinal damage 20: 40, 41 159
Dark rearing and plasticity in insect nervous DDT-dehydrochlorinase, glutathione as
systems 28: 105, 110, 128, specific co-factor 13: 80
133– 135, 136 DDVP, circadian response to 10: 26
Dark regeneration of insect visual De novo synthesis 24: 136, 139, 140, 141,
systems 13: 52, 58 142, 144
Darkening factor, of cuticle 2: 206– 208 Deafferentation, cerci 14: 319
Deafferentation, sound production and Definitive midgut epithelium 19: 192

13: 258 Degeneration, giant fibres 8: 106– 108
‘death feigning’ 23: 103 Degeneration, in nervous system
Death of cells, in nervous system development 6: 122– 125
development 6: 104, 106, 117, Degenerative responses, in neural
122– 125 repair 21: 36 –43
Death of cells, programmed 11: 374, 375, Degradation reactions, ommochromes 10:
377 145– 150
Death, arthropods, water loss and 14: 13 Degree of convergence, neural
Thermobia, water loss and 14: 17 development 14: 335
Debris, microclimates in 16: 12 Dehydration 5: 95– 97
Debye-Hückel theory, in chitin– protein and CABA 5: 54
complex 4: 274 and utilization of fresh matter 5: 258
Decamethonium Dehydration, and frost resistance 6: 7, 9,
binding to Musca domestica head 18 – 20, 25, 26, 36, 38, 41
extracts 15: 222, 224, 225 Dehydro NBAD 27: 297–301
circle-giant-interneurone synaptic Dehydrocholesterol, in lipid metabolism
transmission and 15: 253 4: 158, 162, 163, 171– 173, 177
effect on dorsal unpaired median Dehydrogenase, inhibition of
neurones 15: 265 tyrosinase 2: 189, 190
ganglionic nicotinic receptor 1,2-dehydro-N-acetyldopa methyl
antagonist 15: 216 ester 27: 289
toxin binding inhibition by 15: 231 Dehydro-NADA 27: 279– 290
Decapoda 24: 62, 64 – 68, 77; 25: 316
Deilephia elpenor 24: 133, 134
Decticinae, non-resonant sound
Deilephila (Pengesa) elpenor,
emissions 13: 233
ommochromes 10: 156
Decticus albrifrons 27: 30, 112, 140; 28: 190
Deilephila elpenor, carbohydrate in pupal
Decticus verrucivorus 27: 102, 112; 29: 183
hemolymph 4: 293
chitin orientation 4: 234
Deilephila elpenor, colour vision 13: 53
population age dynamics 4: 245
Decticus verrucivorus, auditory neurons oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 135
13: 306, 308 rhodopsin and metarhodopsin 13: 46
tympanal organ 13: 289– 291 visual pigment 13: 45
Decticus, Crista acoustica 13: 288 Deilephila livornicz, colour vision 2: 148
Defence agent, eicosanoids 24: 182, 183 Deilephila nerii, wingbeat frequency,
Defence mechanisms temperature and 13: 183
haemocytic 21: 99 – 112, 125 Deilephila sp., lipid content 4: 77
encapsulation 21: 103– 107 Deilephila, phospholipids 13: 61
killing mechanisms 21: 107–109 rhodopsin, visual sensitivity and 13: 58
nodule formation 21: 102, 103 Deinacrida 29: 157, 228
phagocytosis 21: 99 – 102 Deinacrida rugosa 29: 229
humoral 21: 109–112 Delphacidae
antibacterial proteins 21: 109– 111 salivary glands 9: 232, 233
serum lectins 21: 111, 112 sperm 9: 365
Defence reactions, haemocytes Delphacidae, size, chemoreceptor numbers
in 11: 170– 181 and 16: 310
Defence, by 8-hydroxy-quinaldic acid 10: Delta 25: 86, 94
131 physical interactions 25: 85 – 87
Defenders 23: 138 Deltamethrin 20: 150; 27: 156
Defensins 22: 335, 336; 24: 162 acetyl choline receptor blocking 20: 184
Definition, excretion 19: 169 and GABA-dependent chlorideuptake 20:
Definition, lipid 4: 71, 72 191, 192
and muscle input resistance of effect of glutamate 4: 12

crayfish 20: 187 effect of transmitter substance 4: 17
and sodium currents, axonal, in in excitation-contraction coupling
cockroach 20: 164, 166 process 4: 23, 24
and synaptosome, mouse brain, sodium of muscle fibre membranes and
uptake 20: 178, 179 electrically excitable responses
GABA receptor modification 20: 188 4: 8, 9, 11, 20, 21
binding sites 20: 186, 187 Depolarization, glutamate receptors 24: 312,
in ligand binding experiments 20: 190 313
mechanoreceptor stimulation in Deposit and storage excretion 8: 201– 204,
cockroach 20: 162, 163 319
nomenclature 20: 152 Deposition of ommochromes 10: 162– 164
sodium channel modification 20: 173, 174 Deposition, cuticle 17: 33, 36 – 38, 91
and temperature 20: 174, 175 Depression, and time-dependence of muscle
Deltocephalidae, salivary glands 9: 230 postsynaptic potentials 4: 14
Denaturation of protein, definition 1: 287 Depth perception in adult
Dendolimus pini, amino acids 3: 70 insects 28: 106– 109
Dendrites, Arthropoda 24: 7, 14 Derived lipids 4: 72
Dendritic sprouting 21: 46 Dermacentor andersoni, atmospheric water
Dendroas viridis, a-toxin 15: 288 absorption in 14: 15
Dendroaspis, neurones, acetylcholine water absorption mechanisms in 14: 35
receptors 15: 273 Dermacentor spp., water exchange
Dendroctanus pseudotsugae, flight allometry 14: 25
lipids 13: 164 Dermacentor variabilis 25: 316
flight muscle development, hormonal Dermacentor variabilis, atmospheric water
control 13: 209 absorption in 14: 15, 16
Dendroctonus monticolae, larva, frost water exchange variables 14: 23
resistance 6: 29 Dermal glands 14: 117
Dendroctonus pseudotsugae 26: 46 secretory products 14: 407
Dendroctonus rufipennis 26: 46 Dermal glands 26: 168
Dendroides canadensis 26: 28 discharge in ecdysis 15: 557, 558
Dendrolimas, neurosecretory cells 12: 81, 96 type B, Rhodnius 15: 557
Dendrolimus 26: 263, 277 Dermal light sense 4: 254– 257
Dendrolimus pini 26: 280 Dermaptera 24: 141; 27: 19
Dendrolimus pinii, inhibitory effect of chitin orientation 4: 134
GABA 22: 38 nitrogenous excretion 4: 46, 48
Dendrolimus punctatus 26: 248, 254, 268 Dermaptera, daily growth layers 10: 20
Dendrolimus spectabilis 26: 263, 276, 280 Dermaptera, haemolymph 6: 216, 217
Denervation, locust muscle 4: 16, 17 Dermaptera, mouthparts, sensilla on
Deoxyribonuclease (DNAase) 26: 93, 94 16: 260
Deoxyribonucleic acid Dermaptera, ocelli 7: 99
Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 277 Dermaptera, oocyte-nurse cell syncytium
homology 24: 3, 8, 12 germarium 11: 229
steroid hormones 24: 219–221, 220 germinal vesicle 11: 282
Deoxyribonucleoproteins, sperm RNA synthesis 11: 278
nucleus 9: 332 synchronous division 11: 250, 305
Depolarization Dermaptera, protocerebral neurosecretory
and excitor axons 4: 7 – 9 cells 12: 79
and spontaneous activity 4: 23 Dermaptera, sperm 9: 336
and stimulation frequency 4: 14 Dermaptera, ventral glands 2: 258
effect of carbon dioxide 4: 6 Dermatobia hominis, hatching, timing 15:
effect of chloride ions 4: 5 477
Dermatophagoides farinae, atmospheric co-occurrence with gap junctions 15: 120

water absorption in 14: 16 development 15: 84
Dermatophagoides spp., atmospheric water functional significance 15: 83
absorption in 14: 17 in arthropods 15: 80, 81
Dermestes in glia 15: 151
lipid content 4: 74, 89 Desmosterol, in biosynthesis of
sterol utilization 4: 159, 162 cholesterol 4: 165
Dermestes frischi, vitellogenin and vitellin Detergent, effect on trehalase activity 4: 316
in 14: 53 Detergents, activation of tyrosinase 2: 192
Dermestes frischii, embryonic pattern Deterrents, effect on feeding 11: 98
specification 12: 174, 175, 183, Detoxicant function, saliva 9: 246, 247
206, 207, 209, 221, 223 Detoxication mechanisms 3-hydroxy
Dermestes maculatus, feeding kynurenine 10: 130
and water 5: 266 Detoxication mechanisms, glutathione
dry matter 5: 257 in 13: 80 – 88
fresh matter 5: 260 Detoxication, DDT 8: 57, 58, 201
intake 5: 251 Detoxication, of metabolic end products
Dermestes maculatus, neurosecretory cells 4: 58
and reproduction 2: 306, 307 Detoxification 24: 163
Dermestes vulpinus, choline in Detoxification in Drosophila 28: 31, 32
development 9: 56 cytochrome p450 28: 32
Dermestes, lipid nutrition 1: 71 Detritivores, feeding 19: 205
Dermestes, malpighian tubule nuclei 11: 329 Deuterophlebia inyoensis, spiracular gills 5:
Dermestes, oviposition and ovulation 2: 306 70, 73, 75, 87, 90 – 93, 97, 105,
Dermestes, protocerebral neurosecretory 112, 144– 146
cells 12: 83 Deuterophlebiidae, spiracular gills 5: 70, 73,
Dermestus maculatus 24: 142 75, 87, 90 – 93, 97, 105, 112,
D12 Desaturase 24: 140, 142, 146 144– 146
Descending contralateral movement detector Deutocerebrum, Arthropoda 24: 43, 44, 45,
(DCMD) neuron 28: 110 46, 57
Descending contralateral movement Deutocerebrum, biogenic amine cell
detector, Arthropoda 24: 35 localization in 15: 342, 343
Descending neurones 24: 37, 42, 46, 47, 55, Deutocerebrum, development 6: 105
61 Deutocerebrum, neurosecretory cells 12: 71
Desert cicada (Diceroprocta apache) 23: 98 Development
Desert cicadas 24: 175, 176 and amino acid and protein metabolism
Desert cockroach, see Arenivaga investigata proteins and reproduction 3: 99, 102
Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) 23: 6, sex-specific differences 3: 96 – 99
7, 91 adult
Desert locust (see Schistocerca) and chromosome puffing
Desert locust induction by ecdysone 3: 175, 176
(see also Locust) induction by hormone imitators
resilin in wing cuticle 2: 8, 12, 60, 61 3: 178– 180
Desert, microclimate 16: 5, 6 induction by uncoupling agents 3: 180,
Desheathing, and axonal response 9: 279, 181
286– 289 inhibition of RNA or protein
Desiccation proteins 26: 28, 29 synthesis 3: 177, 178
Desiccation stress protein dsp 28 26: 28 larval v. pupal moult 3: 176, 177
Desiccation, role of cuticular lipid 4: tissue, and stage specificity 3: 174,
152– 154 175
Desipramine 29: 104, 105 circadian rhythms 10: 15 – 22
Desmosomes 15: 75 – 84 adult eclosion 10: 17 – 20
daily growth layers 10: 20, 21 and sugar content 4: 291– 297, 309, 323,
hatching rhythms 10: 15, 16 324
photoperiodism 10: 22 and sugar metabolism 4: 301, 303, 311,
pupation 10: 16, 17 323
colour changes during 10: 173– 176 Devonian 23: 174
Detoxication, and amino acids Dexamethasone 24: 163– 167, 164– 167
3: 78 Dexetimide, binding to Musca domestica
embryo head extracts 15: 225
enzymes 3: 62 – 69 Dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) 26: 59, 60
free amino acids 3: 55, 62 DFP (di-iso-propylphosphofluoridate) and
gap junctions and 15: 85 acetylcholine 9: 99, 100
genetic aspects DFP, as an anticholinesterase 1: 8, 24, 29, 37
enzymes 3: 109– 111 DFP, receptor actions 15: 291, 292
gene regulation 3: 112, 113 DGL (see Diglyceride)
lethal mutants 3: 102– 109 Diabrotica undecempunctata
junctions 15: 180, 181 howardi 24: 285
larva Diabrotica virgifera 26: 56
amino acid derivatives 3: 82 – 84 Diacrista obliqua 19: 225
amino acids 3: 69 – 82 Diacylglycerol (DAG) 24: 173, 177, 188,
haemolymph proteins 3: 84 – 89 223
of firefly lantern 6: 83 – 85 Diacylglycerol 23: 36
of nervous system see Nervous system Diacylglycerols 26: 70
polytene chromosomes 7: 1 – 93, see in haemolymph 17: 151, 155
mobilization 17: 151, 153, 186– 190
Chromosomes
adipokinetic hormone and 17: 156,
postembryonic 7: 197– 266
158– 160, 162– 174
cell polarity 7: 198–224
octopamine and 17: 182, 193
cellular differentiation 7: 257 –259
trehalose and 17: 159, 160
determination and
utilization 17: 153, 176– 181, 183
regulation 7: 235– 257
Diadic junctions 6: 210
pattern formation 7: 224– 235 Diaminobenzidene 27: 11
tryptophan metabolism during 10: 1,4-diaminobutane 26: 101
197– 220 Diapause 26: 4
egg and embryo 10: 197 –199 see also juvenile hormone
larva 10: 199– 201 accumulation of acetylcholine
metamorphosis 10: 201– 212 during 2: 273
ontogeny of enzymes 10: 212– 218 and glycerol production 4: 345, 346
tryptophan balance 10: 218– 220 and hormones
Development, and lipid metabolism 4: 84, brain hormone 2: 273– 275
85, 93 – 95, 111, 112, 115, 131, chilling 2: 274– 277, 279, 300
144, 150, 157, 159, 174, 175, 178, effect of injury 2: 277, 278
209 endocrine organs 2: 271– 275, 282,
Development, choline in 9: 55 – 58 312
Development, food intake and 16: 97, 98 maternal control 2: 279, 280
Development, midgut 19: 191 moulting hormone 2: 271, 272, 276
Developmental biology 24: 3, 4, 5, 7 – 10 neurosecretory cells 2: 252, 273– 275
Developmental genetics 24: 7, 11 and lipids 4: 82, 85, 89, 90, 116, 117, 146
Developmental physiology of changes in brain during 2: 273
pterines 6: 175– 177 effect of temperature 2: 275– 280
Developmental stage eggs in 4: 293, 325, 340, 345
and glycogen 4: 292–294, 301, 327, 331, hormone 2: 279
333, 335, 342 in egg and larva 2: 278–280
nature of 2: 278– 280 Dicranura, protocerebral neurosecretory

pupae in cells 12: 81
and glycogen phosphorylase 4: 333 Dictaraxia oleracea, feeding
carbohydrate levels 4: 293, 297, regulation 11: 18, 22
299, 300, 325, 342, 345, 346 Dictenidia bimaculata, haemolymph
injury and carbohydrate metabolism 1: 212
4: 333, 339, 340 Dictostelium, atypical guanylyl
lipid content 4: 342 cyclases 29: 15
Diapause hormone 12: 245, 246 Dictyophorus, coloration 8: 152
in carbohydrate metabolism 12: 254– 259 Dictyoptera (cockroach) 23: 173
in lipid metabolism 12: 281, 282 Dictyoptera 19: 344; 21: 94; 26: 8, 9, 21, 51,
Diapause hormone, and 10: 3-hydroxy- 52
kynurenine 10: 129 antennae, sensilla 16: 276– 283
Diapause hormone, effect on carbohydrate daily growth layers 10: 20
metabolism 4: 336, 339, 340 haemolymph 6: 216, 217
Diapause protein 26: 89 heart, innervation pattern 15: 415
Diapause, effect of freezing 6: 22 – 24, 26, ions in muscle systems 6: 220, 221
30 – 33, 36 – 38 muscle fibre electrical constant 6: 212,
Diapause, effect on feeding 11: 103 213
Diapause, food intake 16: 100, 101 ommochrome distribution 10: 153
Diapause, in brains pterines 6: 153
acetylcholinesterase and electrical scalariform junctions, thin section
activity 1: 19 – 21 appearance 15: 159
size, chemoreceptor numbers and
cholinergic elements in 1: 5
16: 311
Diapheromera femorata, choline 9: 74
Dictyoptera, chitin orientation 4: 234
Diaphragm, ventral, structure 6: 207, 208
Dictyoptera, haemolymph, ionic
Diataraxia oleracea, water content of
composition 14: 202
food 5: 267
myoplasm, ionic composition 14: 203
Diatoms, chitin structure 4: 214
Dictyoptera, ionic composition,
Diatraea, gene activity 11: 343, 355, 356 haemolymph 9: 281
Diazepam 20: 187 Dictyoptera, neurosecretory cells
GABA binding studies 22: 24 brain 12: 88
structure 22: 5 during life history 12: 95
tritiated 22: 27 –31 protocerebral 12: 78
Diazinon, resistance 8: 69, 70 total 12: 91
Dibenzo-[b,d]-pyran-6-one 27: 310, 311 Dictyoptera, oxygen consumption, flight
Dibutyryl derivative, cyclic AMP 9: 15, 16, and 13: 135
34, 39 Dictyoptera, resilin in cuticle 2: 15
Diceroprocta 24: 176 Dictyosomes 1: 433– 437, 440– 442
Diceroprocta apache (desert cicada) 23: 98 Dictyostelium mucoroides, trehalose in
Dichlorvos, circadian response to 10: 26 4: 324
Dichlorvos, ganglionic synaptic transmission Dictyptera, thoracic tympanal organs 27: 15
sensitivity to acetylcholine Dicyandiamide, and chromosome
and 15: 250 puffing 7: 48
Diciostaurus maroccanus Diel changes 23: 91
(Moroccan locust) 23: 6 Diel rhythms 10: 4, 6, 7
Dicofol, circadian response to 10: 26 Dieldrin
Dicranomyia monostromia, spiracular nerve and muscle changes 8: 24 – 26
gills 5: 81, 109, 129 receptors 8: 78
Dicranomyia trifilamentosa, spiracular resistance 8: 68, 69
gills 5: 81, 109, 129 Dieldrin, circadian response to 10: 27
Diet Diffusion, passive in sugar absorption 4:

and fatty acids 4: 90, 97, 129, 130, 145 147 298, 299, 320, 321
and gut trehalase activity 4: 319 Diflubenzuron 26: 160, 218
and ionic composition of haemolymph 1: Diflubenzuron, synthesis, insect growth
211, 212, 324, 352– 359 regulators and 15: 576, 577
and plant resistance 1: 59 Digestion
and sterols 4: 157, 159– 163, 168, 169, and arnylase 4: 334, 335
172– 176, 179, 209 chitin 4: 275, 341, 342, 344, 345
and the nature of lipids 1: 138, 141 CoQ as product of 4: 166, 167
biting factor in 4: 160 extra-digestive lipases 4: 110– 116
effect on blood sugar 4: 29 1, 292, 295, lipid 4: 97 – 102, 127
299 wax 4: 100, 101
effect on excretion 4: 50, 53, 55 – 57 Digestion (see Food)
lipid-free 4: 97, 148 Digestion, and salivary gland function 7: 59
synthetic Digestion, cellulose 19: 296
use in nutritional studies 1: 58, 60 – 62, Digestive enzyme biochemistry 19: 303
64, 73, 75, 79, 93 Digestive enzymes 1: 66 – 68
wax in 4: 100, 101, 140, 141 Digestive system, FMRFamide-related
Diet, gut function 19: 187 peptides on 28: 298– 302
Diet, Hyalophora secropia 14: 169 Digestive tract (see Gut)
Manduca sexta 14: 169 Digging
Dietary types 19: 302 failures in ecdysis and 15: 572
Differential adhesiveness, antennal in adult eclosion 15: 500
development and 14: 308 vermiform larvae 15: 486
Differential thermal analysis, insect cuticular Digitonin for extraction of insect
lipids 15: 28 rhodopsins 13: 38
Differentiation Diglyceride (DGL), in lipid metabolism
of cell walls 4: 213 4: 69, 97, 103– 110, 113, 116, 118,
of skeletons 4: 213 127, 134, 136, 138, 209
Differentiation centre, embryonic pattern Diglyceride
specification 12: 155– 160, 205, haemolymph 12: 246
212– 216 release, endocrine control 12: 301
Differentiation in nervous Diglyceride, and choline metabolism
system 6: 114– 116, 118, 123 9: 53 – 55
Differentiation of nurse cell and Dihomo-g-linolenic acid 24: 119
oocyte 11: 262– 276 Dihydrocaffeiyl methyl amide 27: 269
Differentiation, gap junctional Dihydrocaffeiyl methyl amide
communication and 15: 86 quinone 27: 275
Differentiation, postembryonic Dihydrocaffeiyl methyl amide-tyrosinase
development 7: 257– 259 reaction 27: 270
Diffraction, sound reception 10: 275, 276 2,5-Dihydrophenylacetic acid-lactone 24:
Diffusion 183
relative and comparative rates 2: 79, 85 Dihydro-xanthommatin
types of 2: 69, 117 distribution 10: 157, 158
Diffusion across pharate pupal integument in colour change 10: 175, 176
between moulting fluid and Redox properties 10: 140, 142
haemolymph 14: 157, 158 spectral data 10: 143
Diffusion gradients, in optic lobe Dihydroxy phenylalanine, saliva 9: 223,
development 14: 300 239, 249
neural development and 14: 264– 267 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-nonylchrome 24: 183
Diffusion in respiration 17: 98 – 100, 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone 24: 183
102– 104 2,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone 24: 183
3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone 27: 309 Dipeptidase, in cuticle synthesis and

3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 27: 308, 314 degradation 14: 129
3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 27: 253, Dipeptides 13: 70 – 75
311– 315 Diphenol oxidase 21: 186; 26: 36
3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol 27: 311– 315 Diphtheria toxin 24: 280
5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) 27: 316 Diplazon pectoratorius, effect on host 2: 277
5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid Diplolepis sp., prepupa, frost resistance 6: 29
(DHICA) 27: 316, 317, 320 Diplopoda 24: 57, 58, 83
3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid 27: 308, 309 Diplopoda, cuticle structure 4: 227
3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol 27: 253, Diploptera 19: 59, 71, 77; 26: 63
305– 307 Diploptera punctata (cockroach)
Dihydroxyphenols 23: 105
as tanning quinone precursors 2: 184, 186 Diploptera punctata 19: 59, 94; 25: 269,
in cuticular sclerotization 2: 183– 187 270, 274, 275, 277–280, 282, 283,
1-(2,6-Dihydroxyphenyl)dodecan-1-one 287, 289, 292, 293, 295, 296, 299,
24: 183 300, 302– 304, 306, 308– 321, 322,
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde 27: 240 325, 328, 329; 26: 9, 40, 57, 60, 61,
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 27: 239, 65, 92; 28: 36, 38
240, 254, 307– 309 FRMFamide peptides in 28: 277, 279,
Dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), in 290, 291, 294, 298, 299
haemolymph 11: 189 Diploptera punctata 29: 293, 294, 301, 380
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 27: 267, 268, EAAT (dipEAATl) 29: 64
305, 306 Diploptera punctata, female receptivity 10:
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine 28: 132 321
Di-isopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) as Diploptera, egg development 2: 303
anticholinesterase 5: 25 Diploptera, glial cells 1: 425, 426
Dilophus febrlis 25: 158 Diplura (bristletails) 23: 174
Dilution of food, effect on intake 11: 91 – 98 Diplura 19: 192
Dimerization in sclerotization 17: 5 – 8, 19, Diplura, sperm 9: 316, 324, 327, 342, 344,
23, 57 347, 349, 350, 354
mechanisms 17: 1 – 64, 70 Diprion hercyniae, carbohydrate in
3,11-dimethyl-2-nonacosanone 26: 51 haemolymph 4: 294
Dimethylethylcholine, as choline substitute Dipsocorinomorpha, feeding 9: 192
9: 62 Diptera
Dimethyl-iso-propylcholine, as choline peripheral retina, reticular septate
substitute 9: 62 junctions 15: 177– 180
Dimethyltryptamine, and salivary gland 9: 7 rectal papillae, reticular septate
Dimetilan, circadian response to 10: 26 junctions 15: 172, 173
Dimitrophenol (DNP) 28: 170 salivary glands, gap junctions 15: 85
Dindymus versicolor 19: 74; 26: 13 Diptera 19: 6, 206, 222, 344; 21: 94, 105;
Dinocras cephalates 28: 109, 122, 187, 190
haemolymph 1: 325 see also Drosophila, Manduca, Musca
rectal fluid 1: 333 and DDT 5: 27
Dinocras cephalotes, haemolymph 6: 216, antennae, sensilla on 16: 300– 303
217 Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 276– 278, 282,
Dinoflagellate chromosomes, parabolic 284– 286
lamellae 4: 223 choline metabolism
Dinopis and phototransductive membrane analogues 9: 98
turnover 20: 16 enzymes involved 9: 86
Dioctria atricapilla, ommochromes 10: 157 lipid soluble metabolites 9: 71 –73, 77,
Diolein, hydrolysis 4: 113 78, 82 – 84
Dioptric apparatus, anatomy 16: 122 requirements 9: 55 – 58, 62, 92
synthesis 9: 90 glycolysis 7: 304

water soluble metabolites 9: 69, 70 haemocytes
chordotonal organs 27: 19, 23 basement membranes 11: 176
circadian rhythms oenocytoids 11: 174
daily growth layers 10: 21 ultrastructure 11: 118, 120, 128
ecdysis 10: 52 haemolymph 6: 216, 217, 219
feeding 10: 8 halteres 27: 18
in constant light 10: 79 homologous structures 24: 8, 14, 17, 26,
locomotor activity 10: 7 47, 54, 82
sexual 10: 9 hormonal control, behaviour
type I clocks 10: 79 –81 female 10: 323, 324, 326
circulation and tracheal ventilation 26: male 10: 320
310, 315– 319, 321, 339 imaginal moult 2: 176
colour vision 2: 138, 163 Johnston’s organ in 27: 13
cyclorrhaphous, cuticle tanning 12: 287 juvenile hormone 24: 214, 216, 229, 233,
cyclorrhaphous, olfactory centre 6: 118 235; 26: 2, 6, 18 –24, 30, 53, 80,
eicosanoids 24: 128, 133, 142, 145, 146, 81, 85
160, 187 lipid content 4: 79, 80
embryonic pattern specification moulting hormone assay 12: 33 – 35
egg size 12: 133 nervous system development 6: 101
higher 12: 128, 192– 200 neurosecretory cells
lower 12: 189 brain 12: 89, 93
environmental physiology 16: 35, 36 during life history 12: 96
fatty acids in 4: 93, 95, 131 extraganglionic 12: 73
flight protocerebral 12: 81, 85 – 87
aerodynamics 5: 292, 293 total 12: 93
and sound 5: 326, 328– 330 uniqueness of secretion 12: 101, 103
and temperature 5: 318 nitrogenous excretion 4: 52– 54
control 5: 318 ocellus 7: 99, 101, 127
coordination, hypothesis 5: 315–317 ommochromes
differentiation of flight muscles5: deposition 10: 162
219– 223 distribution 10: 157, 158, 161
lift and thrust 5: 173– 179 xanthommatin 10: 136, 160
motor patterns 5: 309– 314, 331 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 128
multiphasic and metastable patterns oocyte-nurse cell syncytium
5: 314, 315 asynchrony 11: 265
stability 5: 190– 195 end of synchrony 11: 263
wing motion kinematics 5: 179– 186 genomic replication 11: 269
flight muscle 4: 123, 124 germinal vesicle 11: 282
frost resistance 6: 29 intercellular protein transport mitotic
gene activity synchrony 11: 250, 305
chromosome puffs 11: 363, 364 RNA synthesis 11: 278
cyclical protein intake 11: 102 ovipositors, sensilla on 16: 308
haemolymph protein 11: 343, 344 PL in 4: 142, 143
hormones and fat body 11: 373– 375 polytene chromosomes 7: 1 – 93,
imaginal proteins 11: 366 see Chromosomes
larval and adult proteins 11: 368, larva 7: 7, 8
369 pupa and adult 7: 8, 9
larval fat body 11: 351, 353, 367 pteridine eye pigments in, evolution
polyteny 11: 328 and 16: 142, 143
salivary gland protein 11: 361, 362 pterines 6: 150, 151, 157, 176, 190
glutamate receptors 24: 331 resilin in cuticle 2: 15, 16
respiration 7: 269, 271 Dipteran larvae, midgut 19: 216

sperm Dipterans, sexual behaviour 19: 99
acrosomal complex 9: 327 Diptericins 22: 335; 24: 162
axoneme 9: 337, 339, 341, 344, 346, Direct action, antigonadotropin 19: 70
348, 350, 351 Dirofilaria immitis 28: 53, 54
mitochondria 9: 355, 357, 362 Disaccharides, absorption from gut 4: 299,
non-flagellate sperm 9: 374 320
spiracular gills Discontinuous belt desmosome See Fascia
Blepharoceridae 5: 75, 87, 97, 100, adhaerens
105, 113, 139– 144 Discovery, proctolin 19: 2
Canaceidae 5: 75, 105, 152– 156 Discs, imaginal, development 7: 236– 257
Deuterophlebiidae 5: 70, 73, 75, 87, changes in determined state 7: 254– 257
90 – 93, 97, 105, 112, 144–146 dissociation experiments 7: 247– 254
Dolichopodidae 5: 73, 75, 84, 87, 92, eye-antenna 7: 244
97, 100, 105, 113, 148– 142 genital 7: 237– 243, 245, 246, 250, 251,
Empididae 5: 75, 87, 92, 98, 253, 254
121,146 – 148 leg 7: 244, 251– 253
Simuliidae 5: 73, 75, 85, 87, 90 – 92, proboscis 7: 246, 247
97, 98, 100, 105, 114, 133– 141, regulation 7: 237– 347
152 wing 7: 252
Tanyderidae 5: 75, 86, 92, 99, 105, 122, Discs, imaginal; proteins 11: 367
123 Dissocians 23: 4
Tipulidae 5: 73, 75, 77, 79, 84, 90 – 93, Dissociation experiments, imaginal
97, 99, 100, 105, 113,123– 133, disc 7: 247– 254
152 Dissosteira carolina, wingbeat frequency 5:
thoracic gland 2: 258, 259 294
thoracic tympanal organs 27: 15 Dissosteira longipennis, absence of glutarate
trehalase 7: 299 pathway 10: 133
urease activity 4: 39 Dissosteira pictipennis, wingbeat
uricotelic excretion 4: 53, 54 frequency 5: 294, 295
xanthommatin synthesis in, evolution Dissosteira, ocellus 7: 114, 117, 118
and 16: 135– 137 Dissosteira, spacing of photoreceptors
Diptera, biological activity of alkanes and 3: 16
alkenes in 13: 22 Disulfoton (Di-syston), circadian response
dimethylalkanes in 13: 14 to 10: 27, 28
flight fuels, mobilization 13: 170 1,2-Dithiolane 15: 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)
flight speed, metabolic rate and 13: 145 See Cartap
methylalkanes in 13: 8, 11 Ditrysia, cocoon escape 2: 177
oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 135 Dityrosine
proline as flight fuel 13: 165 in tesilin orientation 4: 234
sarcophagine in 13: 72, 73 Dityrosine crosslinks 21: 187– 90
sound patterns, stridulatory movements Diuresis in ecdysis 15: 555
and 13: 236 Diuretic and antidiuretic
stridulatory organs 13: 230 hormones 29: 279– 388
Diptera, flight and carbohydrate 1: 115, 116 cellular actions 29: 324– 347
Diptera, haemolymph, ionic co-localisation 29: 363– 366
composition 14: 200, 202 distribution 29: 348– 366
moulting, ecdysone, and 14: 114 diuretic/myotropic kinin
Diptera-Cyclorrhapha neuropeptides 29: 331– 335
gene activity 11: 323, 332, 347, 351 calcitonin-like peptides 29: 336
haemocytes 11: 149, 184, 197 CAP2b/PVK-2 29: 336
Dipteran larvae 19: 260 mode of action 29: 333–335
partially characterised factors acting on Diurnal rhythms, and luminescence

Malpighian tubules 29: 337, 338 6: 69
receptors 29: 331– 333 Diurnal variation, haemocyte mitotic
Tenebrio ADFa (Tenmo-ADFa) index 11: 145
29: 337 Divalent cations effect on muscle resting
fluid uptake from the cryptonephric potential 4: 6, 25
complex 29: 341, 342 Diversity vitellogenesis 19: 48
functions 29: 289– 291 Division of labour 23: 128– 136
clearance of toxic wastes 29: 291 evolution 23: 149–162
excretion of excess metabolic heritability 23: 159, 160
water 29: 290 behavioural canalization and
post-eclosion diuresis 29: 290 behavioural modularity 23: 157– 159
postprandial diuresis 29: 289, 290 genotypic variability and
restricting metabolite loss 29: 291 adaptation 23: 160–162
in neurosecretory cells and neurohaemal natural selection 23: 154– 156
structures 29: 348– 366 on F0 23: 156
integrated activities 29: 378– 383 on K 23: 155
co-ordinating Malpighian on N 23: 155
tubule/hindgut activities 29: 382, organizational structure 23: 156– 160
383 self-organization 23: 149– 153
excretory system as target for pest extreme 23: 152
control strategies 29: 383– 385 genetic basis 23: 136– 143
future directions 29: 385– 387 components 23: 137– 142
haemolymph volume/composition genotypic variability for performing
maintenance 29: 378–380 tasks 23: 137– 140
synergism between diuretic genotypic variability for rate of
hormones 29: 380– 382 behavioural development 23: 140
isolation/structural characterisation of genotypic variability for response to
active factors 29: 291– 324 changing colony conditions 23:
physiological relevance 29: 366– 377 141, 142
purification and chemical structure of queen and brood 23: 142
neuropeptides genetics 23: 117– 162
that act on Malpighian hormonal regulation 23: 131– 133
tubules 29: 293– 295 model 23: 129
that stimulate locust hindgut patterns 23: 128– 130
29: 312– 324 plasticity 23: 130, 131, 135
regulation colony-level integration of individual
of hindgut activity 29: 338– 340 behaviour 23: 144–146
of Malpighian tubule Division of labour, plasticity, age
secretion 29: 324– 331 polyethism 23: 130– 132, 135
structure/activity studies 29: 342– 347 Division rate, Arthropoda 24: 18
Diuretic factors (DH), rectal fluid Dixippus 19: 399
absorption 19: 340, 342 activity of brain extract 2: 240
Diuretic hormone 12: 103; 23: 99, 100 air-swallowing at ecdysis 2: 180
and 5-HI 9: 11, 12 breathing 3: 281, 295
Rhodnius 9: 33 cell “inertia” 2: 290
Diuretic hormones 24: 169, 172, 173 corpora allata and RNA 3: 100
diuretic/myotropic kinin corpus allatum 2: 299, 311, 312
neuropeptides 29: 305– 307, hypodermal pigment migration 2: 229
331– 335 lipid metabolism 4: 117
Diurnal rhythm, effect on feeding neurosecretory material 2: 249, 252, 301
16: 93 protein metabolism 3: 100
sugar levels in haemolymph 4: 337 DNA replication, juvenile hormone 26:

thoracic glands 2: 283 83 – 85
transients in eye 3: 25 DNA see Deoxyribonucleic acid
Dixippus morosus DNA synthesis, CPV 26: 270
haemolymph 1: 214 DNA synthesis, silk gland
ionic and osmotic regulation metamorphosis 12: 4
excretory system 1: 359– 370, 377, 390 DNA, chromomere 3D4, cloning 18: 159,
haemolymph and diet 1: 353, 354, 357, 160
358, 391, 392 DNA, sperm 9: 329, 331, 332, 382
Dixippus morosus, active secretion of DNAase
water 2: 76 patterns, Drosophila 7: 69
Dixippus morosus, amino acid salivary glands 7: 62, 63
excretion 3: 77 DNI neurones 25: 231
Dixippus morosus, lipid content 4: 79 DNP
Dixippus morosus, pterines 6: 171 effect on electrically excitable
Dixippus, coloration 8: 184 responses 6: 271
Dixippus, flicker fusion frequency 7: 166 effect on membrane potential 6: 231, 233,
Dixippus, pigmentation 1: 87 238
DLMs see Dorso-longitudinal muscles DNP, circadian response to 10: 26
DL -Synephrine Docidocercus 29: 239
myogenic rhythm and 15: 378 Docidocercus gigliotosi 29: 239
neuromuscular transmission and 15: 382 Dociostaurus marcoccanus, lipid content
stimulation of Photuris pyralis light 4: 78
organs 15: 398 Dociostaurus maroccanus 23: 9
DNA Dociostaurus maroccanus, coloration 8: 176
and cocoonase synthesis 7: 259 Dociostaurus maroccanus, ecdysone
and moulting cycle concentration 12: 22
and polytene chromosomes 7: 3 – 5, 10, Dociostaurus maroccanus,
11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 41, 51 – 54, ommochromes 10: 152
58, 59 Dociostaurus, extraction of ecdysone 2: 271
association with tryptophan 10: 222, 223 Docosahexaenoate 24: 118, 132, 146
“DNA puffs” 7: 21 – 24 Dodecadienoate 24: 249
and cortisone 7: 45, 46 Dolichoderus bituberculatus, scent
and ecdysone 7: 38 substances, dispersion and 14: 400
Sciaridae 7: 27, 28 Dolichopodidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 9
Sciarinae 7: 11, 21 – 24 Dolichopodidae, spiracular gills 5: 73, 75,
during metamorphosis 10: 202, 204 84, 87, 92, 97, 100, 105,
in gene activity, Holometabola 113,148 –152
and genome size 11: 324, 325 Dolkhopoda linderi, chitin orientation
puffs 11: 331 4: 234, 239
ribosomal 11: 329– 332, 335 Dolycoris baccarum, amino acid
“soluble”, Aedes 11: 331, 332 absorption 3: 77
in nervous system development 6: 107 Dolycoris baccarum, composition of
in oocyte-nurse cell syncytium saliva 9: 209, 210, 215
amplification 11: 268– 272 Dominance in functioning of
extra-chromosomal 11: 251– 255, 261, castes 16: 196– 201
262, 273, 274, 284, 292, 306 Domoate 24: 312
ribosomal 11: 306 Donacia, aquatic
synthesis 11: 266 Donnan effect 24: 293
under-replication 11: 271, 272 Donnan equilibrium 4: 2
in vitro formation from RNA 7: 70 Donnan equilibrium, and peripheral diffusion
DNA replication 25: 13, 14 barrier 9: 259, 264
Donnan equilibrium, extracellular fluid in in corpora cardiaca 15: 427

nerve 1: 457– 460 in insect heart 15: 417
Dopa in insect nervous system 15: 321
effect on heart rate 2: 227 in Manduca sexta salivary glands 15: 347
enzymic oxidation of 2: 58, 187, 203 in median neurohaemal organs 15: 430
production from tyrosine 2: 58, 184, 199 in mushroom bodies of ants 15: 337
DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) 29: 58 in nervous system 15: 318
Dopa decarboxylase 24: 227, 231– 233, 233 inactivation 15: 357
Dopa decarboxylase in cuticle synthesis and salivary glands 15: 402, 403
degradation 14: 128 synthesis 15: 350
Dopa decarboxylase, Drosophila uptake studies 22: 170, 171
melanogaster Dopamine and synaptic transmission 5: 26
Ddc locus 22: 163– 166 Dopamine b-hydroxylation 27: 255, 256
immunoreactivity 22: 163 Dopamine transporter (DAT) 29: 58,
molecular biology 22: 162, 163 99 – 106
Dopa melanin, chemical structure 2: 203, 204 background 29: 99 – 102
Dopa, and pterines 6: 171, 173, 181 distribution 29: 103
DOPA, in ommochrome synthesis 10: 194 functional domains 29: 102, 103
DOPA, saliva 9: 223, 239, 249 glycosylation sites 29: 103
Dopachrome 27: 284, 317 kinetics and phannacology 29: 103– 105
Dopachrome conversion factor phosphorylation sites 29: 102
(DCF) 27: 315, 316 regulation 29: 105, 106
Dopachrome isomerase 27: 274, 275, 316, structure 29: 102, 103
317, 320, 322
Dopamine, and cyclic AMP 9: 6, 35
Dopa-decarboxylase, in
Dopamine, and luminescence 6: 76, 77
sclerotization 2: 185, 199
Dopamine, juvenile hormone 24: 231, 232
Dopamine (DA) 29: 91, 110
Dopamine, site of synthesis 12: 292
Dopamine (see also Amines)
Dopamine-3-O-sulphate, synthesis of 12:
in neurosecretory system 17: 234, 235,
293
237
in sclerotization 17: 55, 56, 61 – 66, Dormancy, and cytochrome system 2: 263,
68 –71 264, 278
Dopamine 3-O-sulphate in Periplaneta Dormancy, and properties of trehalose
americana 13: 74 4: 324, 325
Dopamine 23: 37; 28: 128, 141, 211, 243 Dormancy, metabolic level rhythm 10: 71
acetylation 2: 199, 204 Dorsal closure, eggs, juvenile
adenylate cyclase activity and 15: 438 hormone 24: 215, 224
application to salivary glands 15: 408 Dorsal diaphragm 2: 220, 221
conjugation with sulphates 15: 363 Dorsal glands, eicosanoids 24: 135
-containing cell bodies, in Dorsal midline neurones
Trichoptera 15: 345 identifiability 15: 367–373
distribution in cockroach 15: 328 octopamine and 15: 365–393
in Schistocerca gregaria 15: 326 Dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neuron
dopamine-containing neurons, 23: 83, 84, 91
development 22: 174– 178 Dorsal unpaired median (DUM)
effect on heart rate 2: 223, 227 neurons 28: 187, 188
enzymic oxidation 2: 187 activity during behaviour
formation 2: 58, 199 28: 229– 242
function in corpora cardiaca 15: 433 firefly flashing 28: 237
functional aspects 22: 178– 183 flight 28: 232–237
in Anabolia nervosa 15: 375 general arousal 28: 229– 232
in central nervous system 15: 320 octopamine and learning 28: 240– 242
octopamine and motor air-swallowing at ecdysis 2: 180, 181

patterns 28: 237– 240 electrical activity 5: 13
embryonic development 28: 189– 193 embryonic pattern specification,
in retrocerebral glandular longitudinal 12: 155–160, 202,
complex 28: 213 210
innervating neurohaemal organs 28: 214, flight
215 aerodynamics 5: 292
segmental efferent, morphology of differentiation of flight muscle 5: 221
in locusts 28: 195– 199 motor patterns 5: 296
in other insects 28: 199, 200 nervous control 5: 307– 309
techniques revealing 28: 190 flight and tracheal modifications 3: 322,
types of 28: 198 323, 325, 334, 335, 339–343
Dorsal unpaired median neurone, DUM flight metabolism
cells, Arthropoda 24: 18, 21, 22, contractile protein 7: 272, 274
23, 24, 26, 37, 68 fat mobilization 7: 322
Dorsal unpaired median neurones 15: 265 organization 7: 276
Dorso-longitudinal muscles, oxygen supply 7: 270
Arthropoda 24: 82 flight muscles 3: 305
Crustacea 24: 63 neuroethology 7: 359, 372, 402, 411
Insecta 24: 20, 21, 21, 22, 25, 26, 37, 40, ocellus
47, 68 electrical activity 7: 153– 156,
Myriapoda 24: 58, 59, 60 158– 160, 162– 164
Dorylus, ocelli 7: 101 flicker fusion frequency 7: 166– 168
Dosiostaurus morocanus, proteases in spectral sensitivity 7: 170, 171
egg 3: 66 protocerebral neurosecretory cells
Doyere’s hillocks 14: 195 12: 85
DPNH, and rotenone 8: 76, 77 resilin in cuticle 2: 1, 7 – 12, 15, 21, 28,
D-Pro-HVFLRFamide 28: 312 30, 31, 35 – 39, 50, 52
DPV picornavirus 28: 55 spiracles
Draeculacephala crassicornis 19: 41, 99; ventilation 3: 281– 283
26: 35, 36 vision 3: 24, 30
Drag coefficient 23: 183– 185, 187, 188, Dragonfly (larva)
193 innervation of spiracles 3: 302
glide characteristics 23: 194, 195 ventilation 3: 293
glide speed reduction 23: 204, 205 Dragonfly (nymph), ventilation 3: 282, 285,
resolved-flow analysis 23: 189 299
Reynold’s number 23: 181 Dragonfly group 23: 173
skin friction 23: 182 Dragonfly nymph, nerve cord 1: 178
tangential 23: 186, 197, 201 Dragonfly, giant fibres 8: 98, 99, 101
Drag force 23: 178 Draught ventilation 26: 342
glide characteristics 23: 197 Drepanosiphum platanoides,
resolved-flow analysis 23: 189 aestivation 3: 236
tangential 23: 190, 191 Drepanosiphum, neurosecretory cells 12: 80,
viscous 23: 205 92
Dragonflies 19: 205; 24: 19, 55 Drepanoxiphus angustelaminatus 29: 239
Dragonflies, retina development 14: 282 Drepanoxiphus modestus, resonant sound
Dragonflies, thermoregulation in flight emissions 13: 232, 233
by 20: 133, 134 Dreyfusia spp., and galls 9: 220, 221
Dragonfly Drinking, control 16: 95– 97
activity 3: 303, 312 Driving oscillators, mechanisms 10: 5,
control mechanisms 3: 307– 309 81 – 91
innervation 3: 301 cockroach optic lobe clock 10: 81, 82
Drosophila clock 10: 85 – 87 acetylcholine receptors 15: 294

silkworm protocerebral clock 10: 82 – 85 acetylcholinesterase, structural gene 15:
Dromyosuppressins (DMS) 28: 283, 285, 281
286 adenosine deaminase 4: 37
Dropherula werneriana, coloration 8: 150 air-swallowing at ecdysis 2: 180
Drosophila arginine requirement 4: 42
amino acids aspartate transporter
essential 3: 71 (DrmEAAT2) 29: 68, 69, 77, 78
in embryo 3: 59 atypical GCs in 29: 22
chromosomes biogenic amine distribution, in 15: 321
giant 3: 171, 172 biogenic amine inactivation in 15: 360
puffs 3: 174, 176, 179 Blot gene 29: 112, 113
crowding 3: 247 CG17922 gene 29: 30, 31
ecdysone and RNA 3: 167 CG3536 gene 29: 30, 31
eye chitin orientation 4: 263
eccentric cells 3: 40 circadian rhythms
spacing of photoreceptors 3: 16 clock, Rensing’s model 10: 85 – 87
flight clock, two types 10: 77, 78, 80
oxygen consumption 3: 321 courtship 10: 10
r.q. 148 eclosion 10: 17, 18, 96
tracheal modifications 3: 322, 338 endocrine cells 10: 35 – 37
genes and enzyme synthesis 3: 109– 111, entrainment 10: 85
113 genetics of clock 10: 75, 76
giant axons 8: 96 insecticide susceptibility 10: 27
lethal mutants 3: 109 locomotor activity 10: 27
Malpighian tubules 8: 276 narcotic sensitivity 10: 25
peptides in egg 3: 61 oviposition 10: 12
phosphatases 3: 65 oxygen consumption 10: 27, 96
pole cells 3: 63 phototaxis 10: 13
protein synthesis 3: 88 pupation 10: 53, 54
sex-specific differences synchrony of different tissues 10: 89
in amino acids 3: 97 temperature effects 10: 72
in antigens 3: 99 5-HT 10: 40
in peptides 3: 98 cng 29: 30, 33
tyrosinase 3: 87 colour vision 2: 132, 139
Drosophila (larva) corpus allatum and metabolism 2: 309, 313
amino acids and nutrition 3: 76 DA-ergic neurons in 29: 101
chromosome puffs 3: 112 darkening of cuticle 2: 203
haemolymph proteins 3: 85, 86 DAT in 29: 103
peptides 3: 82, 84 development, postembryonic 7: 200, 206,
transamination reactions 3: 80 231– 234
Drosophila (pupa) imaginal discs 7: 236–257
alkaline phosphatase 3: 95 dopamine in 29: 101, 104
respiratory enzymes 3: 93 drmDAT 29: 96, 105
tyrosinase 3: 95 Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila 19: 47 – 59, 76 – 93, 292, 294, circadian rhythms
344, 354; 25: 45, 47, 50, 51, 53, 76, eclosion 10: 17, 46, 47
77, 79, 80, 82, 106– 110, 113, 117, 5-HT 10: 33, 34
125, 129, 152, 161, 166, 169, 180, dunce (dnc) 29: 23
204– 206, 210, 211, 219, 315, 328; eag family 29: 31, 32
26: 31 – 33, 41, 67, 68, 73, 74, 80, ecdysis, failures, juvenile hormones
83, 93, 98, 99, 101, 110, 112 and 15: 576
metabolism and 15: 560 hydei 24: 245

ecdysone content 2: 267 hydrostatic pressure in
eclosion in 29: 39, 40 development 2: 211
enabled (enb) gene 29: 30 hyperpolarization activated (IIh)
excitatory glutamate in 29: 62 channels 29: 31, 33
fat body Ine transporter 29: 112
pigments 1: 161, 162 inebriated (ine) gene 29: 82, 83, 112, 113
protein metabolism 1: 144 juvenile hormone 24: 243, 244, 254, 255
pteridines 1: 158, 159 epidermis 24: 229, 233– 235
flight muscle metabolism 7: 269, 270, mechanism 24: 246, 247, 253
317 lipids and diet 4: 209
foraging ( for) gene 29: 41, 42 Malpighian tubule regulation 29: 42
GABA transporters 29: 80, 86 MsGC-I 29: 18, 22
gene activity N-acetyltransferase in, biogenic amine
chromosomes 11: 332, 334 inactivation and 15: 362
fat body 11: 373– 376 neuroethology
haemolymph peptides 11: 349, 350 courtship 7: 354, 419, 420
haemolymph peptides 11: 343, 347 locomotion 7: 467
imaginal gene set, translation 11: 364 speed of mating 7: 351
larval and adult proteins 11: 366, 367, neurotransmitter transporters in 29: 60, 61
369 norpA gene 29: 33
larval fat body 11: 350– 353 nutrition 1: 73
larval integument protein 11: 362 ocellus
larval storage proteins 11: 354 and behaviour 7: 132
loci 11: 325 and circadian rhythms 7: 152
nucleolus 11: 337, 340– 342 and photokinetic effect 7: 146
plasma proteins 11: 361 as stimulatory organ 7: 135, 136, 140
polynemy 11: 328 structure 7: 110, 121, 129
programmed cell death 11: 374 octopamine in 29: 106, 109
puparial glue 11: 356 ommochromes
salivary gland protein 11: 362 absence of glutarate pathway 10: 133
glial cells in 29: 88 as pattern pigments 10: 172
glutamate receptors in 29: 61 as screening pigments 10: 168
glutamine cycle 29: 76 as waste products 10: 177
haemocytes biosynthesis 10: 195
and plasma homeostasis 11: 198, 199 deposition 10: 162– 164
in defence reactions 11: 172, 174 formyl kynurenine 10: 125
locomotion 11: 153, 154 kynurenine 10: 125, 126, 199
mucoprotein glue, salivary localization 10: 160
glands 11: 197 metamorphosis, tryptophan
numbers 11: 145 metabolites 10: 208, 209
phagocytosis 11: 187 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 128, 129
tyrosinase pro-enzyme 11: 190 oocyte-nurse cell syncytium
haemolymph 1: 329, 355, 358 asynchronous division 11: 265– 267
histamine in 29: 122 cell determination 11: 253, 254
homology 24: 2, 17, 79, 81, 83 classes of RNA 11: 290
interneurons 24: 36, 42, 43, 45, 47, 51 DNA amplification 11: 271
motoneurons 24: 25, 26 end of synchrony 11: 263, 264
sensory neurons 24: 28, 29, 31, 32 fusome and rosette formation 11: 235,
hormonal control 236, 243
female behaviour 10: 326, 332 germarial function 11: 231
oviposition behaviour 10: 330 germinal vesicle 11: 283, 286
intercellular bridges 11: 232, 244, 247, Drosophila busckii, chromosome

248, 301 puffing 7: 25, 48– 50
mitotic synchrony 11: 249, 251 Drosophila buskii
organelle transport 11: 290 chromosome puffs 3: 180
ovariole morphology 11: 227 giant chromosomes 3: 174
polytene chromosomes 11: 269, 272 Drosophila funebris 19: 92
RNA synthesis 11: 277– 280 Drosophila funebris, flight and glycogen
ornithine cycle 4: 42 1: 116
orphan transporters in 29: 112 Drosophila funebris, genome size
peripheral retina, reticular septate 11: 324
junctions 15: 177 Drosophila funebris, oxygen consumption,
phosphodiesterases in 29: 23, 24, 26 flight and 13: 135
photoreceptors 29: 34, 35 peptides in 13: 70
PKG in 29: 27, 29, 36 sex peptides from 13: 93
polytene chromosomes wingbeat frequency temperature and
biochemistry 7: 12, 20, 21 13: 139
ecdysone 7: 41 Drosophila Genoma Project 29: 2
endopolyploid nuclei 7: 7 Drosophila gibberosa, oxygen consumption,
genetic analysis 7: 70 flight and 13: 135
nurse cells 7: 55 Drosophila grimshawi, ovary transplantation
RNA hybridization 7: 94 and vitellogenin uptake
significance 7: 59, 60, 68, 69 specificity 14: 93
post ecdysial cell death 15: 563 Drosophila grisea 19: 52
Drosophila grisea, egg production, day
protein kinases in 29: 27
length and 14: 96
puparium formation 15: 502
Drosophila hawaiiensis, ovaries transplanted
receptor guanylyl cyclases in 29: 3 – 11
in, vitellogenin uptake specificity
reduction of blood volume after
in 14: 93
ecdysis 2: 183
Drosophila hydei 26: 181, 189; 28: 14,
ring gland 2: 259
15, 20
robo (axon guidance receptor) 29: 30 Drosophila hydei, chromosome puffing
RosA gene product 29: 112 and heat 7: 50
rosA mutant 29: 113 and RNA transport 7: 18
salivary glands, gap junctions 15: 102 ecdysone 7: 35 –38, 44, 93
serotonin in 29: 92 hypertrophy 7: 53, 54
serotonin transporter (drmSERT) 29: 93, physiology 7: 25, 30, 31
96 significance 7: 63, 66
soluble guanylyl cyclases in 29: 11 – 15 Drosophila hydei, gene activity 11: 324,
sound communication 327, 328, 336, 364
emission, mechanism 10: 264, 265 Drosophila hydei, oxygen consumption,
reception by arista 10: 291 flight and 13: 135
thoracic glands 2: 260, 262, 272 Drosophila hydei, vitellogenin and vitellin
tyrosinase extracts from 2: 189 in 14: 53
tyrosinase inhibitor in 2: 189 Drosophila lebanonensis, chromosome
xanthine dehydrogenase 4: 37, 39 puffing 7: 28
Drosophila 23: 202 Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila anannassae, chromosome choline metabolism
puffing 7: 25 lipid-soluble metabolites 9: 72, 81
Drosophila annanassae, ovaries transplanted metabolic role 9: 92, 97, 99
into, vitellogenin uptake, oxidation 9: 89
specificity 14: 93 requirements 9: 56, 58, 59, 61, 62
Drosophila apterous 25: 271 substitutes 9: 64, 65
sperm structure 7: 2 –4
acrosomal complex 9: 327 clock genes per
axoneme 9: 338, 343, 344, 349, 350 expression of products transcribed and
centriole region 9: 333, 335, 336 translated 22: 258, 259
mitochondria 9: 362 germ-line transformants and rhythms
nucleus 9: 33 influenced 22: 265– 270
polymorphism 9: 382, 383 informational content 22: 270– 276
spermatids 9: 370 isolation 22: 224 –229
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) 21: 4, 7, per PG hypothesis 22: 272– 274
12, 58, 75, 90, 91, 93, 102, 139, pleiotropy 22: 256– 265
140– 142, 181, 189, 194 structure and function, evolutionary
Drosophila melanogaster 19: 37, 198; implications 22: 277– 286
25: 17, 51, 53, 76, 80, 106– 108, CRF-related diuretic peptides in 29: 327,
124, 158, 270, 271, 314, 315, 330
319, 320; 27: 235 cyclic nucleotide system
acetylcholine receptor, genetics and 15: adenylate cyclase 18: 160– 165
279 calmodulin 18: 165, 166
amino acids cAMP-binding proteins 18: 166– 168
in embryo 3: 56 metabolism and
in growth and moulting 3: 72 – 75 physiology 18: 141– l75
amylase in 4: 334, 335 phosphodiesterase
arylphorin 22: 305– 308 activities 18: 142– 160
biological rhythms physiological role of 18: 168– 174
courtship song rhythms 22: 232–263 diuretic/myotropic kinin neuropeptides
light-dark cycles 22: 231, 232 in 29: 331, 333, 335
molecular biology 22: 256– 286 dopachrome isomerase 27: 317
normal and mutant dopamine in 29: 102
rhythms 22: 224– 256 Drome-DH31 29: 291, 387
summary and conclusions 22: 286– 288 dunce and rutabaga mutant
visual mutants and circadian effects 18: 172
rhythms 22: 229– 231 dunce gene, fine structure 18: 157– 159
bristle strength 4: 271 EAAT (drmEEATs 1 and 2) 29: 64, 67,
calcitonin-like peptides 29: 304 70
cAMP-binding proteins 18: 166–168 ecdysone determination
CAP2b in 29: 308, 336, 346, 361, 362 gas-liquid chromatography 12: 46
chordotonal organ 27: 51, 109, 190 radioimmunoassay 12: 38
chromomere 3D4 reversed-phase chromatography 12: 52
DNA cloning 18: 159, 160 embryonic pattern specification
physiological effects 18: 149, 150 clonal analysis 12: 219
chromosome puffing 3: 180 double abdomens 12: 224, 225
chromosome puffing egg size 12: 133
biochemistry 7: 10, 14, 17, 21 longitudinal pattern 12: 192–194, 197,
ecdysone 7: 32– 39, 42, 45, 46 198– 200
epidermal cells 7: 57 mutants 12: 217, 222
experimental modification 7: 48 –50 nuclear transplantation 12: 222
hypertrophy 7: 53, 54 extra-ocular photo reception 22: 229– 231
juvenile hormone 7: 46 fat body
mutants 7: 8, 10, 37, 53– 55 glycogen 1: 114– 116
nurse cells 7: 55 fatty acid content 4: 92, 95
occurrence 7: 7– 9 femoral chordotonal organ (FeCO) 27: 28
physiology 7: 24 – 26, 30 FMRFamide peptides in 28: 273, 274, 277,
significance 7: 60, 61, 68 279, 282– 292, 295, 303– 306, 309
GABA transporters 29: 79 Manse-DH in 29: 383

gene activity 11: 324, 325, 329, 330, 336 moulting fluid 26: 165, 188– 190,
genetic mechanisms of early 195– 199
neurogenesis 25: 75 –103 NABD 27: 295, 298
genetics nervous system plasticity 28: 85
see also Drosophila melanogaster, behavioural change 28: 125, 126
clock genes per brain volume 28: 123
Ace locus 22: 151– 157 corpora pedunculata in 28: 119, 122
Cha locus 22: 127– 132 critical periods 28: 136– 138
Ddc mutation 22: 6, 172– 174, 177, larval conditioning 28: 103
178, 180, 181 mechanisms for 28: 140– 144
disco mutation 22: 230, 231 metamorphic changes 28: 99, 101, 102
Dsk locus 22: 194 neurite branching 28: 127
DTH65B 22: 160– 162 reinnervation 28: 89, 90
ebony mutation 22: 167, 168, 179 sprouting 28: 91, 95
FMRFamide-like gene 22: 193 synaptogenesis 28: 96, 97
Got-1 and Got-2 mutants 22: 186 time scales 28: 130– 134
hsp 23, ecdysone control region 22: 323 transmitter switches 28: 129
a-methyldopa hypersensitive visual system 28: 106, 109, 113, 117
locus 22: 167 neurosecretory cells
norpA mutation 22: 230 brain 12: 93
pale mutation 22: 162, 171 during life history 12: 96
rutabaga mutation 22: 182 protocerebral 12: 82, 85
tan mutation 22: 167, 168, 179
volume 12: 105
turnip mutation 22: 181
neurotransmitter systems
YP genes 22: 323
see also Biogenic amines: Cholinergic
96A locus 22: 140–142
systems
64B locus 22: 138–140
amino acids 22: 183– 188
genome 29: 126, 281, 296, 303, 386
genetic approach 22: 117, 118
hormones
JH and glycogen metabolism 12: 250 neuropeptides 22: 192–194
JH and glycogen synthesis 12: 253 terminology 22: 116, 117
JH and lipid metabolism 12: 271 octopamine in 29: 110
MH and tyrosine metabolism 12: 288 Peram-pyrokinin 5 in 29: 365
hybridization experiments in situ 22: 257 phenolase activity 2: 196, 198
imaginal disc development 7: 250 photoreceptors 27: 127
isoenzymes 3: 109, 110 polytene X chromosome 18: 147
ITP sequence 29: 321– 323 potential tyrosinase 2: 193 –195
juvenile hormone 26: 21 – 24, 53, 69, 89, pre-ingestion activity 11: 5, 13, 15
108 quinone isomerase 27: 276
kinins in 29: 357– 360, 377 rutabaga mutants, phenotype
larval serum protein-2 22: 310 segregation 18: 164
lethal mutants, protein segmental aneuploidy 18: 145
metabolism 3: 102– 109 serotonin in 29: 92, 325
lethal giant larvae 3: 107, 108 songs in 29: 222
lethal meander 3: 106, 107 sterol utilization 4: 163
lethal translucida 3: 103– 106 Su( fs) gene 18: 172– 174, 173
others 3: 108, 109 tyrosinase activity in haemolymph
lipid components 1: 138 2: 190
lipophorin 27: 359, 360, 363 tyrosinase, in ebony mutants 3: 165,
malpighian tubule of see malpighian 166
tubule tyrosine-O-phosphate 3: 70
unpaired median neurons in 28: 190, 193, genetic analysis of neural

194, 201, 211, 223, 240 plasticity 27: 388– 390
V-ATPase in 29: 329 forward and reverse genetics 27: 388,
yolk proteins 27: 336, 337, 363, 364, 389
376– 378 preparations and mutants for
Drosophila melanogaster, eloped studying 27: 390– 393
potentials 14: 230 temporal and spatial expression of
neuromuscular junctions 14: 196, 198 mutant phenotypes 27: 389, 390
ovaries from, vitellogenin uptake, phases of neural plasticity 27: 387, 388
specificity 14: 93 plasticity in larval neuromuscular
plasma membrane permeability in 14: junction 27: 403– 418
212 regulation of synaptic efficacy by
postsynaptic potential 14: 228 second-messenger
vitellin, amino acid composition 14: 68 cascades 27: 411– 418
characteristics 14: 67 role of ion channels 27: 406, 407
vitellogenin in 14: 60 second-messenger
and vitellin in 14: 53 systems 27: 408– 418
biosynthesis control, juvenile hormone reflex circuits 27: 393– 403
and 14: 69 cleaning reflex: bristle sensory
Drosophila melanogaster, flight muscles, projections 27: 393– 399
maturation 13: 208 escape reflex: giant fibre
metabolic rate, mass, wing-loading, pathway 27: 399– 403
wingbeat frequency and 13: 140 Drosophila ninaE 25: 206
oxygen consumption, during flight 13: Drosophila pachea, sterol in diet 4: 169
135, 142 Drosophila pseudoobscura 28: 34
rhodopsin and metarhodopsin 13: 46 ecdysis, circadian rhythms and 15: 480
sex peptides 13: 92 timing, environment 15: 478
wingbeat frequency, temperature and 13: Drosophila pseudoobscura, and per PG
139 hypothesis 22: 278– 283
Drosophila melanogaster, pterines Drosophila pseudoobscura, circadian
see also Mutants rhythms
biosynthesis 6: 178– 181, 184 eclosion 10: 17, 19, 48 – 51
co-factors 6: 170 emergence 10: 73
in eye 6: 150, 151, 161– 164, 186, 187, phase-response curve 10: 48 – 51
189, 191 temperature effects 10: 73
metabolism 6: 165– 168 Drosophila punctata 29: 301, 302, 336,
Drosophila montana, ovaries from, 363
vitellogenin uptake specificity Drosophila repleta, oxygen consumption,
and 14: 93 flight and 13: 135
Drosophila neurons 27: 385– 427 wingbeat frequency temperature and 13:
developmental and functional 139
plasticity 27: 418– 426 Drosophila seguyi, imaginal disc 7: 239,
altered firing properties and frequency 241, 243, 250
coding in cAMP-cascade Drosophila silvestris, vitellogenin and
mutants 27: 322– 324 vitellin in 14: 53
altered growth cone motility in cAMP- Drosophila simulans, chromosome
cascade mutants 27: 420 puffing 7: 25
altered transmitter release properties in Drosophila simulans, genome size 11: 324
immature synapses 27: 422 Drosophila simulans, isoenzymes 3: 110
potassium-channel modulation Drosophila simulans, ovaries from,
and 27: 424– 426 vitellogenin uptake,
function and development 27: 387, 388 specificity 14: 93
Drosophila spp. Drosophila virilis, power output, neural

choline in development 9: 57 control 13: 151
sperm polymorphism 9: 383 Drosophila virilis, tryptophan
Drosophila spp., antennal lobes 14: 300 metabolism 10: 122, 190
axonal terminals 14: 307 Drosophila vitilis, ovaries transplanted in,
neuropile 14: 307 vitellogenin uptake specificity
eggs, non-specific proteins in 14: 90 in 14: 93
embryogenesis, induction and 14: 276 vitellin, amino acid composition 14: 68
eye disc, cell proliferation in 14: 284 characteristics 14: 67
imaginal discs, polar coordinate vitellogenin and vitellin in 14: 53
model 14: 276 Drosophila willistoni, chromosome
marked clones 14: 254 puffing 7: 52
meso- and metathoracic Drosophila yakuba 25: 114– 117, 120
appendages 14:310 Drosophila, dark regeneration 13: 52
mutants, vitellogenin uptake in 14: 96 dipeptides in 13: 74
neural development 14: 313 eye, fast electrical response from 13: 40
positional information and 14: 258 fibrillar muscles 13: 203
ommatidia 14: 283 flight muscle, a-glycerophosphate
optic lobe development 14: 293 cycle 13: 163
pioneer fibres in neural temperature 13: 196
development 14:334 metabolic rate, body weight and 13: 141
retina development in 14: 281 during flight 13: 136
visual system and brain 14: 284 metabolic rate, mass, wing-loading
wingbeat frequency and 13: 140
vitellogenesis in male milieu in 14: 87
mutants with impaired transduction 13: 59
vitellogenin, biosynthesis, a-amanitin
peptide pools, metabolic aspects 13: 89
and 14: 74
power output, neural control 13: 153
genetic control 14: 86
sex peptides from 13: 91 – 94
molecular weight 14: 64
visual pigments 13: 56
yolk proteins, vitellin in 14: 61
Drosophila, nervous system development
Drosophila spp., flight embryonic 6: 103, 104
aerodynamics 5: 293 optic lobe 6: 114, 117
and sound 5: 326, 327 pupal 6: 100
initiation of flight 5: 200 Drosophilia 27: 49, 173
lift and reflexes 5: 209, 210 see also Drosophilia neurons
lift and thrust generation 5: 173– 179 auditory projections 27: 118
stroke angle 5: 202 chordotonal organ 27: 11, 110, 156– 159,
velocity control 5: 208 165, 167, 168, 172, 189
Drosophila takahashii, chromosome chordotonal organ genes 27: 175,
puffing 7: 25 178– 180, 185
Drosophila victoria, chromosome femoral chordotonal organ (FeCO)
puffing 7: 28 27: 27, 51
Drosophila victoria, eclosion rhythm 10: 19 pleural chordotonal organs 27: 23
Drosophila virilis 19: 34; 28: 34 sensilla 27: 196
different phenolases 2: 187 yolk protein 27: 373, 380
giant chromosomes 3:171 Drosophilidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 7
isoenzymes 3: 110 Drosopterin
phenolase activity 2: 196 biosynthetic pathway 16: 140, 141
potential tyrosinase 2: 193 chemical structures 16: 141, 142
Drosophila virilis, chromosome puffing 7: 7, ‘Drosulphakinin’ 22: 194
17, 18, 46, 48 Drugs, and learning, cockroach
Drosophila virilis, gene activity 11: 302, 340 9: 168– 175
DSK peptides 28: 287, 288 uric acid 8: 204, 319

D-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate 29: 73 water storage 8: 202, 203
d-Tubocurarine Dysdercus cingulatus 26: 45
effect on dorsal unpaired median Dysdercus fasciatus 19: 82
neurones 15: 265 nitrogenous excretion 4: 48
on electrophysiology of the sixth urea synthesis 4: 48, 49
abdominal ganglion of Dysdercus fasciatus, dermal glands 14: 407
Periplaneta 15: 251, 258 socket glands, scent glands and 14: 406
inhibition of a-bungarotoxin binding Dysdercus fasciatus, pterines 6: 148, 154
by 15: 229 Dysdercus fulvoniger 26: 45; 28: 190
nicotinic receptor antagonist 15: 216 Dysdercus fulvoniger, dorsal midline
d-tubocurarine, and excitatory junction8: 18 neurones, octopamine and 15: 365
d-Tubocurarine, dimethyl-, binding to Musca Dysdercus intermedius 26: 13
domestica head extracts 15: 222 Dysdercus intermedius, abdominal scent
DUM cells, octopaminergic nature 15: glands, morphology 14: 367
373– 376 scent extracellular biochemistry 14: 360
DUM neurones 17: 233, 234 scent gland, functions 14: 361, 362
functions 15: 389– 393 morphology 14: 368
identifiability 15: 369 scent substances 14: 357, 358, 359. 399
DUM see dorsal unpaired median neuron aggregation and 14: 403
dynamic systems parameters 23: cytological sources 14: 393, 394, 395
154– 156 dispersion 14: 399
DUM-cells (Dorsal unpaired median unicellular secretory units 14: 390, 391
neurone) 24: 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, Dysdercus intermedius, flight muscle
26, 37, 68 development, hormonal
DUMDL cells 15: 371, 372 control 13: 209
DUMETi 24: 24 Dysdercus koengii, feeding
DUMETi axons 15: 367 regulation 11: 82, 87
DUMETi cells Dysdercus koenigii 26: 13
myogenic rhythm and 15: 376– 379 Dysdercus koenigii, secretion of
neuromuscular transmission potentiation flange 9: 195
and 15: 381– 387 Dysdercus spp., graft in an abdominal
octopaminergic nature 15: 374 segment, physical
Dung beetle, endothermy in 20: 135, 136 derotation 14: 270
Dung fly, yellow, female behaviour 10: 320 metathoracic scent gland
D-units in eye 3: 37, 38, 41 morphology 14: 388
Duronia, coloration 8: 154 Dysdercus, egg, RNA 11: 286– 288
Dyar’s Law 2: 268 Dysdercus, flight metabolism, development
Dydimocephalus curculio, metathoracic and 13: 207
scent glands, morphology 14: 374 Dysdercus, protocerebral neurosecretory
Dye injection, NSC anatomy 12: 106– 109 cells 12: 79
Dye-iontophoresis 24: 20 Dystisidae, scent substances, antimicrobial
Dyes, and Malpighian tubules 8: 280– 286, properties 14: 402
321 Dytiscid beetles 11: 250, 274, 276, 284, 296,
Dysaphis devecta, gamic females and 297
anholocycly 3: 237 Dytiscus 19: 270; 26: 321; 28: 126
Dysdercus 24: 26; 26: 45 blood clotting 11: 165
and fungus 9: 241 corpus allatum 2: 297
feeding 9: 194, 202, 203, 207, 208 cuticular monolayer 2: 105, 106
Malpighian tubules 8: 236, 237 lipid transition temperature 2: 101
salivary composition 9: 212 oocyte-nurse cell syncytium
storage excretion 8: 319 asynchrony 11: 265
bridge distribution 11: 244 EBDA (10R,11S-epoxybishomofarnesyl

extra-chromosomal DNA 11: 271, 273 diazoacetate) 24: 248, 249
fusome formation 11: 239– 243 Ecapantheria, neurone 1: 431, 432, 434
germarium 11: 261, 262 Ecdyonurus, protocerebral neurosecretory
RNA cistrons 11: 331 cells 12: 77
spiracles 3: 301 Ecdysial glands 4: 177
transients in eye 3: 25 ‘Ecdysial lines’ 26: 163, 164
ventilation 3: 283, 288, 294 Ecdysial lines 2: 176
Dytiscus fasciventris, circadian rhythms 10: Ecdysial membrane 26: 163, 164
91 Ecdysial muscles
Dytiscus larva, water-swallowing at action during ecdysis 2: 181– 183
ecdysis 2: 180 “shut-off” and degeneration 2: 183, 209
Dytiscus mangmalis, gut muscle biogenic Ecdysis 21: 17; 26: 161, 162; 29: 37 – 41
amine effect on 15: 424 see also moulting fluid
Dytiscus marginalis 19: 50, 74, 267 and isolation of tissue in spiracular gills
carbohydrate in haemolymph 4: 294 5: 90 et seq.
effect of acetylcholine on foregut of 1: 22 behaviour 15: 482– 519
ionic composition of haemolymph 1: 212, behaviour pattern before and after
325, 329, 331 15: 535– 537
lipid content 4: 74 behavioural switching in 15: 514– 519
rectal fluid 1: 333, 334 control mechanisms 2: 204– 210
Dytiscus marginalis, genome size 11: 324 cuticular hardening and
Dytiscus marginalis, paired sperm darkening 2: 175–212
9: 367, 369 definition 5: 68 – 71
Dytiscus marginalis, scent substances, essential fatty acids 24: 128
antimicrobial properties 14: 402 exopteryogote 15: 487–496
Dytiscus, action potentials 5: 12 failures 15: 569– 579
Dytiscus, giant fibres 8: 102 experimentally induced 15: 575
first larval 15: 485, 486
Dytiscus, purine metabolism 1: 156
fluid absorbed at 17: 119, 120
integration of behaviour and physiology
E(SPL)-C 25: 87, 88, 92 – 94 in 15: 475– 495
E/F ratio 23: 10, 40, 47 juvenile hormone 24: 215– 217, 217
E74 24: 252 mechanics 15: 519– 530
E75 24: 252 neurohormones and 17: 266, 271
Eacles imperialis, lipid content 4: 75 outline of 2: 175, 176
Ear as sound receiver 10: 271– 291 physiology, behaviour and 15: 530– 569
atypical ears 10: 288– 291 plasticity in 15: 503– 514
forces acting on ears 10: 274, 275 production of definitive body
influence from surroundings form 2: 210– 212
10: 275 –279 stereotypy in 15: 503– 514
parameters of sound 10: 271– 274 timing 15: 476– 482
receptor organ 10: 285– 288 environment and 15: 477, 478
tympanal vibrations 10: 279– 285 tracheoles in 17: 89, 90, 94, 110
Earias fabia, food intake 11: 97 Ecdysis, and labial glands 8: 210, 211
Early insects 23: 172– 177 Ecdysis, and nervous system
first flights 23: 175– 177 development 6: 107, 111
fossil records 23: 172– 174 Ecdysis, rhythm of 10: 52, 54
protopterygotes 23: 174, 175 Ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH) 29: 37
Early oogenesis 19: 35 Ecdysone (Ecdyson)
Earthworms, desmosomes in 15: 82 effect on polytene chromosomes 2: 205
Earwig (see Anisolobis) in regulation of growth and
reproduction 2: 256, 263, Ecdysone, gap junction permeability and

266– 271, 276, 278, 303, 335 15: 108
role in sclerotization 2: 205 Ecdysone, in Calliphora erythrocephala,
role in tyrosine metabolism 2: 205, moulting and 14: 113, 115
207 in Manduca sexta, moulting and
Ecdysone 19: 36, 39, 54, 125; 23: 18; 14: 113
24: 216– 218, 217, 219– 222; 26: 3, moulting and 14: 111, 114
7, 23, 24, 30 – 32, 35, 36 in Galleria mellonella and 14: 110
see also Juvenile hormone vitellogenin biosynthesis control by
a and b, and gene activity 11: 336 14: 77
a, and tyrosine metabolism 11: 192 Ecdysone, induction of storage protein
and apolysis 10: 299 uptake 22: 311, 312
and chromosome puffing 7: 32 – 40, 54, Ecdysone, mode of action 9: 32
56, 59, 93 Ecdysone, ovulation 19: 119
mechanism of action 7: 40 – 46 Ecdysone, reproduction, social
related compounds 7: 38 insects 19: 122
and chromosome puffs 3: 175– 180 Ecdysone-juvenile hormone control of
and cuticle deposition 7: 229 cuticle protein turnover 17: 38
and DNA synthesis 3: 182 Ecdysones, extraction and
and gene activation 3: 112, 113 determination 12: 17 – 62
and haemocyte populations 11: 146 analytical methods 12: 53 – 56
and hepatic protein 3: 54 large-scale extraction 12: 20 – 29
and lipids 4: 159, 171, 172, 177, 179, 180, concentration 12: 25, 26
initial extraction 12: 24, 25
184, 186, 210
isolation 12: 26, 29
and neurosecretory cells 17: 264
microdetermination 12: 29 – 53
and nuclear rhythm, cultured glands 10:
bioassay 12: 33 – 35
40
gas-liquid chromatography 12: 38 –49
and premetamorphic behaviour 10: 313
high-pressure liquid 12: 50 – 53
and promotion of metamorphosis 10: 303
mass fragmentography 12: 49, 50
and RNA in pupa 3: 92, 93 optical spectroscopy 12: 35, 36
and tanning 3: 165 radioimmunoassay 12: 36 – 38
b, and phagocytic haemocytes 11: 184 thin-layer chromatography
biochemistry 3: 168– 171 12: 29 – 33
bisynthetic activity 23: 46 Ecdysteroids 21: 7 – 9, 12, 13, 16, 23, 26; 23:
description 12: 241– 243 32, 33, 45 – 49; 26: 18, 37, 43, 44,
effect on carbohydrate metabolism 4: 336, 213– 218
338 effects on infants CNS 21: 28
gating of 10: 53 haemolymph titres 21: 10
in circadian clock 10: 85– 87 Ecdysteroids, role in juvenile hormone
in migratory behaviour 10: 334, 335, 337 biosynthesis regulation 18: 396
JH 12: 102 Ecdysterone 19: 36 – 39, 54, 126
metabolsim, and haemocytes 11: 201 Ecdysterone, and cyclic AMP 9: 32
neurohormones and 17: 266 Ecdysterone, gap junction permeability
sequential cell polymorphism 12: 3, 6 and 15: 108
tracheoblast and 17: 94, 112 Echinoderm
Ecdysone release 19: 59 desmosomes in 15: 82
Ecdysone, 20-hydroxy-, effect in septate junction in 15: 66
postembryonic Echinodermata 24: 161
programming 16: 203 Echinolaelaps echidninus, atmospheric
Ecdysone, flight muscle development water absorption in 14: 15
and 13: 209 Echinops persicus 4: 290
Eclosion EDTA
circadian rhythm of 10: 17 – 20, 91, 95, (see Ethylenediamine tetra-acetate)
96, 340 EDTA, and blood clotting 11: 164
entrainment 10: 46 Edwarsina spp., spiracular gills 5: 139, 140,
phase-response curve 10: 48 144
protocerebral clock 10: 82 – 85 EFDA (10,11-epoxyfarnesyl
hormone 10: 299 diazoacetate) 24: 247
modifyer effects 10: 302, 303 Efferent gating, and learning 9: 164– 166
neurophysiological studies 10: 307, 308 Efflux of sodium, in axons 1: 219–227, 457
regulation 10: 314– 316 Egg
releaser effect 10: 305 frost resistance 6: 9, 23, 26, 27
Eclosion hormone 15: 481, 530– 534 nervous system development 6: 106
adult eclosion and 15: 496 ommins 10: 161
eclosion behaviour and 15: 517 pterines 6: 172, 174, 175, 182
Eclosion hormones 22: 351, 352 tryptophan metabolism 10: 197–199
Eclosion rhythms 22: 223 Egg case, juvenile hormone 24: 218
Drosophila per transformants 22: 266, Egg development neurohormone 19: 54, 63,
267 70
Eclosion, and luminescence 6: 85 Egg development neurosecretory hormone
Eclosion, see circulation and tracheal (EDNH) 26: 18, 22, 24, 30
ventilation Egg development, and lipids 4: 82, 84, 85,
Eclosium hormone (EH) 29: 37 87, 96, 99, 116– 118
Ecological adaptation, hormonal Egg envelope formation 19: 75
impact 16: 203, 204 Egg laying regulation, Carausius 19: 103
Ecological classification, dietary Egg laying regulation,
types 19: 200 Sphodromantis 19: 106
Ecological significance, eicosanoids 24: 179, Egg laying, eicosanoids 24: 130, 131,
180 147– 160, 148, 161, 179
blood feeding, ticks 24: 181, 182 Egg laying, Galleria 19: 105
blood flukes 24: 180, 181, 181 Egg shell, chitin orientation in cuticle 4: 226
inhibitors of eicosanoid Egg size 12: 133
biosynthesis 24: 183, 184 Egg, choline metabolism 9: 63, 64, 72 – 74,
predator avoidance 24: 182, 183 91, 92, 99
Ecology, and lipid to carbohydrate Eggs
conversion 4: 152 carbohydrate metabolism 4: 296, 325,
and metabolic specialization 4: 169 335, 340, 345
Ecology, metabolic rate and 13: 146, 147 lipids in 4: 74, 75, 78 –83, 117, 118, 144,
Ectohormones in caste development 16: 181 172– 175
Ectomyelois ceratoniae 19: 44 Eggs see Insect egg
Ectoparasites, environmental physiology, Eggs, cholinergic elements in 1: 5 – 7,
microclimates and 16: 13 17 – 19
Ectoperitrophic circulation, enzymes Eggshell proteins 11: 367
19: 263 EGPs 29: 29
Ectothermy EHDA (10R.11S-epoxyhomofarnesyl
in butterfly 20: 136– 138 diazoacetate) 24: 246, 248, 249
in caterpillar 20: 138– 140 Eicosanoids 24: 116, 117
vs. endothermy 20: 120, 121 see also Arachidonic acid, Ecological
Ectothermy, controlling factors 16: 17 – 26 significance, Manduca sexta
Ecydysteroid receptor 24: 221, 222, 251, 253 comparative physiology 24: 197, 198
see also Juvenile hormone desiderata
Edman degradation 17: 24, 30, 36 advances in biochemistry 24: 186– 188
Edrophonium, receptor actions 15: 291 mechanism of action 24: 185, 186, 186
molecular biology 24: 197 Electrical potential difference 19: 207

new eicosanoid action 24: 184, 185 Electrical potential gradient, oo¨ctyte-nurse
fluid secretion rates 24: 168–173, 170, cell syncytium 11: 297–305
171, 174 Electrical properties of muscle
historical perspective 24: 117– 119, 119 membrane 6: 210, 211
immunity 24: 162– 168, 164–167 Electrical properties of unpaired median
modulation of lipid mobilization 24: 177, neurons 28: 219– 222
178, 177, 183 inward currents 28: 220, 221
neurophysiology 24: 178, 179 outward currents 28: 221
reproduction 24: 147– 161, 148, 153, 154, putative presynaptic transmitters 28: 221,
155, 159 222
thermobiology 24: 174– 176 Electrical properties, muscle fibres
Eicosapentaenoate 24: 118, 119, 120, 121, 14: 217– 231
122, 123– 125, 136 Electrical response, effect of neuromuscular
biosynthesis 24: 146 blocking agents 4: 24
immunity 24: 167 Electrical stimulation, salivary glands
lipids 24: 132, 133, 134 15: 406– 408
thermobiology 24: 176 Electrically excited responses, muscle
Eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) 24: 169, 170, fibre 14: 228, 229
188 Electrochemical potassium gradients 19: 363
Eip 28/29 gene 24: 244 Electrochemical potential differences, ions,
Elastic fibres, occurrence 11: 195 locust alimentary canal 19: 250
Elastic forces of protein structure and Electrochemistry of muscle 6: 205– 278
tracheole fluid 17: 129, 130 electrically excitable
Elasticity of resilin in cuticle 2: 1 –4, 11 – 13, membranes 6: 242– 271
15, 17, 18, 20 – 32, 51, 52 extra- and intracellular
Elastin environments 6: 216– 222
compared with resilin 2: 3, 20 – 28, muscle membrane 6: 208– 214
34 – 36, 50 – 54 resting membrane potential 6: 222– 242
digestion of 2: 35, 40, 41 synaptic membranes 6: 242– 255
Elastomer, and resilin 2: 18 – 20 Electrochemistry, muscle fibre
Elateridae, chitin orientation 4: 221 membrane 14: 185– 250
Elateroid, definition of term 5: 71 Electrogenic chloride transport 19: 363
Electrical activity, in nervous system Electrogenic pump, muscle fibres 14: 222,
development 6: 110 223
Electrical activity, ocellus 7: 152– 171 Electrogenic transport, lumen,
second order neurons 7: 161–164 Schistocerca 19: 353
sensitivity and flicker fusion Electrolytes, and frost resistance 6: 17
frequency 7: 164– 170 Electro-myography, sound production
spectral sensitivity 7: 170, 171 and 13: 241, 242
visual cells 7: 152–161 techniques 13: 242, 243
Electrical aspects, nervous function Electron capture detector, for GLC of
9: 277– 291 ecdysones 12: 40, 45 – 48, 54, 55
ionic basis 9: 277, 278 Electron micrograph
neural fat body sheath 9: 278– 281 fat body 1: 417– 419, 421
neuronal function in glial cells 1: 411, 413, 417, 421, 424, 425,
experimental preparations 9: 281–289 427, 429, 430, 435, 445, 449, 451,
intact systems 9: 281– 289 472
Electrical excitability neural lamella 1: 405– 407, 413, 418, 419,
comparison of “fast” and “slow” muscle 421, 429, 430
fibres 4: 26, 27 neuromuscular junction 1: 469, 470, 473
of muscle fibre membrane 4: 20 – 23, 8, 9 neuropile 1: 430, 438, 445, 449, 451
perikaryon 1: 435, 436 Elephantodeta nobilis 29: 249

perineureum 1: 413, 417–419, 427 Elimination, calcium 19: 169
Electron microscopy Eliminius modestus 24: 161
cuticle fine structure 4: 223, 229, 236 Elite workers 23: 148
in lipid digestion studies 4: 98 Elytra
of Collembolan integument 4: 264 in flight 5: 169– 171, 197, 292
of constant day cuticle 4: 239 in sound production 5: 323, 324
of forming cuticle 4: 265 Elytra, chitin orientation in cuticle 4: 232
of lipoproteins 17: 189 Embioptera, non-flagellate sperm 9: 373
of neurohaemal organs 17: 243, 254, 260 Embioptera, ocelli 7: 99
of neurosecretory cells 17: 206, 208, 209, Embioptera, protocerebral neurosecretory
212– 215, 231, 260 cells 12: 77
of rubber-like cuticle 4: 246 Embryo
of tracheal gills 17: 102 fatty acid catabolism 4: 116– 118
of tracheoles 17: 87, 93, 97, 105, 109 glycogen conversion 4: 345, 346
Electron paramagnetic resonance, insect lipid in 4: 139, 140, 175, 209
lipids 15: 28 Embryo feedback 19: 65
Electron probe X-ray microanalysis 19: 210, Embryo, amino acid and protein metabolism
225, 233, 288 amino acids, changes in 3: 55, 62
Electron spin resonance, and membranes enzyme patterns
9: 176 phosphatases 3: 62 – 66
Electron transport system, effect of proteases 3: 66, 67
hormones 12: 305 respiratory enzymes 3: 67 – 69
Electro-osmosis, role in water transport 2: 78 Embryo, nervous system
Electrophoresis development 6: 103, 104, 106,
detection of amylase 4: 335 122
in protein composition 17: 12 – 15, 19 – 31 Embryo, tryptophan metabolism 10:
passim 197– 199
in separation of plasma proteins 4: 341 Embryogenesis
of apoprotein 17: 164, 167, 170– 173 and glycogen metabolism 4: 327, 332,
of haemolymph 4: 103, 104, 108, 109 345
Paper homologous structures 24: 16, 79
resilin composition 2: 46 Crustacea 24: 68
Electrophorus, nicotinic receptor 15: 225 Insecta 24: 23, 28, 29, 31, 49, 55
Electrophysiology Myriapoda 24: 57, 58
biogenic amines 22: 178, 179 juvenile hormone 24: 224
current-clamp and voltage-clamp role of lipids 4: 70, 85, 102, 117, 118,
22: 61 144, 174, 175, 185, 208, 209
unidentified neurons 22: 38 – 41 trehalose changes during 4: 296,
identified neurons, physiology and 325
pharmacology 22: 41 – 56 Embryogenesis, and amino acids 3: 56, 57
patch-clamp Embryogenesis, body pattern
and noise analysis of single-channel specification 12: 125– 238
activity 22: 61, 62 cytological and molecular 12: 220– 226
recordings 22: 57, 61, 62 blastodermal cell boundaries 12: 223
Electrophysiology, colour vision differentiation of nuclei 12: 222
studies 2: 133, 137, 141, mitotic waves, blastoderm 12: 221,
143– 157, 159, 160, 164 222
Electrophysiology, neurone response to molecular 12: 223– 226
cholinergic ligands 15: 243– 265 oocyte 12: 220, 221
Electrophysiology, properties of nonspiking early development, modes 12: 133– 136
interneurons 18: 252– 260 elements and origin 12: 128– 133
genetic studies 12: 216–220 End plate, and regeneration 6: 125

clonal analysis 12: 219, 220 End products, metabolic, pterines
mapping of foci 12: 219 as 6: 187– 190
mutants 12: 216– 219 End products, of nitrogenous excretion
longitudinal body pattern 12: 136– 208 4: 33 – 61
activation and differentiation Endobody, germinal vesicle 11: 285, 296
centres 12: 155– 160 Endoclita signifer 19: 194
anterior region Endocrine 23: 1– 55
involvement 12: 172– 184 control 23: 83 – 85
beetle eggs 12: 172– 184 effects and phase characteristics
cricket eggs 12: 136– 155 23: 8 – 37
dragonfly eggs 12: 155– 160 organs and hormones 23: 37 – 49
generalizations 12: 200– 208 CA and JH 23: 37 – 45
gradient concept 12: 163– 172 ventral glands and ecdysteroids
growing blastema 12: 160– 163 23: 45 – 49
higher Diptera 12: 192–200 Endocrine (hormonal) regulation, in insect
Hymenoptera and development 21: 7 – 12
Lepidoptera 12: 184– 199 Endocrine control (see also Neurosecretory-
leaf hopper 12: 163– 172 neurohaemal system)
lower Diptera 12: 189– 192 of cuticle protein turnover 17: 38
mirroring heads and of flight metabolism in
abdomens 12: 189– 192 locusts 17: 149– 151
potency regions 12: 184– 189 basic features of flight
short germ-type 12: 160– 163 metabolism 17: 152– 155
transverse bilateral pattern 12: 208– 216 comparative overview 17: 184– 194
blastoderm 12: 208– 212 hormones and flight 17: 155– 184
differences from longitudinal 12: 212 Endocrine control
differentiation centre 12: 212– 216 of wax secretion 4: 155
Embryonic development, and over uric acid deposits 4: 47
hormones 21: 12, 13 Endocrine control of
Embryonic development, midgut 19: 192 metabolism 12: 239– 323,
Embryonic formation, midgut 19: 193 see Hormones
Embryonic nervous sytem, Endocrine control, grasshopper coloration
development 21: 2– 4 corpus allatum 8: 178– 180, 182– 183
Emerogryllinae, stridulatory corpus cardiacum 8: 180– 182
mechanisms 13: 232 juvenile hormone 8: 179, 181, 183
Emetine 26: 49 others 8: 181 –183
Empididae, spiracular gills 5: 75, 87, 92, 98, Endocrine manipulation
121, 146– 148 techniques 21: 10 – 12
Empoasca fabae saliva 9: 209, 210, Endocrine organ, malpighian tubule
230– 232 as 28: 52, 53
Empydidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 9 Endocrine organs, role in
Ena/VASP-like protein (EVL) 29: 30 diapause 2: 269– 273
Encapsulating haemocytes, septate junctions Endocrine physiology, eicosanoids
in 15: 63 24: 185
Encapsulation 21: 103– 107 Endocrine system 10: 298– 300
and wound-healing 21: 148 and tumour induction 10: 42, 43
recruitment and cessation 21: 148– 155 cells, circadian rhythms 10: 34 – 39
Encapsulation in defence reactions 11: 173, Endocrine system, and carbohydrate
174, 176, 180, 188 metabolism 4: 288, 309, 336– 340
End plate potential (see Postsynaptic Endocrine tissues, septate junction
potential) occurrence in 15: 67
Endocrines Endopterygota, haemolymph, ionic

effect on caste development 16: 203– 224 composition 14: 200, 201, 202
effect on queen reproductivity and worker Endopterygote insects,
functions 16: 224– 227 aminoacidaemia 6: 218
in caste formation, in social Endothermy
Hymenoptera 16: 209–214 and non-flight activity 20: 135, 136
in termites 16: 204–209 vs. ectothermy 20: 120, 121
Endocrinology, and lipids 4: 176– 186 Endothermy, controlling factors 16: 17 –26
Endocuticle 2: 5, 59 – 61, 176, 210; 14: 116; Endotoxin 24: 276
15: 549; 26: 163 see also Bacillus thuringiensis
and chitin metabolism 4: 341, 343, 344 Endrin
chitin lamellogenesis 4: 249– 252 blocking GABA-operated chloride
chitinous parabolic lamellae 4: 226, 227 channel 22: 90
lamellate structure 4: 236– 238 inhibition of [35S] TBPS binding 22: 70,
pure preparation 4: 259, 260 71
Q10 of growth 4: 244, 245 Endrin, circadian response to 10: 27
Endocytosis, haemocytes 11: 181– 189 Eneoptera guyanensis 29: 227
Endogenous variation 24: 16 Energy budget
Endomitosis 7: 4, 8, 55 for insect water loss, equation 15: 17 – 20
Endomitosis, nurse cells 11: 268– 272 in evaporation of water from insects 15:
Endoparasites, environmental physiology, 6–8
microclimates and 16: 12 insect water loss, analysis 15: 16 – 20
Endoplasmic reticulum simplified equation for insects water
and neurosecretory material loss 15: 8
synthesis 17: 208, 209, 260 Energy flux, radiant, insect transpiration
tracheoblast and ecdysone 17: 94 and 15: 7 – 8
Endoplasmic reticulum in Energy, failures in ecdysis and 15: 570
photoreceptors 20: 19, 20 Energy, utilization 5: 231, 278–282
Endoplasmic reticulum, after infection 7: 52 Engrailed gene 28: 192, 193
Endoplasmic reticulum, calcium Engrailed genes, Arthropoda 24: 2, 8, 9, 15,
absorption 19: 163, 171 43
Endoplasmic reticulum, circadian Engrailed proteins, Arthropoda 24: 57, 58,
rhythm of 10: 37 68
Endoplasmic tubule generation 20: 34 Enhancer trapping in malpighian
Endopolyploidy tubule 28: 12 – 14, 52
Holometabola 11: 328 Enicocephalidae, metathoracic scent gland,
oocyte-nurse cell syncytium 11: 268– 272 morphology 14: 372, 373, 374
Endopolyploidy and polyteny 7: 4 – 7 sexually dimorphic 14: 375
Endopterygota 21: 93, 131; 26: 6 Ensifera 24: 30
adult, mouthparts, sensilla Ensifera, contralateral co-ordination, sound
on 16: 263– 268 production and 13: 249
antennae, sensilla on 16: 291– 308 song patterns, evolution 13: 332
chemoreceptor populations and 16: 332 stridulatory mechanisms 13: 231
cocoon escape 2: 177 Enterokinase 26: 205
evolution 11: 322 Enterovirus 25: 52
food specificity 16: 327, 330 Entomopoxvirinae 25: 31
germarium 11: 229 Entomopoxviruses (EPVs) 25: 29 – 38
larval, head, sensilla on 16: 268– 275 biological control agents 25: 38
mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 268 classification 25: 30 – 33
prehardening of cuticle 2: 177 host range 25: 29, 30
size, chemoreceptor numbers and 16: 310, isolation 25: 29, 30
311 molecular studies 25: 34 – 36
replication cycle in insects 25: 33, 34 in mitochondria 3: 159, 160

replication in vitro 25: 36 – 38 in pupal development 3: 93 –96
structure 25: 30 – 33 in silkworm developrnent 3: 161– 165
virions 25: 31, 32 lysosomal, and phagocytosis 11: 184
Entomphthorales 26: 208, 209 mobilization, chromosome
Entrainment of rhythms 10: 4, 5, 43 – 52 changes 11: 336
Entry mechanism, chloride, hindgut 19: 362 multi-enzyme complexes, blood 11: 349
Environment 23: 133, 136 multilocated 3: 160
and blood sugar levels 4: 299 of ammonia formation 4: 42, 43
and cuticle lamellogenesis 4: 242, 243 of urea formation 4: 41, 42, 57
and fatty acids 4: 93, 96, 209 of uricolytic pathway 4: 36 – 40, 45, 47,
and insects with plastron 5: 56, 57, 59
66 – 68,106 – 108 of uricoteic pathway 4: 40, 41
and utilization of food 5: 265– 267 phosphatases
crowding 5: 265 in embryo 3: 62 – 66
humidity 5: 266, 267 in pupa 3: 95
temperature 5: 266 phosphotriose glyceratephosphate
water content of food 5: 267 group 3: 158, 159
effect on feeding 16: 93 – 95 proteases
physiology of insects, microclimate in embryo 3: 66, 67
and 16: 1 – 57 in pupa 3: 94, 95
Environment, and phase criteria 1: 87, 88 pyridine nucleotides 3: 160
Environment, ecdysis timing and 15: regulation of levels 3: 156– 165
476– 478
respiratory
Environmental stress, CPV 26: 275, 276
in embryo 3: 67 – 69
Enzyme activity, and hormones 2: 263,
in pupa 3: 93, 94
264, 309
saliva 9: 37, 197, 203, 204, 206,
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
209– 217, 237– 239, 245
(ELISA) 28: 272, 273, 305
sperm axoneme 9: 352
see also Protease inhibitors
amino acid oxidases 4: 43 transport enzymes 3: 182, 183
choline metabolism 9: 84 – 91 tyrosinase 3: 95, 96, 165, 166
cytochrome enzymes 3: 163 Enzymes in cuticle synthesis and
genetic control 3: 109– 111 degradation 14: 126– 132
in carbohydrate metabolism in scent aldehyde synthesis 14: 396
effect of hormones 4: 336, 337, 339, Enzymes in flight muscle metabolism
340 13: 171
glycerol 4: 346 Enzymes, bloodsucker midgut 19: 280
glycogen 4: 305, 326, 329– 337, 340 Enzymes, carnivore midgut 19: 270
monosaccharide 4: 301– 305 Enzymes, cellulose digester 19: 300
trehalase 4: 309– 324 Enzymes, cockroach midgut 19: 214
trehalose synthesis 4: 305– 309, 337 Enzymes, dipteran larvae 19: 221
in chitin metabolism 4: 261, 275, Enzymes, effect of JH on 12: 279
343– 345 Enzymes, in cuticle 21: 186, 187
in haemolymph 3: 87 Enzymes, in luminescence 6: 54, 78
juvenile hormone esterase 22: 349, 350 Enzymes, kynurenine pathway 10: 179– 193
occurrence 22: 345 kynureninase 10: 193
phenoloxidase 22: 346– 349 kynureninase transaminase 10: 193
trehalase 22: 345, 346 kynurenine formamidase 10: 189
in lipid metabolism 4: 97 – 101, 110– 116, kynurenine-3-hydroxylase 10: 189– 193
120, 125– 127, 141, 143, 161, tryptophan oxygenase 10: 180–189
165– 167, 170, 173, 176, 184 Enzymes, lepidopteran larvae 19: 242
Enzymes, moulting fluid 26: 168– 171, nutrition 1: 71, 72, 80

178– 213 oocyte-nurse cell syncytium 11: 269, 280,
Enzymes, nectar feeders 19: 295 281
Enzymes, of sclerotization thoracic glands 2: 259, 269, 283
process 2: 185– "199 Ephestia cautella 26: 17
Enzymes, orthoptera midgut 19: 256 Ephestia figulilella, lipid content 4: 76
Enzymes, respiratory pathways 19: 408 Ephestia kuehniella (flour moth) 23: 90, 105
Enzymes, salivary gland 7: 59, 61 – 63, 66 Ephestia kuehniella 19: 34, 81
Enzymes, sap feeder midgut 19: 289 Ephestia kuehniella, corpus allaturn
Enzymic activity secretion 2: 300
in fat body 17: 174, 175 Ephestia kuehniella, electrically excited
in flight muscle mitochondria 17: 114 responses 14: 229
of cuticular proteins 17: 16 – 18, 32 – 36, Ephestia kuehniella, embryonic pattern
51 specification 12: 188
Enzymic assays, for carbohydrate levels Ephestia kühniella 28: 103
4: 289, 294, 296 see also Mutants
Eosentomon, non-flagellate sperm 9: 374 nervous system development
Ephapse 6: 210 cell death 6: 123
Ephaptic excitation 7: 369 central body 6: 121
Ephedrine, and locomotor rhythm 10: 42 corpora pedunculata 6: 120
Ephemera danica, haemolymph 6: 216, 217 embryonic 6: 104
Ephemera, cuticle permeability 1: 349, 352 optic lobe 6: 113, 114
Ephemera, protocerebral neurosecretory perineurium 6: 109
cells 12: 77 pterines
Ephemerella walderi 24: 141 biosynthesis 6: 185
Ephemeroptera 24: 141; 27: 13, 187 co-factors 6: 171
Ephemeroptera, corpus allatum 2: 283 developmental physiology 6: 175, 177
neurosecretory cells 2: 256 in eye 6: 151, 156, 161– 164, 173, 174
thoracic glands 2: 258 Ephestia kuhniella 26: 35, 168
Ephemeroptera, haemolymph 6: 216, 217 Ephestia kühniella, amino acids and
Ephemeroptera, ocelli 7: 99 growth 3: 72
Ephemeroptera, protocerebral Ephestia kuhniella, ecdysis, X-irradiation
neurosecretory cells 12: 77 and 15: 578
Ephemeroptera, sperm 9: 327, 338, 339, Ephestia kühniella, fatty acids in diet
354, 363 4: 145
Ephermeroptera (mayflies) 23: 173, 175 sterol utilization 4: 162
Ephestia (larva) Ephestia kühniella, haemolymph 1: 213
amino acids 3: 75 Ephestia kühniella, tryptophan !
peptides 3: 83 ommochrome pathway
Ephestia (pupa), amino acids 3: 90 anthranilic acids 10: 132
Ephestia 19: 45 detrimental effects 10: 220
chitin orientation 4: 263 egg, tryptophan metabolism 10: 197
eversion of wing buds 2: 210, 211 enzyme ontogeny 10: 214
gene activities 11: 343, 349, 351, 360, kynurenine content 10: 125, 126
373 kynurenine-3-hydroxylase 10: 191, 192
glial cells 1: 425, 426 ommins 10: 140, 144
haemocytes ommochromes
and testis transplantation 11: 178 as pattern pigments 10: 172
contacts 11: 154– 155 biosynthesis 10: 195
lipids 11: 199 deposition 10: 163, 164
ultrastructure 11: 120, 121, 125, 131 early experiments 10: 119
neurosecretory cells 2: 251, 252 in testis sheath 10: 169
localization 10: 154, 160 Epidermal glands, septate junctions in 15:

quinoline derivatives 10: 130, 131 62
“skotommin” 10: 135 Epidermal growth factor (EGF) 25: 85
tryptophan content 10: 122, 124 Epidermis
tryptophan oxygenase 10: 180– 185 see also Pigmentation
Ephestia sp., visceral muscles 6: 207 and carbohydrate metabolism 4: 321, 323
Ephestia spp., retina development in cell polarity 7: 198–209, 215– 219
14: 281, 282 chitinolytic activity 4: 345
Ephestia, neurosecretory cells 12: 81, 92, 93 control of cuticle hydration 4: 277, 278
Ephestia, protein synthesis 3: 113 development 6: 107, 110, 112, 122
Ephestia, wing development 7: 234, 243, homologous structures 24: 28
247 juvenile hormone 24: 226, 246, 249
Ephidermis and CNS 8: 178 imaginal discs and other imaginal
Ephiophlebia superstes 19: 194 precursors 24: 233– 235
Ephippiger 28: 88; 29: 182, 223 regulation of larval and pupal cuticle
Ephippiger cruciger, ecdysis, failures gene expression in higher
15: 570 Diptera 24: 229
Ephippiger ephippiger 29: 155, 165, 167, regulation of larval cuticle gene
169, 222 expression, in
subgenual organ (SGO) 27: 33 Manduca 24: 226– 229, 227
tracheal organ 27: 38 regulation of pupal and adult cuticle
tympanal organ 27: 38 genes 24: 229, 230
Ephippiger provincialis, coloration 8: 153 pattern formation 7: 231, 232
polytene chromosomes 7: 56 – 59
Ephippiger, stridulation rhythms 10: 45
pterines 6: 160, 176
Ephippigerida taeniata 29: 67
regeneration 6: 129
Ephippigeridae, non-resonant sound
trehalase in 4: 312
emissions 13: 233
Epidermis, control over cuticular
Ephippigger ephippigger 24: 31
elasticity 2: 97
Ephydra cinerea, osmoregulation
Epidermis, neurosecretory innervation 12:
ion uptake 1: 347 74
Ephydra riparia, ionic and osmotic Epidermis, septate junctions in 15: 62
regulation Epidermis, tryptophan oxygenase 10: 184
excretory system 1: 336, 337 Epigenetic processes, Arthropoda 24: 79, 81
haemolymph 1: 326, 328 Epinephrine 24: 177
Ephydra sp., haemolymph osmotic pressure Epinephrine, adipokinetic effect of 12: 285,
and medium 1: 323, 324 286
Ephydrella 19: 337 Epinephrine, and cyclic AMP 9: 12, 21,
Epicholestanol, as growth factor 4: 162, 163 36 – 38
Epicuticle 2: 95, 176, 183, 210; 26: 159, Epinephrine, and luminescence 6: 75
160, 162, 175 Epinine
Epicuticle in tracheal system 17: 91 – 94 adenylate cyclase activity and 15: 442
Epicuticle, cuticular pump in 14: 7 effect on salivary gland stimulation by
internal 14: 116 biogenic amines 15: 411
Epidermal cells Epipharyngeal organ, and saliva 9: 212
activation of 2: 264, 265, 267, 268, 271, Epiphyas postvittana, circadian response to
280 pheromones 10: 11
dormancy of 2: 278, 279 Epistophe bjfasciata, puparium
Epidermal cells and tracheole formation 2: 277
migration 17: 116– 119 Epithelial tendon 14: 117
Epidermal cells, gap junction in 15: 95 Epithelial tissues, septate junctions in 15: 62
Epidermal decision 25: 87, 88 Epithelium, and fatty acid absorption 4: 98
Epithelium, gut 24: 282– 284 Escape behaviour and giant

Epoxidase 24: 121, 168 fibres 8: 123– 128
10,11-Epoxidase, juvenile hormone Aeschna 8: 96
biosynthesis 18: 339– 344 Branchioma 8: 128
Epoxide hydrase 24: 217 cockroach 8: 97, 120, 130– 139
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid 24: 117, 121, 122 crayfish 8: 128
10,11-Epoxyfarnesyl diazoacetate Drosophila 8: 96
(EFDA) 24: 247 Gryllotalpa 8: 121
Epoxygenase pathway 24: 168, 170, 186 locust 8: 128
Epoxyhomofarnesyl diazoacetate Escape behaviour, Arthropoda 24: 39, 40, 67
(EHDA) 24: 246, 248, 249 Escherichia coli 25: 21, 26, 126; 26: 277
EPSP, and learning 9: 157 Escherichia coli, potassium in 3: 187
Equilibrium dialysis 26: 59 Escherichia coli, transport system, proton
Erannis tiliaria, choline 9: 73 couples 14: 224
Erebia, image formation 3: 14 Esculetin 24: 166, 167, 170, 170
Ergates faber, carbohydrate in Eserine
haemolymph 4: 294 effect on heart rate 2: 222
lipid content 4: 73 effect on hind-gut 2: 236
Ergometrine, effect on salivary gland electrophysiological responses of
stimulation by biogenic neurones to 15: 248
amines 15: 410 receptor actions 15: 292
Ergostanol Eserine as anticholinesterase 5: 24, 25
as growth factor 4: 162, 163 Eserine, and e.p.s.p. 8: 30
in sterol modification 4: 173 Eserine, and luminescence 6: 74, 79
Ergosterol Eserine, effect on cholinergic system 1: 8,
as growth factor 4: 162, 163 16, 21 – 24, 37
in brain hormone 4: 177 Eserine, nerve penetration 1: 218
in sterol modification 4: 172, 174 Essential fatty acid 24: 117– 119, 117, 118,
structure 4: 158 127, 128, 180
Ergotamine, effect on heart rate 2: 223 see also Eicosanoids
Ericerus pela, choline 9: 73 Esterase 26: 179, 197, 198, 271
Erinnyis ello 19: 225, 242, 243 Esterase activity 24: 177, 178
Eriococcus, non-flagellate sperm 9: 370 Esterase, juvenile hormone esterase 22: 349,
Erioischia brassicae, ecdysis, cutting in 15: 350
523 Esterases in cuticle synthesis and
Eriosomatidae, lipid content 4: 78 degradation 14: 129
Erisoma americanum, saliva 9: 213 Esterases, in lipid hydrolysis 4: 111, 112,
Erisoma lanigerum, saliva 9: 213, 217– 221, 115
248 Esterases, in saliva 9: 210, 212, 215
Eristalis tenax 25: 171 Esters in insect cuticular lipids 15: 23
Eristalis tenax, image formation 3: 14 Esters, in cuticular wax 4: 153, 154
Eristalis tenax, lipid content 4: 80 Estigmene acraea, lipid content 4: 74
Eristalis tenax, metabolic rate, mass, wing- Estigmene acrea 25: 28, 30, 32, 33, 35 – 37,
loading wingbeat frequency 41
and 13: 140 Ethanol, effect on food intake 11: 98
oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 136 Ethanolamine 24: 168
Eristalis, flight motor patterns 5: 313, 314 and salivary gland 9: 6
Eristalis, illumination potential 3: 36 as choline substitute 9: 59, 63
Eristalis, ocellus 7: 110 Ethmostigmus rubripes 24: 57
Erythrocytes, mammalian; reaction with Ethoxy– 6-(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl – 1,3-
phagocytes 11: 188 benzodioxole) 26: 80
Erythroneura limbata, salivary glands 9: 230 Ethoxyzolamide 26: 80, 112
Ethylamine chain, and 5-HT-receptor Eurosta solidaginis 28: 48

interaction 9: 6 – 9 Eurosta solidaginis, larva, frost
Ethylenediamine tetra –acetate (EDTA), and resistance 6: 8, 29
muscle contraction 4: 24, 25 Eurycnema, neurosecretory cells
Ethylenediamine, and salivary gland 9: 6 protocerebral 12: 78
ETYA (Eicosatetraynoic acid) 24: 169, 170, volume 12: 106
188 Eurycotis floridana
Eubaculovirinae 25: 3, 4 fatty acid synthesis 4: 131
Eublaberus posticus 26: 32 sterol in 4: 175, 176
Eublaberus posticus, vitellogenesis in male Eurydema pulchra, metathoracic efferent
milieu in 14: 88 system 14: 378
vitellogenin and vitellin in 14: 51 Eurydema rugosa, scent substances,
Eucarcelia, sensitivity to hormones of aggregation and 14: 404
host 2: 277 dispersion 14: 399
Euchistus, sperm 9: 359, 360 Eurydema rugosa, stylet-sheath
Euchloe cardamimes, pterines 6: 149, 190 feeding 9: 195, 207, 208
Euchloron magaera, wingbeat frequency, Eurydema ventrale, pleural scent area 14:
temperature and 13: 183 379
Eucone 16: 122 Eurydema ventralis, metathoracic scent
Euconocephalus nasutus, motor glands, morphology 14: 374
coordination, sound production Eurygaster integriceps 19: 41
and 13: 249 Eurygaster integriceps, subgenital gland,
Euconocephalus rhobustus singing secretion 14: 408
20: 135 Eurymela distincta 19: 284, 287
Eudia, protocerebral neurosecretory Euryphyminae, coloration 8: 151
cells 12: 81 Eurythenes 25: 158
Euglena gracilis, zinc deficiency 3: 188 Eurythyrea marginata, lipid content 4: 73
Euglossine bees Eurytoma gigantea, larva, frost
head temperature 20: 133 resistance 6: 29
metabolic rate and wingstroke Euscelis plebejus, embryonic pattern
frequency 20: 127 specification activation centre
Eumastacid Morabine grasshoppers, 12: 207
coloration 8: 153, 185 egg size 12: 133
Eumecopus punciventris, saliva 9: 211, 241 gap phenomenon 12: 176, 190
Eumelanin 27: 315 longitudinal pattern 12: 163– 172, 187,
Eumenes, protocerebral neurosecretory 202, 203, 205
cells 12: 82 Eusociality 26: 55
Eunemobius canolinus 29: 235, 245, 246 Eutanyderus wilsoni, spiracular gills 5: 67,
Eupagurus, retinal action potential 3: 24 109, 112, 122, 123, 158
Euphasiopteryx ochracea (Ormia ochracea) Eutanyderus, spiracular gills 5: 75, 82, 84,
29: 224, 229, 230, 231, 233, 241, 99, 114
252 Euthystira 19: 96
Euphestia elutella, choline in development Euthystira brachyptera, female sexual
9: 57 behaviour 10: 322, 323, 325,
Euphestia kuehniella, choline in 326
development 9: 57 Euttetix tenellus, lipid content 4: 78, 89
Euphorbia 4: 320 Euura nodus, larva frost resistance 6: 29
Euproctis chrysorrhoea, lipid content 4: 75 Euxesta notata, choline 9: 72
Eurolen, neurosecretory cells 2: 250 Euxoa biplaga 26: 254
Euroleon, protocerebral neurosecretory Euxoa declarata 21: 93, 94, 116
cells 12: 80 Euxoa messoria 26: 262, 263, 275,
European corn borer (see Pyrausta) 279
Euxoa scandens 26: 240, 241, 248– 264, relevance of insect neurophysiology
268, 272– 279 to 29: 125
Euxoa segetis, cholinergic elements in eggs Na+/Cl2-dependent GABA and
of 1: 5 monoamine transporters I 29:
Euxoa segetum, lipid content 4: 75 78 – 114
Evaporation Na+/Cl2-dependent transporters II 29:
from insects, energy budget during 15: 114– 121
6 –8 Na+/K+-dependent aspartate
permeability of insect cuticle to water transporter 29: 77, 78
and 15: 4 Na+-dependent transporters II 29:
Evaporative behaviour, thermal physiology 121– 123
and 16: 25 Na+K+-dependent glutamate
Evaporative cooling, eicosanoids 24: 175, transporters 29: 61 – 77
176 putamine neurotransmitter
Even-skipped genes 24: 11, 15 transporters 29: 123– 125
Evoked potentials, muscle fibres 14: Excitatory hypertrehalosaemic see EXIT
226– 231 response
Evolution Excitatory neurons 24: 15
chemoreceptor populations and 16: 331, Excitatory postsynaptic current
332 (EPSC) 24: 325
in xanthommatin synthesis in Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
Diptera 16: 135– 137 (EPSPs)28: 239
pteridine eye pigments in Diptera 16: 142, Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
143 effect of GABA 4: 19
Evolution and division of labour 23: effect of picrotoxin 4: 19
149– "162 Excitatory responses
Evolution of salivary function, Hemiptera in neuromuscular transmission
9: 207, 244– 247 action of carbon dioxide 4: 14
Evolution of spiracular gills blocking effects of tryptomine, etc.
blood reservoirs 5: 102– 104 4: 11, 12
from respiratory horns 5: 84 calcium-magnesium antagonism
from spiracles 5: 81 – 84 4: 13, 14
Evolution, acoustic communication 13: general nature 4: 8, 9
329– 338 ionic basis of postsynaptic potentials
Evolution, homology 24: 11 4: 9 – 11
Evolutionary sequence, and pterines 6: 190 nature of transmitter substance 4: 11,
Excitation of skeletal muscles (see Skeletal 12, 13
muscles) time-dependent properties 4: 14
Excitation-contraction coupling process, Excitor axons, in muscle innervation 4: 7, 8
in skeletal muscle Excrement, microclimate, environmental
action of carbon dioxide 4: 26 physiology and 16: 14
calcium ions 4: 24 – 26 Excreta, ommochromes in 10: 161
depolarization 4: 23, 24 Excretion
“fast” and “slow” muscles 4: 26, 27 and diet 4: 50, 53, 55 – 57
Excitatory amino acid nitrogenous (see Nitrogenous excretion)
transporters 29: 61 –129 urea (see Urea)
applications to insect control 29: 125– 129 uric acid (see Uric acid)
future directions 29: 127, 128 Excretion by Drosophila 28: 29 – 31
neurotransmitter transporters as new metals 28: 30, 31
targets for 29: 126, 127 organic solute layer 28: 29, 30
postgenomic prospects for tryptophan 28: 30
research 29: 128, 129 Excretion of pterines 6: 187– 190
Excretion, alimentary canal 19: 258 Exopterygote insects, haemolymph 6: 218

Excretion, and amino acids 3: 77, 78 Expression vector, CPV 26: 281, 282
Excretion, bloodsuckers 19: 278 Expression, glutamate receptors 24: 332,
Excretion, calcium 19: 169 333
Excretion, lepidopteran larvae 19: 238 Extended arousal syndrome see arousal
Excretion, nectar feeders 19: 294 syndrome, extended
Excretion, orthoptera 19: 254 Extended FLRFamides 28: 273, 274
Excretion, physiology of 29: 282– 288 Extended FMRFamides 28: 273
fluid reabsorption across the cryptonephric Extended HMRFamides 28: 273– 277
complex 29: 288 Extended RFamides 28: 275
food-search behaviour 29: 41, 42 Extirpation – replacement paradigms 21: 11
introduction 29: 282–284 Extracellular calcium regulation 19: 156
transport processes Extracellular calcium, mammals 19: 174
in hindgut 29: 285– 288 Extracellular fluid, ionic distribution
in Malpighian tubules 29: 284, 285 between cell and muscle 4: 2
Excretion, salivary glands 9: 184, 245 Extracellular system
Excretory pigments, rhodommatin 10: 136 effect on electrical behaviour of axons 1:
Excretory rhythm 10: 92 462, 463
Excretory system (aquatic insects), role in in the nervous system 1: 454– 466
osmoregulation 1: 329– 340, Extracellular virus (ECV) 25: 4, 5, 11
388– 391 Extraction of ecdysones 12: 17 – 62,
Excretory system (terrestrial insects), role in, see Ecdysones
ionic and osmotic regulation 1: Extraction, lipid 4: 71 – 73
359– 378, 388– 390 Extraction, Musca domestica heads 15: 222
Excretory systems, mechanisms 8: 199– 331 Extragaglionic neurosecretory
anal papillae 8: 212 cells 12: 73 – 75
deposit and storage excretion 8: 201– 204 Extraintestinal digestion 19: 191
hindgut 8: 286– 319 Eye 24: 76, 234
labial glands 8: 209– 212 aggregate, in Julus 3: 3
Malpighian tubules 8: 212– 286 and circadian rhythms 10: 69, 90, 91
as photoreceptor for entrainment 10:
midgut 8: 206– 209
44 – 47
pericardial cells and
rhythm of action potential 10: 90, 91
nephrocytes 8: 205– 206
and luminescence 6: 69, 71
Exit mechanism, chloride, hindgut 19: 367
apposition 3: 4, 14
EXIT response 23: 81, 92
collagen orientation 4: 223
Exocone 16: 122
compound (see Compound eye)
Exocrine gland development 23: 129 compound
Exocuticle 2: 5, 57 – 61, 176, 183; 26: 163 colour discrimination 2: 131– 166
chitinous parabolic lamellae 4: 227 division of 2: 148, 150, 156, 164
lamellar stabilization 4: 229, 230 mass-response 2: 141– 146, 149, 150,
lamellate structure 4: 235, 236, 264, 265 152, 157, 158
Exocytosis, blood cells 11: 126 photoreception 2: 134, 135, 142– 144,
Exogenous cells and neuroglia 21: 58 – 72 152– 157, 159, 164, 166
reactive 21: 59 – 61 single-receptor response 2: 146–157
recruitment during glial repair 21: 63 – 71 development 6: 110– 112, 116– 118
Exogenous origin, male gland diurnal 3: 14, 33
substances 19: 91 fast 3: 25
Exopterigota, haemolymph, ionic holochroal 3: 2
composition 14: 200, 201, 202 lens cuticle 4: 264
Exopterygota 21: 92, 93; 26: 6 nocturnal 3: 14, 33
Exopterygota, prehardening of ocellus 2: 150
cuticle 2: 176, 177 ommochromes
as pattern pigments 10: 170 thoracic ganglia 7: 184– 188

as screening pigments 10: 166 Eyes
distribution 10: 151– 158, 160, septate junctions in 15: 63, 64
161 Eyes, development, optic lobes and 14: 292,
kynurenine 10: 192 293
ommidins and ommins 10: 136 Eyes, pigmentation 16: 119– 166
oxygen consumption 3: 29 Eyes, see Phototransductive membrane
pigmentation turnover
and thoracic gland disappearance 2: 283 Eyestalk, and crustacean locomotion
hormonal control of 2: 283, 292 rhythm 10: 62, 67 – 69
pigments Eyprepocnemidae, coloration 8: 147, 151,
screening 2: 141– 147, 150– 154, 159
156– 158 Eyprepocnemis montigena, coloration 8: 151
visual 2: 142– 147, 150, 155, 158, 159
presence of resilin 2: 5, 7, 18 F0 selections 23: 156
pterines 6: 147, 151, 156– 159, 161– 165, F/C ratios 23: 10, 11, 47, 51
174, 178, 180, 181, 184– 187, 189, Facilitation, in neuromuscular
191 transmission 4: 14, 18
schizochroal 3: 2 Factor B 13: 98, 99
simple 3: 2– 4, 38 Factor C 13: 97, 98
slow 3: 25 Factor S, in crayfish muscle 1: 31
visual pigment 3: 11, 19, 20, 32, 33, and nerve sheath 1: 416– 422, 477
230, 231 electron micrographs 1: 417– 419, 421
Eye colour mutants, pigment granules nature of 1: 113, 114
in 16: 127, 128 the biochemistry of
Eye field, polarity in 14: 285 carbohydrate metabolism 1: 114– 129
Eye pigments general 1: 112, 113, 163– 165
biosynthetic pathways, interaction with lipids 1: 136–143
uptake and storage of pigment pigments 1: 159–163
precursors 16: 155– 157 protein and amino acid metabolism 1:
precursors, uptake and storage of 16: 152, 144– 149
153 purines and pteridines 1: 149– 159
interaction with pigment tissue respiration 1: 129– 136
pathways 16: 155– 157 FAD (see flavine adenine dinucleotide)
mutants affected in 16: 153– 155 Faecal dry weight, bodyweight,
production, inter-relationships between Manduca 19: 245
different tissues in 16: 147– 157 Faeces and digestibility 5: 233 –239, 242,
tissues involved in 16: 147– 152 244, 250, 262, 272– 281, 278
Eye, compound Falck-Hillarp histochemical technique 15:
and circadian rhythms 7: 151 322
and light intensity 7: 149– 151 Falck– Hillarp technique 24: 47
and ocellar units, interaction 7: 172, 173, Fannia canicularis, alkanes in, function
177, 178, 180, 182– 184 13: 21
and ocellus, interaction 7: 173, 189, 190 alkenes in 13: 2
and phototactic orientation 7: 141– 147 biological activity of alkanes and alkenes
and polarized light 7: 147, 148 in 13: 22
and speed of locomotion 7: 136– 140 oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 136
-antenna, imaginal disc 7: 244 Farnesoic acid 26: 2
dark adaptation 7: 168, 169 Farnesol 24: 244
electrical responses 7: 157– 159 and juvenile hormone activity 4: 180– 183
flicker fusion frequency 7: 165– 168 as sterol precursor 4: 161, 166, 176
sensitivity 7: 164, 165 electrically excited responses 4: 20, 22
“fast” and “slow” axons and hyperglycaemic hormone 12: 260,

“fast” and “slow” muscles, difference 261
between 4: 26, 27 and larval storage protein 11: 350, 356
in excitatory response of muscle 4: 8 –14 arginase 4: 42
in muscle innervation 4: 7, 8 catalase and urate oxidase,
inhibitory responses 4: 17, 18, 20 microbodies 11: 123
Farnesol, juvenile hormone cells, circadian rhythm 10: 35
activity 2: 293– 296, 299, 335, choline 9: 75, 76
336 chromosomes 11: 333– 337
Farnesyl methyl ether (FME) 26: 80 effect of hormones on 4: 184, 185, 336,
Farnesyl methyl ether, and female 338, 339
receptivity 10: 321, 322 eicosanoids 24: 117, 190– 197, 191– 193,
Farnesyl methyl ether, lipogenic effect 195
12: 278 endocrine influences on 11: 372– 376
FaRPs 28: 292– 306 fuel reserves in 17: 150
as neurohormones and glycogenolysis 17: 174, 175
hormones 28: 293–295 mobilization of 17: 153, 156,
as neurotransmitters/ 162– 174
neuromodulators 28: 296 glucose metabolism 4: 301, 302, 307,
biological activity 28: 296– 305 309, 321
digestive system 28: 298–302 glutamic dehydrogenase 4: 43
reproductive system 28: 296– 298 glycogen conversion 9: 32
ecdysis/development 28: 305 glycogen levels 4: 299, 300, 326, 329,
heart muscle 28: 302, 303 335, 339, 340
skeletal muscle 28: 303– 305 glycogen metabolism
visceral tissues 28: 296– 302 and trehalose synthesis 4: 305, 306,
biological effects 28: 294, 295 321
functional redundancy 28: 305, 306 effect of hormones 4: 336– 339
gene expression 28: 290– 292 general 4: 329, 330
phosphorylase 4: 332– 334, 337, 340
Fasciae adhaerentes, freeze-fracture
synthetase 4: 330, 331
appearance 15: 79
glycogen synthesis 7: 296
Fascicle 24: 44
glycogenolysis 7: 294, 295
Fasciclin II (Fas II) 28: 97
glycoproteins in 4: 341, 343
Fasciculin I 27: 184
in conservation of nucleic acids 11: 372
Fast coxal depressor motoneurone 15: in nervous system development 6: 108
262– 264 juvenile hormone 24: 216, 218, 232, 235
Fast extensor-tibiae (FETi) 24: 24, 25 arylphorin 24: 235– 237, 236
Fast motor neurons, Arthropoda 24: 15 JH-inducible larval proteins 24: 238
Fat larval serum proteins in the
and frost resistance 6: 7 – 11, 15 – 17, 26, Hemimetabola 24: 238, 239
42 – 44 mechanism of action 24: 246– 250
as flight energy source 4: 329, 334 methionine-rich storage
conversion to glycogen 4: 327, 328, 329 proteins 24: 237
in cell membranes 6: 208 other JH-suppressible storage
Fat bodies, vitellogenin secretion by proteins 24: 237, 238
14: 80 – 83 larval, and ovarian development 11: 367
Fat body lipases in 4: 111– 116
adult, and haemolymph proteins 11: 367 lipid content during metamorphosis 4: 208
allantoinase 4: 40 lipid synthesis and JH 12: 271– 273
amino acid and oxidases 4: 43 lipoprotein synthesis 11: 366
and adult protein formation 11: 368 measurement of metabolism 4: 330
monosaccharide utilization 4: 303 Fat-body, lepidopteran 21: 110

multi-enzyme complexes 11: 349 Fate, ovarian ecdysone 19: 59
neurohormones and 17: 268, 269 Fats as flight fuel 13: 165
nucleolus 11: 337– 342 Fatty acid 24: 117
octopamine in 17: 182, 183, 193, 235, 236 see also Eicosanoids
oxygen supply 17: 101 Fatty acid composition, in various species
polytene chromosomes 7: 4, 7 4: 90 – 97
protein synthesis and JH 12: 273– 276 Fatty acids
protein synthesis in 17: 180 and nutrition 4: 145– 147, 209
pterines 6: 152, 183, 187, 188 catabolism
release of lipid 4: 102– 108, 110, 111, effect of hormones 4: 185
117, 119, 209 in embryos 4: 116– 118
role in lipid metabolism 4: 99, 102– 108, in flight muscle 4: 118–127
110– 117, 119, 125, 126, 131, 132, digestion and absorption 4: 98 – 102, 115,
139– 142, 146, 148, 156, 184, 185, 116
208– 210 function 4: 89, 92, 93, 97, 145, 146
storage of lipid 4: 99, 102– 106, 146, 148, in classification of lipids 4: 72
184, 209, 210 in cuticular wax 4: 153, 154
tracheoles in 17: 87, 94 in insect cuticular lipids 15: 23
trehalase activity 4: 311, 312, 324 monolayer hypothesis 15: 25
trehalose oxidation 4: 337
biosynthesis 4: 304– 309, 321 synthesis
content 4: 297 general mechanism 4: 127– 130
tryptophan ! ommochrome pathway
in insects 4: 128, 129, 130– 134, 144,
kynurenine 10: 126, 192
146– 149, 209
kynurenine transaminase 10: 193
Fatty acids as flight fuels, mobilization
ommochromes 10: 161, 175
13: 170
tryptophan oxygenase 10: 184, 185
Fatty acids, free, and cyclic AMP 9: 38
uric acid storage 4: 47, 51
Fatty acids, hydroxylation 6: 172
uricase 4: 39, 40
xanthine dehydrogenase 4: 39 Faureia milanjica, coloration 8: 175
Fat body antibacterial protein Fecundity and flight activity 20: 125
synthesis 22: 339–341 ‘fecundity enhancing’ factors 26: 39
Fat body cells Fecundity, CPV 26: 273
gap junction in 15: 95 Fecundity, eicosanoids 24: 184
post ecdysial lysis 15: 566 Feedback
septate junctions in 15: 63 and learning 9: 132, 164– 166
Fat body deposits, extraneural 9: 260–263 cyclic AMP and Calcium 9: 19 – 21, 36,
Fat body sheath, neural, role 9: 278– 281 40, 41
Fat body, effect of hormones on 2: 262, 263, Feed-back effect, homeostatic 2: 311– 314
265, 308, 309, 311– 333 Feedback in neurosecretory
Fat body, see juvenile hormone 26: 2 system 17: 263– 265
Fat cells, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP 9: 16 Feedback loops, negative 23: 147, 148, 151,
Fat metabolism, regulation 7: 312– 322 152
biosynthesis 7: 316– 319 Feedback, in pterine synthesis 6: 188
carnitine 7: 314– 316 Feedback, juvenile hormone 26: 57
fatty acid catabolism 7: 313, 314 Feedback, positive, and flight
mobilization and transport 7: 319– 322 coordination 5: 306
Fat metabolism, role of Feeding 23: 88, 89
haemocytes 11: 199– 200 continuation 16: 68 – 77
Fat tissues, effect on sound conduction physical factors 16: 74, 75
10: 278 deterrents 16: 73, 74
honey-bees, caste development Female sexual behaviour, hormonal control

and 16: 193 receptivity 10: 320– 325
initiation, biting and chewing refractoriness 10: 325–327
insects 16: 61 – 63 Female specific proteins, see Vitellogenins
sensilla numbers and 16: 320– 326 Femora, chemoreceptors on 16: 252
termination 16: 77 – 84 Femoral chordotonal organ
Feeding activity (FeCO) 27: 26 –31, 126– 148
and blood trehalase activity 4: 324 central circuitry 27: 127– 139
and blood trehalose regulation 4: 299, 301 connections with intersegmental
and cuticle reabsorption 4: 341 interneurons 27: 131, 132
and glycogen production 4: 328– 330 connections with non-spiking local
Feeding behaviour, ontogeny 19: 302 interneurons 27: 129
Feeding habits 19: 210 connections with spiking local
Feeding phase, juvenile hormone 24: 215, interneurons 27: 129
218 connections, with motor
Feeding reflexes in insects 28: 126 neurons 27: 127, 128
Feeding, bloodsuckers 19: 272 homologies amongst non-spiking
Feeding, carnivores 19: 265 interneurons of different
Feeding, cellulose digesters 19: 297 insects 27: 133–139
Feeding, circadian rhythms of 10: 8, 9, 95 properties of central neuronal
Feeding, cockroaches 19: 206 pathways 27: 132, 133
Feeding, dipteran larvae 19: 216, 260 hysteresis 27: 98
Feeding, haemocyte number after 11: 144 in cockroach and fly 27: 124, 125
Feeding, insects 14: 186
in locust 120– 122
Feeding, juvenile hormone 26: 57
in stick insect 27: 123, 124
Feeding, lepidopteran larvae 19: 224
injerjoint and intersegmental reflexes
Feeding, nectar feeders 19: 290
mediated by 27: 147, 148
Feeding, octopamine on 28: 237
local reflexes mediated by 27:139 – 147
Feeding, regulation of 11: 1 – 116
assistance reflexes 27: 143– 145
components of behaviour 11: 2– 87
experiments 11: 3 – 5 control of reflex gain 142, 143
ingestion 11: 42 – 87 hysteresis in FeCO control
locomotor pre-ingestion loop 27: 145– 147
behaviour 11: 5 – 21 range fractionation 27: 147
intake, long-term regulation 11: 88 – 102 resistance reflexes 27: 139– 142
constancy 11: 88 – 89 modulation of local networks by centrally
deprivation, effect of 11: 89 – 91 generated patterns 27: 139
dilution, effect of 11: 91 – 98 neurotransmitters 27: 126, 127
temporal patterning 11: 98 – 102 range fractionation 27: 97
non-locomotor pre-ingestion thresholds 27: 97, 98
behaviour 11: 21 – 42 Fenestra, development 6: 116
other factors 11: 102– 103 Fenfluthrin and crayfish stretch receptors
Feeding, sap feeders 19: 284 20: 163
Feltia 27: 19 Fenoxycarb 26: 2
Feltia heralis 27: 25, 191 see also juvenile hormone
Feltia subgothica 27: 51 Fenoxycarb, juvenile hormone 24: 214, 254
Female insects Fenvalerate 20: 150; 27: 156
cyclical protein intake 11: 102 and axon gating currents in crayfish 20:
locust, weight loss and intake 11: 74 169, 170
specific proteins 11: 366 sodium channel modification 20: 169, 174
Female receptivity 19: 86 Ferritin, tight junctions and 15: 127
Female sexual behaviour 26: 47 –53 Ferrulic acid, aphid saliva 9: 219
Fertility, female, Drosophila Flame ionization detector, for GLC of

melanogaster 18: 172– 174 ecdysones 12: 40
Fertilization, eicosanoids 24: 198 Flat plate in normal flow 23: 183, 184
Fevers, eicosanoids 24: 174– 176 Flat plate in parallel flow 23: 182
FFA (see Free fatty acids) Flatworms, septate junctions in 15: 43
Fibre tracts, Arthropoda 24: 14 Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD), in lipid
Fibres, in regeneration metabolism 4: 69, 120, 121
centrifugal 6: 129 Flavines 6: 140, 174
centripetal 6: 128 Flavins, and grasshopper coloration 8: 183
giant 6: 128 Flavobacterium elastolyticum, proteolytic
Fibrillar muscles, in holometabolous enzyme 2: 41
insects 13: 203– 206 Flavonoids, in Lepidoptera wings 18: 194,
Fibrillation, and regeneration 6: 126 195
Fick’s Law 15: 3 Flax, tensile strength 4: 219
Ficopotamus enigmatica, septate junction Flea See Culex tarsalis
in 15: 65 Flea, breathing 3: 296, 300, 303, 311
Fight or flight syndrome/response 23: 81, Flea, sperm 9: 318
82, 101, 102 Flea, water, phototaxis rhythms 10: 13
Filaments Flicker fusion frequency,
in tracheole capture 17: 116–118 ocellus 7: 164– 170
taenidial 17: 91, 93, 94 Flies 19: 55, 205
File, cricket stridulation 10: 255– 257 and pyrethroids
Filopodia, haemocytes 11: 152, 153 glutamate response 20: 162
Filter, eye pterines as 6: 187, 190 neuronal activity 20: 160, 162
Filters, acoustic, body parts, as 10: 276– 278 recovery 20: 156
Firebrat (see Thermobia domestica) resistance 20: 159
Firebrat, see Thermobia domestica sensory nerve sensitivity 20: 162
Fireflies See Photuris pennsylvanica effect of feeding 16: 86
Firefly flashing, DUM neurons on 28: 235, environmental physiology 16: 35, 36
237 flight performance and temperature 20:
Firefly flashing, hormonal control 10: 134
309– 311 gut emptying 16: 89 –91
Firefly luminescence, neural Flies, salivary glands, scalariform junctions
control 6: 51 – 96 in 15: 168
Firefly, Asiatic, luminescence 6: 59, 89 Flight 23: 88, 89
Firefly, Jamaican, luminescence 6: 67 amino acids during 3: 79
First events, oogenesis 19: 35 and adipokinetic hormone 12: 283– 286
Fish 19: 157; 24: 160, 161, 174 and haemolymph trehalose level 4: 292,
Fish, trimethylalkanes in 13: 17 294, 317–319
Fixation of retinae, artefacts from 20: 35, 36 and hyperglycaemic hormone 12: 283
Flagellar apparatus, sperm 9: 367– 374 and ventilation, similarities 3: 294
non-flagellate sperm 9: 370– 374 central motor programs 10: 308
paired sperm 9: 367– 369 circulation and tracheal ventilation 26:
two axonemes 9: 369, 370 340– 342
Flagellar bodies, accessory ordered control 7: 467
9: 363– 367 eicosanoids 24: 132, 132, 172
Flagellar filament, axial, sperm 9: 336– 353 electrical activity 7: 376
Flagellar motion, sperm 9: 335, 336, energy requirements 3: 143, 144
374– 382 first 23: 175– 177
Flagellates, desmosomes in 15: 82 homologous structures 24: 19, 20, 26 – 28,
Flagellin molecular orientation 4: 214 27, 34, 35, 64, 81
Flagellum, antennae 14: 300 insect 23: 171–208
juvenile hormone 24: 216, 235, 239, 241 Flight motor, comparative physiology
juvenile hormone 26: 55, 56, 70 5: 163– 227
locust 23: 34, 99 comparative studies 5: 217– 223
modifications of tracheae (See Tracheae) axioms 5: 217, 218
motor mechanisms 7: 408– 412, 424 flight muscle differentiation
motor neurons, number 12: 104 5: 219– 223
muscle lift and thrust generation 5: 164– 179
compared with jumping muscle 3: 145 in Coleoptera 5: 166– 171
energy trapping pathways 3: 144– 149 in Diptera 5: 173–179
fly and cockroach compared 3: 155 in Lepidoptera 5: 171– 473
oxidation in 3: 145– 148 reflexes, motor mechanisms
muscle, intermediary metabolism, see 5: 198– 217
Muscle amplitude, frequency and power
origin and aerodynamics 23: 171– 208 control 5: 200–206
phase-response curve 10: 48 initiation, maintenance and
physiological correlates 23: 99, 100 termination 5: 199, 200
respiratory control 3: 154 list of reflexes 5: 198, 199
response see fight or flight velocity, lift and attitude contro l5:
syndrome/response 211– 217
role of glycogen 4: 317– 319, 329, stability 5: 190– 198
334 in Diptera 5: 190–195
Flight activity, DUM neurons 28: 232– 237 in others 5: 195– 198
Flight and related behaviour, nervous wing motion, kinematics 5: 179– 190
in Apis mellifera 5: 186– 190
control 5: 289– 238
in Diptera 5: 179–176
kinematics and aerodynamics 5: 290– 296
Flight motor, system, development 13: 198
model for flight control 5: 317, 318
temperature and 13: 181– 184
myogenic flyers 5: 309– 317
Flight muscle
coordination in flies 5: 315– 317
calcium ions and contraction 4: 25
motor patterns 5: 309–314
cuticle insertions 4: 245, 246
multiphasic and metastable patterns5: effect of carbon dioxide on excitation
314, 315 4: 6, 14
neurogenic flyers 5: 296– 309 innervation 4: 8
dragonflies 5: 307– 309 peripheral inhibition of postsynaptic
Lepidoptera 5: 309 potentials 4: 18
locusts 5: 300– 307 potassium ions and membrane
related behaviour potential 4: 3
sound production using wings5: respiration 4: 118– 127
322– 331 role of carbohydrate metabolism
temperature and flight 5: 318– 322 energy sources 4: 329, 333
Flight fuel 13: 164, 165 glucose 4: 302, 317– 319
mobilization 13: 169–171 glycogen 4: 317– 319, 329, 330, 333
Flight metabolism 13: 133– 228 sugar levels 4: 297
age and 13: 210 trehalase 4: 311, 312, 314– 316, 318
control 13: 156– 180 trehalose 4: 317– 319
development and senescence 13: role of lipids 4: 70, 86, 102, 110– 113,
197– 210 115– 127, 139, 142, 144
Flight metabolism, endocrine control of, in three types 4: 123, 124
locusts 17: 149– 151 Flight muscle, choline metabolism 9: 76, 77,
basic features of 17: 151– 155 83
comparative overview 17: 184–194 Flight muscle, juvenile hormone 26: 44– 47,
hormones and flight 17: 155– 184 86, 87
Flight muscles 13: 156, 157 movement in tracheoles 17: 123– 133,
biochemical processes 13: 161– 169 137
juvenile hormone and 17: 155 Fluid feeders, initiation of ingestion
metabolism 13: 171 –173 in 16: 64 – 67
metabolism 17: 175 –180, 183, 186 Fluid forces 23: 178– 180
octopamine in 17: 181, 183, 192, 193 Fluid mosaic model, biological membrane
temperature 13: 195–197 structure 15: 41
tracheoles in 17: 92, 104– 115, 131, 132 Fluid reabsorption 19: 338
anastomosis in 17: 88, 109 Fluid secretion
oxygen and 17: 99 – 101 epithelia compared with
permeability 17: 138, 139 perineurium 9: 267
transport system in 17: 150, 151 regulation 9: 37
Flight speed, metabolic rate and 13: Fluid transport mechanism, hindgut
143– 146 19: 343
substrate availability and 13: 179, 180 Fluid transport, eicosanoids 24: 184
Flight, and carbohydrate metabolism 1: 116, Fluid viscosity 23: 180
121, 127, 128 Flunitrazepam
Flight, and resilin in cuticle 2: 1, 2, 15 – 17 GABA binding studies 22: 24
Flight, effect on feeding 11: 24, 26, 29, 103 probe for diazepam receptors 22: 49
Flight, metabolic rate in 13: 134– 147 tritiated 22: 27 – 31
Flight, thermal physiology and 16: 25, 26 Fluorescein, cell to cell transfer 15: 86 – 87
Flight, thermoregulation in 20: 126– 135 Fluorescence analysis of resilin lamellae
and environmental temperature 20: 126 4: 246, 247, 253
Fluorescence intensity measurements,
and mechanical efficiency 20: 127
pteridines 6: 145, 146
and morphology 20: 128, 129
Fluorescence spectroscopy, of
and oxygen consumption and muscle
ecdysones 12: 54
frequency 20: 128
Fluorescence, of resilin in cuticle 2: 3, 6, 7,
and performance 20: 133– 135
14, 16, 35, 36, 40 – 50, 60, 61
carpenter bees 20: 134
Fluorescent compound, in resilin of
and wingstroke frequency, minimum 20: cuticle 2: 34, 35, 41 –51, 55, 57
127, 128 Fluorescent dye techniques, and membranes
head temperature 20: 132, 133 9: 176
at low temperatures 20: 133 Fluorescent tryptophan metabolites
heat transfer/loss 20: 129– 132 10: 120– 132
metabolic rate 20: 126, 127 anthranilic acids 10: 131, 132
thorax temperature 20: 125 formyl kynurenine 10: 125
Flightless grasshopper 24: 25 kynurenine 10: 125, 126
Floating theories 23: 176, 177, 205 methodology 10: 120– 122
Flock House virus (FHV) 25: 46 quinoline derivatives 10: 130, 131
Flora, symbiotic 4: 130 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 127–130
Flour mite, see Acarus siro Fluoride, circadian response to 10: 26
Flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella), 90, l05 Fluoromevalonate 26: 36
Flour moth, Mediterranean, larva, frost a-Flupenthixol, adenylate cyclase activity
resistance 6: 19 and 15: 441
Flow, laminar 23: 192 Fluvalinate 27: 156
Flow, tangential 23: 192 Fluvalinate/acetyl choline receptor
Flower learning by nectar seekers 20: 77 interaction 20: 185, 186
Flowers, habitats on, environmental Fluxes, transepithelial potassium 19: 371
physiology 16: 9 Fly
Fluid anthranilic acids 10: 132
absorption in tracheoles 17: 119 –123 ecdysone titres 10: 87
flesh (Sarcophaga bullata) 21: 58, 112, Foci, developmental, mapping of 12: 219
133, 146, 181, 187, 192, 194, 195, Folds in tracheoles 17: 91, 93
211 Folic acid, in pterine synthesis 6: 177, 185
flesh, muscle membrane 6: 235, 262 Follicle cell product (FCP) 26: 31
flight 7: 272, 410 Follicle cell proteins, vitellogenin mode of
fruit (Drosophilia melanogaster) 21: 4, 7, entry and 14: 92
12, 58, 75, 90, 91, 93, 120, 139, Follicle cells 19: 48, 78
140– 142, 181, 189, 194 Follicular epithelial cells, sequential
intermediary metabolism polymorphism 12: 9 – 11
fat transport 7: 322 Food
fatty acid catabolism 7: 313 assessment of suitability 16: 60, 61
mitochondrial metabolism 7: 323– 326, caste development and 16: 187
334 Food intake
Musca 21: 58 control 16: 59 – 118
oxidation rates 3: 146 effect on time between meals 16: 84 – 87
regeneration 6: 129 wasps, caste development and 16: 188,
sarcosomes 3: 139 189
spiracle control 3: 305, 309, 311 Food plants
tachinid, flight muscle 6: 206 attraction and orientation to 1: 49 – 52
trehalose 7: 301, 303 Melia azedarach 1: 53
wheat bulb, diapause and freezing 6: 23 preferences 1: 47 – 49
3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 127 Scilla maritima 1: 53
FMRFamide 24: 23, 40, 49 –51, 59, 179 selection of 1: 56 –58
FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity (FLI) Verbascum 1: 163
281, 287, 289, 290, 293, 297, 298, Food quality, caste development
300– 302, 304, 305, 308 inMeliponini and 16: 192, 193
FMRFamide-related peptides 28: 267– 318 Food quantity
analogues and pest control 28: 314– 317 caste development in Meliponini
Bztc nonpeptide agonist 28: 316– 317 and 16: 192
peptide antagonists and caste differentiation and 16: 228
agonists 28: 315, 316 Food specificity, phytophagous
and behaviour 28: 306– 308 insects 16: 327–331
and unpaired median neurons 28: 211 Food, consumption and utilization
discovery 28: 27 28: 1 – 7 5: 229– 288
positive feedback 28: 27 28: 1, 2 digestion and conversion 5: 250– 272
distribution 28: 281– 290 and age and sex 5: 267– 272
cell-specific processing 28: 288, 289 and environmental factors
immunogold labelling 28: 289 5: 265– 267
immunohistochemistry 28: 281– 289 comparison of foods 5: 264, 265
in situ hybridization 28: 289, 290 comparison of species 5: 263, 264
FaRPs see FaRPs limitations of data 5: 250– 263
gene characterisation 28: 277– 281 indices 5: 231– 235
isolation 28: 272– 277 of consumption 5: 232
extended FLRFamides 28: 273 of conversion of digested food 5: 235
extended FMRFamides 28: 273 of conversion of ingested food 5: 233
extended HMRFamides 28: 273– 277 of digestibility 5: 233– 235
myosuppressins 28: 273 of growth rate 5: 232, 233
receptor characterization 28: 308– 313 intake 5: 246– 250
receptors 28: 308, 309 measuring by weight 5: 236 –246
structure-activity gravimetrically 5: 238– 242
relationships 28: 310– 313 using markers 5: 242– 246
transduction 28: 309, 310 utilization of constituents 5: 272– 278
utilization of energy 5: 278– 282 Formation, gap junctions 15: 109– 115
Food, juvenile hormone 26: 2, 4 Formational morphology, sound production
Footpad nuclei, Holometabola 11: 328, 334, and 13: 248, 249
336, 337 Formed bodies, Malpighian
Foraging 23: 135, 138 tubules 8: 276– 279, 321
see also nectar foraging; pollen foraging; Formia regina
precocious foraging drinking 16: 96
Foraging and temperature regulating meal size control in 16: 80
strategies 20: 136 Formica lugubris
Force coefficients 23: 182, 183, 185, 186 acetylcholinesterase 5: 9
aerodynamics, basic 23: 182–186 somia-somatic junctions 5: 3, 7
cylinder in axial flow 23: 185, 186 synaptic vesicles 5: 6
cylinder in normal flow 23: 184, 185 Formica nigricans, methylalkanes in
flat plate in normal flow 23: 183, 184 13: 6, 8
flat plate in parallel flow 23: 182 Formica polyctena 28: 52; 29: 304, 337
Fore-gut fatty acid content 4: 96
electrical activity 2: 233 lipid content 4: 208
endocrine control 2: 236 Formica polyctena antidiuretic factor
innervation of 2: 232 (FopADF) 29: 311, 312
nervous control of 2: 234, 235 Formica polyctena, methylalkanes in
stretch receptors 2: 235 13: 6, 8
Fore-gut contents Formica rufa
and maxillary palp responsiveness 11: 38 biogenic amine distribution 15: 323, 324
and meal size 11: 48, 49, 56, 58, 61 – 63,
5-HT distribution in 15: 324
66, 67, 70, 73, 75
Formica rufa rufo-pratensis minor, caste
and tarsal threshold 11: 27, 30 – 32
development, trophogenic
Foregut stretch receptors in inhibition of
factors 16: 186
feeding 16: 88
Formica rufa, methylalkanes in 13: 6, 8
Fore-gut, trehalase activity 4: 311, 312
Formica rufa, oxidation of choline 9: 89
Forficula auricularia 24: 141
chitin orientation 4: 234 Formica rufa, serotonin in 29: 92
nitrogenous excretion 4: 46, 48 Formica rufa, vision 3: 7, 8
Forficula auricularia, antennae, sensilla Formica, neurosecretory cells
on 16: 286 during life history 12: 97
Forficula auricularia, haemolymph 6: 216, protocerebral 12: 82
217 Formica, pterines 6: 174
Forficula auricularia, haemolymph 1: 354 F. condieri 6: 155
Forficula auricularia, Malpighian F. polyctena 6: 155
tubules 8: 281–283 F. rufa 6: 155
Forficula, oocyte-nurse cell Formicid queens, neurosecretory cells
syncytium 11: 283, 298 12: 86
Forficula, protocerebral neurosecretory Formicidae, lipid content 4: 81
cells 12: 79 Formyl kynurenine 10: 125
Formamidine insecticide 23: 104 Forskolin 24: 332
Formate, role in uric acid synthesis 4: 40, 41 Forward genetics 27: 388, 389
Formation Fossil records of early insects
matrix, in sclerotization 17: 5 – 9, 39 –51 23: 172– 174
passim Fowl, lipids in 4: 70
of tracheoles 17: 88, 89 Fragmentation of cells, occurrence 11:
plasma membrane invagination 17: 112, 166– 169
113 Free fatty acids (FFA), in lipid metabolism
Formation in apterygotes 19: 192 4: 69, 89, 92, 96 –103, 105– 108,
110, 112, 114, 118, 126, 132, 133, in thermogenesis 13: 191
139, 150, 156, 208, 209 Fructose diphosphate aldolase
Free radical formation 21: 222, 10: 216
223 Fructose, and Malpighian tubules 8: 279,
Freeze fracturing See Freeze-cleaving 280
Freeze-cleaving, intercellular junction study Fructose, feeding response to 11: 23, 46, 76,
and 15: 37, 39 78, 93
freezing and glycerol and sorbitol 4: 325, 346 Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate 28: 233
Freezing and thawing effect on trehalase Fructose-6-phosphate, in chitin synthesis
activity 4: 314, 316, 319 4: 261
Freezing, effect on blood clotting 11: 165 Fructose-diphosphate aldolase, sperm
Frequency spectrum, auditory neurons axoneme 9: 352
and 13: 308, 309 Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) 21: 4, 7,
Frequency, innate releasing mechanisms 12, 58, 75, 90, 91, 93, 120, 139,
in 13: 277– 279 140– 142, 181, 189, 194
orthopteran sound 13: 235, 236 Fruit fly, sexual circadian rhythms 10: 10,
Frequency, multiplication mechanisms 79
click mechanism, cicada 10: 257 Fruit-fly, sperm 9: 318
stridulation 10: 254– 257 Fucose, as phagostimulants, in continuation
Frequenin 27: 418 of feeding 16: 71
frequenin 29: 10, 18 Fucose, feeding response to 11: 6, 7,
Frog (see also Rana) 23, 97
frog epinephrine transporter (fET) 29: 111 Fucose, from insect glycoprotein 4: 341
Frog muscle Fuels, respiratory
excitation of in flight muscles 17: 150– 152
“fast” and “slow” fibres 4: 26, 27 mobilization of 17: 150, 151, 162– 175,
postsynaptic potentials 4: 9, 15 186– 192
role of ions 4: 2, 5, 13, 17, 23, 24, 26 utilization of 17: 152– 155, 176– 180,
Frog sodium channels, pyrethroid 181, 184– 186
modification of 20: 170 Fulgorid gut 19: 286
Frog, carbon dioxide and Fulgoroidea, antennae, sensilla on 16: 289
hyperpolarization 3: 319 Fulguroidea, pectinase, saliva 9: 214
Frog, in cholinergic system studies 1: 8, 11, Fulguromorpha, saliva 9: 192, 232, 233,
28 236, 240, 246
Frogs 24: 174 Functional characterization, glutamate
Frogs, spinal cord, acetylcholine receptors 24: 332– 334
receptors 15: 276 Functioning regulation,
Frontal area 23: 180 accessory glands 19: 82
Frost resistance 6: 1 – 49 Fundulus heteroclitus 27: 336
initiation of freezing 6: 2– 4 Fungal disease, and saliva 9: 241, 242
injury 6: 14 –24 Fungal infections, failure in ecdysis and
mechanisms of resistance 6: 24 – 38 15: 574
process of freezing 6: 4 – 13 Fungal pathogens 26: 158
very low temperatures 6: 38 – 44 Fungi
Frost-resistance, and sugar levels 4: 296 Lycoperdon giganteum, chitinase extract
Fructomaltose, in bee haemolymph 4: 295 from 1: 261
Fructose Phycomycetes, chitin 1: 272
in haemolymph 4: 291– 296, 298, 299 Fungi, trehalose in 4: 290, 291, 310
intestinal absorption 4: 298 Fushi tarazu 25: 108
utilization of 4: 302, 303 Fusome, ovary 11: 233, 301, 305, 306
Fructose diphosphatase, in Bombus flight and rosette formation 11: 234–243
muscle 13: 192 intercellular bridges 11: 245– 247
G protein 26: 78 Galeruca tanaceti, oviposition

G protein-coupled receptor kinases 29: 10 behaviour 10: 328
G. bimaculatus 29: 168 Galeruca, protocerebral neurosecretory
GABA (g-aminobutyric acid) 25: 206, 209, cells 12: 83
218 Galerucella luteola, lipid content 4: 73
GABA (g-aminobutyric acid), effect Gall induction, by IAA 10: 132
on inhibitory synaptic membranes 6: 252, Gall midge, reproduction 19: 124
254– 256 Gallenia mellonella, effect of CA on
GABA (Gamma aminobutyric acid) 24: 23, respiration 12: 296
69, 330 Gallenia melonella, electrical activity in
GABA (see Gamma aminobutyric acid) fore-gut 2: 233
GABA 22: 190, 191; 29: 78 Galleria (larva)
GABA receptors 20: 186– 192 corpora allata and proteins 3: 100
biochemical studies 20: 188– 192 haemolymph proteins 3: 85
classes of 20: 186 Galleria 19: 50, 58, 59, 77, 98, 112, 113,
electrophysiology and deltamethrin 115, 118; 23: 39; 24: 237, 238; 26:
activity 20: 187, 188 300
GABA see Gamma-aminobutyric acid cell polarity 7: 200, 204, 205, 216– 220,
GABA transporters (GATs) 29: 78 – 91 235
background 29: 79, 80 corpus allatum and metabolism 2: 299,
co-localization of EAAT and GAT in glial 309
cells 29: 88 – 91 fat transport 7: 320
distribution 29: 86 gene activity
haemolymph protein 11: 344, 347
EFWER sequence in EL2 29: 83
imaginal proteins 11: 366
functional domains 29: 81 – 86
mid-gut at metamorphosis 11: 370
heptan leucine zipper motif 29: 82, 83
proteinaceous spheres 11: 351
ion-permeation site 29: 82
haemocytes
kinetics and pharmacology 29: 86, 87
and connective tissue formation 11: 195
N-linked glycosylation sites 29: 83 – 86
and resistance to bacteria 11: 170– 173
PKA and PKC phosphorylation and testis transplantation 11: 178
sites 29: 83 behaviour 11: 155
regulation 29: 87, 88 blood clotting 11: 151, 163, 164, 165
structure 29: 80 – 86 glycogen 11: 199
substrate binding site(s) 29: 82 lipid content 11: 199
GABA, inhibiting effect 5: 26, 52 – 54, 57 phagocytosis 11: 138, 185, 187, 188
GAD see Glutamic acid decarboxylase populations 11: 143– 146
Galactosamine, from plasma glycoprotein imaginicaducous muscles 2: 181
4: 341 juvenile hormone 2: 282, 286– 288, 293
Galactose mellonella 24: 136, 138, 142, 187, 229,
from plasma glycoprotein 4: 341 245
in haemolymph 4: 295 nervous system development 6: 100– 102,
use of 4: 303 109, 110
Galactose-6-phosphate, and activation of neurosecretory cells 2: 252
glycogen synthetase 4: 331 thoracic glands 2: 261
Galastocoris oculatus, scent substances Galleria mellonella (wax moth) 21: 13, 21,
14: 358 89, 95, 97, 104, 110, 113, 119, 120,
Galea, silkmoth, sequential 138, 147, 150
polymorphism 12: 5 – 9 Galleria mellonella 19: 34, 38, 53, 104, 105;
Galeae 26: 339 25: 5, 41; 26: 52, 168, 278, 304
Galeruca tanaceti, neurosecretory amino acids and growth 3: 72
cells 2: 305 carbohydrate in haemolymph 4: 293
choline metabolism 9: 66 – 68, 74, 75, 78, Gambusia (mosquitofish) cyclodiene

82 resistance 22: 71, 72
cuticle structure 4: 226 Gamic females, production in aphids
ecdysis, bursicon and 15: 542 aestivation 3: 235, 236
effect of exposure to cold 4: 346 anholocycly 3: 237, 238
gut muscle biogenic amine effect on heteroecious species 3: 232, 233
15: 424 hormones 3: 231
haemolymph 1: 213 in Macrosiphum euphorbiae, 233– 235
haemolymph protein 3: 85 intrinsic factors 3: 237, 238
hormones and behaviour 10: 314, 321 other environmental factors 3: 236, 237
lipid in 4: 76, 95, 141 photoperiodic receptors 3: 227–231
mucopolysaccharide in 4: 341 photoperiodic sensitivity 3: 222– 226
muscle fibre electrical constant 6: 212 response curves 3: 226, 227
neural lamella 9: 264 sexual reproduction 3: 233– 235
neural lamella 1: 403 temperature 3: 231, 232
nitrogenous excretion 4: 56 Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
nutrition 1: 64, 69, 71, 72 effect on responses in muscle 4: 19, 20
ommochromes 10: 154 Gamma aminobutyric acid 24: 23, 69, 330
regeneration 6: 126 Gamma aminobutyric acid, and impulse
trehalase isolation 1: 122 transmission 8: 20
uncoupling agents 3: 152 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
wax digestion 4: 100, 101, 140, 141 in amino acid absorption 28: 177, 178
Galleria mellonella larva, and ingestion rate, in insect nervous systems 28: 99, 100, 129
Podisun 11: 85
in unpaired median neurons 28: 189, 194,
Galleria mellonella, basal lamina 14: 187,
195, 204– 206, 209, 211, 212, 221,
188
222
electrically excited response 14: 250
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
haemolymph, ionic composition 14: 201
action, localization and
moulting, hormones and 14: 110, 111
uptake 22: 188– 190
juvenile hormone and 14: 112
muscle fibres, ion barriers 14: 236 conformation in crystalline state 22: 87
neuromuscular junctions 14: 197 structure 22: 4
Galleria mellonella, rhodopsin and synthesis by glutamate
metarhodopsin 13: 46 decarboxylase 22: 190, 191
Galleria sp., cholinergic elements in pupal 3-D representation 22: 88
brains of 1: 5 Gamma-aminobutyric acid as a biogenic
Galleria spp., neural development, diffusion agent 1: 34, 35
gradients and 14: 265 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors
vitellogenesis in male milieu in 14: 87 acarine receptors 22: 68
Galleria, dark regeneration 13: 52 agonists 22: 45
Galleria, fat body 1: 131 used in characterization,
Galleria, lipid metabolism 4: 145, 168, 209 structures 22: 4
Galleria, neurosecretory cells benzodiazepine binding sites 22: 9, 10
brain 12: 89, 94 biochemistry and interactions of
during life history 12: 95 subclasses of binding sites 22: 12,
protocerebral 12: 81, 85 13
total 12: 92 channel-blocking agents 22: 45 – 49
Galleria, nuclear volume rhythm 10: 40 channel-permeating/anion-binding
Gallfly, larva, frost resistance 6: 8 site 22: 12
Galls, and Hemipteran saliva 9: 184, 191, chloride ion pumps 22: 51
211, 217, 220– 225 cloning 22: 89
Gallus gallus 27: 336 cloning and expression 22: 15 – 17
comparative invertebrate Gamma-aminobutyric acidB receptors

pharmacology 22: 68, 69 coupling to calcium channel 22: 7
extracellular anions 22: 50, 51 mammalian 22: 17 – 19
extracellular cations 22: 50 role 22: 7
in development 22: 83– 86 Gammarus, septate junction in 15: 66
insect muscle Gampsocleis buergeri 29: 194
current-clamp and Gampsocleis buergeri, prothoracic
patch-clamp and noise analysis of ganglion 13: 288
radioligand binding and 36Cl2 sound source localization 13: 309
uptake 22: 60, 61 Gampsocleis buergeri, synaptic transmission
single-channel activity 22: 61, 62 and eserine 5: 25
voltage-clamp electrophysiology 22: 61 inhibitory processes 5: 52 – 54
insect nervous system Gampsocleis buergeri, T fibres 22: 38
compared with vertebrate Gampsocleis burgeri,muscle potentials
GABA-operated chloride 1: 187
channels 22: 52 – 56 Gampsocleis gratiosa 29: 163, 182, 184,
electrophysiology 22: 36 – 57 185, 189
evidence for distinct subtypes Gampsocleis gratiosa subgenual organ
22: 58 – 60 (SGO) 27: 33
ionic basis of response 22: 49, 50 Ganglia
ligand-activated uptake of ganglion mother cells 6: 103, 106, 113,
36
C12 22: 33 – 36 115, 121, 124
model 22: 86 – 88 general anatomy 7: 356– 360
molecular biology approaches in luminescence 6: 55, 56, 79
22: 88, 89 in nervous system development 6: 101,
purification of a putative CNS 104– 108, 112, 123
receptor 22: 58 in regeneration 6: 126– 128
radioligand binding approaches 22: isolated, learning 9: 111–181,
19 –33 see Learning
insecticide targets 22: 70 – 83 K+ depolarisation 9: 281
intracellular anion substitution 22: 51 ommins 10: 160, 161
ligand-operated receptor ommochromes, pigmentation by
superfamily 22: 86 10: 169
mammalian posterior, polytene chromosomes 7: 7
distribution and function 22: 5 – 7 preganglion cells 6: 103, 104, 106, 112
gamma-aminobutyric acidA thoracic, and xelli 7: 184– 188
receptor 22: 8 – 17 Ganglia, and giant fibres
gamma-aminobutyric acidB abdominal 8: 102– 104
receptor 22: 17 – 19 thoracic 8: 104
molluscan receptors 22: 67, 68 Ganglia, Arthropoda 24: 2, 7, 14
nematode receptors 22: 62 – 67 Ganglion
patch-clamp recordings 22: 57 (see also Synaptic transmission)
pharmacology, comparative 22: 68, 69 abdominal
picrotoxin binding sites 22: 10, 11 and oviposition behaviour 10: 328
purification and subunit neurosecretory cells 10: 299
composition 22: 13 – 15 photosensitivity 10: 44
steroid binding sites 22: 11, 12 abdominal, in hawkmoth 21: 4
subtypes not A or B 22: 19 abdominal, third embryonic as pacemaker
Gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors in ventilation 3: 283, 284
mammalian 22: 8 – 17 electrical activity 5: 11 – 28
models of a- and b-subunits 22: 84 metathoracic
pre- and postsynaptic 22: 7 and spiracle activity 3: 313– 316
and ventilatory rhythms 3: 283, 285, Gasterophilus intestinalis, hatching,

289, 293, 297 timing 15: 477
migration 21: 13, 14 Gastric, caecae, polytene chromosomes
mother cell (GMC) 21: 3 7: 7
organization 5: 2 –11 Gastrimargus africanus 23: 17
suboesophageal Gastrimargus, coloration 8: 150, 154, 159,
and 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 129 160– 162, 165, 166, 171, 172, 173,
and tumour induction 10: 42, 43 186, 188, 189
circadian rhythm of cells 10: 35, 37, 38 G. africanus 8: 154, 156, 172, 176, 179
role in behavioural rhythms 10: 55 – 57, G. musicus 8: 176
63, 65, 67, 70 Gastrin 19: 335
role in locomotor rhythms 10: 337, 338 Gastropacha quercifolia 1: 34, 35
role in oviposition 10: 328 Gastrophilis intestinalis
thoracic fructose 1: 117
neurosecretory cells 10: 299 haemolymph and diet 1: 355, 356
role in oviposition 10: 328 Gastrophilis, fat body pigments 1: 160
Ganglion, cerci development and 14: 317 Gastrophilus
Gap junctions 15: 85 – 120 carbohydrates in 4: 291, 294, 326
annular 15: 116 lipid content 4: 80, 99
arthropod vs vertebrates 15: 98 Gastrophilus intestinalis
break down 15: 115–117 haemolymph 6: 216
co-occurrence, with desmosomes Gastrophilus, haemolymph protein 11: 347
15: 120 Gastrophilus, phosphatase in
with septate junctions 15: 118 haemolymph 3: 87
with smooth septate junctions Gastropoda 25: 317
15: 120 Gated circadian rhythms 10: 5
disaggregation 15: 115– 117 clocks controlling 10: 52 – 54
distribution 15: 94 – 98 developmental 10: 91 – 97
formation 15: 109– 115 GBR12909 29: 104
freeze-cleaving 15: 89 – 93 GC-activating proteins (GCAPs) 29: 10, 11
functions 15: 100– 109 GDH see Glutamate dehydrogenase
lanthanum staining 15: 89 Gel filter, septate junctions as 15: 72
models 15: 93, 94 Gelastocoris sp., sperm axonemes 9: 370
permeability regulation and 15: 104 Gelechiidae, lipid content 4: 75
septate junctions in association with Gemeneta, coloration 8: 150
15: 69 Gene action, and lens differentiation 6: 110
thin section appearance 15: 87 – 89 Gene activation, and moulting
uncoupling 15: 115– 117 hormone 2: 265– 267, 315
Gap junctions, gut 24: 282, 283, 283, 293, Gene activity
294, 295 fat body, proteinaceous spheres 11: 353
Gap phenomenon, embryogenesis 12: 171, haemolymph peptides 11: 349
175, 176 haemolymph protein 11: 343
Garter snakes 24: 161 larval and adult proteins 11: 368, 371
Gas-chromatographic mass-spectrometric Gene activity, development of
analysis (GC-MS) 24: 135, 145, Holometabola 11: 321– 398
172, 176 endocrine influences, fat body
Gas – liquid chromatography, 11: 372– 376
eicosanoids 24: 117, 129, 130, genome, size and organization
149, 150 11: 324– 326
biosynthesis 24: 136, 137, 139, 142, 143, imaginal gene set, translation
144, 145 11: 364– 372
lipids 24: 133, 135 imaginal proteins 11: 365– 367
larval and imaginal proteins, Su( fs), effect on fertility 18: 173
relationship 11: 368– 372 super-gene coloration 8: 153
larval gene set, translation 11: 342– 364 Genes, control
haemolymph proteins and activities 7: 45
peptides 11: 343– 350 and histones 7: 20
larval storage protein, and fat rejuvenation 7: 42
body 11: 350– 353 Genes, effect of ecdysone 4: 180
larval storage protein, Genetic covariance 23: 158
genetics 11: 356– 361 Genetic engineering 26: 282
larval storage protein, Genetic mosaics 7: 231– 234
synthesis 11: 353–356 Genetic polymorphism 23: 161
other larval proteins 11: 361– 364 Genetic specialist 23: 161
replication and transcription 11: 326– 342 Genetic studies, embryonic pattern
chromosome structure and specification 12: 216– 220
function 11: 332 –337 Genetic variance, additive 23: 126
gene content 11: 326– 332 Genetic variation, intracolonial 23: 143, 144
nucleolar structure and Genetics of behaviour 7: 351, 352
function 11: 337 –342 Genetics of clocks 10: 74 – 76, 87
Gene amplification, oocyte 11: 272– 276 Genetics of Drosophila 28: 2 – 4
Gene characterisation of FMRFamide- targeted mutagenesis for 28: 4
related peptides 28: 277– 281 transgenesis for 28: 4
Gene dosage, and tryptophan oxygenase Genetics of honey bee 23: 119– 127
activity 10: 185– 189 Genetics, acetylcholine receptors and 15:
Gene expression and plasticity in insect 279– 282
nervous systems 28: 129, 145 Genetics, acoustic communication 13:
Gene system, effect of juvenile 320– 309
hormone 2: 288– 290, 315, 316 Genetics, caste development in Meliponini
General arousal syndrome see arousal and 16: 192
syndrome Genetics, Hyalophora cecropia,
Genes development and 14: 173
see also Epidermis vitellogenin biosynthesis and 14: 86, 87
and protein metabolism in Genetics, sperm 9: 382, 383
development 3: 102– 113 Genital imaginal disc 7: 237– 243, 245, 246,
and chromosome puffs 3: 112 250, 251, 253, 254
and enzyme synthesis 3: 109– 112 Genitalia, juvenile hormone 24: 234
and hormones 3: 112, 113 Genitalia, pre-ecdysial hardening 2: 177
and ontogenetic phases 3: 102, 103 Genomes 23: 125, 127, 158
mutation (see Mutants) Genomic replication, nurse cell 11: 269
regulation of activity 3: 112, 113 Genotypic
Arthropoda 24: 7 – 12, 78, 79 composition of colonies 23: 124, 125
cascade 24: 11, 221, 222 differences 23: 140, 148
chitinase 26: 192 distribution 23: 127
dunce and rutabaga mutants, effect on variability 23: 141
enzyme activities and cAMP adaptation 23: 160– 162
levels 18: 172 behavioural 23: 144, 145
dunce, fine structure analysis 18: 157– 159 performing tasks 23: 137– 140
eicosanoids 24: 197 polyandry 23: 126, 160– 162
grasshopper coloration 8: 152– 156 rate of behavioural development
insecticide resistance 8: 70 – 72 23: 140
juvenile hormone 26: 94 – 98, 109 response to changing colony
of polytene X chromosome 18: 147 conditions 23: 141, 142
rutabaga, phenotype segregation 18: 164 Gentisic acid 27: 237
Geocorinae, feeding 9: 192 role in integration 8: 136– 139

Geocorisae, feeding 9: 192, 204 through conduction 8: 110– 121
Geometrical interference, in eye 3: 43, 44 timing relations 8: 135– 136
Geophilomorpha 24: 58 Giant axons, squid 4: 21
Geotrupes stercoralis, lipid content 4: 74 Giant fibre system, organization 1: 177,
Geotrupes stercorosus, haemolymph 1: 354 178
Geotrupes sylvaticus, orientation Giant fibres 24: 46, 47, 67, 68
rhythm 10: 13 Giant fibres, in nervous system
Geotrupes, tracheal modifications for development 6: 105
flight 3: 335, 337 Giant interneuron 21: 38, 57
Geraniol, in scent 4: 169, 176 Giant interneurons 24: 39, 40, 41
Geranomyia bezzi, spiracular gills 5: 125 “giant” miniature potentials, in denervated
Geranomyia spp., spiracular gills 5: 75 – 77, muscle 4: 16, 17
99, 113, 123, 125–127, 130 Gibberellic acid, in saliva 9: 216
Geranomyia unicolor, spiracular gills 5: 80, Gibberellins, and chromosome puffing 7: 48,
93, 105, 109, 125, 127, 128 65
Germ band 19: 192 Gigaohm seal technique 24: 317– 322
German cockroach 24: 140, 160, 238 Gin trap 14: 331, 337
German cockroach, nutrition 1: 61, 66, Gin-trap reflex 21: 17
70 – 72, 77, 78 in Manduca sexta 21: 15, 16
Germarium Gland, pharyngeal, and queen
function 11: 231–255 determination 6: 186
fusome and rosette Glands
formation 11: 234– 243 accessory sex 4: 47
intercellular bridge corpus allaturo 4: 177, 180, 181, 185,
distribution 11: 231–234 336– 338
oocyte-nurse cell corpus cardiacum 4: 333, 337, 339, 340
determination 11: 251– 255 mammary 4: 147
synchronous division 11: 249– 251 mandibular 4: 169, 186
morphology 11: 227– 230 pituitary 4: 185
Germ-cell determinant 3: 62, 63 prothoracic 4: 172, 177, 178
Germinal vesicle, function 11: 280– 286 salivary 4: 180
Gerris lacusiris, flight metabolism, Glands and ducts, salivary,
development and 13: 207 Hemiptera 9: 225– 235
Gerris lacustris, ommochromes 10: 153 Aphidoidea 9: 226– 229
Gerris najas, haemolymph 1: 212 Fulguromorpha 9: 232, 233
Gerris najas, see Aquarius najas Heteroptera 9: 234, 235
Gerris, giant internuncial neuron 7: 358, 359 Jassomorpha 9: 229– 232
Gerroidea, brachypterous form 2: 285, 286 other Auchenorrhyncha 9: 233, 234
Giant axons 21: 38 Glandular epithelial cells, gap junction
and glial cells 9: 272 in 15: 95
cation gradients 9: 275 Glandular extracts, sodium fluxes,
excitation and conduction 9: 277, 278 hindgut 19: 378
extraneuronal potentials 9: 282, 285, Glandular tissues, eicosanoids 24: 134
288– 290 GLC see Gas – liquid chromatography
Giant axons, functional Glia
organisation 8: 95 – 143 development 6: 100, 102– 109, 111, 121
afferent inputs 8: 128– 130 regeneration 6: 127
giant fibre outputs 8: 130–135 Glial cells 1: 16, 411, 413, 417, 421,
histology 8: 100, 110 423– 430, 435, 444–446, 449, 451,
leg motoneurone activation 8: 121– 128 454, 455, 464, 472, 476; 20: 98
membrane properties 8: 110 see also Bridge cells in transverse
nerves; Strap cells in transverse dimethylalkanes in 13: 13, 14

nerve formation flight fuel 13: 165
and Sodium regulation 9: 279, 300, 304, methylalkanes in 13: 11
305 oxygen consumption flight and 13: 136
choline uptake 9: 95 sex peptides 13: 94
in transverse nerve 20: 89 trimethylalkanes in 13: 16
organisation 9: 268– 274 Glossina morsitans, choline 9: 71, 73
septate junctions in 15: 63 Glossina morsitans, circadian rhythms
specialized junctions 15: 151– 157 locomotor activity 10: 3, 7
tight junctions in 15: 134 mating 10: 79
Glial lacunar system 1: 423– 425, 428, 446, visual response 10: 13 – 15
447, 454– 456, 461, 464 Glossina morsitans, nitrogenous
Glial repair 21: 72 excretion 4: 52, 53
long-term changes in 21: 71, 72 Glossina morsitans, proline in muscle
recruitment during 21: 63 – 71 3: 79
Glial transporter protein 1 (GLT-l) 29: 69 Glossina pallidipes, flight, amino acid
Glial-axonal junctions, occurrence in concentration 13: 167
vertebrates 15: 68 sex peptides 13: 94
Gliapse 29: 88 Glossina pallidipes, pterines 6: 151, 157
Glide Glossina spp.
angle 23: 194, 197, 198, 207 lipid content 4: 80
improvement 23: 200– 203 sugar content 4: 296
characteristics 23: 194 –198 Glossina, feeding
path 23: 199 G. austeni 11: 83, 84
polars 23: 195 G. brevipalpis 11: 82, 83
speed 23: 196, 198 G. morsitans 11: 12 – 14, 19, 41, 42
reduction 23: 203– 206 Glossina, flight fuel, mobilization
Gliding 23: 186– 188, 196 13: 170
cylindrical bodies 23: 188– 200 flight muscles, maturation 13: 208
glide characteristics 23: 194– 198 proline as flight fuel 13: 167
lift and drag at constant Reynolds wingbeat frequency, substrate availability
numbers 23: 190– 193 and 13: 179
resolved-flow analysis 23: 189, 190 Glossina, neurosecretory cells
stability and control 23: 198– 200 protocerebral 12: 82
Gliding flight of Lepidoptera 5: 171– 173 volume 12: 105
Glionexin 27: 11, 62, 184 Glowing, endogenous timing of 10: 12
Globuli cells 6: 121, 123 Glows, in firefly 6: 52, 83, 89
adrenergicity 15: 333– 336 Glucagon 19: 355
octopaminergic 15: 336 Glucagon, and cyclic AMP 9: 12, 38
Globulins, evidence for 11: 174, 175 Glucagon, eicosanoids 24: 177
Glomerular filtration rate, Glucagon, porcine, amino acid sequence
eicosanoids 24: 168 13: 102
Glomeruli 6: 119, 120 Glucagon, sensitivity of lipase 4: 184
Glossina 19: 107, 112, 114, 115, 269, 273, Glucagon-like peptides 22: 353
277, 278, 280 Glucocorticoid hormones 24: 197, 219
Glossina austeni 26: 22 Gluconeogenesis 17: 185, 186
Glossina fuscipes 19: 61, 83, 108, 109, 115, Gluconeogenesis, renal, and cyclic AMP
118 9: 39
Glossina morsitans 19: 83, 108, 110, 118, Glucosamine
274, 276; 24: 47 from plasma glycoprotein 4: 341
Glossina morsitans, alkanes in, function in chitin 4: 261, 340, 343, 345
13: 24 inhibition of trehalase 4: 313, 315
phosphorylation 4: 302 Gluphisia septentrionis 28: 175

Glucosamine-6-phosphate, and activation of GLUT 29: 62
glycogen synthetase 4: 331 Glutamate
Glucosaminidase 26: 181, as excitatory transmitter substance 4: 12
210 in purine synthesis 4: 40, 41
Glucose role in arginine syathesis 4: 53
and biosynthesis of trehalose 4: 298, Glutamate action, modulation by
304– 307, 309, 321 proctolin 19: 15
and flight energy 4: 317– 319 Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 29: 59, 79
biosynthesis and utilization Glutamate decarboxylase, synthesis of
general 4: 321, 303 Glutamate dehydrogenase 22: 186, 187
hexokinases 4: 302, 305 Glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase 22: 186,
conversion to lipid 4: 130, 132, 147– 149 187
effect of hormones on level 4: 336– 339 Glutamate receptors 24: 309, 310, 334
from amino acids 17: 185, 186 see also Skeletal system
from glycoprotein in plasma 4: 341 central nervous system 24: 310– 314, 311
in chitin synthesis 4: 261 cloning, expression and functional
in haemolymph 17: 154 characteristics 24: 332, 333
intestinal absorption 4: 297, 298, metabotropic 24: 331, 332
320– 322 visceral muscle 24: 330
levels Glutamate, hindgut 19: 393
in flight muscle 4: 297, 318, 319 Glutamate, in haemocytes 11: 200
in haemolymph 4: 291– 296, 299, 317, Glutamic acid
322– 324
effect on muscle excitatory response 4: 12
occurrence 4: 289
in ammonia formation 4: 43
octopamine and 17: 183
in chitin synthesis 4: 261
phosphatases 4: 301, 302, 305, 322
Glutamic acid cycle, in ammonia
Glucose as flight fuel 13: 164
formation 4: 43
mobilization 13: 169
Glutamic acid decarboxylase, specific
Glucose metabolism, in fat body 1: 117
Glucose, and cyclic AMP 9: 38 marker for GABA-ergic
Glucose, and Malpighian tubules 8: 279, neurons 22: 9
280 Glutamic acid, Hemipteran saliva 9: 216,
Glucose, feeding response to 218, 221
and pre-ingestion activity 11: 6 – 8 Glutamic acid, in calliphorin 11: 347
and tarsal stimulation with water 11: 33 Glutamic acid, in resilin 2: 34
and tarsal threshold to 11: 23– 29 Glutamic acid, interconversion with
concentration 11: 97 glutamine 3: 59, 60, 91
meal size 11: 76, 78, 81 Glutamic dehydrogenase, in ammonia
Glucose, glutamate receptors 24: 322 formation 4: 43
Glucose, haemolymph, and hyper-glycaemic Glutamine
hormone 12: 265 in chitin synthesis 4: 261
Glucose-1-phosphate 4: 306, 310, 318, in purine synthesis 4: 40, 41
331– 334 Glutamine, Hemipteran saliva 9: 216, 218,
Glucose-6-phosphatase, salivary gland 7: 62 221
Glucose-6-phosphate 4: 261, 301, 305, Glutamine, in haemolymph 11: 200
307– 309, 318, 331 g-Glutamyl cycle 13: 75, 76
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 26: 70 g-Glutamyl cyclotransferase in Musca
Glucoside synthesis, role of JH 12: 288– 291 domestica 13: 78, 79
Glucosides, in fat body 1: 123, 124 g-Glutamyl-cysteine synthetase in Musca
Glucosinolates, as phagostimulants, in domestica 13: 79, 80
continuation of feeding 16: 71 Glutarate pathway, absence of 10: 132– 134
Glutathione 13: 75 –88; 24: 126, 130, 149, Glycogen

195, 196 and chitin as reserve nutrients 4: 328, 341
in detoxication mechanisms 13: 80 – 88 and frost resistance 6: 26, 27, 38
Glutathione S-alkyltransferase in Musca and luminescence 6: 75
domestica 13: 87, 88 and tarsal threshold 11: 29
Glutathione S-aryltransferase in detoxication as energy reserve 17: 150, 151
mechanisms 13: 81 changes during growth and
Glutathione S-transferases in detoxication metamorphosis 4: 300, 301, 325,
mechanisms 13: 81 327– 329, 333, 335, 342, 345, 346
Glutathione synthetase in Musca conversion to lipid 4: 147– 149, 150, 151
domestica 13: 79, 80 deposition, nervous system 9: 305
Glutathione, and fatty acid synthesis 4: 132, effect of diapause hormone 12: 254, 255
133 extraction 4: 326
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydro- formation of trehalose from 12: 260
genase, sperm axoneme 9: 352 glycogenolysis 17: 174, 175
Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in in haemocytes 11: 122, 123, 198, 199
flight muscle 13: 163 in hemolymph 4: 292–294, 326, 327
Glycerol 3-phosphate in flight muscle in insect flight 4: 317– 319, 329, 334
13: 163 in insects 4: 325– 327
Glycerol kinase in locust muscle, in nerve cord, and octopamine 12: 269
metabolism 13: 172 in trehalose biosynthesis 4: 305, 306, 337
Glycerol production 4: 325, 345, 346 metabolism of
Glycerol release in flight 17: 154, 155, 175 amylase 4: 305, 334– 336
Glycerol, and frost resistance 6: 3, 18, 20,
and moulting 4: 327– 329, 341, 342
26 –34, 36, 40, 42
effect of, hormones 4: 337– 340
Glycerol, effect on sugar ingestion 11: 46,
in fat body, see Fat body
49
phosphorylase 4: 305, 326, 329, 330,
Glycerol, levels in diapause and
331– 334
development 4: 300, 325, 326
storage in crop 4: 318
Glycerol, solutions, equilibrium relative
humidities 14: 40 synthetase 4: 330, 331, 305
water vapour lowering in arthropods neurohormones and 17: 268, 269
and 14: 39 reserves and nutritional changes 4: 299,
a-glycero-P oxidation 7: 310, 332, 333 306
a-Glycerophosphate cycle in flight sperm axoneme 9: 346, 348, 350
muscle 13: 163 synthesis, and JH 12: 249, 253
a-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in flight synthesis, oocyte-nurse cell
muscle 13: 208 syncytium 11: 292
a-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, synthesis, post-hormonal 12: 265, 266
synthesis 11: 369 to trehalose, hormones 9: 32
Glycerylphosphoryicholine, metabolism Glycogen metabolism, in fat body 1:
9: 53 –55, 70, 71 114– 117
Glycine 28: 174, 177 Glycogen synthetase, flight muscle 7: 295,
and choline metabolism 9: 53 – 55 296
aphid saliva 9: 218 Glycogen, as flight fuel 13: 164
role in purine synthesis 4: 40, 41 in flight muscles, hormonal control
Glycine transporters 29: 124 13: 174
Glycine, and Malpighian tubules mobilization 13: 170
8: 279, 280 Glycogenolysis, and epinephrine 9: 36
Glycine, conversion to lipid 4: 148 Glycogenolysis, and hyperglycaemic
Glycine, in haemolymph 11: 200 hormone 12: 266
Glycine, in resilin 2: 34, 52 Glycogenolysis, flight muscle 7: 283– 295
Glycogenolysis, hyperglycaemic hormone Golgi complex, calcium buffering 19: 163,

and 13: 105 171
Glycolysis 23: 30 Golgi complex, sperm 9: 322, 324,
Glycolysis, adipokinetic hormone 325, 365
and 17: 178– 180, 186 Golgi region, circadian rhythms 10: 37
Glycolysis, anaerobic, sperm 9: 359, 363, Goliath beetle 26: 338
380 Goliathus 26: 337
Glycolysis, end products of 1: 126 Goliathus goliathus 26: 319, 320
Glycolysis, flight muscle 7: 303– 309 Goliathus, tensile strength of chitin 4: 219
Glycolytic pathway in fat body Gomphocercus 26: 40, 43, 44
metabolism 1: 124– 128 Gomphocercus rufus 26: 38, 48, 62
Glycolytic pathway in flight muscle 13: 163 Gomphocercus, courtship 7: 417, 418, 427
Glycolytic pathway, sperm axoneme 9: 352 Gomphocerinae 23: 6
Glycoprotein 24: 77, 283, 289 Gomphocerinae, coloration 8: 147,
Glycoproteins 149– 151, 154, 155, 159, 160, 165,
in comb desmosomes 15: 54 168– 170, 175, 176, 179, 186
in insects 4: 296, 340, 341 Gomphocerinae, mouthparts, sensilla
in Musca domestica head extracts 15: 226 on 16: 255
in septate junctions 15: 71 Gomphocerinae, non-resonant sound
metabolism of chitin 4: 341– 345 emissions 13: 233
Glycoproteins in microvilli membranes song patterns 13: 239
20: 5 evolution 13: 333
Glycoproteins, sperm 9: 381 stridulatory mechanisms 13: 232
Glycosaminoglycan molecules, serglycin,
Gomphocerippus rufus
and Drosophila
courtship 7: 465, 466
permutants 22: 271
song 7: 414
Glycosaminoglycans 24: 282
Gomphocerippus rufus, contralateral
Glycosylated components of
co-ordination, sound production
cuticle 17: 32 – 36
and 13: 250, 251
Glyoxalate cycle, in fat body tissue
respiration 1: 134, 135 muscle activity, co-ordination, sound
Glyoxylate cycle 4: 150, 152, 329 production and 13: 245
Glyoxylic acid, in uricolytic pathway 4: 38, proprioceptive control 13: 255, 257
39 song pattern, evolution 13: 334
Glyphina schrankiana, polymorphism 3: 214 sound production, central nervous system
Glypotendipes, chromosome puffing 7: 21 and 13: 261, 262
Glyptotendipes, giant chromosomes 3: 173 Gomphocerippus rufus, sound production 5:
g-Glytamyl-phenylalanine 13: 73, 74 298, 324, 325
metabolic rate and function 13: 73, 74 Gomphocerus 19: 84
GMP (Guanosine monophosphate) 24: 223, Gomphocerus maculatus, chitin
332 orientation 4: 234
G-neurone, Arthropoda 24: 36, 37, 38 Gomphocerus rufus 19: 63, 82, 96; 24: 219
Goblet cells 19: 227 Gomphocerus rufus, coloration 8: 179
Goblet cells, gut 24: 282– 284, 283, 285, Gomphocerus rufus, female, innate releasing
286, 289, 292– 294, 295 mechanism 13: 281
Goblet cells, lepidopteran larvae 19: 236, Gomphocerus rufus, hormonal control
244 female sexual behaviour 10: 321, 322, 325
Golgi apparatus labelling 20: 25, 27 juvenile hormone 10: 302–304
and rhabdom renewal 20: 20 male sexual behaviour 10: 320
Golgi bodies 1: 433, 434, 439–442; 2: 248 Gomphocerus sibiricus, female,
Golgi complex in secretion and phonotaxis 13: 279
digestion 14: 125 song pattern, evolution 13: 334
sound production, motor co-ordination Granular phenoloxidase, juvenile

13: 246 hormone 24: 231, 232
Gonad development 19: 37 Granule-containing cells 21: 37, 88
Gonad inhibiting hormone 19: 79 Granules, pigment, ommochrome
Gonad maturation, effect of queen deposition 10: 162– 164
substance 4: 186 Granules, secretory
Gonad maturation, juvenile adipokinetic hormone 17: 156– 158
hormones 24: 219 in neurosecretory cells 17: 206– 210, 214,
Gonadotrophic hormone and lipid 254, 260
metabolism 4: 177, 180, 184 release of 17: 240– 242, 249, 250
Gonadotropic hormone 2: 299 transport of 17: 238, 239
Gonadotropic hormone, lampyrid 12: 103 Granulocytes 24: 163
Gonadotropin 24: 161 Granulosis virus (GV) 25: 3; 26: 234
Gonadotropin, gap junction permeability Grape phylloxera, saliva 9: 216, 217
and 15: 109 Graphidostreptus tumuliporus, alkenes
Gonads in 13: 3
development 11: 366 cycloalkanes in 13: 3
endopolyploidy 11: 328 methylalkanes in 13: 4, 6
Gonads, and luminescence 6: 71 biosynthesis 13: 20
Gonads, development of 2: 275, 280, 281 trimethylalkanes in 13: 17
Gonads, juvenile hormone 26: 2, 29 – 36,108 Graphosoma italicum, dermal glands, scent
Gonads, septate junctions in 15: 63 glands and 14: 407
Gonads, tryptophan oxygenase 10: 184 Graptopsattria nigrofuscata, muscle
Gonepteryx rhamni, pterines 6: 149, 190
potential 1: 187
Gonial meiosis, onset regulation 19: 35
Grashof number 15: 19
Gonial mitosis, onset regulation 19: 35
Grasshopper (Laplatacris disper) 21: 13, 38,
Gonometa 25: 45, 50
75
Gonometa podocarpi 25: 51, 53
embryo 21: 3
Gonyleptidae 24: 74
Grasshopper
GOT see Glutamate oxaloacetic
transaminase Acrida turrita 23: 3, 17
G-proteins (Guanyl nucleotide binding allatectomy 4: 184
protein) 24: 185, 186, 186, 223 circadian rhythms
Gradient concept, embryonic pattern oviposition 10: 12, 45, 79
specification 12: 163– 172 oxygen consumption 10: 23
Gradient hypothesis, neural development sexual 10: 12
and 14: 260– 264 courtship 7: 417, 418
Gradient of adhesiveness, antennal cuticle 1: 298
development and 14: 308 effect of DDT on acetylcholine level
in bithorax mutant neural 1: 25
development 14: 313 electrically excitable
in optic lobe development 14: 300 membranes 6: 260– 262
neural development and 14: 267– 271 feeding behaviour
retina development and 14: 287, 288 endogenous factors 1: 55, 56
Gradients, retina development and 14: 288 orientation to food plants 1: 49 – 52
Graellsia isabellae, haemolymph 1: 213 phagostimulation 1: 52 – 54
Grafts, de-rotation 14: 271 food-plant preferences 1: 47 – 49, 79
Grampsocleis buergeri, acetylcholine effect food-plant selection 1: 56 – 58
on auditory synapses of the glutarate pathway, absence 10: 133
prothoracic ganglion 15: 248 haemolymph 1: 216
Granular cells, and Sodium transport 9: 40 hormones
Granular leucocytes 11: 132– 134 and female receptivity 10: 324
and male sexual behaviour Grasshoppers, diapause, food intake

10: 317– 320 and 16: 100
juvenile hormone 10: 302 Grasshoppers, sexual behaviour 19: 96
lipid utilization 4: 106– 108 Gravity, effect on feeding activity 11: 21
membrane potential 6: 223, 228, 229, Grease
237 effect on water uptake 2: 92 – 94
migratory 23: 6 on cuticle 2: 88, 89
motor mechanisms 7: 400 Gregaria 23: 4, 5
motor neurons 7: 372, 374 Gregarious locust hoppers, coloration 8: 166,
muscle 1: 210, 218 173– 177, 180– 182, 185, 186, 189,
muscle ion content 6: 219 190
nerve cord 1: 178, 218, 219 Gregarization pheromone 23: 51, 52
nutrition Gromphadorhina brunneri, sexual
ascorbic acid and carotene 1: 61, 69, behaviour 10: 320, 323
79 – 95 Gromphadorhina portentosa 23: 98; 29: 62
methods of approach 1: 58 – 62 Gromphadorhina portentosa, adenylate
specific requirements 1: 62 – 79 cyclase activity, biogenic amines
Orthoptera 23: 6, 20, 173 and 15: 440
PL in diet 4: 160 binding sites 15: 226
short-horned 23: 6 ecdysis, behavioural switching in 15: 514
song 7: 416 median neurohaemal organs, biogenic
synaptic membranes 6: 246, 249, 252, amines in 15: 430
253, 256 octopamine biosynthesis in 15: 351
Grasshopper chordotonal organ 27: 117, 118 Gromphadorhina portentosa, walking,
Grasshopper embryo, cell movement 11: 153 control 7: 403
Grasshopper, jumping muscle 3: 145 Gromphadorina, haemocyte
Grasshopper, neurosecretory cells structure 11: 126, 128
ocellar nerve 12: 71 Grooming activity, locust 7: 399
protocerebral 12: 76 Grooming reflexes in insects 28: 125, 135
Grasshopper, plasma membrane Gross morphology 19: 302
permeability 14: 211 Growth
Grasshopper, resilin in cuticle of 2: 12, 13, and monosaccharide utilization 4: 302,
15, 16 303
Grasshopper, transverse nerve development cuticle 4: 235– 238, 247– 250
in 20: 111 glycogen accumulation and conversion
Grasshoppers during 4: 301, 327– 329, 335, 342
flight role of lipids 4: 70, 84, 85, 96, 97, 101,
motor patterns 5: 298, 300, 303 145– 147, 157, 162, 163
nervous control 5: 331– 333 role of moulting hormone 2: 261– 265,
wingbeat frequency 5: 294 267, 268, 271
food utilization 5: 245 role of neurosecretory cells 2: 249,
synaptic transmission and curare 5: 25 250, 253
Grasshoppers, Acridoid, variable Growth and differentiation, hormonal
coloration 8: 145– 198 control 2: 267–270, 314– 316
environmental factors 8: 156– 177 Growth and moulting, amino acids
genetic factors 8: 152– 156 3: 72 – 75
natural history 8: 147– 152 Growth factors 4: 162, 163
physiological mechanisms 8: 177– 183 Growth hormones 4: 70, 81, 177, 179
pigments 8: 183– 190 Growth layers, daily, rhythms of
terminology 8: 146–147 10: 20 – 22
Grasshoppers, cuticular lipids Growth rate index 5: 232, 233
composition 15: 23 Growth rate, gut function 19: 187
Growth substances, pterines as 6: 185 Gryllotalpa vineae 29: 160

Growth, and food plant preferences 1: 48 Gryllotalpa vulgaris, haemolymph 1: 214
Growth, and nutrition in grasshoppers and Gryllotalpa vulgaris, ommochromes 10:
locusts 1: 59, 65, 66, 73, 91 – 95 151
Growth, juvenile hormone 24: 215, 253, 254 Gryllotalpa, blood clotting 11: 164
Growth, neural development 14: 335 Gryllotalpa, giant fibres 8: 101, 102, 104,
Gryllacridoidea, chordotonal organs 27: 19 105, 121
Gryllid 24: 25 Gryllotalpa, nervous system
Gryllid ear 29: 180, 181 development 6: 101, 105, 120,
Gryllidae 23: 8 121
Gryllidae (Orthoptera) chordotonal Gryllotalpa, protocerebral neurosecretory
organs 27: 19, 37 cells 12: 77
Gryllidae, amplitude modulation, innate Gryllus (pupa), ecdysone and RNA 3: 92, 93
releasing mechanism and 13: 268 Gryllus 19: 33, 34, 91, 111, 113, 115, 116;
auditory mechanism, evolution 13: 338 24: 141; 27: 32, 33; 29: 247
auditory neurons 13: 306 bimaculatus 24: 156
innate releasing mechanisms, interspecific brachypterous form 2: 285, 286
hybrids 13: 326 campestris 24: 35
song patterns, genetics 13: 321 fat body
sound patterns, stridulatory movements purine metabolism 1: 155
and 13: 236 G. domesticus, extra-chromosomal
tympanal organs 13: 285, 291– 296 DNA 11: 273, 274
Gryllidae, stridulation mechanism 10: 254 germarial function 11: 261, 262
Gryllids, mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 260 haemocytes 11: 139, 149, 157, 165, 199
Grylloblattodea, neurosecretory cells inositol requirement 1: 78
brain 12: 88 neural lamella 1: 408
protocerebral 12: 76, 77, 86 thoracic gland hormone 2: 264
Gryllodes sigillatus Gryllus assimilis, absence of glutarate
fatty acid and growth 4: 146, 147 pathway 10: 133
Gryllodes supplicans 29: 156 Gryllus bimaculatus (black cricket) 21: 56,
Gryllodinus kerkennensis, amplitude 110
modulation, innate releasing Gryllus bimaculatus 19: 17, 53, 96; 25: 171,
mechanism and 13: 269 186, 271, 303; 26: 11, 48, 54;
calling songs 13: 311 27: 37, 61; 28: 42; 29: 101, 162,
female phonotactic response 13: 270 164, 189, 197, 210, 212, 219, 220,
Gryllodinus odicus, song patterns 13: 237, 252, 348, 359
238 female receptivity 10: 321
Grylloidea, coloration 8: 153 nervous system plasticity in 28: 92, 108,
Grylloidea, stridulatory mechanisms 13: 124, 132, 134
231 tryptophan ! ommochrome pathway
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, haemolymph 1: kynurenine 10: 125
214 kynurenine formamidase 10: 190
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, resonant sound larva 10: 200, 201
emissions 13: 233 ommins 10: 144
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, sperm 9: 343, 345, ommochromes 10: 151, 161
376, 379 pattern pigments 10: 172
Gryllotalpa hexadactyla 29: 235 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 128
Gryllotalpa major 29: 156, 167, 248 unpaired median neurons in 28: 190, 206
Gryllotalpa vinae, sound production 10: Gryllus bimaculatus, amplitude modulation,
265– 268 innate releasing mechanism
Gryllotalpa vinea, resonant sound and 13: 269, 270
emissions 13: 233 amplitude modulation pattern 13: 310
auditory mechanism, evolution 13: 338 muscle activity, co-ordination, sound

auditory neurons 13: 315 production and 13: 245
female, phonotaxis 13: 278 non-resonant sound emissions 13: 234
phonotactic response 13: 271, 272 nymphs, sound production 13: 317
frequency, innate releasing mechanism phonotaxis, innate releasing
and 13: 278 mechanism 13: 280
hair sensilla 13: 282, 284 pulses per chirp, phonotactic response
HF-unit 13: 313 13: 273
LF-unit 13: 314 resonant sound emissions 13: 232
muscle activity, co-ordination, sound song patterns 13: 237, 238
production and 13: 245 evolution 13: 332, 333
phonotaxis, innate releasing sound production, central nervous system
mechanism 13: 280 and 13: 264, 265, 267
pulses per chirp, phonotactic response sound production, proprioceptive
in 13: 272, 273 control 13: 256, 257
segmental auditory neurons 13: 302 stridulatory patterns, modification by
song patterns 13: 238 external stimuli 13: 252
evolution 13: 332 tympanal organs 13: 292, 293, 296
sound patterns, stridulatory movements Gryllus campestris, globuli cells 15: 334
and neuromuscular activity 13: Gryllus campestris, synaptic
246 potentials 7: 365, 366
threshold curves 13: 311 Gryllus domesticus 19: 341
tympanal nerve projections 13: 299 carbohydrate in haemolymph 4: 292, 300,
301
tympanal organs 13: 292, 293
sterol utilization 4: 163
Gryllus bimaculatus, choline 9: 74
thoracic dorsomedian muscles in
Gryllus bimaculatus, coloration 8: 156, 183,
ecdysis 2: 182
186
Gryllus domesticus, cholinergic system
Gryllus bimaculatus, melanization 1: 83
1: 5
Gryllus campestris (cricket) 23: 3
Gryllus domesticus, digestion and
Gryllus campestris 19: 34; 26: 54; 27: 37, conversion 5: 253, 257, 264, 271
149; 28: 190; 29: 159, 161, 180, Gryllus domesticus, effect of CA on
197, 200– 222, 252 respiration 12: 295
sound communication Gryllus domesticus, ommochromes
baffled sound radiator 10: 265 10: 151
ear, frequency selectivity 10: 283 Gryllus firmus 25: 166; 29: 168, 212, 230
harp, properties 10: 258– 262 Gryllus fultoni 29: 167, 230
resonant sound radiation 10: 263 Gryllus integer see Gryllus texensis
singing efficiency 10: 268 Gryllus lineaticeps 29: 168, 169, 221,
Gryllus campestris, amplitude modulation, 223, 241
innate releasing mechanism Gryllus pennsylvanicus 29: 166
and 13: 269 Gryllus pennsylvanicus, alkane
amplitude modulation pattern 13: 310 biosynthesis 13: 18
auditory mechanism, evolution 13: 338 2-methylalkanes in 13: 4
calling song 13: 268 Gryllus rubens 29: 167, 229– 232, 251
contralateral co-ordination, sound Gryllus texensis 29: 220, 224, 227,
production and 13: 250 229– 233, 241, 242, 251, 252
female, phonotactic response 13: 271, Gryllus, innervation of tracheae 3: 302
272 Gryllus, ocellar nerve neurosecretory
flight metabolism, development 13: 200 cells 12: 71
flight muscles, maturation 13: 208 Gryllus, ocelli 7: 135, 136
hair sensilla 13: 283 G. bimaculatus 7: 142
Gryllus, sound production, central nervous movement, endocrine control 12: 301
system and 13: 263 muscles 6: 206, 207
Gryllus, sperm axoneme 9: 342, 345 neurosecretory innervation 12: 74
GSH 4: 107 ommochromes 10: 161, 175– 177
GTP (Guanosine triphosphate) 24: 223 pterine content 6: 182
GTP cyclohydrolase in pteridine sugar absorption 4: 297– 299, 320
biosynthetic pathway 16: 138 sugar levels 4: 296
GTPase, sperm 9: 352 trehalase 4: 310– 316, 319, 320, 324
Guaiacol 23: 52 trehalose 4: 319– 322
Guanase tryptophan oxygenase 10: 184
in uricolytic pathway 4: 36, 37 Gut factor 19: 1, 2
in uricotelic pathway 4: 41 Gut formation, pterygotes 19: 193
role in ammonia synthesis 4: 42 Gut function 19: 303
Guanidinium, glutamate receptors 24: 323 Gut function, bloodsuckers 19: 281
Guanine Gut function, cockroaches 19: 216
in uricolytic pathway 4: 34 – 36 Gut function, locusts 19: 260
in uricoteic pathway 4: 41 Gut function, mosquito larvae 19: 222
Guanosine 28: 30 50 -cyclic monophosphate Gut function, organization lepidopteran
(cGMP) signalling 28: 39 –41, 212 larvae 19: 243
Guanosine 30 50 cyclic monophosphate see Gut function, organization, dipteran
cyclic GMP larvae 19: 221, 263
Guanosine monophosphate 24: 223, 332 Gut function, organization,
30 ,50 -Guanosine monophosphate, cyclic, Orthoptera 19: 257
eclosion hormone and 15: 534
Gut function, termites 19: 301
Guanosine triphosphate 24: 223
Gut juice, CPV 26: 253, 254
Guanosine, enzymic deamination 4: 36, 37
Gut morphology 19: 189
Guanosine, in folic acid synthesis 6: 185
Gut morphology, hemipterans 19: 286
Guanyl nucleotide binding protein
Gut morphology, larval mosquitoes 19: 218
(G’protein) 24: 185, 186, 186, 223
Gut morphology, lepidopteran
Guanylyl cyclase 24: 223, 331
Guanylyl cyclases 29: 2 – 22 larvae 19: 223
atypical 29: 15 – 19 Gut morphology, liquid/animal
biochemical properties 29: 11 – 15 feeders 19: 275
ligands and activators 29: 8 –11 Gut morphology, locusts 19: 248
receptor 29: 3 – 11 Gut morphology, solid/animal
sensory receptor 29: 5 feeders 19: 268
sequence analysis 29: 3 – 8, 11 –15 Gut morphology, termites 19: 298
soluble 29: 11 – 15 Gut muscles
Guide, sound, use in sound emission 10: biogenic amines in control of 15:
264– 267 421– 426
Guidepost hypothesis 27: 168– 170 innervation 15: 421, 422
Gustatory sensilla, and saliva 9: 212 pharmacological studies 15: 422– 426
Gut (see Alimentary canal) Gut passage time 19: 187
Gut Gut segment length 19: 302
active transport of water 4: 298 Gut shape 19: 302
amylase in 4: 334, 335 Gut structure 19: 303
Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 282– 285, 283 Gut ultrastructure 19: 189
chitinase activity 4: 345 Gut wall, and carbohydrate metabolism 4:
evacuation, and frost resistance 6: 26 320, 321, 335
extract, rhythmic sensitivity to 10: 31 Gut, choline 9: 75, 76
juvenile hormone 24: 224, 225 Gut, emptying 16: 87– 91
lipase 4: 98 – 101, 111– 113 Gut, moulting fluid 26: 169, 170
Gut, polytene chromosomes 7: 7, 31, 37, 52, in acridids, composition after

53 feeding 16: 85
Gut, septate junctions in 15: 63, 64 in flies, effect of feeding 16: 86
g-Gutamyl transpeptidase 13: 75 in lethal mutants 3: 103, 104, 108
in Musca domestica 13: 77, 78 in pupa 3: 92
Gut and osmotic regulation 1: 320– 329, ionic composition 9: 274– 277
336, 337, 339, 347, 391 juvenile hormone 24: 215, 216, 244, 246,
osmoregulation 247
non-electrolyte fraction 1: 328, 329 epidermis 24: 230, 234
role of excretory system 1: 331, 332, fat body 24: 235, 238, 239
334, 336– 340 lipase in 4: 111, 112, 113
uptake of inorganic ions 1: 341– 347 lipid in 4: 97, 99 – 109, 116, 126, 135,
140– 142, 146, 168, 178, 209
Haemolymph (terrestrial insects), ionic and magnesium in 4: 23
osmotic regulation neurohormones in 17: 230
ionic composition and diet 1: 352– 359, octopamine in 17: 181– 183, 192, 234,
391 235
role of excretory system 1: 359– 378 ommochromes 10: 161, 176
potassium concentration and muscle
Haemolymph 21: 114, 133, 134
membrane potential 4: 4
adipokinetic hormone in 17: 157– 159, 176
properties 6: 214–222
amino acids in 3: 62, 69, 70, 73, 75, 77, 78
proteins in
ammonia in 3: 73
and nutrition 3: 100
amylase in 4: 334, 335
function 3: 87
and chitin metabolism 4: 343, 345
genetic control of synthesis 3: 111
and electrically excitable ontogenetic patterns 3: 85 –87
membranes 6: 264, 266 synthesis 3: 111, 87, 89
and flight muscles 3: 338 total content 3: 85
and membrane potential 6: 222, 235, 237, respiratory fuels in 17: 150, 151, 154,
240, 242 184, 185
and pterines 6: 178, 181, 182 trehalose 17: 151– 153, 159, 176– 178,
and spiracle activity 3: 311, 317 269
and synaptic membranes 6: 245, 247 sex-specific differences 3: 96
and trehalose-trehalase physiology sodium in 4: 22
4: 311, 312, 317– 324 sugar levels
and yolk 3: 101, 102 effect of hormones 4: 336– 340
biosynthesis of trehalose 4: 304, 305, 309 in insects 4: 291– 298
choline 9: 75 regulation 4: 297– 301, 309, 329
circadian variation in metabolites 10: 30, synthesis of dihydroxyphenols 2: 186
31 transaminase activities 3: 80
circulation of neurosecretory tyrosinase activity in 2: 190
product 2: 250, 254, 301, 310, 311 urea content 4: 41
diacylglycerols in 17: 151, 153, 159, 160, 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 127
164– 174, 176– 179, 186– 190 Haemolymph proteins
eicosanoids antibacterial proteins 22: 330– 341
immunity 24: 163, 164, 164– 166 chromoproteins 22: 358– 362
lipid mobilization 24: 177, 178 clotting 22: 356, 357
reproduction 24: 151– 156, 153 current technology 22: 301–303
thermobiology 24: 175 enzymes 22: 345–350
enzymes in 3: 87 immunological techniques 22: 303
“glycogen” in 4: 292– 294, 326, 327 lectins 22: 341, 342
hydrocarbons in 4: 155, 156 lipophorin 22: 315– 322
ovarian uptake 22: 322– 330 Half-imagoes, Papilionid butterflies 6: 15,

PAGE separation 22: 303 16
peptides 22: 350– 357 Halictine bees, social, caste functioning in,
protease inhibitors 22: 342– 344 dominance and 16: 200
purification 22: 301, 302 Haliplidae, epidermal cells 5: 96
sequencing information 22: 302, 303 Hall-generators, stridulatory movements
specific transport proteins 22: 362– 365 and 13: 236
storage proteins 22: 303– 315 Hallucinogen 24: 324
summary and conclusions 22: 364, 365 Haloperidol, adenylate cyclase activity
Haemolymph transport, see circulation and 15: 441
Haemolymph, and regulation of ionic Haltere fibres, projection 14: 310
composition of tissues 1: 383, Haltere sensilla, bithorax mutants 14: 309
385– 387 Halteres 27: 18
Haemolymph, arthropods, water Halteres and flight 5: 198, 292
incorporation into 14: 41 Halys, haemocyte numbers 11: 142, 144
Hyalophora cecropia, composition Hamaker curve of, [K] influence on
14: 156 interaction energy 4: 274
ionic composition 14: 186, 200– 203 Hapalothrix, spiracular gills 5: 139
Manduca sexta, composition 14: 156 Haplodiploidy 23: 119, 126
pharate pupal integument between Hardening, cuticle, in ecdysis 15: 541–546
moulting fluid and, diffusion Hardening, role of haemocytes
barrier across 14: 157, 158 11: 189– 192
proteins, uptake by oocytes 14: 91 – 97 Hardy-Weinberg population
assumptions 23: 121
Haemolymph, calcium
Harmala alkaloids, and salivary gland
concentration 19: 158
stimulation 9: 8, 9
Haemolymph, ionic composition of
Harmaline, and salivary gland stimulation
1: 211– 216, 324, 352– 359
9: 8
Haemolymph, osmoregulation
Harp, cricket
brackish water insects 1: 321, 322,
baffled sound radiator 10: 265
336 mechanism 10: 255
freshwater insects 1: 320, 321, 336 sound radiating properties 10: 260– 262
salt-water larvae 1: 323, 324, 336 vibrational properties 10: 258– 260
Haemonchus contortus 26: 80 Harpalus aeneus, trachea and flight
Haemophysalis leporispalustris, feeding 3: 331
rhythms 10: 9 Harpalus spp. lipid content 4: 73, 94
Haemopoietic organs 21: 91 – 93 Harpegnathos 28: 115, 119, 133
endopterygota 21: 93, 131 Harvestmen 24: 72 – 74, 76
exopterygota 21: 92, 93 Hatching
Haemorrhage, effect on haemocyte behaviour 15: 482– 486, 513
numbers 11: 143, 150 and physiology in 15: 476
Haemostasis, role of haemocytes 11: 136, prehatching and 15: 483, 484
137, 156– 169 timing 15: 476, 477
Haenschiella ecuadorica 29: 176, 239 Hatching, circadian rhythm of 10: 15, 16,
Haglid ear 29: 181 91, 95
Hair receptors, sound, 10: 271, 290, 291 Hatchlings, maternal effects on 23: 22 – 26
Hair sensilla 27: 3 Haversian system, collagen orientation
Hair sensilla in sound research 13: 282– 285 4: 221
Hairs on wing, and flight 5: 165, 177, 198 Hawkmoth (Manduca sexta) 21: 4
Hairs, and bristles, development, see Bristles abdominal ganglion 21: 28
Hairs, Arthropoda 24: 67 gin-trap reflex 21: 15, 16
Hairs, receptor, and regeneration 6: 128 neuroblasts in 21: 8
neurogenesis in 21: 7 effect of chlorinated hydrocarbons

Hawkmoth, sound 10: 271, 289, 290 2: 221
Hawkmoth, tracheae and flight 3: 335 effect of nicotine 2: 221– 224
Hawkmoths 26: 310, 326, 328, 329, 338, effect of rotenone 2: 221
340, 341 inhibition of corpus cardiacum
H-cell 24: 37 effect 2: 225– 228
H-cells 28: 208, 209, 211 nervous control 2: 223– 225
3
H-Decamethonium binding component in neurohormonal control 2: 228– 230
Musca domestica head role of pericardial cells 2: 226
extracts 15: 282 Heart rate in ecdysis 15: 558
20-HE 21: 25 Heart, and cyclic AMP 9: 16, 21, 32, 41
Head Heart, biogenic amines and 15: 414– 420
heat loss from 20: 130 Heart, polytene chromosomes 7: 9
and blood circulation 20: 132 Heat exchange, see Thermoregulation
in honey bees 20: 131, 132 and heat exchange
temperature in flight 20: 132, 133 Heat flux between insects and surrounding
Head nerve centres 19: 117 air 15: 7
Head tissues, trehalose biosynthesis Heat shock protein, juvenile
4: 306 hormone 24: 244
heart, mammalian Heat shock, effect on puffing 7: 50, 51
and fatty acid synthesis 4: 128 Heat storage, evaporation ofwater from
role of PL 4: 138, 144 insects and 15: 8
Head, larval Endopterygota, sensilla Heat-shock responses 28: 53
on 16: 268– 275 Heide amiculi 27: 192
Hearing organs, structure of 29: 170– 178 Heliaeshna, tracheae and flight 3: 343
acridid ear 29: 176– 180 Heliconiinae, wing pigmentation 10: 129,
age, changes with 29: 181 130
gryllid ear 29: 180, 181 Heliconius melpomene, ecdysis, circadian
haglid ear 29: 181 rhythms and 15: 480
tettigoniid ear 29: 171–176 Heliconius, ommochromes 10: 156, 168,
Hearing, postembryonic development 13: 170
319, 320 H. errato 10: 162
Heart Helicoverpa zea 26: 16; 28: 275, 300;
endocrine control 2: 225– 231; 12: 301 29: 305, 377, 384
innervation 2: 222– 224 Heliocopris colossus, chitin orientation
musculature 2: 220, 221 4: 221
neurosecretory innervation 12: 74 Heliocopris colossus, tracheae and
Heart accelerating peptides 13: 97 – 101 flight 3: 335, 336
amino acid compositions 13: 98, 99 Heliocorpus sp., metabolic rate, bodyweight
isolation 13: 98, 99 and 13: 141
origin 13: 99, 100 Heliotaurus spp., lipid content
physiological function 13: 100, 101 4: 74, 75
release 13: 99, 100 Heliothis 19: 42 – 45, 98
site of synthesis 13: 99, 100 virescens 24: 290
Heart muscle, FMRFamide-related peptides zea 24: 129, 245
on 28: 302, 303 Heliothis armigera 25: 7; 26: 238, 248, 255,
Heart rate 264, 268, 279
effect of acetyicholine Heliothis nigricans, biological activity of
antagonists 2: 221, 223 alkanes and alkenes in 13: 23
effect of acetylcholine 2: 221, 222, 229 Heliothis virescens 19: 40; 25: 8, 17; 26: 35,
effect of anticholinesterases 2: 222 279; 28: 48, 223; 29: 1 – 3, 26, 33,
effect of biogenic amines 2: 222, 223 366, 372, 377, 384
Heliothis virescens, alkanes in, function Hemianax 24: 26

13: 24 Hemiandrus 29: 228, 229
biological activity of alkanes and alkenes Hemicholinium-3 29: 116, 120
in 13: 23 Hemicholinium-3, ganglionic synaptic
flight metabolism, development and transmission sensitivity to
senescence 13: 203 acetylcholine and 15: 250
methylalkanes in 13: 9, 11, 12 Hemichordates, septate junction in 15: 66
Heliothis virescens, resistance to Hemichroa alni
parasites 11: 173 nitrogenous excretion 4: 52
Heliothis viriscens 21: 105, 107, 149, 150 Hemicordulia tau 25: 166
Heliothis zea 19: 239; 25: 4, 8, 20, 36; Hemideina 27: 32, 33, 68; 29: 228
27: 115 Hemideina crassidens 27: 37, 50, 61;
Heliothis zea, ascorbic acid requirement 29: 156, 157
1: 81 Hemideina femorata 27: 144, 145; 28: 190,
Heliothis zea, biliprotein 22: 361, 362 224
Heliothis zea, biological activity of alkanes Hemidesmosomes 14: 189; 15: 75
and alkenes in 13: 23 development 15: 84
methylalkanes in 13: 11, 12 mosquito midgut 15: 78
Heliothis zea, choline metabolism Hemiganglion 24: 17
enzymes 9: 85, 89, 90 Hemimetabola 21: 5, 6
in development 9: 57 see also Schistocerca
lipids 9: 74 eicosanoids 24: 140
water-soluble metabolites 9: 67, 69 homologous structures 24: 17, 55, 56,77
Heliothis zea, food utilization 5: 244 juvenile hormone 24: 216, 235, 238, 239,
Heliothis zea, insecticide susceptibility 241
rhythm 10: 28 Hemimetabola, gene activity during
Heliothis zea, resistance to parasites development 11: 322, 324, 371
11: 173 Hemimetabola, larva, tryptophan
Heliothis, haemocyte phagocytosis 11: 187 10: 199– 201
Heliotis 27: 18 Hemimetabola, nervous system
Helisoma duryi 24: 161 development 6: 99, 101, 104, 105, 107
Helix antenna and olfactory centre 6: 117, 118
neurones, acetylcholine receptors 15: 273 central body 6: 121
tight junctions in 15: 143 corpora pedunculata 6: 120
Helix aspersa 28: 308 eye 6: 111
Helix aspersa, action of GABA 22: 67,68 optic lobe 6: 112
Helix aspersa, neurones, acetylcholine regeneration 6: 129
receptors 15: 273 Hemimetabolous insects, flight metabolism,
Helix pomatia, heart 1: 35 development 13: 198– 200
Helix, neurone 1: 441 Hemiodoecus veitchi, salivary glands 9: 226
Helminthidae, epidermal cells 5: 96 Hemiptera 19: 6, 196, 265; 24: 136, 141,
Helodes, osmoregulation haemolymph 183, 214, 253; 28: 190, 215
1: 321, 329 chitin orientation 4: 221, 229, 231, 232,
uptake of inorganic ions 1: 346 234
Helophilus, ocellus 7: 108, 110, 131 choline metabolism 9: 56, 58, 71, 73,
Hemaris spp., metabolic rate 13: 146 78, 82
Hematin 24: 149 colour vision 2: 163
Hemerocampa (Orgya) pseudotsugata daily growth layers 10: 20
26: 269 embryonic pattern specification 12: 129
Hemerodromia unilineata, spiracular gills flight
5: 147, 148 muscle differentiation 5: 219
Hemiacridinae, coloration 8: 147, 149, 154 reflexes 5: 200, 204
food Heparin, effect on blood clotting 11: 164

intake 5: 241 Hepialus humuli, digestion and
utilization 5: 259, 260 conversion 5: 251, 258, 269
frost resistance 6: 28 Hepoxilins 24: 117, 122, 123, 127
ganglia 6: 101 Heptacosadiene, circadian variations in
haemocyte ultrastructure 11: 118 10: 31
lipid content 4: 78 2-heptanone 23: 132
mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 262 Heptaozoon catesbianae 28: 54
neurosecretory cells Heritability 23: 159, 160
brain 12: 88, 93 Hermissenda 27: 410
extraganglionic 12: 74 Herse, neurosecretory cells
median 12: 84 during life history 12: 99
protocerebral 12: 79, 86 protocerebral 12: 81
total 12: 92 Hesperidae, lipid content 4: 75
uniqueness of secretion 12: 101 Hestina japonica, larva, frost
nitrogenous excretion 4: 43, 44, 48– 50 resistance 6: 28
ommochrome distribution 10: 153 Hestina japonica, ommochromes 10: 155,
oocyte-nurse cell syncytium 167, 176
germarium 11: 226 HETE see Hydroxypolyenoic fatty acid
germinal vesicle 11: 283 Heteracris vinaceus, coloration 8: 151
microtubules 11: 302 Heterochromatin proliferation
RNA transport 11: 279 7: 23, 24
trophic chamber 11: 255 Heterodimers 24: 23, 220, 221
pigmentation 6: 150 Heteronychus arator 25: 44
pterines 6: 148, 153 Hetero-oligomers 24: 334
saliva see Saliva Heteropeza pygmaea 19: 38, 124
size, chemoreceptor numbers and 16: 310 Heteroptera 24: 26, 82
sperm 9: 327, 355, 381 antennae, sensilla on 16: 289, 290
thoracic gland 2: 258, 259 feeding habits, sensilla numbers
uricolytic enzymes 4: 48 and 16: 324, 325
Hemiptera thoracic tympanal organs 27: 14, mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 262
15 saliva
Hemiptera, CNS and epidermis 8: 178 composition 9: 205, 207– 209, 213,
Hemiptera, juvenile hormone 26: 2, 11 – 13, 214, 216
20, 21 evolution 9: 245– 247
Hemiptera, ocellus 7: 99 feeding 9: 191–196
Hemipteroid insects, mouthparts, sensilla glands and ducts 9: 184, 225, 234, 235
on 16: 262, 263 methods 9: 189
Hemipteroidea origin 9: 236, 241
antennae, sensilla on 16: 286– 290 size, chemoreceptor numbers and 16: 310
chemoreceptor populations, evolution sperm 9: 327, 370
and 16: 331 Heteroptera, germarium 11: 229, 256– 260
food specificity 16: 327, 330 Heteroptera, haemolymph 6: 216, 217
size, chemoreceptor numbers and 16: 310, Heteroptera, haemolymph, ionic
311 composition 14: 202
Hemisaga denticulata 29: 190 scent glands 14: 351 –418
Hemolymph (see Haemolymph) Heteroptera, Malpighian tubules 8: 283
Hemolymph circulation 13: 178, 179 Heteroptera, nitrogenous excretion 4: 48, 49
Hemolymph lipid, hormonal control Heteropterans, sexual behaviour 19: 99
13: 175, 176 Heteropternis, coloration 8: 154, 159, 186
Hemolymph sugar, hormonal control H. couloniana 8: 156
|13: 173– 175 HETP, as an anticholinesterase 1: 8, 24
Hex-2-enal in scent gland secretions 14: 398 endocrine control 2: 237, 238
Hex-2-enyl acetate, in scent gland innervation of 2: 232, 233
secretions 14: 398 pharmacology 2: 236, 237
Hexameric storage proteins 26: 6, 26 – 28 Hindgut 19: 329
Hexamethonium Hindgut muscle 25: 309
circle-giant-interneurone synaptic Hindgut stimulating neurohormone 19: 6
transmission and 15: 253 Hindgut, calcium absorption 19: 168
effect on dorsal unpaired median Hindgut, eicosanoids 24: 135
neurones 15: 265 Hindgut, excretion 8: 286– 319, 321
on Periplaneta motoneurone Ds15: 265 amino acids, sugars 8: 304
ganglionic nicotinic receptor anterior to rectum 8: 287– 289
antagonist 15: 216 Calliphora 8: 295, 296
Hexamethonium, effect on heart rate 2: 221, cuticular lining 8: 304– 307
223 ion absorption 8: 303, 304
Hexanal in scent gland secretions 14: 398 rectum, action 8: 289– 291
Hexokinase, in Bombus hortorum 13: 192 Schistocerca 8: 291– 295
in flight muscle metabolism 13: 172, 173 Tenebrio 8: 310– 319
Hexokinases, in glucose biosynthesis and Thermobia 8: 307– 310
utilization 4: 302, 305 water absorbtion 8: 296–303
Hexosamine Hind-gut, fluid of 1: 369, 377, 378
and chitin metabolism 4: 343 Hind-gut, trehalase activity 4: 311, 312
protein-bound in fat body 4: 341 Hippodamia convergens 24: 142; 26: 56
Hexyl acetate in scent gland secretions 14: Hippotion celerio 26: 340
398 Hirudin, effect on blood clotting 11: 164
Hibernacula, frost resistance 6: 4 Hirudo 29: 98
Hibernation, CPV 26: 276 Hirudo medicinalis 19: 7
Hierodula crassa, regulation of feeding Hirudo medicinalis, central nervous system,
constancy of intake 11: 89 acetylcholine receptors 15: 271
deprivation and visual threshold 11: 42 Hirudo, neurones, acetylcholine
meal size 11: 78, 79 receptors 15: 275
rate of ingestion 11: 85 His cuticulin 26: 175
High performance liquid chromatography Histamine 24: 182; 28: 113
(HPLC) 296, 297, 305 Histamine (HA) 29: 91
High voltage paper electrophoresis, proctolin Histamine transporter (HAT) 29: 58,
characterization 19: 4 121– 123
High-affinity glutamate transporters background 29: 121, 122
(EAATs) 29: 59 distribution 29: 123
Higher termites kinetics and pharmacology 29: 123
caste development, endocrine molecular biology 29: 123
in 16: 206– 209 Histamine, and salivary gland 9: 6, 7
seasonal factors 16: 178 Histamine, effect on heart rate 2: 223
High-performance liquid chromatography, Histamine, excretion 4: 49
eicosanoids 24: 117, 180 Histidine 28: 174, 312, 313
biosynthesis 24: 138, 144, 145 excretion 4: 35, 49, 53
reproduction 24: 149, 151– 153, 153 in uric acid synthesis 4: 40
High-speed photography, stridulatory saliva 9: 218, 221
movements and 13: 236 sperm 9: 331
Hind-gut Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) 29: 58
contractions Histidine decarboxylase synthesis 28: 113
effect of acetylcholine 2: 236 Histidine, in resilin 2: 34
effect of indolalkylamines 2: 237 Histoblasts, juvenile hormone 24: 234, 235
effect of LSD and BOL 2: 237 Histochemistry
in lipid metabolism studies 4: 118, 140, optic lobe 6: 113

148 perineurium 6: 109
in study of chitin 4: 236 regeneration 6: 129
of corpus allatum 2: 291 Holometabolous insects, fibrillar
of neurosecretory substance 2: 257 muscles 13: 203–206
Histochemistry of neurosecretory Holometabolous insects, see circulation and
cells 17: 213 tracheal ventilation
Histology Holopterna allata, scent gland secretion
of corpus allatum 2: 291 components 14: 398
of neurohaemal organs 17: 243, 245 Holthuisana transversa 19: 157
of neurosecretory cells 17: 207–217, 256 Homarus 24: 64 – 67
of neurosecretory cells 2: 248, 249, 258 americanus 24: 174
of thoracic gland system 2: 258– 260, 275 Homarus americanus 19: 7; 29: 317
of tracheloes 17: 91 – 95 acetylcholine receptors 15: 274
visualization 17: 95 – 98 catecholamine synthesis in 15: 350
Histology, of the nervous system 1: 178, neurones, acetylcholine receptors 15: 275
179, 404 putative aminergic neurones, vesicle
Histolysis 26: 86, 87 characteristics 15: 348
Histolysis, and chromosome Homarus americanus, plasma membrane
puffing 7: 62 – 64, 68 permeability 14: 212
Histones, and chromosome Homarus sp., chitin fibril orientation 4: 225,
puffing 7: 19 – 22, 45 227
Histones, sperm 9: 331, 335 Homarus, nerve 1: 186
Histophysiological studies of neurosecretory Homeostasis, and hormonal action
cells 17: 258, 259 2: 311– 314
Histophysiological studies, brain 19: 60 Homeostasis, plasma; haemocytes
History, colour vision 2: 131– 135 in 11: 198– 201
HIV 26: 282 Homeotic genes, Arthropoda 24: 78
Hog intestine, trehalase 4: 315 Homeotic transformation, antennae into
Holomelina opella nigricans, alkanes in, legs 14: 306– 308
function 13: 24 Homochromy 23: 13, 15, 16, 21
2-methylalkanes in 13: 4 black 23: 18
Holometabola 21: 5 brown 23: 16
see also Drosophila, Manduca, Tenebrio Homocysteate 24: 312, 333
absence of glutarate pathway 10: 133 Homocysteine, and choline
eicosanoids 24: 140 metabolism 9: 52 – 55
homologous structures 24: 8, 17, 77 Homodimers, steroid hormones 24: 220
interneurons 24: 43, 52, 56 Homoestatic mechanisms, involvement of
motoneurons 24: 25 circadian clock 4: 244
juvenile hormones 24: 215– 217, 235, 239 Homo-g-linolenic acid 24: 118, 120, 121,
larva, behaviour 10: 311 122, 123– 125, 167, 176
metamorphosis, tryptophan 10: 201– 212, biosynthesis 24: 136, 140, 142, 143,144
219 lipids 24: 132, 132
Holometabola, cocoon escape 2: 177 oxygenation 24: 131
Holometabola, nervous system Homology in cuticular proteins 17: 16, 21,
development 6: 98, 99, 101 24 – 26
antenna and olfactory centre 6: 117, Homology, nervous system,
118 Arthropoda 24: 1, 2, 77 – 80, 82
corpora pedunculata 6: 119– 121 see also Chelicerata, Crustacea, Insecta,
eye 6: 111, 112 Myriapoda
glia 6: 107 concept of the identified neurone 24: 4, 5
neurons 6: 105, 106 definition
catalogue for 24: 14 – 16 Honey bee 1: 128, 131, 144, 294 504; 23: 3,
criteria for 24: 12 – 14 118; 26: 324, 325, 336, 342
historical aspects 24: 10 – 12 age polyethism 23: 133
development and arousal syndrome, extended 23: 90
immunohistochemistry 24: 7 – 10 colony fission demography change 23: 135
morphology to genetics 24: 5 – 7 compound eye, tight junctions in 15: 135
new approaches 24: 2, 3 demography changes 23: 134
visual systems 24: 76, 77 division of labour genetics 23: 117– 162
Homometabolous insects, food intake genetics 23: 119– 127
in 16: 99 genotypic composition of colonies
Homona magnanima 25: 36 23: 124, 125
Homo-oligomers 24: 334 haplodiploidy 23: 119
Homoptera 9: 67, 69; 24: 140, 141; 26: 13 mating behaviour 23: 120, 121
egg size 12: 133 polyandry and genotypic variability
fatty acid content 4: 91, 93 23: 126
neurosecretory cells polyandry and sex determination
brain 12: 93 23: 121– 124
protocerebral 12: 80, 84, 86 sex determination 23: 119, 120
total 12: 92 insecticide design 23: 105
uniqueness of secretion 12: 101, 103 scalariform junctions in 15: 168
nitrogenous excretion 4: 49, 50 societies and organizational structure
saliva 23: 156– 160
composition 9: 205– 207, 212 behavioural canalization and
heritability 23: 159, 160
evolution 9: 245– 247
behavioural modularity 23: 157– 159
feeding 9: 191, 192, 194– 196
division of labour evolution 23:
glands and ducts 9: 184, 185, 225, 234
156– 160
origins 9: 236– 238
subfamilies and given tasks 23: 138
sperm 9: 327, 345, 365, 370
Honey bee, sperm 9: 324, 338
uricolytic enzymes 4: 50
Honey bees 20: 55 –86
Homoptera, antennae, sensilla colour learning 20: 64, 65
on 16: 286– 289 conditioning 20: 57 – 60
Homoptera, differentiation of flight alpha 20: 58
muscles 5: 219 and memory phases 20: 59
Homoptera, germarium 11: 229 compound 20: 59
Homoptera, septate junctions in 15: 63 in odour learning trials 20: 64
Homorocaruphus nitidulus, flight fuel inhibition 20: 58
13: 165 operant 20: 60, 61
resonant sound emissions 13: 232, 233 Pavlovian 20: 57
Homorocoryphus 29: 235 ethology 20: 55, 56
Homorocoryphus nitidulus vicinus, tympanal birds, enemy learning 20: 56
organs 13: 296 flower handling learning 20: 76 – 78
Homorocoryphus nitidulus, experiments 20: 77, 78
coloration 8: 153 foraging cycle 20: 61 – 63
Homorocoryphus subvitlatus, flight fuel and class of bee 20: 61, 62
13: 165 dances, information from 20: 62
Homorocoryphus, sound conduction 10: 277 navigation 20: 62
Homosynaptic modulator, proctolin 19: 19 target selection 20: 63
Homotrixa alleni 29: 166, 230, 232, 233 heat loss
Homozygosity, lethal 23: 119 from head 20: 131, 132
Homozygous expression 23: 120 from thorax 20: 129– 131
Homozygous queens, double 23: 120 landmark learning 20: 67 – 69, 71 – 74
and pictorial memory 20: 73, 75 segmentation genes 25: 108– 110
cognitive maps 20: 69, 70, 72, 73 thoracic glands 2: 259
in hierarchy of cues 20: 73, 74 variability at population level 25: 126,
route specific sets 20: 68 127
triangulation 20: 71, 73 variability within colony 25: 127, 128
learning in, octopamine on 28: 240– 242 vision
odour learning 20: 63, 64 electrical responses 3: 20, 23, 24
conditioning trial 20: 64 movement perception 3: 9
sensory biology, learning in 20: 78 –81 post-retinal fibres 3: 40
acoustic sense 20: 80, 81 resolution 3: 7
colour resolution 20: 79 Honey-bees
magnetic sense 20: 79, 80 caste development in 16: 170
visual threshold 20: 79 trophogenic factors 16: 193– 195
shape and pattern learning 20: 65 – 67 caste formation, endocrine
in hierachy of cues 20: 67, 71 in 16: 215– 224
parameter hypothesis 20: 65, 66 queen pheromone, effect on worker
pictorial memory 20: 66, 68 behaviour 16: 185
time learning and memory social, caste functioning in, dominance
organization 20: 74, 76 and 16: 200, 201
in hierarchy of cues 20: 76 Honeybees. See Apis mellifera
unpaired median neurons in 28: 213, 237 Honeycomb, utilization of 4: 100, 101
Honeybee (see also Apis mellifera) Honeydew
Honeybee amino acid content 4: 49
Africanized bee problem 25: 138–140 trehalose in 4: 321, 322
amino acids 3: 96 Honeydew excretion in aphids 5: 241, 242
dwarf 25: 135 Hoplismenus obscurus, frost resistance 6: 29
elongation factor 1 (EF-1) 25: 107, 108 Hopper 23: 12 – 18
flight muscles 3: 138 behaviour and activity 23: 31 – 33
gene activity in embryonic development 23: 26 – 28
development 25: 124 Horaia, spiracular gills 5: 139
genes and sequences 25: 107– 114 Hordeum mutinum, effect on Lasiocampa
genes coding for venom excretion 4: 55
compounds 25: 110– 112 Hormonal control mechanisms, flight muscle
genetic variability among metabolism 13: 173
species 25: 131– 133 Hormonal control of behaviour 10: 297– 352
genetical research 25: 106, 107 during life history 10: 311– 340
in situ hybridization 25: 1l3, 114 activation of adult behaviour 10: 314,
initiation of pupation 2: 253 315
innervation of heart 2: 224 circadian rhythms 10: 337– 340
mitochondrial DNA markers 25: 129, 130 larva 10: 311–314
mitochondrial genes 25: 116, 117 migration and orientation 10: 333– 337
mitochondrial genome 25: 114– 122 reproductive behaviour 10: 316– 333
length variation 25: 117– 122 effect on behaviour 10: 300– 303
non-coding sequences 25: 117– 122 modifier effects 10: 301– 303
molecular biology 25: 105– 149 releaser effects 10: 303
molecular phylogeny 25: 130, 131 endocrine system 10: 298– 300
molecular variability within mode of action 10: 303
species 25: 133, 134 neurophysiological studies 10: 305– 311
nuclear DNA markers 25: 125– 128 CNS 10: 305– 309
nuclear genes 25: 107– 114 peripheral action 10: 309– 311
population variability 25: 125– 130 Hormonal control of
pumping 3: 282 metabolism 12: 239– 323
amino acid metabolism 12: 286–294 thoracic gland system 2: 258– 271
bursicon 12: 291– 293 Hormonal regulation and division of
juvenile hormone 12: 288– 291 labour 23: 131– 133
moulting hormone 12: 287, 288 Hormonal regulation of plasticity 23:
nitrogen metabolism, and CC 12: 294 132– 136
carbohydrate metabolism 12: 247– 270 Hormone
diapause hormone 12: 254– 259 brain (see Brain hormone)
hyperglycaemic hormone diapause 2: 279
12: 259– 268 inactivation at high
juvenile hormone 12: 249– 254 temperature 2: 276, 277
medial neurosecretory cell juvenile (see Juvenile hormone)
hormone 12: 268, 269 moulting (see Moulting hormone)
moulting hormone 12: 247– 249 prothoracotrophic 2: 207
octopamine 12: 269, 270 thoracic gland
5-hydroxytryptamine 12: 270 metabolic and cytological
hormones 12: 241–247 effects 2: 263– 267
adipokinetic hormone 12: 246 “wound” 2: 267, 268, 271, 277
biogenic amines 12: 247 Hormone action, role of cyclic AMP and
brain hormone 12: 244, 245 Calcium 9: 1 – 49, see Cyclic AMP
bursicon 12: 246 Hormone control of luminescence 6: 54
diapause hormone 12: 245, 246 ‘Hormone response elements’ 24: 219
hyperglycaemic hormone 12: 246 Hormone, plant, in saliva 9: 216
juvenile hormone 12: 243, 244 Hormone-induced changes in insect nervous
moulting hormone 12: 241– 243 systems 28: 144
lipid metabolism 12: 270 –286 Hormones
adipokinetic hormone 12: 283– 286 adrenaline 4: 12
diapause hormone 12: 281, 282 and control of gonad development 11: 366
hyperglycaemic hormone 12: 282, 283 and control of haemocyte
juvenile hormone 12: 271– 281 populations 11: 141– 151
respiration 12: 294– 305 and diapause
isolated tissues 12: 301– 303 chilling 2: 274– 277
mitochondria 12: 303– 305 effect of injury 2: 277, 278
saturniid labial gland, metamorphosis maternal control 2: 279, 280
12: 3 nature of state of 2: 278, 279
uniqueness of secretion 12: 102– 106 role of endocrine organs 2: 271– 275
Hormonal control, chloride transport 19: 350 and embryonic development 21: 12, 13
Hormonal control, flight muscle and fat body structure and
development 13: 209, 210 function 11: 372– 376
Hormonal control, fluid reabsorption, and formation of proteinaceous
hindgut 19: 329 spheres 11: 351
Hormonal regulation and glycogen synthesis 7: 296
and diapause 2: 271, 280 and glycogenolysis 7: 294, 295
and metamorphosis 2: 280– 296 and ionic regulation 3: 186
hind-gut 2: 237, 238 and isoprenoid compounds 4: 176– 186
Malpighian tubules 2: 239 brain 4: 177, 178
metabolism 2: 207– 316 juvenile 4: 177, 180–185
mid-gut 2: 236 moulting 4: 171, 172, 177, 179, 180
neuro-endocrine system 2: 248– 258 queen substance 4: 186
of heart rate 2: 225–231 sex attractants 4: 186
of insect development 21: 7 – 12 and postembryonic
of neurite outgrowth 21: 22, 23 development 21: 13 – 26
reproduction 2: 296– 307 and sex determination in aphids 3: 221
and wing dimorphism in aphids3: 257– 265 metabolic

brain hormone 3: 166, 167 homeostasis 2: 311– 314
control of reproduction 2: 296– 307 humoral integration 2: 286, 314– 316
corpora allata, and fat biosynthesis 7: 318 types 2: 308– 311
corpus cardiacum, and crowding 8: 177 metabolism of, role of haemocytes 11: 201
corpus cardiacum, and trehalose mode of action 3: 54
biosynthesis 7: 303 moulting 4: 171, 172, 177, 179, 180
cortisone 4: 210 precursors 4: 146, 176
diuretic, Malpighian tubules 8: 238, 254, purification 4: 177, 180
260– 262 rectal ion absorption 8: 303, 304
ecdysone (see Ecdysone) vertebrate
ecdysone 4: 336, 338 and lipid metabolism 4: 184
ecdysone, and chromosome water loss from cockroach and 15: 2
puffing 7: 32 – 40 Hormones and circadian rhythms
ecdysteroids 21: 7 – 9, 12, 13, 16, 23, 26 cancer induction 10: 42
effect of lipids on 4: 146 synthesis, cycles 10: 91, 92, 95
effect on carbohydrate metabolism 4: 288, Hormones see endocrine organs
309, 336– 340 Hormones, definition 24: 219
effect on ecological adapatation 16: 203, see also Juvenile hormone
204 ecdysteroid action 24: 221, 222
effect on enzymes 4: 143 eicosanoids 24: 185, 186
effect on lipid metabolism 4: 184, peptide hormone action 24: 219, 222,223
336– 339 steroid hormone action 24: 219– 221,
effect on postembryonic 220, 223, 248
programming 16: 203 thyroid hormone 24: 219, 220, 253
effect on respiration 4: 337, 340 Hormones, FaRPs as 28: 293– 295
effect on tarsal threshold 11: 25, 26, 31, Hormones, moulting and 14: 110– 115
32 Hormones, moulting fluid 26: 213– 217
effect on wax production 4: 155 Hormones, release, neural control
from CC, during feeding 11: 61, 66 13: 176– 178
gap junction permeability and 15: 104 Horn, mole cricket, sound emission 10:
gonadotrophic 4: 177, 180, 184 265– 267
grasshopper coloration Hornets, kinins from 13: 116–168
corpus allatum 8: 178– 180, 182, 183 Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) 28: 209
corpus cardiacum 8: 180– 182 Horseradish peroxidase
juvenile 8: 179, 181, 183 intercellular junction permeability studies
others 8: 181– 183 and 15: 42
growth 4: 70, 81, 177, 179 tight junctions and 15: 127
juvenile (JH) 21: 7, 9, 13, 15, 16, 21 Host – parasite
juvenile relationships 24: 180, 181, 183
and carbohydrate metabolism 4: 336 House flies. See Musca domesticus
and lipids 4: 81, 336 Houseflies
mode of action 4: 177, 184, 185 central body complex, biogenic amine
purification 4: 180– 184 localization in 15: 337
synthetic substances 4: 210 compound eye, tight junctions in 15: 135
juvenile hormone mushroom bodies, function 15: 337
(see Juvenile hormone) Housefly (see also Musca domestica)
juvenile hormone conversion of glucose to lipid
and chromosome puffing 7: 46, 47, 53, 4: 148
54, 93 hexokinase activity in flight muscle
and differentiation 7: 258 4: 302
and pattern formation 7: 225, 226 sterol in diet 4: 160, 161
Housefly Human brain L-proline transporter

cholinergic system 1: 7, 9, 13, 14, 16 – 18, (HPROT) 28: 177
25, 29, 34, 37 Human nor-epinephrine transporter
cytochrome b 7: 323 (hNET) 29: 93
DDT 8: 22 Human, ionic composition of nerve and
fat biochemistry 7: 317 muscle 1: 215
insecticide resistance 8: 66 – 72 Humans, trimethylalkanes in 13: 17
insecticide susceptibility rhythms 10: 27 Humbe tenuicornis 23: 17
lipid nutrition 1: 70 – 72 Humbe, coloration 8: 154, 159
ommochromes 10: 165 H. tenuicornis 8: 156, 179
oxidative metabolism 3: 155 Humeral imaginal disc, polytene
parathion 8: 31 chromosomes 7: 7
pentose phosphate pathway 1: 128 Humidity cell, temperature regulated 14: 38
respiratory control 3: 150, 165 Humidity, and grasshopper
sarcosomes 3: 141, 145, 146, 148 coloration 8: 169, 172, 173
trehalase 7: 298 Humidity, effect on feeding activity 11:
Housefly, choline metabolism 9: 62, 63, 69, 18 – 19
70, 82 Humidity, insect equilibrium weight and 14:
Housefly, JH and trehalose level 12: 253 8
Housefly, see Flies Humidity, insect water loss and 15: 9
Hovering flight, metabolic rate 13: 146 Humidity, sound attenuation 10: 269– 271
HPETE see Hydroperoxy fatty acids Hummingbird, metabolic rate during
HPLC see High-performance liquid flight 13: 136, 137
chromatography Humoral agent, inhibitory, in
3
H-Quinuclidinyl benzilate, binding to low luminescence 6: 73
speed extracts 15: 237– 240 Humoral control
HSP70 28: 53 in nervous system development 6: 104
5-HT (5-Hydroxytryptamine) 24: 131, 179, in nervous system regeneration 6: 130
182 Humoral defence mechanisms
5-HT 23: 83, 85, 90 21: 109– 112
Calliphora salivary glands 9: 2 – 5 antibacterial proteins 21: 109– 111
compared with other hormones 9: 32– 41 serum lectins 21: 111, 112
control of metabolism 9: 37 – 39 Humoral immunity 24: 162, 163, 277
epinephrine and heart 9: 36 Hunting wasps (see Wasps)
excitation – secretion coupling 9: 36, 37 Hyaline hacmocytes 11: 158– 162, 168, 179,
pre- and post-synaptic transmission 180
9: 34 –36 Hyalobius pales, choline metabolism
slime mould aggregation 9: 33, 34 enzymes 9: 85, 89, 90
transporting epithelia 9: 39 – 41 Hyalomma dromedarii, atmospheric water
intracellula messengers 9: 12 – 21 absorption in 14: 15
calcium 9: 19 – 21 Hyalophona
cyclic AMP 9: 12 – 19 brain hormone 2: 256, 272, 273
mode of action, cyclic AMP and changes in brain during diapause
Calcium 9: 21 – 32 2: 27
effect on potential 9: 23 – 26 corpus allatum and juvenile hormone 2:
ion transport 9: 26 – 28 255, 257, 292– 295, 300
time course 9: 28 –31 corpus cardiacum 2: 251
model of hormone action 9: 31, 32 dormant tissues 2: 278, 279
receptor interaction 9: 5 – 12 injury and diapause 2: 277
5-HT see Serotonin neurosecretory cells 2: 250, 251, 255,
5-HT See Tryptamine, 5-hydroxy 273
thoracic gland hormone 2: 260, 265, trehalases 4: 313, 315

272, 283 trehalose 4: 304– 308, 325
Hyalophona cynthia (larva), haemolymph cardiac muscle 6: 207
protein 3: 87 chitin and glycogen synthesis 4: 328
Hyalophora (larva) chitin metabolism 4: 341, 342, 344, 345
haemolymph proteins 3: 85 chromosome puffs 3: 187
spiracles 3: 301 circadian rhythms 10: 11, 12, 52, 53,
Hyalophora (pupa) 340
amino acids 3: 92 colour vision 2: 133
cytochromes 3: 94 corpus allatum and juvenile
protein synthesis 3: 92 hormone 2: 281, 282, 296, 312
RNA 3: 92 corpus allatum and reproduction 2: 299,
spiracles 300
control 3: 308, 309 cytochrome system 2: 263, 264
independent activity 3: 317,319 –321 ecdysis, integrative processes 15: 567
ventilation 3: 299, 300 ecdysone 3: 170
Hyalophora (see also Platysamia) eclosion 15: 498
Hyalophora 19: 90, 98, 102, 112, 115; 26: behaviour 15: 506
31, 302 behavioural switching and 15: 518
ecdysone developmental readiness 15: 481
and DNA 3: 182 eclosion hormone and 15: 496
and mitochondria 3: 94 eclosion hormone 15: 505, 530
haemolymph proteins in egg 3: 101 effect of ecdysone on diapause 2: 271, 272
isoenzymes 3: 110 electrically excitable membranes 6: 268
moulting fluid 3: 75 enzymes 3: 160, 161, 163– 165
spiracles and tracheae 3: 303, 305, 309 eye 3: 36
spiracular muscle fat body
effect of carbon dioxide on glycogen phosphorylase 4: 333, 334
membrane 4: 6 glycogen synthetase 4: 331
spontaneous activity of membrane -haemolymph 4: 297
4: 23 fatty acid oxidation 4: 121– 126
Hyalophora cecropia (larva) frost resistance 6: 19, 20, 28, 31, 32, 38,
haemolymph proteins 3: 87 40, 42
potassium secretion 3: 185 gene activity
Hyalophora cecropia (pupa) before pupariation 11: 364
protein synthesis 3: 92 cocoonase proteins 11: 367
respiratory enzymes 3: 67 larval fat body 11: 350, 351, 353
Hyalophora cecropia 19: 51, 160, 162, 166, larval storage proteins 11: 355, 356
224– 229, 237, 369; 27: 272, 273, protein uptake, epidermis 11: 362
295, 298, 316, 376; 28: 170, 171, vitellogenin synthesis 11: 366
175; 29: 23, 27 haemocytes
adult eclosion 15: 503 blood clotting 11: 159
alkali metal ions 3: 185 protein 11: 343, 344, 349
amino acids in embryo 3: 62 wound healing 11: 178– 179
bioenergetics 3: 156 hormones
biogenic amine biosynthesis in 15: 354 effect on aphids 3: 260, 261
carbohydrate metabolism juvenile 3: 167, 168
and flight 4: 329 hormones and behaviour
and haemolyrnph 4: 293, 297, 299, 300 adult 10: 315
glucose 4: 301 cocoon construction 10: 314
“injury factor” 4: 339, 340 eclosion 10: 307, 308
interconversion 4: 148–151 female receptivity 10: 321, 325
juvenile hormone 10: 304 moulting, ecdysone and 14: 115

oviposition 10: 300, 329, 330 fluid 14: 132– 160
juvenile hormone 26: 15, 17, 25, 53, 59, anionic composition 14: 154
70, 101 composition 14: 156, 157
K+ regulation 3: 183, 184 osmotic pressure 14: 154
lipid content 4: 77, 81, 85, 90, 96, secretion and resorption, active ion
103– 105, 117, 140– 142, 182 movements during 14: 158
lipid utilization 4: 103– 116 juvenile hormone and 14: 112
moulting fluid 26: 165– 167, 171– 175, pharate pupal haemolymph,
179, 194, 199, 201, 203 composition 14: 157
neurosecretory cells 2: 249, 254 pharate pupal integument, active transport
ommochromes of potassium across 14: 139
ganglia pigmentation 10: 169 potassium active transport across
localization 10: 154, 160 14: 136
ommins 10: 141 plasma membrane permeability 14: 212
oocyte-nurse cell syncytium restrictive barrier between moulting and
asychronous division 11: 265, 267, 268 haemolymph in 14: 157
classes of RNA, 286, 288, 289 staging 14: 171, 179– 181
cytoplasmic streaming 11: 293 time course in development of 14:
DNA under-replication 11: 271, 272 173– 181
electrical polarity and protein vitellin, characteristics 14: 67
transport 11: 224, 225, 294– 304 vitellogenin in 14: 51
end of synchrony 11: 263 and vitellin in 14: 52
fusome, rosette formation 11: 235, 236,
characteristics 14: 67
237, 243
Hyalophora cecropia, choline metabolism
germinal vesicle 11: 281, 285
enzymes 9: 85, 88
intercellular bridges 11: 232, 244
lipid-soluble metabolites 9: 75, 76
intercellular transport 11: 307
water-soluble metaboiltes 9: 66, 67, 70
oöplasmic mitochondria 11: 290, 291
Hyalophora cecropia, excretion
protein synthesis 11: 290
overwintering and sorbitol production labial glands 8: 210
4: 346 midgut 8: 206
post ecdysial cell death 15: 563 Hyalophora cecropia, hyperglycaemic
respiratory quotient 4: 87, 88 hormone 13: 104
sterol in phosphorylase activity 13: 105
and hormones 4: 178– 185 Hyalophora cecropia, trehalose in blood
biosynthesis 4: 161, 167, 168 of 1: 118
function 4: 176 Hyalophora cecropira
modification 4: 174, 175 hormones
tyrosinase activity in 2: 196 adipokinetic 12: 285, 286
Hyalophora cecropia pioneering hyperglycaemic 12: 263
studies 21: 26, 110, 119, 135 juvenile 12: 272, 273, 278
Hyalophora cecropia, cell shape 14: 124 moulting 12: 249
decay profile in 14: 141– 147 phosphorylase activity 12: 258
diet 14: 169 neurosecretory cells
electrically excited responses 14: 228 anatomy 12: 109
fibrous cuticle formation in 14: 120 protocerebral 12: 81
haemolymph, cation composition 14: 151 Hyalophora cernopia (silkmoth) 24: 162,
composition 14: 156 226
larval pupal ecdysis, cell shape and Hyalophora cynthia, alkali metal ions 3: 185
14: 122 Hyalophora euryalus, lipid content 4: 77
larval pupal transformation 14: 125 Hyalophora gloveri 27: 311
Hyalophora spp., eggs, non-specific proteins circadian clock 4: 234, 239

in 14: 90 cuticular structure 4: 231, 232
fat bodies, vitellogenin secretion by 14: Hydrocyrius, daily growth layers 10: 21
80 Hydrocyrius, flight muscle 4: 25
haemolymph, vitellogenin in 14: 59 Hydrogen
micropinocytosis in 14: 91 Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 292, 293, 294,
ovariectomy, vitellogenin and 14: 60 295
vitellogenin biosynthesis and 14: 84 gut 24: 283, 283, 294, 295
ovaries from, vitellogenin uptake Hydrogen bonding, of chitin 4: 215, 217, 218
specificity and 14: 94 Hydrogen ions, in insect myoplasm
vitellogenesis in male milieu in 14: 87 14: 205
vitellogenin, amino acid composition plasma membrane permeability 14: 216,
14: 68 217
biosynthesis, control in 14: 69 Hydroids, septate junctions in 15: 43
genetic control 14: 86 Hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine 9: 87, 88
identification by immunodiffusion Hydroperoxidase 24: 195, 196
in 14: 57 Hydroperoxy fatty acids (HPETEs) 24: 119,
mode of entry 14: 91, 92 121, 122, 125
Hyalopterus pruni, lipid content 4: 78 12-HPETE 24: 179
Hyalopterus pruni, metabolites, saliva 5-HPETE 24: 122, 125, 126
9: 218, 219 Hydroperoxyendoperoxide 24: 122, 124
Hyaluronic acid, in insect tissues 4: 341 Hydrophilis, purine metabolism 1: 156
Hyaluronidase, saliva 9: 204, 210 Hydrophilus 26: 321
Hyaluronidase, salivary gland 7: 62 Hydrophilus piceus, contraction of heart
Hybomitra lasiophthalma, tarsal muscles 2: 220
thresholds 11: 32 Hydrophilus piceus, oxygen consumption
Hybosciara fragilis, “DNA puffs” 7: 23 5: 108
Hybosciara, polytene chromosomes 11: 331 Hydroprene 24: 214, 253; 26: 8, 9, 35,
Hydra 51 – 53, 63
desmosomes in 15: 82 Hydroquinone 24: 149
gap junction in 15: 97, 103 Hydroscapha natans, spiracular gills
septate desmosomes in 15: 43 5: 156
septate junctions, function 15: 72 Hydroscaphidae, spiracular gills 5: 105,
Hydration, cuticle 4: 277, 278 156, 158, 159
Hydration, state of; effect on meal Hydrostatic pressure
size 11: 74 eversion of wing buds 2: 210, 211
Hydrobius fuscipes, water balance 1: 348 in crop 2: 235
Hydrocarbons relation to rate of active transport
cuticular 4: 152– 155 2: 77
extra-cuticular 4: 155– 157, 169 role during ecdysis 2: 183, 210, 211
Hydrocarbons in insect cuticular lipids 15: role in water movement 2: 117, 118
23 Hydrous piceus, carbohydrate in
Hydrocarbons, circadian variations in 10: 31 hemolymph 4: 294
Hydrocarbons, cuticular 23: 30 Hydrous, neurosecretory cells 2: 250
Hydrocarbons, long-chain methyl Hydrous, protocerebral neurosecretory
branched 13: 1 –33 cells 12: 83
Hydrochloric acid, rejection thresholds 3-Hydroxy anthranilic acid 10: 131, 132
to 11: 34, 35 and absence of glutarate pathway 10: 133,
Hydrochloride exchange excluded 19: 366 134
Hydrocorisae, saliva 9: 204, 192, 231, 235 determination 10: 121
Hydrocyrius colombiae in ommochrome biosynthesis 10: 136,
chitin orientation 4: 221, 231, 234 194, 195
3-Hydroxy kynurenine, in tryptophan ! Hydroxyl groups, and quinone

ommochrome pathway 10: tanning 21: 190
127– 130 Hydroxylapatite (HAP) 26: 59, 60
and ommochrome deposition 10: 164 Hydroxylation reactions 6: 190
as ommochrome precursor 10: 136 of fatty acids 6: 172
determination 10: 121 of kynurenine 6: 172
detrimental effects 10: 220 of phenylalanine 6: 170, 171
during colour change 10: 176 of tryptophane 6: 172
early recognition 10: 119 of tyrosine 6: 171, 172
egg 10: 197– 199 Hydroxypolyenoic fatty acids (HETEs)
in larva 10: 200 24: 119, 121, 122, 125
in metamorphosis 10: 202– 205, 207– 212 8-HETE 24: 161
in ommochrome biosynthesis 10: 195, 12-HETE 24: 168
196 15-HETE 24: 154, 154, 180, 194, 195,
tryptophan balance 10: 219 196
3-hydroxy kynureninase 10: 189–193 Hydroxy-p-quinone 27: 284
Hydroxy proline, in resilin 2: 3, 34 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 28: 38
5-Hydroxy tryptamine and plasticity in insect nervous
and locomotor rhythm 10: 42 systems 28: 128, 132, 143
and oviposition behaviour 10: 329 in unpaired median neurons 28: 223
circadian rhythms of 10: 33 5-Hydroxytryptamine 24: 131, 179,
diel rhythm 10: 40 182
10-hydroxy-D2-decenoic acid, pharyngeal 5-hydroxytryptamine
effect on neuromuscular transmission
gland 6: 186
1: 30, 31
2-hydroxy-30 ,40 dihydroxyacetophenone
occurrence of 1: 31, 34 – 38
27: 267– 269, 306, 307
6-hydroxytryptamine see serotonin
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase,
5-Hydroxytryptamine, and carbohydrate
juvenile hormone
metabolism 12: 247, 270
biosynthesis 18: 339
5-hydroxytryptamine, as a neuromuscular
20 -Hydroxy-40 -methoxyacetophenone blocking agent 4: 11, 16
24: 183 5-hydroxytryptamine, see 5-HT
20 -Hydroxy-40 -methoxypropiophenone 5-hydroxytryptophane, and salivary gland
24: 183 stimulation 9: 7
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 27: 239, 309– 311 Hygrobia, nurse cell development
Hydroxycholesterol, structure 4: 158 11: 265
20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) 28: 129 Hygroreceptors, grasshoppers
Hydroxyecdysone (20HE) 8: 173
juvenile hormone 26: 1, 16 – 20, 23, 24, Hygroscopic compartment, atmospheric
35, 41, 44, 80, 85, 87, 101, 111 water absorption in arthropods
moulting fluid 26: 213– 217 and 14: 9
20-Hydroxyecdysone 24: 225, 226, 243, 244 Hygroscopic fluid, production in
epidermis 24: 227, 228, 232, 233 arthropods 14: 36, 37
fat body 24: 238 Hygroscopy, atmospheric water absorption
mechanism of action 24: 244, 250– 253 and 14: 9
muscle 24: 240 Hygrothermal control, microclimate
nervous system 24: 243 and 16: 32 – 41
Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid 24: 117 Hylemya 19: 86
Hydroxyendoperoxide 24: 122, 124 Hylemya antiqua, choline metabolism 9: 57,
Hydroxyethyl-o-benzoquinone 27: 262, 306 73
Hydroxyl exchange excluded 19: 366 Hylemya antiqua, thiotic acid requirement
5-Hydroxytryptamine 19: 2 1: 78
Hylemya brassicae 19: 85 uniqueness of secretion, 104

Hylemya brassicae, fatty acid content nitrogenous excretion 4: 51, 52
4: 95 ocellus 7: 99, 101, 103, 131
Hylephila, flight and temperature 5: 321 ommochrome distribution 10: 158
Hyles euphorbia, oxygen consumption, flight oocyte-nurse cell syncytium
and 13: 135 end of synchrony 11: 263
Hyles lineata 29: 294, 301 fusome 11: 243
Hyles lineata, oxygen consumption, germinal vesicle 11: 282, 285
bodyweight and 13: 141 mitotic synchrony 11: 250, 305
during flight 13: 135, 142 RNA synthesis 11: 278
power output, neural control 13: 155 pigmentation 6: 150
Hylesia, neurone 1: 431, 432 polymorphism 23: 3
Hylotrupes bajulus, sterol utilization 4: 163 pterines 6: 148
Hymenolepis diminuta 26: 81; 21: 112 resilin in cuticle 2: 15
Hymenoptera 19: 6; 23: 118, 123; 24: 142, respiration 7: 269, 271
183; 28: 119, 122, 187, 190 social 16: 168
antennae, sensilla on 16: 297– 300 caste development 16: 183
biogenic amine distribution in 15: 321 caste formation in, endocrine
carbohydrate in haemolymph 4: 294 in 16: 209– 224
choline metabolism caste functioning in, dominance
lipid-soluble metabolites 9: 71, 73, 82 and 16: 197– 201
phosphoryl choline 9: 69 development 16: 175, 176
requirements 9: 92 dominance in functioning of castes
synthesis 9: 91, 327, 345, 365, 370 in 16: 196
circadian rhythms 10: 9, 21 seasonal factors 16: 178
circulation and tracheal ventilation 26: thoracic glands 2: 258
305, 308, 316, 324, 325, 339, 342 uricolytic enzymes 4: 52
cocoon escape 2: 177 Hymenoptera, biological activity of alkanes
colour vision 2: 163 and alkenes in 13: 22
corpora pedunculata 6: 119 dimethylalkanes in 13: 14
corpora pedunculata, biogenic amine flight fuels, mobilization 13: 170
distribution in 15: 332 methylalkanes in 13: 6, 18, 11
cuticle structure 4: 226 oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 136
division of labour 23: 128 Hymenoptera, flight
embryonic pattern specification 12: 133, muscle differentiation 5: 219
184– 287 reflexes 5: 204
environmental physiology 16: 38 – 40 stability 5: 196
families and different relationships 23: Hymenoptera, haemolymph, ionic
125 composition 14: 202
fatty acid content 4: 95 Hymenopterous parasites, defence reactions
food intake, reproduction and 16: 99 against 11: 173, 174
frost resistance 6: 29 Hyocephalus spp., metathoracic scent
gene activity 11: 351, 370 glands, morphology 14: 374
glycolysis 7: 304 scent gland secretion components 14: 398
haemolymph 6: 216, 217 Hypera, protocerebral neurosecretory
haplodiploidy 23: 119 cells 12: 83
juvenile hormone 26: 6, 14, 15, 21 Hyperaemia 24: 182
lipid content 4: 81 Hyperecdonism 21: 11
neurosecretory cells Hyperglycaemic hormone 12: 103, 246; 13:
brain 12: 94 101– 105, 174
during life history 12: 97 in carbohydrate metabolism 12: 259– 268
protocerebral 12: 82, 85 – 87 in lipid metabolism 12: 282, 283
neural control 13: 177 Hypopharyngeal bladder in Arenivaga, water

physiological activity 13: 103, 104 absorption and 14: 31
physiological function 13: 105 Hypopharyngeal gland 23: 132
release in flight 13: 177 Hypoplasia, in eye development 6: 117
site of synthesis 13: 103 Hypoxanthine
structure 13: 101, 102 enzymatic oxidation 4: 37
Hypergregarious 23: 10 in excreta 4: 52, 56
Hyperin, aphid saliva 9: 219 in protein metabolism 4: 41, 58
Hyperlipaemia 23: 84 in uricolytic pathway 4: 35, 36;
Hyperphagia, as result of nerve, section 4: 35, 41
11: 28, 47, 48, 56 – 59, 61, 62 Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl
Hyperplasia, in regeneration of nervous transferase (HPRT) 28: 34
system 6: 125 “hysteresis”, effect of carbon dioxide on
Hyperpolarization 24: 312, 313 muscle 4: 26
of muscle fibre membrane and electrically
excitable response 4: 22 Ibotenate, glutamate receptors 24: 311, 312,
and inhibitor axons 4: 7, 19 314, 332, 333
and peripheral inhibition 4: 17, 18 skeletal muscles 24: 315, 316, 323, 329,
effect of carbon dioxide 4: 6 330
125
effect of chloride ions 4: 5 I-a-bungarotoxin binding sites
effect of GABA 4: 19 distribution in 15: 240
effect of temperature 4: 7 central nervous system, acetylcholine
Hyperpolarizing potentials, and inhibitory receptors, comparisons 15: 267
postsynaptic potentials 4: 18, 19 cholinergic receptors, comparative
Hypersensitivity reactions, pharmacology 15: 269
eicosanoids 24: 122, 162 heads, 125I-a-bungarotoxin-binding
Hypersynthesis phenomenon 26: 281, 282 component from, purification
Hypertrehalosaemia 23: 84 15: 234
Hypertrehalosemic hormone (HTH) 26: 104 extracts 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate
binding components 15: 238
Hypertrophy, polytene chromosomes 7: 52,
homogenates, 3H-quinuclidinyl
53
benzilate binding components
Hyphantria cunea, fatty acid content 4: 95
15: 237
Hyphantria cunea, feeding
low speed extracts, 125I-a-bungarotoxin
and age 5: 268
binding to 15: 227
and crowding 5: 265 putative acetylcholine receptors,
and sex 5: 271 pharmacological profiles
and temperature 5: 266 15: 232
and utilization of nitrogen 5: 274 5-HT distribution in 15: 325
Hyphantria cunea, lipids containing Ibuprofin 24: 180
choline 9: 74 Ice nucleators 26: 276
Hypoderma bovis, secondary chitin Ice, and frost resistance 6: 3 –13, 24 – 26, 39,
orientation 4: 267 42 – 44
Hypodermis 6: 112 Ichneumonid wasp, embryonic pattern
ommochromes 10: 160, 161 specification 12: 187
photosensitivity 10: 44 Ichneumonid wasp, proteinaceous
Hypoenura 24: 141 spheres 11: 353
Hypoglycaemic factor 12: 103 Ichneumonidae 26: 324
Hypolipaemic factor 12: 246, 247 frost resistance 6: 34
Hypolipaemic factor, and flight pterines 6: 149
metabolism 17: 184, 192, 193 Ichneumonids, ocelli 7: 101
Hypolithus bicolor 26: 170 Ichthyomyzon unicuspis 27: 336
Ictinogomphus ferox Imaginal gene set, translation

control mechanisms of spiracle of 11: 364– 372
3: 307– 310 Imaginal midline neurons (IMN) 28: 218
synchronized activity of spiracles Imaginal moult 2: 176
3: 312 Imaginal wing disks
Identification, lipid 4: 72, 73 development 18: 182– 186
Identification, proctolinergic system venation 18: 182– 186
ensp;19: 13 Imaging systems in compound eye 3: 6
Identified neurone, Arthropoda 24: 4, 5 Imaginicaducous musculature 2: 181
Identity, neurohormonal factors 19: 115 Imidazole 26: 218
Idioglochina marmorata, spiracular gills (N a-Imidazoleacrylyl)-
5: 80, 81 VFLRFamide 28: 312
Idioglochina, spiracular gills 5: 75, 78, 80, Imipramine 29: 104, 105
113, 123, 130 Immune responses in Drosophila 28: 55
Idiosyncratic workers 23: 148 Immune system 22: 330, 331
Idotea balthica 24: 63, 68 Immunity
IGRs see insect growth regulators Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 277
Ilybius fenestratus, F8-hydroxyquinaldic eicosanoids 24: 122, 162– 168, 164– 167,
acid 10: 131 175, 190, 196, 197, 198
Ilyocoris cimicoides, metathoracic scent Immunity, role of haemocytes
glands, morphology 14: 372, 373, in 11: 170– 181
385– 387 Immunocompetent cells 24: 163
scent substances 14: 358, 384 Immunocytes 24: 163
Immunocytochemistry of unpaired median
antimicrobial properties 14: 402
neurons 28: 210– 212
cytological sources 14: 395
Immunodiffusion, vitellogenin identification
scent surface 14: 384
by 14: 57
Images, in compound eye 3: 1 – 52
Immunogold labelling of FMRFamide
(see also Compound eye)
related peptides 28: 289
diffraction images 3: 11 – 16, 38, 42
Immunohistochemistry 28: 272
erect image in Lymantria 3: 3 of FMRFamide-related peptides 28: 28,
first 3: 14, 15 1–9
formation 3: 10 –15 cell-specific processing 28: 288, 289
in Lampyris 3: 16, 17 immunogold labelling 28: 289
movement over photoreceptors 3: 18 Immunohistochemistry,
overlapping 3: 11 Arthropoda 24: 6 –10, 33, 46, 78
size 3: 11 Immunological techniques
spacing of photoreceptors in relation and protein synthesis 17: 9, 10
to 3: 16 on apoproteins 17: 171
Imaginal disc on cuticular proteins, 16, 50
gap junction in 15: 95 on neurosecretory cells 17: 209,
septate junctions in 15: 62 222– 230
Imaginal discs 24: 215, 218, 225, 233– 235 Immunological techniques, haemolymph
Imaginal discs, action and function of 2: 262, proteins 22: 303
269, 287, 293 Immunomodulation, eicosanoids 24: 180,
Imaginal discs, choline 9: 75 181
Imaginal discs, determination during Immunoprecipitation, vitellogenin
development 16: 201 identification by 14: 61
Imaginal discs, development 7: 236– 257, Immunoreactivity, Arthropoda 24: 47, 48
see Discs crustacean cardioactive
Imaginal discs, embryonic pattern peptide 24: 51 – 54, 53, 54
specification 12: 198, 200 FMRFamide 24: 49 – 51
proctolin 24: 48, 49, 49 Information storage, glutamate

serotonin 24: 54 – 57, 56 receptors 24: 309
Implantation, in cuticle lamellogenesis Infra-red chromatography, in lipid studies 4:
studies 4: 257– 260 172, 177
In situ hybridization 25: 321– 324 Infra-red spectrometry, in cuticular wax
In situ hybridization of FMRFamide-related studies 4: 153
peptides 28: 289, 290 Infra-red spectroscopy
Inachis (Vanessa) io, ommochrome in lipid studies 4: 186, 187
distribution 10: 155 of chitin orientation 4: 217
Inachis io 25: 10, 45 Infrared thermometer in insect water loss
Inactivation process, in muscle fibre measurements 15: 20
membrane 4: 21, 22 Ingestion
Inactivation, proctolin 19: 11 initiation of 16: 60 – 67
Individuals, relationships of 23: 125 mechanism 16: 60
Indoalkylamines Ingestion, regulation of 11: 45 – 87
effect on heart rate 2: 223 meal size 11: 42 – 85
excitation of hind-gut 2: 237, 238 Aedes aegypti 11: 83, 84
in opaque accessory glands 2: 240 Chortoicetes terminifera 11: 69 – 76
in pericardial cells 2: 227 Glossina brevipalpis 11: 82, 83
Indolamines 22: 171– 174 Hierodula crassa 11: 78, 79
serotonin immunostaining Locusta migratoria 11: 59– 69
patterns 22: 171, 172 Lucilia cuprina 11: 79 – 81
Indole acetic acid, saliva, and Phormia regina 11: 4, 7– 59
phytopathogenicity 9: 219, 220, Pieris brassicae 11: 77
222– 225, 249 Pieris rapae 11: 76, 77
Indole compounds, function of (see also Rhodnius prolixus 11: 83
5-hydroxytryptamine) 1: 30, 36, rate of ingestion 11: 85 – 87
38 Inhibition
Indomethacin 24: 130, 157, 166, 167, 170, and neuromuscular transmission 4: 17 –20
170, 171, 171, 194, 195 of lamellogenesis of chitin 4: 236, 238,
Induction, in bithorax mutant neural 239
development 14: 313 Inhibition in synaptic transmission 5: 43,
in optic lobe development 14: 298, 300 52 – 54, 57
neural development and 14: 276– 279 Inhibition of luminescence 6: 69 – 73, 75
retina development and 14: 288 Inhibition, Central, and learning 9: 162
Induction, juvenile hormone 26: 87 Inhibition, reproduction 19: 120
Inertial force 23: 178, 179, 187 Inhibitor
resolved-flow analysis 23: 189 flight muscle respiration 4: 122
Inertial pressure drag 23: 183 metabolic 4: 7
Infection 21: 121, 122 wax hardening 4: 153
AIDS 21: 125 Inhibitor axons, action in muscle 4: 7,
Infection, modification of polytene 17 – 20
chromosomes 7: 51 – 54 Inhibitors
Inflammation, eicosanoids 24: 122, in glyceride synthesis 4: 108
162 in sterol synthesis 4: 176
Influx of sodium and potassium into nerve in trehalose biosynthesis 4: 308, 309
1: 222, 223 lipase 4: 113, 115
Information processing during of trehalase activity 4: 313, 315,
feeding 16: 75 – 77 322– 324
Information processing in ocellar system, see Inhibitors, eicosanoid biosynthesis 24: 183,
ocellar system 184
Inhibitors, metabolic; effect on blood Inner Optic Anlage 14: 291

clotting 11: 164 Innervation
Inhibitors, sodium transport, hindgut 19: 380 heart 15: 414– 417
Inhibitory axon, and salivary glands, catecholamine
membranepotential 6: 232 distribution and 15: 403– 405
Inhibitory fibres, and regeneration 6: 126 Innervation, of muscle 4: 7, 8, 15
Inhibitory inputs, and feeding Inosine monophosphate, cyclic, postecdysial
regulation 11: 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, cell death and 15: 565
77, 84, 86, 87, 94 Inositol 28: 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inhibitory neurons 24: 15, 24 signaling 28: 50 – 52
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials Inositol triphosphate (IP3) 24: 173, 174,
14: 207 223
Inhibitory responses Inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)
in neuromuscular transmission associated PKG substrate
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials 4: 18, (IRAG) 29: 29
19 Inotropism, and cyclic AMP 9: 36
interaction with excitatory responses Inputs, afferent, giant fibres 8: 128– 130
4: 20, 18 Insara covilleae 29: 235
ion basis of postsynaptic potentials Insara elegans 29: 235
4: 19, 20 Insect
peripheral inhibition 4: 17, 18 developmental status of haemocyte
pharmacology of inhibition 4: 19, 20 in 21: 116– 119
Injection of dyes in tracheoles 17: 95 –98 early see early insects
Injury endocrine (hormonal) regulation in
and diapause 2: 277, 278 development 21: 7 – 12
and liberation of brain hormone 2: 253, families 23: 173
254 flight 23: 171– 208
and metabolism 2: 264, 265, 273, 314, 315 growth regulators (IGRs) 23: 53, 54
and production of juvenile peptidergic 23: 54
hormone 2: 293, 314, 315 phase polymorphism 23: 7, 8
of diapause pupae integument pigments 23: 15
effect on blood trehalose level 4: 299 polymorphism and endocrine
effect on carbohydrate metabolism relations 23: 1 – 4
4: 333, 339, 340 regenerative responses
“wound” hormones 2: 267, 268, 271, 277 of neurons 21: 43 –58
Injury by frost 6: 14 –24 stress in 21: 119
Injury metabolism, haemocytes in 11: 136, Insect CNS, evidence of cholinergic
137, 143 neurotransmission 22: 120
Innate releasing mechanisms 13: 268– 281, Insect egg
319, 320 composition 22: 322
acoustic behaviour and 13: 279– 281 egg lipophorin 22: 328, 329
song patterns and, evolution 13: 329– 332 vitellogenin 22: 322– 328
song specific, interspecific hybrids 13: Insect growth regulator (IGR) 26: 2, 218
326– 329 Insect growth regulators 24: 253, 254
Innate releasing mechanisms, interspecific Insect growth regulators, ecdysis failures
hybrids 13: 326– 329 and 15: 575
postembryonic development 13: 319 Insect immune system 22: 330, 331
song patterns, genetics 13: 324– 326 Insect pests, biological control of 25: 15 – 22
sound patterns, stridulatory movements Insect virology 25: 1– 73
and 13: 236 Insecta, neural systems, homology 24: 2, 7,
tympanal organs 13: 285– 288, 294, 16, 17
296 compared to Crustacea 24: 68, 69, 70
interneurons 24: 33 changes in nerve and muscle 8: 21 – 31

immunoreactivity 24: 47 – 57, 49, 53, mechanisms 8: 31 – 56
54, 56 insecticidal action 8: 3 – 5
suboesophageal ganglion 24: 36, molecular mechanisms 8: 78 – 80
40 –42, 42 nerve excitation 8: 5 – 21
supraoesophageal ganglion 24: 42 –47, resistance 8: 65 – 72
45 structure – activity relation 8: 72 – 78
ventral nerve cord 24: 33 – 40, 38, 41 temperature coefficient 8: 56 – 65
motoneurons 24: 17, 18 Insecticides see Bacillus thuringiensis
phylogenetic considerations 24: 24 – 28, Insecticides, action of 17: 37, 38, 49
26, 27 Insecticides, effect on heart
serial homologies 24: 18 – 24, 21, 22 musculature 2: 221
phylogeny 24: 80 – 83 Insecticides, receptor actions of 15:
segmentation 24: 79 290– 295
sensory neurones Insecticides, see Pyrethroid insecticides
interspecific homology 24: 31 – 33 Insecticyanin 22: 358– 361
serial homology 24: 28– 31, 32 Insecticyanin, juvenile hormone 24: 227,
visual system 24: 77 230, 231
Insecta, proctolin 19: 6 Instars 23: 27 – 29
Insecticide Instertitial fluid in Tenebrio larvae 14: 28
design 23: 104– 106 Instrumental learning 9: 113– 115,
poisoning 23: 84, 100, 101 157– 162, 164
treatment 23: 88, 89 Insulation, flight muscle temperature
Insecticide resistance, glutathione
and 13: 197
S-alkyltransferase activity and
Insulation, thermal balance and 16: 21, 22
13: 88
Insulin 19: 355; 24: 122, 185, 223, 234
Insecticide susceptibility rhythms
Insulin-like activity 17: 184, 192, 193, 224
10: 25 – 29, 91
Insulin-like peptides 22: 353
Insecticides 26: 218–221, 253, 257, 277,
Intake, long-term regulation of 11: 88 – 102
281
and blood– brain barrier 9: 259 constancy 11: 88, 89
and choline metabolism 9: 52, 99, 100 effect of deprivation 11: 89 – 91
avermectins 22: 74 – 77 effect of dilution 11: 91 – 98
cyclodienes 22: 70 – 72 temporal patterning 11: 98 – 102
design, target-site resistance Integument
mechanisms 22: 90 chitinase activity 4: 345
organophosphates 22: 81 effect of injury to diapause pupae 4: 299,
polychlorocycloalkanes 22: 70 – 72 333, 339, 340
pyrethroids 22: 77 – 81 ommochromes 10: 161, 175
targets, gamma-aminobutyric trehalase activity 4: 312
acid 22: 70 – 83 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 127
tremorgenic agents 22: 81 – 83 Integument, atmospheric water uptake 2: 75
trioxabicyclo-octanes 22: 72 – 74 Integument, development 7: 200– 209,
Insecticides and cholinergic system 1: 215– 218
25 –29, 37, 39 Integument, insect transpiration and 15: 20,
effect on nervous activity 21
DDT 1: 25 – 29, 230– 240 Integument, penetration by DDT 8: 56, 57
general 1: 199, 204 Integument, pterines 6: 160, 187– 189
pyrethrins and allethrin 1: 240– 244 Integumentary epithelium, composition 14:
rotenone 1: 244 116– 126
parathion 1: 16, 18, 29 degradation 14: 116– 126
lnsecticides and excitable tissues 8: 1 – 93 synthesis 14: 116– 126
Intercellular bridges, oocyte-nurse cell Intestine (see Gut)

syncytium 11: 305 Intestine, and cyclic AMP 9: 35
distribution 11: 243– 248 Intestine, small, ion transport 8: 258
formation 11: 231– 234 Intima of tracheal system, 91 – 93, 128, 129,
in spermatogenesis 11: 250 135
movement of organelles across 11: 290, staining, 95, 98
292 Intracellular juvenile hormone
panoistic ovaries 11: 261 receptors 24: 247
polytrophic ovaries 11: 231– 234 cytosolic binding proteins 24: 247, 248
protein transport and electrical nuclear receptors 24: 248– 250
polarity 11: 294– 304 Intracellular messengers
RNA passage through 11: 262, 288 calcium 9: 19 – 21
role in synchronous division 11: 267, 268 cyclic AMP 9: 12 – 19
Intercellular junctions Intracellular recordings
insect tissues 15: 35– 213 locust metathoracic ganglion
techniques 15: 37 neurons 18: 254
Interconversion, lipid and non-lipid set-up for 18: 124
4: 147– 152 Intramembranous particles 15: 40
Interferon, CPV 26: 264, 278 Intrinsic factors 25: 80
Internal sequestration, calcium 19: 171 Inulin penetration, nervous system 9: 268
Interneurones, “command” 3: 286 Invasion of cells by tracheoles 17: 104– 113
and central nervous co-ordination3: 291, Invertebrates
293, 297, 298 desmosome development in 15: 84
Interneurons 21: 46 – 49
septate junctions 15: 43, 65 – 67
glutamate receptors 24: 311
skeletal neuromuscular junctions,
homologous structures 24: 7, 8, 14, 16, 81
biogenic amines and 15: 390
Chelicerata 24: 72
Invertebrates, proctolin 19: 6
Crustacea 24: 67, 68
Iodovinylmethoprenol 24: 249
immunoreactivity 24: 47 – 57, 49, 53,
Ion absorbing epithelia
54, 56
Insecta 24: 19 and tracheal gills 17: 102– 104
Myriapoda 24: 59, 61, 62 tracheole filling in 17: 127– 129
suboesophageal ganglion 24: 36, Ion barrier 1: 21
40 – 42, 42 Ion barriers, muscle fibres 14: 231– 238
supraoesophageal ganglion 24: 36, Ion channels in microvilli membranes 20: 5
42 – 47, 45 see also by specific ion
ventral nerve cord 24: 33 – 39, 38, 41 Ion channels, classification 22: 2, 3
juvenile hormone 24: 242 Ion concentration, and adenosine triphosphate
Interneurons, nonspiking, See Nonspiking in muscle contraction 4: 24, 25
interneurons Ion exchange resin, septate junctions as 15:
Interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein 72
(IRBP) 24: 249 Ion movement, locust alimentary
Interpseudotracheal papillae, and meal canal 19: 259
size 11: 50 Ion pumping
Intersegmental networks, sound production reticular septate junctions 15: 176, 177
and 13: 260, 265– 267 scalariform junctions and 15: 171
Interspecific homology, Ion substitution, sodium fluxes,
Arthropoda 24: 31 – 33, 32 hindgut 19: 380
Interspecificity, neurohormonal Ion transport
activities 19: 115 abdominal nerve cord 9: 95
Interval timers, in aphid and cyclic AMP 9: 38, 41
polymorphism 3: 220 and diuretic hormone 9: 33
intact and headless alkaline earth, and electrically excitable

preparations 9: 118– 128 membranes 6: 259– 261, 266, 267,
isolated ganglion 9: 128– 136 269, 270
other CNS lesions 9: 136, 137 and ecdysone, polytene
and electrical activity, nerve cells 9: 277, chromosomes 7: 41 – 45
278 and electrically excitable
salivary gland 9: 22– 28, 31 membranes 6: 255–262, 264– 270
Ion transport peptide (ITP) 29: 315– 324, and firefly scintillation 6: 80
347, 363 and membrane resting
amino acid sequence 29: 3, potential 6: 222– 242
16 –18 and muscle membrane 6: 209, 211
expression of 29: 319– 320 and rejuvenation 7: 42 – 45
ITP-like (ITP-L) cDNA in locusts and synaptic membranes 6: 243, 245, 247,
29: 318 250, 252–255
purification, partial sequencing and anions, Malpighian tubules
actions 29: 315, 316 Calliphora 8: 219, 220
sequence evolution among Carausius 8: 228– 230
insects 29: 320– 324 Rhodnius 8: 244– 247
synthetic 29: 318 concentration and protein
Ion transport, cockroaches 19: 210 synthesis 3: 186– 189
Ion transport, dipteran larvae 19: 218 control of protein synthesis and
Ion transport, eicosanoids 24: 168– 173, development 3: 183– 189 (see
170, 171, 174, 184, 186, 186, 197, Protein synthesis)
198 in haemolymph 6: 214– 219
Ion transport, lepidopteran larvae in muscle fibre 6: 218, 219
19: 234 ionic conductances membrane,
Ion transport, midguts 19: 189 DDT 8: 38 – 45
Ion transport, orthoptera midgut 19: 252 ionic mechanisms, neuromuscular
Ion-exchange column chromatography, junctions 8: 20, 21
proctolin isolation 19: 4 ionic properties, giant fibres 8: 110
Ionic aspects, chitin orientation in cuticle ionic pump, giant fibres 8: 120
4: 272, 274– 277 Magnesium, flight muscle 7: 272
Ionic basis of host plant and aphid
ion pump, in cuticle lamellogenesis polymorphism 3: 251, 252
4: 276, 277 quaternary ammonium, and electrically
of electrical excitable responses of muscle excitable membranes 6: 267, 269
fibre membrane 4: 21 – 23 regulation by a hormone 3: 186
of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in Ions and synaptic transmission
muscle 4: 9 – 11 Ca2+ 5: 23, 27, 56
of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in K+ 5: 21 – 23, 30, 31, 55, 56
muscle 4: 19, 20 Na+ 5: 56
Ionic composition of tissues, regulation of Ions, bloodsucker midgut 19: 276
1: 356, 382– 387 Ion-selectivity, glutamate receptors 24: 323
Ionic composition, haemolymph 14: 186, Iphiclides podalirius, thoracic temperature,
200– 208 stabilization during flight 13: 190,
Ionic theory, mechanism of action potential 191
in axons 1: 196 Iphita 19: 102, 107
Ions 23: 98, 99 Iphita limbata 19: 37, 66
absorption, rectum 8: 322 Iphita limbata, neurosecretory cells and
Calliphora 8: 295, 296 oviposition 2: 307
mechanism 8: 303, 304 Iphita limbata, oviposition behaviour 10:
Schistocerca 8: 291– 295 328
Iphita, neurosecretory cells Isoprenoid compounds

Iphita, neurosecretory cells 2: 249, 250 and insect hormones 4: 176– 186
protocerebral 12: 79 biosynthesis 4: 161– 168, 209
volume 12: 105 content 4: 168– 170
Ips confus, flight metabolism, development function 4: 175, 176
and 13: 207 nutritional studies 4: 157– 161
Ips confusus 26: 53, 54 sterol modification 4: 170–175
Ips duplicatus 26: 53 Isoproterenol, stimulation of Photuris pyralis
Ips para confusus 19: 97 light organs 15: 397
Ips paraconfusus 26: 46 Isoptera (Zootermopsis) 27: 23
Ips typographus, trehalase activity 4: 311 Isoptera 24: 141, 142
IPSP’s, and learning 9: 157, 162 caste, development, factors inside the
Iridamyrmef humilis, alkenes in colony 16: 179–182
13: 2 differentiation, juvenile hormone
methylalkanes in 13: 6, 8 and 16: 228
Iridescent viruses (IVs) 25: 38 – 43 endocrine in 16: 204
biological control agents 25: 42, 43 evolution 16: 168
classification 25: 38, 39 formation 16: 168
host-range 25: 38, 39 functioning in, dominance and 16: 197
isolation 25: 38, 39 syndromes 16: 171– 175
molecular studies 25: 42 cuticle structure 4: 227
replication cycle 25: 40, 41 lipid content 4: 79
structure 25: 39, 40 Isoptera, food utilization 5: 259
Iron protoporphyrin 24: 196 Isoptera, haemolymph 6: 216, 217
Iron-binding proteins 22: 364 Isoptera, ocelli 7: 99
Ischnomela pulchripennis 29: 238 Isoptera, protocerebral neurosecretory
Ischnura elegans, embryonic pattern cells 12: 77
specification 12: 157 Isoptera, sperm 9: 328, 329
Isea (larva), eye 3: 3 Isoptera, thoracic glands 2: 258
Isethionate, and 5-HT, salivary glands Isothiocyanates, receptor actions 15: 292
9: 28, 29 Isotropism, of chitin 4: 221
Isobutyric acid in scent gland secretions Isoxanthopterin, biosynthetic
14: 398 pathway 16: 138, 139
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 26: 70 Ithomiinae, wing pigmentation 10: 129, 130
Isodityrosine 21: 190 Ixalidiumhaem atoscelis, coloration 8: 151
Isoenzymes 3: 109– 111; 23: 30 Ixodes
Isoguvacine atmospheric water uptake 2: 75
IC50 values 22: 25 evaporation rate 2: 74
3-D representation 22: 88 Ixodes damimini 24: 182
Isolated 23: 28, 29 Ixodes ricinus, atmospheric water absorption
see also solitaria in 14: 15
Isolated hindgut segments 19: 334 water exchange variables 14: 24
Isolation, proctolin 19: 4
Isoleucine, in resilin 2: 34, 47 Japanese beetle 24: 285
Iso-OMPA 1: 16 Japanese beetle, purines 1: 157
Isopentyl acetate 23: 132 Japigidae, sperm axoneme 9: 338
Isoperla, protocerebral neurosecretory Japyx, nervous system 6: 100
cells 12: 78 Japyx, sperm axoneme 9: 350
Isopoda 24: 68; 28: 243 Jassidae, lipid content 4: 78
Isoprenaline, effect on salivary gland Jassoidae, saliva 9: 209, 210; 9: 214, 229,
stimulation by biogenic 230, 245
amines 15: 410 Jassomorpha, saliva 9: 192, 229– 233, 242
JH (juvenile hormone) 23: 53, 54 and fat body 11: 372, 374– 376
see also CA/JH and female behaviour 10: 320– 324, 327
and CA 23: 37 – 45 and haemocytes 11: 201
behaviour/activity 23: 34, 35 and male behaviour 10: 317– 320
colouration 23: 19 – 21 and metamorphosis 2: 280, 281,
division of labour 23: 131, 132 288– "290, 297, 315
endocrine organs 23: 38 – 40, 44, 45 and migratory behaviour 10: 334– 337
environment influence 23: 136 and neurosecretory cells 17: 264, 265,
honey bee age polyethism 23: 133 267
honey bee and colony fission demography and nucleic acid and protein
change 23: 135 synthesis 12: 240, 241
honey bee and demography changes and ovarian development 2: 298– 300,
23: 134 311, 312
hopper development 23: 27, 28 and polyteny 3: 166
insecticide design 23: 105 and reproductive behaviour 10: 331– 333
locust phase characteristics 23: 41 – 43 and respiration 12: 294– 305
male sexual behaviour 23: 22 and sequential cell polymorphism 12: 3, 6
phase polymorphism 23: 8 and tyrosine metabolism 11: 192
pheromones 23: 50, 52 and uniqueness of secretion 12: 102
physiology/biochemistry/molecular binding protein 24: 244, 246, 247
biology 23: 29, 30 biochemistry 3: 167, 168
reproductive parameters 23: 24 –26 biology 26: 4, 5
Jhp2 l protein 26: 25, 26, 28 accessory glands 26: 36 – 44
Johnstone organ, behaviour 10: 290, 291 fat body 26: 5 – 29
Johnston’s organ 14: 300; 27: 12 – 14 flight muscle 26: 44 –47
Jopeicidae, saliva 9: 215 gonads 26: 29 – 36
Juglans regia, methylalkanes in 13: 7 nervous system 26: 47 – 57
Julus, eye 3: 3 caste differentiation and 16: 228
Jumping and flight initiation 5: 200 cellular and molecular actions 26: 58
Junction potential (see Postsynaptic potential) action at the cell membrane
Junctions 26: 73 – 82
development 15: 180, 181 binding proteins and intracellular
functions 15: 181, 182 receptors 26: 58 – 67
Juvenile hormone (J) 25: 268 effects on metabolism 26: 68 – 71
inhibition of biosynthesis 25: 281, 286 priming and regulation 26: 71 – 73
inhibition of synthesis 25: 290 responses involving nuclear
by extracts of brain 25: 270, 271 activity 26: 82 – 107
in vitro 25: 270 chemical nature of 2: 257, 291–296
titre regulation 25: 292, 293 control of cuticle protein turnover 17: 38
Juvenile hormone A 19: 41 – 44, 52, 61, effect in postembryonic
97 –99, 118 programming 16: 203
Juvenile hormone 10: 299; 19: 36 – 126; effect on carbohydrate metabolism 4: 336
24: 213– 219, 214, 217, 254, 255 effect on ecological adaptation 16: 203,
Juvenile hormone 26: 1 –113; 1: 94 204
see also Epidermis, Fat body, effect on lipids 4: 336
Pigmentation effects of 2: 283– 288, 290–293, 298, 315
analogues as insect growth embryonic actions 24: 224
regulators 24: 253, 254 esterase 24: 215, 224
and aphid polymorphism 3: 231, extraction and assay 2: 292– 296
260– 264 higher termites, caste formation
and chromosome puffing 3: 177 and 16: 206
and cocoon construction 10: 314 in amino acid metabolism 12: 288– 291
in carbohydrate metabolism 12: 249– 254 parameters for

in caste formation in bumble-bees 16: 212 deployment 18: 356– 361
in caste programming in honey-bees 16: quantity produced per tissue
216– 224 volume 18: 368
in hardening and darkening of sensitivity of 18: 355– 366
cuticle 2: 207 stoichiometry of incorporation 18: 366,
in larva 10: 312, 313 367
in lipid metabolism 12: 271– 281 time course 18: 362– 364
lipid content 4: 81 radioimmunoassay 18: 370– 366
mechanism of action 24: 244– 246, 245 antibody characterization 18: 372– 375
binding proteins in the antibody generation 18: 371, 372
haemolymph 24: 246, 247 internal standards and recovery
intracellular receptors 24: 247– 250, 18: 375
251 new biosynthesis 18: 371
morphogenetic action 24: 251– 253 rate limitation in 18: 347– 349
mode of action 10: 303– 305; 4: 177, 184, rates during vitellogenic cycles 18: 365
185; 2: 269, 270, 286–291 role in regulating juvenile hormone
modifier effect 10: 302 titer 18: 399– 401
moulting fluid 26: 216– 218 substrate utilization 18: 334– 337
premetamorphic actions Juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) 25: 17, 18;
muscle 24: 225, 239– 241, 240 22: 349, 350; 26: 62, 198
other morphogenetic actions 24: 243, classification 18: 40 l
244 inhibitors 18: 401, 402
regulation of cellular role in juvenile hormone titer
commitment 24: 225, 226 regulation 18: 401– 404
purification 4: 180– 184 substrate specificity 18: 402
receptor 24: 251, 252 Juvenile hormone I 19: 83, 85, 95, 118
secretion of 2: 280– 283, 314, 315 Juvenile hormone II 19: 83, 97, 118
Juvenile hormone activity, of synthetic Juvenile hormone III 19: 83, 95, 97, 118
substances 4: 210 Juvenile hormone titer
Juvenile hormone biosynthesis determination by physicochemical
assays for 18: 351– 376 methods 18: 358– 400
carbon skeleton, genesis of 18: 337, 338 half-life determination 18: 406– 408
corpus allatum as site of 18: 331– 333 regulation, role of
enzymes of 18: 338– 344, 340, 341 juvenile hormone binding and
in vitro 18: 334–336 sequestration 18: 404– 406
in vivo 18: 333, 334 juvenile hormone
inhibition of 18: 349, 350 biosynthesis 18: 399– 401
pathway of 18: 336, 337, 342 juvenile hormone esterase 18: 401– 404
radiochemical assay 18: 351– 370 Juvenile hormone, dual role 19: 52
biological material Juvenile hormone, ecdysis failures and
selection 18: 367– 369 15: 575
corpora allatum contamination 18: 369, Juvenile hormone, ecdysone 19: 41
370 Juvenile hormone, flight muscle
in vitro and in vivo rates 18: 364 development and 13: 209
incubation media 18: 361, 362 Juvenile hormone, in Manduca sexta,
measured vs theoretical rates 18: 365, haemolymph 14: 112
366 larvae, after ecdysis 14: 111
methionine concentration for 18: 354, in vitellogenin biosynthesis control
355, 355 14: 69 – 76
molar incorporation ration moulting and 14: 111
18: 351– 354 in Galleria mellonella and 14: 110
vitellogenesis and 14: 50, 97 caste formation, endocrine in 16: 204

Juvenile hormone, mode of action 9: 32 caste functioning in, dominance
Juvenile hormone, oocyte and 16: 197
carbohydrates 19: 52 caste syndromes 16: 171
Juvenile hormone, ovulation 19: 118 Kalotermes flavicollis, juvenile hormone and
Juvenile hormone, vitellogenin entry yolk formation 2: 298, 299
oocyte 19: 51 Kalotermes spp., caste development,
Juvenile hormone, vitellogenin stimulation 16: 180
synthesis 19: 50 Kalotermes, sperm 9: 363
Juvenile hormone, yolk lipids 19: 52 K. flavicollis, 9: 371, 373
Juvenile hormone-binding protein Kalotermitidae, non-flagellate sperm 9: 371
(JHBP) 22: 362, 363 Kappa activity in Paramecium 3: 266
Juvenile hormone-binding proteins 26: Karyosphere, germinal vesicle 11: 282– 284
58 –67, 77, 78, 82, 109– 111 Katydid, protocerebral neurosecretory
Juvenile hormone-metabolizing cells 12: 76
enzymes 26: 58 Katydid, rhabdom size in, and illumination
Juvenile hormones (JH) 21: 7, 9, 13, 15, cycle 20: 12
16, 21 Kawanaphila mirla 29: 175
Juvenile hormones Kawanaphila nartee 29: 175, 176, 194, 2l6,
biosynthesis, See Juvenile hormone 219, 246
biosynthesis Kawanaphila yarraga 29: 175
chemical structures of 18: 332 Kc cells 24: 243, 244, 245, 247
-dependent oocyte development Kelloggina, spiracular gills 5: 139
cycles 18: 323– 325 Kenyon cells 28: 119–121, 122, 128
identity and titer 18: 358, 359 Kenyon cells, Arthropoda 24: 51
incorporation of radiolabeled Keratin
precursors 18: 345 cystine content 4: 50, 56
production by corpora allatum in vitro, dietary effect on excretion 4: 50, 56, 57
352, 353 Keratin, swelling of 2: 26
titer, see Juvenile hormone titer Kermes, sp., non-flagellate sperm 9: 370
Juxtamembrane hinge 29: 6 Ketamine, glutamate receptors 24: 324, 325
Kethocerus indicus, pheromonic effect of
19K proteins 26: 28 lipids 4: 186
30K proteins 26: 25 Keto-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
K selection 23: 155 (12-KETE) 24: 179
K transport, lepidopteran larvae 19: 244 Ketoeicosatetraenoic acid 24: 117, 122
K+ and synaptic transmission a-ketoglutarate, in fatty acid synthesis
after desheathing 5: 56 4: 133
and blocking 5: 55 a-ketoglutaric acid, in ammonia
and ganglia 5: 21 – 23 formation 4: 43
and spontaneous activity 5: 30, 31 Ketone bodies, mobilization of, and
K+-coupled amino acid transporter 28: 1 flight 17: 154
(KAAT1) 28: 177– 179 15-Keto-PGE2 24: 146, 154, 154
Kainate 24: 312– 314, 330, 332, 333 Kidney 24: 168– 173, 170, 171, 197
Kallidin 13: 116, 117 Kidney, adenyl cyclase 9: 21, 38
Kalotermes Kilotermes flavicollis, embryonic pattern
effect of ecdysone 2: 268, 269 specification 12: 160, 222, 224
effect of juvenile hormone 2: 284 Kinase-like domain 29: 6
Kalotermes flavicollis Kinematics, use in study of wing motion5:
caste development, inhibitory 179– 190, 290– 294
effects 16: 179 Apis mellifera 5: 186– 190
seasonal effects 16: 177 Diptera 5: 179– 186
Kinetics Kynurenine formamidase (aryl formylamine

of chitin-protein deposition 17: 33, amidohydrolase) 10: 179, 180,
36 – 38 189, 213
of crosslinking 17: 46 Kynurenine formamidase in xanthommatin
of dimer assembly 17: 5 –8 biosynthetic pathway 16: 131,
of polymer assembly 17: 12 132
Kinetics, sodium fluxes hindgut 19: 379 Kynurenine hydroxylase in xanthommatin
Kingangopa jeanneli, coloration 8: 151 biosynthetic pathway 16: 132,
Kinin, in venom 1: 37 133
Kinins 29: 345, 346 Kynurenine transminase 10: 179, 193
circulating levels 29: 370, 371 Kynurenine-3-hydroxylase 10: 189– 193
in neurosecretory cells and neurohaemal in ovary 10: 197
structures 29: 357– 361 ontogeny 10: 213– 215, 217
Kinins from wasps and hornets tryptophan balance 10: 219
13: 116– 118
Kinoprene (ZR777) 26: 45 L-a-aminoisobutyric acid 28: 174
KK42 insecticide 26: 218 Labellar chemoreceptors, in feeding
Kosciushola, coloration 8: 146 regulation 11: 35, 36, 50 – 52, 58,
Krebs cycle, sperm, mitochondria 59
9: 359 Labial gland, cellular metamorphosis
Kunitz-type inhibitors 22: 343 saturniid 12: 2– 4
Kynurenic acid 10: 130, 131 sphingid 12: 4, 5
as waste product 10: 178 Labial glands, silkmoths 8: 209– 212, 320
in colour changes 10: 174 Labial palps, as sound detectors 10: 289, 290
in egg 10: 199 Labidula, protocerebral neurosecretory
in larva 10: 200 cells 12: 79
in metamorphosis 10: 206 Labidura 19: 76
Kynureninase 10: 131, 179, 193 Labidura riparia 19: 59
Kynurenine 10: 125, 126; 27: 293 Labopterella dimiditipes 24: 141
——, 3-hydroxy-accumulation, mutants Labrum, Arthropoda 24: 43
and 16: 153 Lac larva, ommochromes 10: 162
accumulation, mutants and 16: 153 Laccase 27: 242, 243, 256
early recognition 10: 119 Laccase, see Para-diphenyloxidase
eye pigment production and 16: 147 Laccifer lacca, ommochromes 10: 153
hydroxylation 6: 172, 173 Lacerate-and-flush feeding,
in egg 10: 197, 198 Hemiptera 9: 191– 193, 202, 203,
in larva 10: 200 207, 208, 2l7, 220, 222, 246
in metamorphosis 202– 209 Lacewing ear 27: 16; 10: 274, 288, 289
in Pieris brassicae 6: 188 Lachesin 27: 184
in wings 6: 190 Lachniella costata, gamic females and
pathway, enzymes 10: 179– 193 anholocycly 3: 237
kynureninase and kynurenine Lactate, and pterine synthesis 6: 182
transaminase 10: 193 Lactic acid, sperm axoneme 9: 353
kynurenine formamidase 10: 189 Lactic dehydrogenase, sperm axoneme
kynurenine-3-hydroxylase 10: 9: 352
189– 193 Lactobacillus arabinosus, methylalkane
tryptophan oxygenase 10: 180– 189 biosynthesis 13: 19
tryptophan balance 10: 219 Lactobacillus plantarum, acetylcholine
uptake by larval malpighian synthesis from 1: 2
tubules 16: 152 Lactose, tarsal threshold to 11: 23, 29
uptake by larval malpighian Lactrodectus mactans, desmosomes in
tubules 16: 152 15: 80
Laelaps echidnina, atmospheric water Laplatacris disper (grasshopper) 21: 13, 38,
absorption in 14: 16 75
pore canal diameter in 14: 7 Laplatacris, neurone 1: 431
Lamella, annulate, in germinal Large monopolar cells (LMCs) 25: 164
vesicle 11: 285 Laria irresecta, lipid content 4: 73
Lamella, neural 1: 178, 402– 411, 413, 414, Larinus nidificans, and trehalose 4: 290
417– 419, 421, 422, 429, 430, 455, Larinus nidificans, trehalose 1: 117
477 Larva
Lamella, neural, development 6: 108– 110, activity 10: 312
123 amylase activity 4: 335
Lamellae, of cuticle 1: 301, 302, 304 behaviour, hormonal control 10: 311– 314
Lamellocytes 21: 87 cocoon construction 10: 314
Lamellogenesis, of cuticle (see Cuticle) ecdysis, clock gating 10: 54
Lamina (optic lobe), development 6: 112, firefly, luminescence 6: 52, 59, 64, 73, 74,
114, 115, 117 83, 84, 89
Lamina 16: 121 frost resistance 6: 3, 8, 13 – 15, 17 –19, 24,
Lamina ganglionaris, eye 26, 32, 36– 42
development 6: 116 glycogen during growth 4: 327, 328
Lamina, axon growth from retina haemolymph 6: 215– 219
14: 296– 298 lipid content 4: 73 – 87, 92 –97, 99 –101,
growth pattern 14: 291 131, 140–143
Laminar flow 23: 179, 182, 185 muscle fibre electrical constant 6: 212,
Laminaria (see Coelopa) 213
Lampyridae, lipid content 4: 74 nervous system development 6: 98,
Lampyrids, gonadotrophic hormone 12: 76, 100– 102, 104
103 antenna 6: 117, 118
Lampyris 19: 32 – 34 cell death 6: 123
Lampyris noctiluca 19: 32 central body 6: 121
Lampyris noctiluca, glowing, endogenous corpora pedunculata 6: 119
timing of 10: 12 eye 6: 111
Lampyris noctiluca, neurosecretory glia 6: 107
cells 2: 258 neurons 6: 106
Lampyris noctiluca, octopamine in olfactory centre 6: 118
15: 399 optic lobe 6: 112, 113
Lampyris, neurosecretory cells perineurium 6: 109
protocerebral 12: 83 protocerebrum 6: 122
staining for 12: 66 onset of metamorphosis 10: 312, 313
Lanosterol, in biosynthesis of cholesterol pterines
4: 165 biosynthesis 6: 177– 180
Lanthanum co-factors 6: 171
intercellular junction study and 15: 37 developmental physiology 6: 176
tight junctions and 15: 127 metabolism 6: 105, 173, 186
Lanthanum chloride relation to purines 6: 175
in permeability studies of intercellular regeneration of nervous system 6: 126
junctions in vivo 15: 41, 42 sugar content 4: 291– 294
Lanthanum nitrate in intercellular junction trehalase activity 4: 311, 312, 314, 320
study 15: 39 trehalose synthesis 4: 304– 306
Laodelphax striatellus, salivary glands tryptophan metabolism 10: 199–201
9: 233 Larva, amino acid and protein metabolism
Laothoe populi, cholinergic elements in 1: 6 amino acids
Laphria gibbosa, ommochromcs 10: 157 in growth and moulting 3: 72 – 75
Laphygma spp., lipid content 4: 75, 76 metabolic interrelationships 3: 75 – 82
occurrence and significance 3: 69 – 72 Lasius alienus, alkanes in, function 13: 24

haemolymph proteins biological activity of alkanes and alkenes
function 3: 87 in 13: 22
ontogenetic patterns 3: 85 – 87 Lasius, isolation of “dendrolasin” 2: 295
synthesis 3: 87, 89 Laspeyresia pomonella, oxygen
total content 3: 85 consumption rhythms 10: 24
peptides and other amino acid Laspeyresia strobillella, larva, frost
derivatives 3: 82 – 84 resistance 6: 28, 36
Larva, choline requirements 9: 92 Laspeyresiapotnonella 19: 43, 44
Larva, Diptera, polytene chromosomes 7: 7, Latency, CPVs 26: 240
8 Latent heat flux
Larva, gene set, translation 11: 342– 364 evaporation of water from insects and
and imagina, protein 15: 8
relationships 11: 368– 372 in insect water loss 15: 16, 17
proteins 11: 361– 364 Latoia viridissima 25: 51
storage protein Laupala 29: 214, 215
and fat body 11: 350– 353 Laupala cerasina 29: 214
genetics of 11: 356– 361 Lauric acid 4: 94, 95
synthesis of 11: 353– 356 L-channels, glutamate receptors 24: 319,
Larva, stimulation of sound production 320
13: 316– 318 LCP14 gene 24: 227, 228, 227, 236, 250
Larvae, circulation and tracheal LCP14.6 gene 24: 227, 228, 236
ventilation 26: 298– 301, 342, 343 LCP16/17 gene 24: 227, 228, 229, 238,
Larvae, development, food intake and 250
16: 97 L-cysteate 29: 73
Larval cuticle, juvenile hormone 24: 215 L-dopachrome methylester 27: 317
proteins 24: 227– 229, 227, 236, 238, 250 Leaf hopper, longitudinal pattern
Larval cuticle, lipid in 4: 154, 155 specification 12: 147, 155,
Larval diet 163– 172, 187, 190, 203, 205, 207,
and excretion 4: 55 211, 220
and lipids 4: 145–147, 159, 160 Leaf hoppers, saliva 9: 217, 240
Larval neurons Leafhoppers, lipid content 4: 91
death of 21: 24 – 26 Leander, pterines 6: 186
restructuring 21: 19 – 23 “Learning” and memory 7: 388,
Larval pupal transformation, Manduca sexta, 392– 398
staging characteristics of diet Learning and memory, isolated ganglia
reared 14: 171– 173 9: 111– 181
Larval-specific storage protein 24: 239 behavioural investigations 9: 118–148
Larviposition, circadian rhythms of ganglionless P and R
10: 12 preparations 9: 137– 140
Lasiocampa trifolii, larval diet and intact and headless
excretion 4: 55 preparations 9: 118– 128
Lasiocampidae, lipid content 4: 75 isolated ganglion 9: 128– 136
Lasioderma sericorne, sterol utilization other CNS lesions 9: 136, 137
4: 162 P and R behaviour, ganglionic
Lasioderma serricorne, choline innervation of legs 9: 140– 146
requirements 9: 55, 56, 60 P and R behaviour, ganglionless legs
Lasioderma spp., water exchange 9: 146– 148
allometry 14: 26 concept of learning 9: 113– 115
Lasioglossum zephyrum, vitellogenin electrophysiological studies 9: 150– 167
biosynthesis control, juvenile classical conditioning 9: 162– 164
hormone and 14: 71 habituation 9: 150– 157
instrumental learning 9: 157– 162 sense organs 18: 99 – 113, 103

newer approaches 9: 164– 167 structure and function 18: 72 –76, 73
histological and anatomical, thoracic mechanoreceptors 18: 102
cockroach 9: 149, 150 thoracic neuromuscular anatomy
ganglion transplantation 9: 150 18: 75
metathoracic ganglion, mapping 9: 149, Leg bud, mesothoracic, development
150 6: 107
“model” systems, use 9: 117 Leg motoneurones, and giant
molecular approaches 9: 167– 176 fibres 8: 121– 128
drugs, cockroach 9: 168– 175 Leg muscle
speculations 9: 175, 176 and fatty acid oxidation 4: 125
reformation of concept glycogen metabolism 4: 330, 333
9: 115– 117 inhibitory responses in neuromuscular
Learning in honey bees, octopamine transmission 4: 18 – 20
on 28: 240– 242 innervation 4: 7, 8, 17
Learning, and cyclic nucleotide system in membrane potential 4: 2
Drosophila melanogaster18: 168, trehalase activity 4: 310, 311
169 trehalose biosynthesis 4: 306
Learning, DUM neurones and 15: 393 Leg, resilin in cuticle 2: 14, 17
Leaves, habitats on, environmental Legs
physiology 16: 9 homologous structures 24: 29, 30
Lectins 22: 338, 341, 342; 24: 162, 313, 322, juvenile hormone 24: 234
323 Legs, homeotic transformation of antennae
haemolymph clotting 22: 357 into 14: 306–308
Lectins, serum 21: 111, 112 Legs, sensilla on 16: 249– 253
Lectithin, and PL synthesis 4: 143 Leiobunum longipes 5-HT circadian
Leech neurones, acetyl choline receptor rhythm 10: 33
20: 183, 184 Leishmania hertigi 21: 108
Leech, electrical activity of ganglion 5: 18 Lemnoblast 1: 178, 423, 464, 469, 470, 472,
Leeches 19: 7 473
Leeches, septate junctions in 15: 43, 65 Lens, differentiation 6: 110, 111
Left-right asymmetry in malpighian Lens, resolving power 3: 6
tubule 28: 10 Lentil lectin, glutamate receptors 24: 322
Leg Lentula, pumping 3: 281
afference modification 18: 106– 109 Lentulidae, coloration 8: 147
campaniform sensilla 18: 106 Lepidoptera 19: 6, 57, 164, 172, 197, 199,
chordotonal organs 18: 105, 106 205, 222; 21: 9, 93, 94; 28: 187,
control system, neural model 18: 121 190, 217
hair fields 18: 103, 104 see also neutral amino acid absorption
imaginal disc 7: 244, 251– 253 antennae, sensilla on 16: 291–297
imposed movement 18: 109– 111 Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 276, 277, 278,
load effects 18: 104 282– 285, 286
motor neurons, spike activity cell lysis 24: 292– 294
patterns 18: 77 mechanism of action 24: 288, 289, 295
movements basic wing cell patterns 18: 241
coordination pattern 18: 118 behaviour 7: 354
models for 18: 115, 116 binding protein 24: 246
rhythmic, organization 18: 119 blood– brain barrier
phase response curves 18: 111– 113, 112, haemolymph, ionic composition 9: 275
113 neural lamella 9: 264
recovery pattern 18: 39 – 42 choline metabolism
regeneration 7: 209– 214 enzymes 9: 86, 90
in development 9: 55, 56 wing-cell-restricted patterns 18: 217

lipid-soluble metabolites 9: 71, 73, 78, coloration 8: 147, 163, 168, 185
83 colour vision 2: 138, 148, 163
metabolic role 9: 92 CPV 26: 259, 261, 262
water-soluble metabolites 9: 66, 68, 69, cuticle structure 4: 226
77 ecdysial muscles 2: 183
circadian rhythms effect of farnesyl methyl ether
oxygen consumption 10: 24 12: 278
sexual 10: 9 eicosanoids 24: 128, 133, 136, 137, 138,
circulation and tracheal ventilation 26: 142, 160, 168
303– 305, 315, 316, 326– 329, 331, embryonic pattern specification 12: 188,
332, 334, 338, 339, 342, 343 189, 211
color patterns environmental physiology 16: 36 – 38
cautery effect on 18: 220 excretory system 8: 310
chemical colors 18: 191– 196 fatty acids 4: 95, 125, 131
circular patterns 18: 210 feeding habits, sensilla numbers
constraints on models 18: 236, 237, and 16: 325
239, 240 feeding stimulants 11: 98
dependence on primary venation flight
system 18: 235 aerodynamics 5: 291
determinants of 18: 234 and temperature 5: 321, 322
developmental compartments 18: 215, differentiation of muscles 5: 219, 220
216 gliding 5: 171– 173
developmental field nervous control 5: 309, 310, 331
dimensions 18: 211– 215 reflexes 5: 205
developmental stability 5: 195, 196
physiology 18: 182–242 food
diffusion as mechanism of 18: 238, 239 starvation 5: 237
diversity of 18: 232 utilization of dry matter 5: 253– 256,
foci, origin of 18: 234– 236 263
global gradients 18: 221 utilization of fresh matter 5: 258, 259,
interpretation landscape 18: 216– 221 261
local pattern origin 18: 206– 211 water content of food 5: 267
models and mechanisms 18: 231– 242 food specificity 16: 330
morphoclines 18: 224– 226 frost resistance 6: 28
morphology 18: 196– 205 gene activity
Nymphalid ground plan 18: 199–201 adult protein synthesis 11: 370
ocellus development 18: 208 cocoonase 11: 367
pattern formation 18: 205– 231 eggshell proteins 11: 367
phenocopies 18: 226– 231, 228, 229, fat body 11: 351, 374
231 haemolymph protein 11: 343
requirements for models 18: 237, 238 imaginal protein 11: 366
ripple patterns 18: 202 storage protein 11: 361
serial homology of 18: 205– 206, 206 haemocytes 11: 118, 156, 200
signal interpretation haemolymph 6: 216– 218
discontinuities 18: 222– 224 homologous structures 24: 26, 50, 82
sources of color 18: 189– 196 hormonal control of behaviour
stochastic elements in 18: 233 cocoon construction 10: 314
structural colors 18: 189– 191 female receptivity 10: 321
two-gradient model for specification larva 10: 312
of 18: 219 moulting 10: 312
wing development 18: 182– 189 ions in muscle systems 6: 219– 221
juvenile hormone 24: 214– 217, 222, 246 germinal vesicle 11: 284
juvenile hormone 26: 2, 15 – 18, 20, 21, intercellular bridges 11: 244
39, 52, 53, 60 – 62, 112 intercellular transport 11: 294, 295
juvenile hormone 2: 281, 293, 299, 300 mitotic synchrony 11: 249, 250, 305
epidermis 24: 232– 234 ovariole 11: 227– 229
fat body 24: 236, 236, 237 RNA synthesis 11: 278
muscle 24: 239 ovipositors, sensilla on 16: 308
premetamorphic action 24: 225 pigmentation 6: 150
juvenile hormone in 4: 183 post-ecdysial expansion 2: 178
larvae, chemosensilla, initiation of food protocerebrum 7: 377
intake and 16: 63 pterines 6: 146, 149, 151, 155
olfactory processes in 16: 271 resilin in cuticle 2: 15
lipid content 4: 74, 75 – 78, 81 – 86, 89 respiration 7: 269, 271
Malpighian tubules 8: 283 sperm cells
membrane potential 6: 238, 239, 242 acrosomal complex 9: 327
membrane potentials of muscle fibres 4: 4 axoneme 9: 342, 347, 348, 351
metamorphosis 5: 69, 71 capacitation 9: 381
moulting fluid 26: 162 cell surface 9: 318, 320, 322
moulting hormone 2: 269 mitochondria 9: 355
mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 263 nucleus 9: 331
muscle fibre electrical constant 6: 212, spermatogenesis 9: 382
213 spinning gland nuclei 7: 5
nervous system development thoracic glands 2: 258– 260, 262, 272
anatomical changes 6: 101, 102 unicolytic enzymes 4: 56
corpora pedunculata 6: 119 Lepidoptera cholinergic system 1: 5, 9, 17,
embryonic 6: 103, 104 20, 21, 31, 32, 38
eye 6: 111 Lepidoptera chordotonal organs 27: 14, 15,
glia 6: 107 19
optic lobe 6: 113, 114 Lepidoptera larvae 23: 17
perineurium 6: 109 Lepidoptera, age, flight metabolism and
protocerebrum 6: 123 13: 210
neurosecretory cells 2: 256 amplitude modulation 13: 314
brain 12: 89, 94 auditory neurons 13: 316
diversity 12: 86, 87 biological activity of alkanes and alkenes
during life history 12: 95 in 13: 23
protocerebral 12: 81, 85 dimethylalkanes in 13: 14
total 12: 92 dipeptides in 13: 75
uniqueness of secretion 12: 101 flight fuel 13: 164
volume 12: 105 mobilization 13: 170
nitrogenous excretion 4: 54 – 56 flight metabolism, development and
ocellus 7: 99, 101, 103 senescence 13: 200– 203
ommochromes methylalkanes in 13: 9
as pattern pigments 10: 170 oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 135
as waste products 10: 176, 177 power output, neural control 13: 150
distribution 10: 153– 157, 160, 161 pre-flight warm-up 13: 185
in colour changes 10: 175, 176 sound reception, sensory mechanisms 13:
rhodommatin 10: 136 281
xanthommatin 10: 138 stridulatory organs 13: 230
oocyte-nurse cell syncytium tympanal organs 13: 285, 286, 294, 296
cell determination 11: 252, 254 Lepidoptera, haemolymph, ionic
end of synchrony 11: 263 composition 14: 200, 201, 202
fusome 11: 243 moulting, ecdysone and 14: 114
Lepidoptera, septate junctions in 15: 63 vitellogenin synthesis 11: 366

Lepidopteran fat-body 21: 110 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, flight fuel
Lepidopteran larvae 19: 223 13: 165
Lepidopterans, sexual behaviour 19: 97 flight metabolism, maturation and
Lepisima saccharina 13: 206
biogenic amine cell localization 15: 332 flight muscle development, hormonal
corpora pedunculata, biogenic amine control 13: 209
distribution in 15: 333 proline as flight fuel 13: 165
Lepisma 19: 343; 24: 16, 21, 25, 26, 81, 82 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, hormones
corpora pedunculata, biogenic amine female behaviour 10: 319
distribution in 15: 333 migratory behaviour 10: 336
protocerebral bridge, biogenic amine cell oviposition behaviour 10: 328
localization 15: 338 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, lipid content
sacharina 24: 141 4: 73, 94
Lepisma saccharina 28: 190, 287 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, vitellogenin, and
Lepisma saccharina, lipids containing vitellin in 14: 53
choline 9: 74 biosynthesis control, juvenile hormone
Lepisma saccharina, moulting 2: 284 and 14: 71
Lepisma, eye 3: 3 Leptinotarsa spp., fat bodies, vitellogenin
Lepisma, metamorphosis 2: 315 secretion by 14: 80
Lepismatidae, sperm cells 9: 349, 351, 367, extraction from 14: 63
369 micropinocytosis in 14: 91
Lepismodes iniquilinus, see Thermobia mode of entry 14: 9, 92
domestica ovariectomy, vitellogenin biosynthesis
Leptacris, coloration 8: 149 and 14: 84
Leptidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 7 vitellogenin, amino acid composition 14:
Leptinotarsa 19: 34, 61, 63, 76, 77; 26: 61, 68
85, 86, 91 Leptinotarsa, neurosecretory cells
corpus allatum 2: 297, 312 brain 12: 71, 89
decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle) protocerebral 12: 83
24: 237, 238, 285 volume 12: 105
lineata 24: 50 Leptinotarsa, relative oxidation rates 3: 146
neurosecretory cells 2: 251, 252, 255 Leptinotarsa, sex determination 19: 33
Leptinotarsa decemlineata 19: 33, 60, 97; Leptocoris apicalis, pterines 6: 154
25: 269; 26: 4, 14, 27, 40, 46, 47, Leptocorisa, scent substances, defence
89; 28: 275, 294, 298; mechanisms and 14: 401
29: 308– 310, 348 Leptoglossus phyllopus, subgenital gland,
cholinergic elements in head of 1: 6 secretion 14: 408
embryonic pattern specification cytological sources of scent
differentiation centre 12: 212– 216 substances 14: 392
egg size 12: 133 enzymes in scent aldehyde
longitudinal pattern 12: 177– 180, 182, biosynthesis 14: 396
205, 206, 209, 210 Leptoglossus, enzymes in scent gland
nuclei 12: 222 secretions 14: 360
food dilution 11: 96 Leptograptus, see Crab
haemocyte numbers 11: 145 Leptohylemia coarctata, egg, frost
haemolymph and diet 1: 354, 357 resistance 6: 23
hormones Leptomastrix, differentiation of flight
CA and respiration 12: 296, 298, 303 muscle 5: 220
juvenile hormone 12: 274, 275 Leptophyes punctatissima 29: 155, 220, 223,
olfaction, in feeding 11: 17 244, 248
proteinaceous spheres 11: 374 Leptothorax, neurosecretory cells 12: 97
Lerneca fuscipennis 29: 227, 228 30, 31, 36, 51, 60, 64, 65, 82, 84,
Lesteva 25: 154 85, 88, 89, 92; 28: 42, 88, 124;
Lestidae 25: 154 29: 305, 308, 358– 361, 364, 370
Lestodiplosis, endopolyploid polytene carbohydrate metabolism
nuclei 7: 5 carbohydrate in haemolymph 4: 292
L. pisi 7: 5 effect of hormones 4: 339
Lethal of scute 25: 88, 90, 92 trehalase activity 4: 311, 320
Lethocercus, muscle membrane 6: 209 trehalase biosynthesis 4: 306, 307
Lethocerinae metathoracic scent glands, trehalase characteristics 4: 314– 316
sexually dimorphic 14: 375 circadian rhythms
Lethoceros, flight reflexes 5: 199 brain hormone 10: 59
Lethocerus cordofanus, scent gland secretion endocrine cells 10: 37
components 14: 398 optic lobes 10: 61
Lethocerus indicus, metathoracic scent photoreception 10: 44
glands, morphology 14: 373 ventral nerve cord 10: 60
scent glands secretion components 14: corpus allatum 2: 302
398 ecdysis, bursicon and 15: 542
scent substances, sexual behaviour ecdysone determination 12: 38, 52
and 14: 403 eclosion hormone in 15: 531
Lethocerus spp., basal lamina 14: 188 female receptivity 10: 322, 323
rhabdomere arrangement 14: 285 FMRFamide peptides in 28: 273, 274,
sarcoplasmic reticulum 14: 195 277, 294, 298, 310– 312, 315, 316
Lethocerus spp., chitin orientation 4: 221 gut muscle, biogenic amine effect on 15:
Lethocerus, flight muscle 4: 25 424
Leucania separata 26: 16 innervation 15: 422
carbohydrate in larval hemolymph 4: 293 pharmacological studies 15: 423
trehalase 4: 311, 324 hormones
Leucine 28: 175, 176 adipokinetic 12: 285, 286
Leucine, aphid saliva 9: 218 CA and respiration 12: 295, 297, 299
Leucine, conversion to lipid 4: 148 hyperglycaemic 12: 261, 262, 264
Leucine, in resilin 2: 34 juvenile 12: 251, 273–275
Leucochrome 27: 284 respiration and protein
Leucokinins 28: 42 – 45 synthesis 12: 302
Leucomyosuppressins (LMS) 28: 273, 277, metabolism 4: 117, 118, 185
279, 280, 290, 299, 302– 304, 310, neurosecretory material 2: 250, 335
311, 315, 316 Leucophaea maderae, corpora cardiaca
Leucophaea 19: 51, 63 – 65, 77, 116, 208, extracts 13: 174
209, 211, 214; 26: 31, 34, 59, 63, hyperglycaemic hormone 13: 101
70 –72, 82, 91, 94 methylalkanes in 13: 9, 11
corpus allatum 2: 255, 282, 290, 291, 298, proctolin in 13: 95
303, 309, 314, 315 3-methylalkanes in 13: 4
limb regeneration 7: 209– 214 Leucophaea maderae, cuticles 14: 9
neurosecretory cells 2: 249, 255 haemolymph, potassium ion activity 14:
thoracic glands 2: 303 250
trehalase 7: 299 surface dyads 14: 190
Leucophaea madeirae, circadian vitellin, characteristics 14: 66
rhythms 7: 152 vitellogenins in 14: 54
Leucophaea maderae (cockroach) 21: 14, and vitellin in 14: 51
89, 130 biosynthesis control, juvenile hormone
Leucophaea maderae 19: 6. 10, 14, 16, 50, and 14: 71
94, 214; 23: 85, 95, 96; 24: 141, characteristics 14: 66
198, 245, 246; 25: 269, 309; 26: 9, Leucophaea maderae, fat body
carbohydrate metabolism 1: 122, 124, hormone-induced changes 28: 144

125 neural activity, effects 28: 139, 140
purines 1: 153, 155 neuromodulators 28: 143
Leucophaea spp., allatectomy, vitellogenins second-messenger systems 28: 144,
and 14: 70 145
antennal development 14: 303 molecular 28: 128, 129
eggs, non-specific proteins in 14: 90 gene expression 28: 129
fat bodies, microsomes from 14: 81 transmitters 28: 128, 129
vitellogenin secretion by 14: 80 time scales 28: 130– 135
vitellogenin synthesis in 14: 82 dark rearing 28: 133–135
haemolymph, vitellogenin in 14: 60 visual 28: 131, 132
leg rotation and exchange in 14: 273 adult lifespan 28: 133– 135
ovarietcomy, vitellogenin and 14: 60 daily changes 28: 131, 132
vitellogenin biosynthesis and 14: 84, seasonal and circannual changes 28: 132
85 short-term synaptic plasticity 28: 130,
vitellin, amino acid composition 14: 68 131
vitellogenesis in male milieu in 14: 88 L-Glutamate
vitellogenin, biosynthesis control, juvenile L-glutamate 29: 62
hormone and 14: 73, 74 action, localization and
biosynthesis, ecdysone control of uptake 22: 183– 185
14: 77 as excitatory transmitter 22: 183
identification 14: 56 biochemistry and genetics 22: 185– 188
molecular weight 14: 64 L-glutamate, and excitatory synaptic
synthesis rate 14: 61 membranes 6: 248– 250, 253, 255
uptake, specificity 14: 93 l-glutamate, as transmitter substance 8: 20,
yolk proteins, vitellin in 14: 61 27, 31
Leucophaea, eclosion, bursicon in 15: 541 g-L -Glutamyl-L -phenylalanine,
Leucophaea, excitatory glutamate in 29: 62 Musca 11: 349
Leucophaea, haemocytes Libanasidus vittatus 29: 157
and connective tissue formation 11: 196, Libella, osmoregulation
197 non-electrolyte fraction of
blood clotting 11: 166 haemolymph 1: 329
microtubules 11: 121, 123, 125, 127, 128, Libellila, osmoregulation
130 uptake of inorganic ions 1: 346
phagocytosis 11: 188 Libellula quadrimaculata 19: 267, 269
Leucophaea, neurosecretory cell Libellula, Malpighian tubules 8: 270
anatomy 12: 108 Libellula, ocellus 7: 110, 114, 123, 124, 127
Leucosulfakinins 28: 277 L. luctosa 7: 153, 170
Leuhdorfia japonica, diapause 2: 272, 275 L. vibrans 7: 153
Leukocytes 24: 122 Libellula, spectral sensitivity 2: 146, 164
Leukotriene 24: 117, 122, 126 Libellula, wavelength discrimination 3: 41
A4 24: 122, 126 Lichen, methylalkanes in 13: 7
B4 24: 180 Lichnanthe rathvoni, haemolymph protein
D4 24: 126 patterns 3: 85
E4 24: 126 Life cycle, gut function 19: 302
Levels of change 28: 124– 129 Life histories, Arthropoda 24: 4
behaviour 28: 124– 127 Life history, food intake in 16: 97 – 102
cell structure and function 28: 127, 128 Life time, neuroblasts, Arthropoda 24: 18
mechanisms 28: 138– 145 Lift and drag at constant Reynolds
cell and neuropile volume, numbers 23: 190– 193
changes 28: 140– 142 Lift and thrust in flight 5: 164– 169
gene expression 28: 145 Coleoptera 5: 166– 171
Diptera 5: 173– 179 water balance 1: 348– 350, 352

general considerations 5: 164– 166 Limnobiidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 7
Lepidoptera 5: 171– 173 Limnogeton fieberi, chitin orientation
Lift coefficient 23: 187, 188, 193 4: 221
glide characteristics 23: 194 Limnogeton, tracheal modifications for
Reynold’s number 23: 181 flight 3: 323
Lift-to-drag ratio 23: 200–203, 206, 207 Limnophilus, purine metabolism 1: 156
Ligament, chitin orientation 4: 223, 253, Limonius californicus 26: 170
254 Limulus 19: 23; 21: 114; 23: 90; 24: 77;
Ligand transport 22: 314 25: 154, 213–215, 225, 229;
Ligand-operated channels, five classes 27: 82, 83; 29: 122
22: 2, 3 axo-glial tight junction-like
Light associations 15: 154
and chitin orientation in cuticle 4: 238, central nervous system, scalariform
239 junctions 15: 169
and fatty acids 4: 96 eye, gap junction in 15: 96, 103
dermal sense 4: 254– 257 gap junction 15: 88, 95
effect on cuticle lamellogenesis 4: 238, permeability and 15: 108
239, 254– 257 polyphemus 24: 135, 175
Light and dark rhythms 10: 3 – 5 vision
Light organs eccentric cells 3: 39 – 41
firefly, adenylate cyclase activity in 15: image formation 3: 11
442 light acceptance 3: 11
biogenic amines and 15: 394
mechanism 3: 38, 39
future studies 15: 402
partial depolarization 3: 26
innovation 15: 394– 397
polarized light 3: 18
Light responses, pharmacology 15: 397
spike discharges 3: 20, 23
Light sensitivity of malpighian tubule 28: 58,
theory of vision 3: 42
59
transients 3: 24, 25, 31, 32
Light, and grasshopper
coloration 8: 160– 164, 170– 172 Limulus photoreceptors
Light, effect on feeding activity 11: 20, 21 membrane breakdown in 20: 29
Light, effect on luminescence 6: 69 – 73, 91 turnover control in 20: 15, 16
Ligia exotica 19: 157 Limulus polyphemus 29: 117
Ligumia subrostrata 24: 169 acetylcholine receptors 15: 274
Ligurotettix coquilletti 29: 218, 244, 250 putative acetylcholine receptors,
Ligurotettix planum 29: 217, 246, 250 pharmacological profiles 15: 233
LIM protein 28: 292 septate junction in 15: 66
Limb, and regeneration of nervous smooth septate junction 15: 57
system 6: 126– 130 thin section appearance 15: 55
Limnaea Limulus sp., cuticle structure 4: 227
neurones, acetylcholine receptors 15: 273 Linalool in scent gland secretion 14: 359
tight junctions in 15: 143 Lindane 23: 101
Limnephilis sp., ionic and osmotic regulation nerve and muscle changes 8: 23, 24
composition of haemolymph 1: 320, 321, resistance 8: 68
325, 327, 338 Lindane, blocking GABA-operated chloride
haemolymph and medium 1: 322 channel 22: 90
non-electrolyte fraction of Linden bug 24: 224
haemolymph 1: 327– 329 Lineage in optic lobe development 14: 299
role of excretory system 1: 330, 333– 337, Linoleic acid
339 in lipid metabolism 4: 91, 92, 94 – 97, 130,
uptake of inorganic ions 1: 346, 347 145
in lipid metabolism 4: 91, 92, 94 – 96, Lipid content

126, 130 alterations during metamorphosis 4:
a-Linolenate 24: 118, 120, 132, 132, 136, 81 – "89
137, 138, 139, 144, 146 and developmental stage 4: 73 – 86, 89,
Linolenate 24: 117, 118, 120, 128 93 – 95, 118, 131
see also Dihono-g -linolenic acid, Homo-g and sexual dimorphism 4: 81, 84 – 88, 96,
-linolenic acid 97, 99
biosynthesis 24: 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, expression of 4: 71 –73, 84
142, 142, 143, 144– 146 in diapause pupa 4: 342
lipids 24: 132, 132 isoprenoid compounds 4: 168– 170
Liocoris lineolaris, pectinase, saliva 9: 214 of various species 4: 73 – 81, 88
Lipaphis erysimi (see Rhopalosiphum Lipid metabolism effect of hormones
pseudobrassicae) 4: 336– 339
Lipase Lipid metabolism, endocrine
assay 4: 111– 113, 115 control 12: 270– 286
extra-digestive 4: 110–116 adipokinetic hormone 12: 283– 286
gut 4: 99 – 101, 111– 113 diapause hormone 12: 281, 282
sensitivity to hormones 4: 184 hyperglycaemic hormone 12: 282, 283
Lipase activity, effect of calcium 4: 100, 113 juvenile hormone 12: 271–281
Lipase, eicosanoids 24: 177, 178, 187 Lipid utilization
Lipases digestion and absorption 4: 97 – 102
and cyclic AMP 9: 38 extra-digestive lipases 4: 110– 116
saliva 9: 215 fatty acid catabolism 4: 107, 116– 127
Lipid 23: 83 general mechanism 4: 185, 203
and diapause 4: 82, 85, 89, 90, 116, 117 release and transport 4: 102– 111, 117,
and insect hormones 4: 176– 186 119, 209
bilayers 6: 211 Lipids (see also Diacylglycerols)
classification 4: 71, 72 and tracheoles 17: 87, 91 – 93, 98
components 4: 72, 89 as respiratory fuel 17: 151– 193 passim
cuticular 4: 93, 131, 152– 155 Lipids 26: 69– 71, 273
definition of 4: 71, 72 containing choline 9: 72 – 76
extracuticular 4: 155– 157 in haemocytes 11: 199, 200
fatty acid composition 4: 72, 89 – 97 in saliva 9: 240, 241
hydrocarbons and waxes 4: 152– 157 insect, functions 15: 24
in cell membranes 6: 208 cuticles 15: 1– 33
in extracellular fluid 6: 218 chemical composition 15: 22, 23
isoprenoid compounds transpiration and 15: 20 – 29
biosynthesis 4: 161– 168, 209 water loss and 15: 21, 22
content 4: 168– 170 lipid-soluble choline
function 4: 175, 176 metabolites 9: 71 – 84
hormones 4: 176– 186 lysophosphatidylcholine 9: 82, 83
nutrition 4: 157– 161 phosphatidylcholine 9: 71 – 82
sterol modification 4: 170– 175 sphingomyelin 9: 83, 84
metabolism and function 4: 69– 187 synthesis 11: 366
method of extraction 4: 71 – 73 Lipids in vitellogenin 14: 63, 64
nature of 4: 89 – 97 Lipids, as flight fuel 13: 164
pigments 6: 140 in flight muscles, hormonal control
Lipid biosynthesis 13: 174
fatty acid biosynthesis 4: 127– 134 metabolism 13: 169
fatty acids in nutrition 4: 145– 147 mobilization 13: 170
PL and TGL 4: 134– 144 Lipids, digestibility 5: 276– 278
substrate interconversion 4: 147– 152 Lipids, eicosanoids 24: 116, 117, 131– 136,
132, 134, 167, 177, 178, 177, 183, Lithobius, eye 3: 2

187, 188, 189 Lithosiidae, lipid content 4: 75
Lipids, fat body 1: 136– 143 Litmotrechis, air-swallowing at
Lipofuscin bodies in membrane ecdysis 2: 180
degradation 20: 24 Liver
Lipolytic enzymes 26: 207 mammalian
Liponeura spp., spiracular gills 5: 139, 140, glycogen metabolism 4: 330, 332
142, 144 sterol biosynthesis 4: 176
Lipophorin 26: 6, 60 – 63, 87, 91; 27: 359, Liver, and cyclic AMP 9: 12, 38, 41
360 Lizard 24: 174
dynamic character 22: 320– 322 Lobster 23: 84, 90; 24: 55, 62, 67
egg lipophorin 22: 328, 329 biogenic amine conjugation by sulphates
function 22: 315, 316 in 15: 363
structure 22: 316– 320 chitin 1: 259, 279, 281
Lipoprotein carrier complexes 17: 151, intersegmental cuticle 1: 281, 282, 288
164– 174, 179, 186– 190 289, 294, 308
Lipoprotein membranes, and trehalase nerve
location 4: 316 membrane potential and electrica
Lipoproteins 4: 103, 108– 110 excitability 1: 186, 191, 192, 199
Liposcelis rufus, atmospheric water 200, 204, 205, 209
absorption in 14: 15, 19 skeletal neuromuscular junction,
water exchange variables 14: 22 octopamine and 15: 390
Liposcelis spp., water exchange Lobster, burrowing, retinal damage in 20:
allometry 14: 26 36, 37
Lipoxin 24: 121, 122, 127 Lobster, cuticular properties 4: 221
5-Lipoxygenase 24: 122, 125 Lobsters 19: 7, 8, 13, 23
Lipoxygenase 24: 119, 121, 122, 125, 126, Lobula (optic lobe), development 6: 112,
145, 194, 195, 196, 197 114, 115, 117
fluid secretion rates 24: 168– 170, 170 Lobula 16: 121
future discoveries 24: 185, 186, 188 Location in optic lobe development 14: 299
immunity 24: 162, 166 Loci, Holometabola development 11: 325,
neurophysiology 24: 179 326
reproduction 24: 154, 161 differential replication of 11: 329– 332
Lipsothrix nervosa, spiracular gills 5: 93 in haemochironomin synthesis 11: 359,
Lipsothrix remota, spiracular gills 5: 79, 86, 360
92 –94, 124, 126 in lucilin synthesis 11: 358
Lipsothrix spp, spiracular gills 5: 75, 77, 89, silk fibroin 11: 362, 363
93, 99, 125 Locomotion 23: 105; 26: 340– 342
Liquid filament switch technique 24: 329, effect of ocelli 7: 132– 141, 189
330 effect on feeding behaviour 11: 103
Liquid junction potentials, muscle fibres 14: neural control 7: 354, 465– 470
217– 220 of haemocytes 11: 151– 156
Liquid/animal feeders 19: 271 perambulatory, motor
Liquid/plant feeders 19: 282 mechanisms 7: 403– 408
Listrocaelinae, non-resonant sound pre-ingestion, regulation of 11: 5 – 21
emissions 13: 233 level of activity 11: 5 – 15
Lithium ions, and potential light and gravity 11: 20 – 21
changes 9: 283– 286 olfactory and visual stimuli
Lithium, glutamate receptors 24: 323 11: 15 – 20
Lithobiomorpha 24: 58 Locomotion of haemocytes 11: 151– 156
Lithobius 24: 26, 58, 59, 60, 77, 83 Locomotor activity
fortificans 24: 61 food intake and 16: 91
in acridids, effect of food intake 16: 85 chordotonal organs 27: 21, 39, 40,
Locomotor activity rhythms 10: 6 –8, 34, 95, 113– 117, 120– 122
337– 339 circadian rhythms
Locomotor activity, spontaneous 23: 34 chitin lamellogenesis 10: 77
Locust, resilin in cuticle 2: 1, 2, 4 – 7, 17, 22, daily growth layers 10: 20, 21
23, 29, 38, 40, 47, 49, 50, 52, 54, locomotor activity 10: 7
59, 61 marching 10: 34
Locust (Schistocerca gregaria) 21: 6, 38, classical conditioning 9: 164
90, 92, 103, 114, 115, 121, 128, colouration 23: 18 –20
134, 143, 144, 150 cuticle 1: 297, 298, 309
Locust (See also Schistocerca americana) Desert (see Schistocerca)
biogenic amine synthesis 15: 351 diet
central body complex, biogenic amine and lipid content 4: 146
localization in 15: 337, 338 effect of terpenes 4: 209
compound eye, tight junctions in 15: 135, diffraction images in eye 3: 15
136 electrical responses of eye
ecdysis, metabolism and 15: 560 adaptation 3: 27 – 29
wing inflation 15: 528 eccentric cells 3: 41
globuli cell bodies, octopamine in fast transients 3: 25, 31
15: 335 hyperpolarization 3: 31
heart preparations, biogenic amine effect optic pathway 3: 33 – 38
on 15: 418 oxygen consumption 3: 29
mushroom bodies, function 15: 337 partial depolarization 3: 25
visual threshold 3: 32
nervous tissue, biogenic amines
electrically excitable membranes 6: 259,
distribution 15: 328
264– 267
optic lobes, biogenic amine cell
endocrine control 23: 85
localization 15: 338
enzymes 3: 158, 159
post ecdysial cell death 15: 562
fat body
testis, tight junctions 15: 136, 137
conversion to lipid in 4: 148
tight junctions in 15: 133 fatty acid synthesis 4: 131, 132, 133
timing, environment 15: 478 fat body deposits 9: 260
tracheal air filling in ecdysis, bursicon fat content 1: 137
and 15: 548 feeding behaviour
tritocerebrum, biogenic amine cell endogenous factors 1: 55, 56
localization in 15: 343 orientation to food plant 1: 49 – 52
Locust 19K protein 26: 28 phagostimulation 1: 52– 54
Locust 23: 20, 83 femoral chordotonal organ 27: 120– 122
see also Locusta; Locustana; Nomadacris; flight 23: 34, 99
Schistocerca motor units 3: 298
amino acid metabolism 1: 148 muscles 3: 315, 316
amino acids in egg 3: 58 tracheal modifications 3: 321– 323,
arousal syndrome, extended 23: 91 329, 334– 336, 342
assistance reflexes 27: 143– 145 flight muscle
Australian (see Chortoicetes) and fatty acid oxidation 4: 119, 124,
behaviour/activity 23: 33 125
carbohydrate metabolism 1: 116, and lipid hydrolysis 4: 115
118– 120, 122, 125, 126 hexokinase activity 4: 302
CC 23: 90 potassium ions and membrane
central nervous system 18: 252– 255, 253 potential 4: 3
central neuronal pathway 27: 133 food-plant preferences 1: 47 – 49, 79
cholinergic system 1: 30, 33 food-plant selection 1: 56 – 58
giant fibres glycogen phosphorylase 4: 333

and leg motoneurones 8: 122, 128 glycogen synthetase 4: 330
continuity 8: 121 muscle ion content 6: 219
histology 8: 100, 102, 104, 108, 109 muscle membrane 6: 209
gregarious 23: 9, 10 nerve sheath and electrical behaviour
haemolymph 1: 412, 414
carbohydrate in 4: 295 neural lamella formation 11: 195
trehalase in 4: 322 neuroethology
haemolymph glutamate 11: 200 ephaptic excitation 7: 369
hormonal control of behaviour flight, control 7: 467
central motor programs 10: 308 flight, electrical activity 7: 376
female sexual behaviour 10: 317– 320 flight, motor mechanisms 7: 408– 410
gregarious and migratory habituation 7: 392
behaviour 10: 333– 335 learning 7: 393–395
larval activity 10: 312, 313 locomotion 7: 408, 425, 468–470
hyperlipaemia 23: 84 motor neurons 7: 372– 374
influence of environment on phase neuropil 7: 377, 380– 385
criteria 1: 87 optic ganglia 7: 375
insecticide design 23: 105 spiracle 7: 401, 402
intermediary metabolism, flight muscle synaptic potentials 7: 367
carnitine 7: 315 neuropilar processes and neuronal cell
contractile proteins 7: 272, 273 bodies 18: 254
fat biosynthesis 7: 318 nonspiking interneuron morphology in
fat transport 7: 319, 321, 322 metathoracic ganglion 18: 289
fatty acid catabolism 7: 313, 314 non-spiking interneurons 27: 137– 139
glycogen synthetase 7: 296 nutrition
glycolysis 7: 304 and pigmentation 1: 83 – 91
mitochondrial metabolism 7: 323, 324, ascorbic acid and carotene 1: 61, 69,
334 73, 79 – 95
oxygen supply 7: 270 methods of approach 1: 58 – 62
oxygen utilization 7: 269 specific requirements 1: 62 – 79
substrate 7: 271 ocellus
trehalase 7: 298; 7: 301 as stimulatory organ 7: 133, 134
labial gland excretion 8: 210 electrical response 7: 158
learning flicker fusion frequency 7: 166
eye 9: 151, 152 light intensity 7: 149
leg position 9: 118, 119, 122, 141, phototactic orientation 7: 142,
157– 159 144
leg startle reaction 7: 178
chitin orientation in cuticle thoracic ganglia 7: 184–187
4: 237, 240 units, brain 7: 171
leg muscle octopamine in 27: 155
excitatory postsynaptic potential organophosphates 8: 28
4: 10 outbreak 23: 53
“fast” and “slow” fibres 4: 27 oxidation rates 3: 146
innervation 4: 7, 8, 17 phase characteristics 23: 41 – 43
metabolic substrates 23: 97 phase polymorphism 23: 1 – 55
mitochondria 3: 141 photoreceptor turnover control in
‘Monday morning’ 23: 106 20: 14
monosaccharide utilization 4: 303 PL in 4: 141
muscle plague, large-scale 23: 52
excitation 4: 12, 13, 16, 17, 23, 25 post-retinal fibres 3: 40
red (see Nomadacris) and temperature 5: 319– 321

reflex gain 27: 142, 143 coordination mechanism 5: 306, 307, 309,
regeneration of nervous system 318
6: 126 deafferentation 5: 301– 303
resistance reflex 27: 139– 141 effects of input 5: 303, 304
resolving power of eye 3: 8 ganglionic coordination 5: 304– 306
respiratory control 3: 150 impulses during yawing 5: 333
resting membrane potential 6: 223, lift 5: 292
226– 230, 235 motor patterns 5: 297, 300, 301
rhabdom diameter and illumination 20: plasticity in control system 5: 332
10, 11 reflexes 5: 201, 202, 204, 209, 314
solitary 23: 9, 10 single level interactions 5: 331
sound communication thoracic flight muscles 5: 299
acoustic filters, body parts as 10: 276, wing movements 5: 182
277 Locust, hormones
fat and soft tissues, effects of 10: 278 adipokinetic, and flight 12: 283– 286
forces acting on ears 10: 274, 275 bursicon 12: 291
parameters of sound 10: 271–273 haemolymph diglyceride 12: 246
receptor organ, behaviour 10: 285, 287, hyperglycaemic 12: 282, 283
288, 290 juvenile 12: 290
tympanal vibrations 10: 279– 284 Locusta 19: 40, 43, 51, 58 – 95, 102, 109,
sperm cells 114, 117, 118, 191, 206, 257, 385,
capacitation 9: 381 386; 21: 4, 41, 131; 26: 4, 8, 27, 32,
cell surface 9: 318, 324 35, 39, 40, 42, 61, 63, 65, 68,
spiracles 74 – 76, 79, 83, 85, 87, 91 – 97, 99,
activity, independent 3: 317– 319 100, 102, 110, 111; 25: 160, 210;
activity, synchronized 3: 313, 315 27: 192
control 3: 305, 307, 309, 311 see also Schistocerca
innervation 3: 301 accessory gland, role 10: 318
spiracular muscle contraction 4: 24 air-swallowing 2: 180
synaptic membranes 6: 242– 246, 248, allotropic neurosecretion 10: 317
249, 252– 255 behaviour/activity 23: 32, 35 – 37
tegula 27: 16– 18 colouration 23: 13, 16 – 20
thoraco-coxal region 27: 19, 20 corpus allatum secretion 2: 282, 285, 297
trehalose biosynthesis 4: 306 cytology 23: 31
tryptophan metabolism decemlineata 24: 289
acridiommatins 10: 140 detoxication 3: 78
egg 10: 199 embryos 21: 3
eye pigments 10: 134 endocrine control 23: 85
kynurenine transaminase 10: 193 endocrine organs 23: 38– 40, 44
ommatins 10: 135 environment and pigmentation 1: 88
ommochrome deposition 10: 162 eye
ommochrome localization 10: 161 and ventral nerve cord 3: 33
ommochromes in colour change 10: illumination potential 3: 36
174, 175 image formation 3: 16
waste products 10: 177 ommatidium 3: 10
3-hydroxy anthranilic acid 10: 132 polarized light 3: 19
ventilation 3: 283, 285, 286, 288–291, post-retinal fibres 3: 41
293, 295– 298 potential profile 3: 26
water absorption in rectum 1: 371, 377 resolution 3: 6, 11, 13 – 15
Locust protein Jhp2 l 26: 25, 26, 28 transients 3: 24, 25, 28, 29
Locust, flight fat body 1: 132, 159
food and feeding 1: 50, 55, 56 proteins and amino acids 1: 62, 63
haemolymph and water balance 1: 382, 391 reproductive parameters 23: 23 – 26
histolysis of larval musculature 2: 182 tergo-pleural muscles in ecdysis 2: 182
homologous structures 24: 8, 14, 18 ventral glands and moulting 2: 260, 261,
compared to Crustacea 24: 64, 69, 70 268, 269
interneurons 24: 35, 36, 39 – 41, 49 VG 23: 45 – 49
motoneurons 24: 27 water soluble vitamins 1: 76, 77
sensory neurons 24: 29, 31, 33 Locusta
hopper development 23: 28 coloration 8: 150, 158, 159, 161, 162
hormonal control of reproduction 2: 304 164– 166, 169– 172, 175, 177– 182
insecticide design 23: 105 L. migratoria 8: 154, 183– 190
juvenile hormone 24: 224, 239 L. pardalina 8: 154
leg muscle giant fibres 8: 100
electrically excitable response 4: 22 Locusta danica 23: 4
membrane potential 4: 2, 4 Locusta diuretic peptide (DP) 28: 37
male sexual behaviour 23: 22 Locusta gregaria, colour changes 10: 175
metabolic substrates 23: 96, 97 Locusta gregaria, effect of juvenile
migratoria 21: 10, 12, 182, 217 hormone 2: 285
eicosanoids 24: 158, 159, 159, 177, 187 Locusta migraroria, auditory neurons 13:
glutamate receptors 24: 310– 312, 314, 304, 307
324, 325, 330 blood lipids 13: 175
homologous structures 24: 36, 38, 40, corpora cardiaca, extracts 13: 174
41, 50 – 53, 55 flight fuel 13: 164
juvenile hormone 24: 216, 245, 246
flight metabolism, development 13: 200
monosaccharide utilization 4: 303
flight muscle metabolism 13: 173
morphology/morphometrics/anatomy 23:
flight speed, substrate availability 13: 180
8 –12
heart-accelerating peptides 13: 97, 98
muscle
hyperglycaemic hormone 13: 101, 104
postsynaptic potential 4: 17 – 20
innate releasing mechanism,
sodium ions and resting potential 4: 5
nervous system postembryonic development 13:
extracellular spaces 1: 459 320
glial cells 1: 425, 426 neurogenic rhythms 13: 148
neural lamella 1: 403, 404, 406–409 power output, neural control 13: 150
neurone 1: 431, 432, 440 tympanal organs 13: 287, 289, 294
nucleic acid and nucleotides 1: 64, 79 ventral cord neurons 13: 297
nutrition Locusta migratoria
ascorbic acid 1: 69, 80 blood– brain barrier
carbohydrates 1: 65, 66, 68, 69 glial system 9: 273
carotene haemolymph 9: 276
growth and reproduction 1: 92 choline metabolism
phase and humoral function 1: 90 in development 9: 57
phase and vision 1: 89, 92, 93 lipids containing choline 9: 74
pigmentation 1: 73, 84, 86 – 88 phosphatidylcholine 9: 85, 96
general 1: 59, 79 Locusta migratoria (migratory locust) 23: 4,
lipids 1: 70 – 73 6, 7, 14
minerals 1: 74, 75 Locusta migratoria 19: 41, 247– 257, 341,
phase polymorphism 23: 4 369, 396, 398
pheromone 23: 21, 50, 52 Locusta migratoria 25: 269; 27: 113– 116,
physiology/biochemistry/molecular 119, 120, 124, 137, 139, 149, 156,
biology 23: 28 – 30 295, 298; 29: 8
pronotum, lateral view of 23: 9 arginine vasopressin-like DH in 29: 295
AVP-like immunoreactive neurons gut muscle, biogenic amine effect on

in 29: 351, 368 15: 424
biliprotein 22: 361 pharmacological studies 15: 423
biogenic amine, cell localization 15: 332 haemocytes
distribution 15: 323 and connective tissue
calcitonin-like peptides 29: 304, 336 formation 11: 195, 197
CAP2b in 29: 308 blood clotting 11: 157, 162, 165
carbohydrate content 4: 292, 326 diversity 11: 135, 136, 139, 140
chitin orientation 4: 234 in defence reactions 11: 171, 172, 174
choline transporters 29: 116, 121 phenol metabolism 11: 189, 191
circadian clock 4: 234, 239 populations, humoral control 11: 143,
co-localisation 29: 364, 365, 366 144, 146, 149, 150, 151
CRF-related diuretic hormone 29: 301 ultrastructure 11: 125, 126, 127, 129
CRF-related diuretic peptide 29: 352, haemolymph 6: 216, 217; 1: 214, 216,
355, 357 353, 358; 29: 374
cuticle 1: 297 haemolymph protein 11: 347
deutocerebrum, biogenic amine cell histamine in 29: 123
localization in 15: 342 ion transport peptide 29: 363
diuretic/myotropic kinin neuropeptides ionic and osmotic regulation
in 29: 331 excretory system 1: 361– 363
dopamine in 29: 99, 101 haemolymph and diet 1: 353, 358
dorsal midline neurones, octopamine nerve and muscle 1: 383, 384,
and 15: 365 392
DUMDL cells 15: 371
ions in muscle systems 6: 220, 221
ecdysis, bursicon and 15: 542
juvenile hormone 26: 5, 9 – 11, 25, 26, 28,
cuticle inflation 15: 530
35, 38, 39, 42, 48, 55 – 57, 61, 65,
electrical activity 5: 14
77, 83, 88, 95, 96, 105, 112
electrically excitable membranes 6: 265,
juvenile hormone-binding
266
proteins 22: 363
eye extracts of 1: 89
fat body kinins 29: 358, 359
fatty acid biosynthesis 1: 139– 143 L. migratoria cinerascens, male sexual
glucosides 1: 123 behaviour 10: 319
feeding deterrent in 16: 73 L. migratoria migratorioides
feeding regulation male sexual behaviour 10: 318, 319
after deprivation 11: 90 migratory behaviour 10: 333– 335
dilution of food 11: 91, 96 larval storage protein 22: 311
general conclusions 11: 104, 105 lipid metabolism
meal size 11: 59 – 69, 71 – 76 fatty acids 4: 96, 126, 133, 145
olfactory stimulation 11: 15 lipid content 4: 78, 79, 92, 99, 105,
pre-ingestion locomotor 117, 144
activity 11: 9 – 11 sterol utilization 4: 160, 162
rate of ingestion 11: 85, 86 lipophorin 22: 316– 322
role of maxillary palps 11: 38, 39 Locmi-DH in 29: 297, 384
temporal patterns 11: 98 – 103 locomotor activity rhythms 10: 7
flight locusts: unpaired median neurons
and carbohydrates 4: 297, 318 in 28: 213, 214, 220, 226, 232,
and fatty acids 4: 96, 126 233, 235– 237
FRMFamide peptides in 28: 274, 275, malpighian tubule in 28: 32, 36, 38, 39,
286– 288, 294– 302, 304, 308, 316 42, 50, 52
GABA binding 22: 22, 24 meal size control 16: 78
GABA transporters 29: 79 membrane potential 6: 235
moulting fluid 26: 165, 189, 199, 200, embryonic pattern

203, 204, 209 aberration 12: 218
muscle Locusta migratoria migratorioides,
membrane potentials 1: 187 endopeptidases in egg 3: 66
muscle fibre electrical constant Locusta migratoria, basal lamina 14: 187,
6: 212 188
myogenic rhythm, function 15: 380 cuticles 14: 9
receptor mediated acceleration muscle fibres, ion barriers 14: 231
15: 379 muscles, ionic composition 14: 204
N-acetyltransferase in, biogenic amine plasma membrane permeability 14: 210,
inactivation and 15: 362 213
nerve postsynaptic potential 14: 227
effect of external concentration of sarcoplasmic reticulum 14: 194
cations 1: 218, 219 surface dyads 14: 191
electrical excitability 1: 193, 194 vitellin, characteristics 14: 66
nervous system placticity 28: 94, 96, 115, vitellogenin, and vitellin in 14: 52
116 biosynthesis control, juvenile hormone
neuroparsins 29: 312– 314 and 14: 71
nitrogenous excretion 4: 46 water absorption in 14: 5
octopamine in 29: 110 Locusta migratoria, hormones
ommochromes 10: 152 CA and respiration 12: 295
physiological solutions 1: 221 CC and nitrogen metabolism 12: 294
pterines 6: 153 hyperglycaemic 12: 260, 263, 265– 267
juvenile
putative aminergic neurones, vesicle
and lipid metabolism 12: 271
characteristics 15: 348
and phosphorylase activity 12: 254
regeneration of nervous system 6: 126,
and protein synthesis 12: 251, 271, 274,
127
275
serotonin in 29: 92, 93, 324, 348, 349
transaminase activity 12: 291
sound signalling 29: 225
medial neurosecretory cell 12: 268, 269
taurine in 29: 124 Locusta migratoria, neurosecretory
uncoupling lamellogenesis 4: 241 cells 2: 253
unpaired median neurons in 28: 187, 199, Locusta migratoria, respiratory
202 control 3: 150
utilization of dry matter 5: 252 Locusta pardalina, lipid content 4: 79
vitellogenin 22: 324, 325 Locusta solitaria, colour change
Locusta migratoria cinerascens 26: 54 10: 175
Locusta migratoria manilensis, Locusta spp., antenna 14: 302
vitellogenesis in male milieu eggs, non-specific proteins in 14: 90
in 14: 88 embryo, neuroblasts in 14: 327
Locusta migratoria migratoriodes, fat bodies, vitellogenin secretion by
vitellogenesis in male milieu 14: 80
in 14: 88 vitellogenin synthesis in 14: 82
Locusta migratoria migratorioides 26: 54 ovariectomy, vitellogenin biosynthesis
heart, biogenic amine distribution in and 14: 84
15: 417 ovaries, ecdysone synthesis 14: 78
median neurohaemal organs, biogenic vitellin, amino acid composition 14: 68
amines in 15: 431 vitellogenin, biosynthesis control in,
5-HT distribution in 15: 324 juvenile hormone and 14: 70
Locusta migratoria migratorioides, Corpus biosynthesis, ecdysone control
cardiacum, peptides from 13: 96 14: 79
Locusta migratoria migratorioides, extraction from 14: 63
mode of entry 14: 92 ocellar units, VNC 7: 173– 177, 179

molecular weight 14: 64 “onion bodies” 7: 123
synthesis rate 14: 61 structure 7: 117, 118, 123
Locusta viridissima, haemolymph Locusts, plasma membrane permeability
1: 214 14: 211
Locusta, flight 5: 198, 296, 298 retina, axons 14: 297
Locusta, nervous system development Locusts, sexual behaviour 19: 95
anatomical changes 6: 101 Loligo
corpora pedunculata 6: 120 cuticle
eye 6: 111 chitin/protein complexes 1: 298– 300,
glia 6: 104 308, 310
olfactory centre 6: 118 structure of chitin 1: 262, 263, 269,
Locusta, neurosecretory cells 274, 307
anatomy 12: 108, 109 nerve
during life history 12: 94 effect of DDT on 1: 230, 238, 239
protocerebral 12: 77 electrical properties 1: 191, 192,
Locusta, tympanal organs 13: 286 197– 199, 203, 205, 209
receptors 13: 298 ionic composition 1: 215, 219
Locustana membrane potential 1: 179, 184, 186
colouration 23: 13, 18, 19 metabolism and ionic fluxes 1: 222,
cytology 23: 30 224, 227
morphology/morphometrics/anatomy Lolium seedling, effect on meal size 11: 60
23: 9 London –van der Waals forces, in chitin and
physiology/biochemistry/molecular
protein orientation 4: 274
biology 23: 29
Lone star tick, see Amblyomma americanum
Locustana pardalina (brown locust) 23: 4, 7
Long hyaline protein 1 (LHP1) 26: 40, 89
Locustana pardalina, ventral glands
Longevity 26: 271
2: 262
Long-horn beetles, stridulatory organs 13:
Locustana, coloration 8: 150, 158, 172, 175,
230
177
L. pardalina 8: 156, 182 Longitudinal gradients, cerci development
Locustana, ventral glands 2: 268 and 14: 321
Locustol 23: 51 Lower termites
Locusts 19: 8 – 25, 96, 204 caste formation in, endocrines in 16: 204,
anterior ocellar focus 25: 189– 193 205
diapause, food intake and 16: 100 caste inducing factors outside the
meal size control 16: 78 colony 16: 177
ocellar tract of 25: 189– 193 Loxostege spp., lipid content 4: 76, 77
passive and active membrane properties of Loxostege stictalis, frost resistance 6: 28, 42
L-neurones 25: 218– 220 Loxostege sticticalis, fat 1: 138
synaptic interactions among L -Phenylalanine, g-L -glutamyl-, in Diptera
L-neurones 25: 225– 228 third instar larvae 15: 364
Locusts, cerebral neurosecretory cells L-proline 28: 174
13: 176 LSD, adenylate cyclase activity and 15: 441,
lipids, mobilization 13: 177 442
neurogenic rhythms 13: 148 L-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate 29: 73
Locusts, ocellus and eye L-trans-pyrroliginre-2,4-dicarboxylate
electrical response 7: 152, 158, 161 (LPDC) 29: 73
flicker fusion frequency 7: 167, 168 Lucanidae, chitin orientation 4: 221
interaction 7: 182 Lucifer yellow dye 27: 9, 11
L. migratoria 7: 127, 131, 133, 135, 136, Luciferase, firefly light organ stimulation
141– 144, 171 by 15: 401
Luciferase, in control of luminescence 6: 54, fat body

60, 61 carbohydrate metabolism 1: 116, 127,
Luciferin, and luminescence 6: 60, 61 128
Lucilia 19: 99; 26: 23 haemolymph 1: 212
creatin excretion 4: 44 lipid content 4: 80
ecdysis, bursicon and 15: 542 nitrogenous excretion 4: 52– 54
fatty acid catabolism 7: 313 sterol utilization 4: 157, 162
flight, oxygen 7: 269 trehalase activity in tissues 4: 311
illumination potential 3: 36 Lucilia sericata, ecdysis, cutting in 15: 523
isolation of mitochondria 3: 141 Lucilia sericata, flight reflexes 5: 208
oxygen consumption in flight 3: 321 Lucilia sericata, ocellus 7: 103, 139, 148,
polytene chromosomes 7: 8 178
respiratory control in flight 3: 154 Lucilia sericata, oxygen consumption, flight
transients in eye 3: 24 and 13: 135
urease 4: 39 Lucilia spp., retina to lamina projection 14:
uricase 4: 38, 54 286
wing expansion 15: 501 Lucilia, brain neurosecretory cells 12: 89, 93
Lucilia caesar, ommochrome binding 10: Lucilia, fat body
165 purine metabolism 1: 155– 157
Lucilia cuprina Lucilia, thoracic gland 2: 272
feeding regulation Lucilin
constancy of intake 11: 89 genetics 11: 356– 359
meal size 11: 79 –81 in haemolymph 11: 347
water intake 11: 34 synthesis 11: 354, 372, 376
gene activity Lucilla sericata 24: 331
fat body 11: 372, 374, 375 Luciola cruciata, pterines 6: 154
haemolymph protein 11: 347 Luciola lucitanica, luminescence 6: 59, 64,
larval and adult proteins 11: 369, 370, 65, 67, 73
372 Luciola vitticollis, lipid content 4: 74
larval storage protein 11: 354 Luciola, hormonal control of flashing 10:
lucilin 11: 356– 359, 376 300, 309–311
protein utilization 11: 365 L. italica 10: 309
germinal vesicle 11: 282 L. lustianica 10: 309
haemocytes Luciola, light organs, innovation 15: 396
phagocytosis 11: 184, 188 Luclia cuprina 28: 106
phenol metabolism 11: 190 FRMFamide peptides in 28: 276, 277
spherule cells 11: 138 Lumbriconereis heteropoda, nereistoxin
ultrastructure 11: 126, 128 from 15: 288
Lucilia cuprina (blowfly), ary rhythm Luminescence in firefly, neural
mutant 22: 224 control 6: 51 – 96
Lucilia cuprina 19: 177, 267; 25: 270, 271; anatomy of lantern 6: 54 – 59
26: 53, 196 biochemistry 6: 59 – 61
Lucilia cuprina, ammonia production 4: 39 brain function 6: 90 – 93
Lucilia cuprina, cuticular lipids, differential development of lantern 6: 83 – 85
thermal analysis 15: 28 neural involvement 6: 61 – 74
Lucilia cuprina, lipids containing choline neuroeffector response unit 6: 85 – 90
9: 73, 76 other responses 6: 79 – 83
Lucilia cuprina, respiratory control 3: 150 pharmacology 6: 74 – 79
Lucilia sericala, landing response Luminescent organ, neurosecretory
rhythm 10: 15 innervation 12: 74
Lucilia sericata Lumirhodopsin 13: 49
cholinergic elements in 1: 7 Lunar periodicity, ant-lion 10: 8
Lung neurosecretory cells 12: 81, 96

mammalian thoracic gland 2: 254
and fatty acid synthesis 4: 128 Lymantria dispar 19: 32, 98; 24: 146; 25: 6,
carbohydrate interconversion to lipid 20, 36, 37, 53; 26: 17, 32, 52, 218,
4: 147 251, 254, 279, 280; 27: 336
L-units in compound eye 3: 37, 41, 42 Lymantria dispar, hatching, developmental
Luteinising hormone, and cyclic AMP readiness 15: 480
9: 37 Lymantria dispar, lipid content 4: 75
Lycophotia margaritosa, lipid content Lymantria fumida 26: 278, 280
4: 75 Lymantria monacha, feeding
Lycopods 23: 174 and temperature 5: 266
Lycoriella 24: 284 utilization of dry matter 5: 253, 264
Lycoriella mali, alkanes in, function 13: 21 Lymnaea 28: 43
biological activity of alkanes and alkenes Lymnaea stagnalis 24: 161; 28: 279, 288,
in 13: 22 309; 29: 306, 331
Lycosidae 24: 72 Lymnaea stagnalis, action of GABA 22: 67,
Lygaeidae spp., metathoracic scent glands, 68
sexually dimorphic 14: 375 Lymphocytes, moulting fluid 26: 170
Lygaeidae, lipid content 4: 78 Lyposcelis, pump thresholds 14: 39
Lygaena lonicerae, cholinergic elements Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
in abdomen of 1: 6 effect on gut-contraction 2: 237
Lygaeoidea, feeding 9: 192 effect on heart rate 2: 223, 227
Lygaeus kalmii 24: 141 Lysergic acid, and locomotor rhythms
Lygaeus kalmii, vitellogenin in mode of 10: 42
entry 14: 91 Lysine
Lygaeus saxatilis, abdominal scent glands, – aryl crosslinks 21: 194– 196
developmental fate 14: 369 Hemiptera saliva 9: 218, 221
morphology 14: 367 – quinone adducts 21: 195, 199
Lygaidae, saliva sperm cells 9: 326, 331
composition 9: 205, 209– 211, 214 Lysine transport 28: 174
feeding 9: 191, 196, 202, 203 Lysine, in cuticular proteins 2: 34, 49, 184
galls 9: 224 Lysophosphatidylcholine, metabolism
glands 9: 235, 237 9: 53 – 55, 72 – 76, 82 – 84
methods 9: 188 Lysophospholipase 24: 188
Lygeidae, protocerebral neurosecretory Lysosomal pathway
cells 12: 79 and rhodopsin degradation 20: 24, 25
Lygocorus pabulinus, vitellogenin and in crab 20: 25 – 28
vitellin in 14: 52 Lysosomes, and tissue histolysis 7: 63
Lygus hesperus 24: 141 Lysosomes, calcium buffering 19: 163
Lygus lineolaris, scent constitution, sexually Lysosomes, in haemocytes 11: 123– 127,
dimorphic 14: 395 135, 184
Lygus rugulpennis 19: 289 Lysozyme 11: 172, 184; 24: 162, 163
Lygus spp., saliva 9: 224, 241 Lysylbradykinin. See Kallidin
L. disponsi 9: 209, 210, 214, 215, 238 Lytta vesicotoria, lipid content 4: 74
L. elisus 9: 223
L. hesperus 9: 209, 212, 213, 222, 223 Mab 5B12 27: 11
L. pratensis 9: 213, 235 MAbC4 27: 11
Lymantra diaspar 28: 32 Machaeridia, coloration 8: 149
Lymantria (larva), erect image in eye 3: 3 Machilidae, corpora pedunculata, biogenic
Lymantria 19: 33, 34 amine distribution in 15: 332
brain hormone 12: 244 Machilidae, sperm cells 9: 349, 354
brain removal and diapause 2: 273 Machilis, sperm cells 9: 330
M. distincta 9: 364 and electrically excitable

Maciosiphium bari, lipid content 4: 89 membranes 6: 268, 269
Macrobrachium rosenburgii 24: 135 and fatty acid oxidation 4: 121, 122, 124
Macrocalista nimbosa 28: 270 and fatty acid synthesis 4: 132, 133
Macrocrixa 1: 160 and firefly scintillation 6: 80, 81
Macroglossum stellatarum 2: 149 and haemolymph trehalose activity 4:
Macroglossum, spectral sensitivity 2: 146, 322
148, 149 and membrane potential 6: 220, 221, 242
Macromolecular factor 19: 42, 43 and sperm malformation 9: 383
Macrophages 24: 122 and synaptic membranes 6: 247
Macropipus puber, cuticular orientation in haemolymph 6: 215– 217
4: 225 in trehalose biosynthesis 4: 308, 309
Macroplea, spiracular gills 5: 66 Magnesium ion-dependent cAMP
Macrosiphoniella millefolii, pectinase, hydrolysis 18: 148
saliva 9: 213 Magnesium ions
Macrosiphoniella sanborni wing active transport of 4: 23
dimorphism 3: 253, 256 and chromosome puffing 7: 43
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, polymorphism and electrically excitable responses in
effect of crowding 3: 253 muscle fibre 4: 23
forms and terminology 3: 213 effect on muscle fibre resting potential
gamic female production 4: 6
effect of day length 3: 221 effect on spontaneous miniature potentials
gynoparae 3: 232 in muscle 4: 15, 17
sexual reproduction 3: 233– 235 flight muscle 7: 272
wing dimorphism, developmental Magnesium ions, and Malpighian tubules
pathways 3: 255, 256 Calliphora 8: 222, 225
Macrosiphum rosae (see Aphis rosae) Carausius 8: 215
Macrosiphum solanifolii (see Macrosiphum Magnesium reabsorption, hindgut 19: 386
euphorbiae) Magnesium, body fluids 19: 302
Macrosteles fascifrons, salivary transmission Magnesium, effect on respiratory
of disease 9: 242– 244 control 3: 142, 143
Macrotermes bellicosus, caste Magnesium, Hyalophora cecropia decay
syndromes 16: 173 profile and 14: 143, 144
Macrotermes, tracheal system 3: 280 in Carausius morosus haemolymph
Macrothylacea rubi, amino acids and 14: 200
growth 3: 72 ions, vitellogenin uptake in Hyalophora
Macrothylacia, germarium 11: 244, 251 and 14: 92
Macrothylatia rubi 19: 225 Manduca sexta decay profile and 14: 148
Macula communicans See Gap junctions plasma membrane permeability to 14: 212
Maculae adhaerentes 15: 75, 77 Magnesium, moulting fluid 26: 166, 175,
arthropods, thin section appearance 15: 176
77 Magnesium– calcium antagonism, in
development 15: 84 excitatory responses of muscle
freeze-fracture appearance 15: 78, 79 4: 13, 14
in vertebrates, thin section appearance 15: Maia squinado, neurones, acetylcholine
76 receptors 15: 275
intercellular 15: 77 Malacosoma 19: 57
mosquito midgut 15: 78 haemocyte tissue culture 11: 156
Magacicada, tymbal, mechanism 10: 257 haemolymph protein 11: 344
Magnesium larval storage protein 11: 355
and ADH 9: 40 Malacosoma americanum,
and blood– brain barrier 9: 259 acetylcholine 9: 66
Malacosoma americanum, see Tent Mallophaga, sperm cells 9: 327, 329,

mothpre-flight warm-up 351, 369
Malacosoma disstria 26: 254, 278 Malonate
Malacosoma disstria, hatching, in fatty acid synthesis 4: 132, 133
developmental readiness 15: 480 respiratory inhibition 4: 122
Malacosoma neustria 26: 280 role in uric acid synthesis 4: 40, 41
Malacosoma neustria, feeding Malpighian tubule 23: 96, 97
nutrititive ratio 5: 278 fight or flight response 23: 102
utilization of flight 23: 99, 100
carbohydrate 5: 276 paralysis/insecticide poisoning 23: 101
dry matter 5: 251, 253 Malpighian tubule of Drosophila
fresh matter 5: 258 melanogaster 28: 1 – 68
lipid 5: 276, 277 as clock 28: 55 – 59
nitrogen 5: 275 and light sensitivity 28: 58, 59
Malacosoma pluviale 19: 57; 26: 17 as endocrine organ 28: 52, 53
Malacosoma pluviale, effect of farnesyl as target for attack 28: 53 – 55
methyl ether 12: 278 by immune responses 28: 55
Malacosoma spp., lipid content 4: 75 by parasites 28: 53, 54
Malacosoma testacea, hatching, by viruses 28: 55
developmental readiness 15: 480 colour mutants 28: 17– 19
Malacosoma, protocerebral neurosecretory control 28: 35 – 52
cells 12: 81 detoxification 28: 31, 32
Malanoplus bivattatus, hatching, cytochrome p 450 28: 32
development 28: 5 – 10
developmental readiness 15: 480
excretion 28: 29 – 31
Malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) 23: 137, 139,
metals 28: 30, 31
141
organic solute layer 28: 29, 30
Malate dehydrogenase, salivary gland 7: 62
tryptophan 28: 30
Malate, in pterine synthesis 6: 182
genes expressed in 28: 61 – 66
Malathion, affect on cholinergic system 1: 29
genetics 28: 2 – 4
Malathion, and acetylcholine 9: 99, 100 targeted mutagenesis for 28: 4
Malathion, circadian response to 10: 27 transgenesis for 28: 4
Malcosoma disstria 21: 96 heat-shock responses 28: 53
MALDI-TOF MS 28: 271, 272 history 28: 2
Male accessory glands 26: 39 – 44, 65, metabolism 28: 32 – 35
71 – 75, 108– 110 alcohol dehydrogenase 28: 32, 33
Male factor production, regulation 19: 92 urate oxidase 28: 33 – 35
Male factors, purification 19: 87 multiple roles of 28: 52– 59
Male glands, substances produced 19: 84 osmoregulation 28: 52
Male locusts, weight loss and intake 11: 73 pharmacology 28: 35 – 52
Male milieu 19: 77 cell-specific cycling 28: 46 –48
Male sexual behaviour 26: 54 channels and transporters 28: 48,
Male sexual behaviour, hormonal 49
control 10: 316– 320 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
cockroach 10: 320 signalling 28: 50 – 52
Diptera 10: 320 neuropeptide modulators
grasshopper and locust 10: 317– 320 of 28: 42 – 46
Maleic acid 24: 167 fluid transport and 28: 38
Maliarpha separatella 26: 275 peptide modulators of 28: 36
Mallophaga, antennae, sensilla on 16: 290 calcium signalling 28: 42 – 52
Mallophaga, protocerebral neurosecretory cAMP signalling 28: 35 – 38
cells 12: 79 cGMP signalling 28: 39 – 41
nitric oxide signalling 28: 39 – 41 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 127, 128,

stress responses 28: 53 192
structure and organization 28: 10 – 14 ultrastructure 8: 268–276
enhancer trapping 28: 12 – 14 uricase activity 4: 40
transport 28: 16 –29 xanthine dehydrogenase activity 4: 39
carbonic anhydrase 28: 28, 29 Malpighian tubules, and pterines 6: 174, 187
cations 28: 16 Malpighian tubules, differentiation 12: 4
chloride 28: 25 – 27 Malpighian tubules, eicosanoids 24: 134,
exchanger 28: 23 – 25 135, 146, 197, 198
V-ATPase 28: 20– 23 fluid secretion 24: 168–173, 170, 171,
water 28: 28 176
Wieczorek model 28: 20 future knowledge 24: 184, 185
Malpighian tubules 19: 167– 176, 191, 383; reproduction 24: 150, 156
8: 212– 286; 1: 329–332, Malpighian tubules, orthoptera 19: 254
338– 340, 359– 370, 377, 389, 390 Malpighian tubules, polytene chromosomes
allantoinase activity 4: 40 and actinomycin D 7: 14
and alkaline phosphatase 3: 65 and ecdysone 7: 36, 38
and blood amino acids 3: 77 DNAase activity 7: 63
Calliphora 8: 2l6 – 238 hypertrophy 7: 53
Calpodes 8: 264– 268 occurrence 7: 7, 9
Carausius 8: 213– 216 puffing patterns 7: 69
choline 9: 75 tissue specificity 7: 31, 32
chromosome changes 11: 336 Maltose, content in locust haemolymph
diuretic hormone 9: 33 4: 292, 295
ecdysis 15: 556 Mamestra brassicae 19: 40, 43; 25: 8, 9, 20,
embryological origin 15: 72 28
enzyme localization 4: 58 Mamestra brassicae, feeding
formed bodies 8: 276– 279 utilization of dry matter 5: 254, 263, 264
gap junction in 15: 95 utilization of nitrogen 5: 274
formation 15: 113 Mamestra configurata, adenylate cyclases in,
scalariform junctions in 15: 169 biogenic amine effect on 15: 438
hormonal control of 2: 239 Mammals 19: 177, 178
larval, eye pigmentation and 16: 151 adipokinetic activity 4: 184, 185
eye pigment precursors and 16: 154 carbohydrate metabolism 4: 288, 289,
multiple nuclear inclusions 11: 339 322
muscles of 2: 238, 239 eicosanoids 24: 116, 119, 121, 122– 127,
organic solutes 8: 279– 286 123– 127, 187, 188
polyteny 11: 328, 329 fluid secretion rates 24: 168
Rhodnius 8: 238– 264 immunity 24: 162
self-sustaining oscillation 10: 92 reproduction 24: 150, 156, 160
septate junctions in 15: 63, 64 thermobiology 24: 174
Tipula 8: 238 fatty acids 4: 124, 125, 128, 132,
trehalase activity 4: 311 145– 147
tryptophan ! ommochrome pathway glutamate receptors 24: 310
accumulation of kynurenine 10: 126 glycogen metabolism 4: 330– 332, 326
during metamorphosis 10: 203, 208, hexokinase 4: 302
209, 212 interconversion of non-lipid to lipid
in larva 10: 200 4: 147
ommochromes 10: 159, 161, 176, 177, lipid digestion 4: 98 – 100, 113, 115, 184
179 lipid in 4: 102, 103, 107, 110, 138– 140,
tryptophan oxygenase 10: 184 143, 144
lipid release and transport 4: 102, 103, regulation of cellular

107, 108, 110, 116, 141, 184 commitment 24: 225, 226
lipids and hormones 4: 138, 179, 184 moulting hormone and fat body 11: 374
mucopolysaccharides 4: 341 MsGC-I 29: 17, 18
role of sterols 4: 176 neural lamella formation 11: 195
sugar absorption from gut 4: 298, 322 neuronal development 29: 34, 35
Mammals, calcium 19: 174 post ecdysial cell death 15: 562
Mammals, metabolic rate 13: 137 protein kinases in 29: 27
Mammals, proctolin 19: 7 protein uptake, epidermis 11: 362
Mammals, spike initiation in eye 3: 23 receptor GCs 29: 3
Mammestra brassicae, nitrogenous sexta
excretion 4: 55 eicosanoids 24: 134, 162, 163, 164,
Manawata virus (MwV) 25: 46 165, 167, 187– 197, 189, 191– 193,
3,4-mandeloquinone 27: 239 195
Mandible homologous structures 24: 50,
prehardening of cuticle 2: 177 55 – 57
resilin in 2: 57 juvenile hormone 24: 216, 217, 218,
Mandible, role in ingestion regulation 11: 87 236, 237, 238, 245
Mandibulata 24: 1 – 3, 6, 8, 12 soluble guanylyl cyclases in 29: 11 – 15
compared Chelicerata 24: 69, 70 tight junctions, degradation 15: 149
interneurons 24: 44, 46, 51 – 55 development 15: 146
phylogeny 24: 80 ridge morphology 15: 145
Manduca 19: 61, 71, 196, 197, 229, timing, environment 15: 478
232– 234, 279, 354, 409; 26: 61, VNCs 29: 38
87, 110, 298, 309, 340; 27: 303, Manduca sexta
317, 320; 29: 96 blood – brain barrier
see also Epidermis electrical aspects 9: 278, 280, 285, 288,
atypical guanylyl cyclases 29: 15– 21 302
CNS 29: 23 haemolymph, ionic composition
cuticle, deposition prior to ecdysis 15: 550 9: 276
inflation in ecdysis 15: 526 nervous tissue, organisation 9: 264,
dopamine biosynthesis 15: 354 266, 267, 273
Ecdysis 29: 37, 40 lipids containing choline 9: 76
ecdysis, behavioural switching in Manduca sexta (hawkmoth) 21: 4, 5, 9, 10,
15: 515 18, 20 – 24, 26, 58, 89, 114, 121,
eclosion, bursicon in 15: 541 131, 133, 146, 184, 199
wing spreading in 15: 512 abdominal ganglion 21: 28
EGPs in 29: 29 gin-trap reflex 21: 15, 16
gap junction formation 15: 111 neuroblasts in 21: 8
glial cells, scalariform junctions 15: 169 neurogenesis in 21: 7
haemocytes 11: 147, 155 Manduca sexta (sphinx hawkmoth)
homologous structures 24: 17, 50 arylphorin 22: 305– 308, 312– 314
juvenile hormone development 22: 83
binding protein 24: 246 egg lipophorin 22: 328
embryonic actions 24: 224 GABAergic inhibitory synaptic
intracellular hormone interaction 22: 59
receptors 24: 248– 250, 251 haemolymph clotting 22: 357
mechanism of action 24: 222, 244 insecticyanin 22: 358– 361
modulation of ecdysteroid insulin-like peptides 22: 353
action 24: 252, 253 juvenile hormone-binding
muscle 24: 239–241, 240 proteins 22: 362, 363
nervous system 24: 242, 243 Kunitz-type inhibitors 22: 343
lectins 22: 341 circadian rhythms and 15: 479

lipophorin 22: 316– 322 ecdysone determination 12: 21, 25, 38
methionine-rich storage eclosion 15: 497
protein 22: 308– 310 eclosion hormone 10: 299
microvitellogenin 22: 329, 330 eclosion hormone in 15: 481, 531
other storage protein 22: 310, 311 embryogenesis 20: 91, 93
vitellogenin 22: 306, 325– 327 femoral chordotonal organ (FeCO) 27: 27
Manduca sexta 19: 6, 58, 195– 198, fluid uptake from the cryptonephric
223– 225, 229, 238, 245, 294, 369; complex 29: 341
23: 17; 25: 17, 156, 165, 206, FMRFamide peptides in 28: 273, 274,
269– 271, 274, 275, 277, 278, 293– 295, 298– 300, 304– 307
296– 299, 303, 304, 306, 309, GABA transporters 29: 79, 80, 86
314– 316, 328, 329; 29: 70, 372, gap and septate junctions 15: 118
386 gap junctions 15: 93
acetylcholine receptors in antennal lobes development 15: 113
of the brain, development and gating of pupation 10: 53
15: 285 glia, desmosomes in, functional
adenylate cyclases in biogenic amine significance 15: 83
effect on 15: 438, 444 glutamate uptake 29: 62
amino acid absorption 28: 171, 177 guanylyl cyclase in 29: 2
antidiuretic factors 29: 310, 311 heat loss from head 20: 132
axo-glial junction-like associations histamine in 29: 121, 123
15: 152 innervation of leg 27: 26
biogenic amine, biosynthesis, interglial junctions, thin section 15: 122
neurotransmitter function and juvenile hormone 12: 244; 26: 16, 17, 25,
15: 355 52, 59 – 61, 67
conjugation, by b-alanine in 15: 364 kinins in 29: 358, 359
by sulphates in 15: 363 larval behaviour, hormones 10: 312, 313
distribution 15: 323 malpighian tubule in 28: 36, 37, 40
synthesis 15: 351 Manse-DH 29: 295, 296, 300, 301
brain, a-bungarotoxin binding Manse-DPII in 29: 366
component 15: 235 moulting fluid 26: 163–193, 207, 208,
toxin binding distribution in 15: 241 212, 214–217, 219, 220
CAP2b in 29: 361, 362 N-acetyltransferase in, biogenic amine
cardioacceleratory peptides (CAPs) inactivation and 15: 362
in 29: 307, 371 nervous system plasticity 28: 99, 100,
cellular metamorphosis 12: 4, 5 128, 129, 143, 144
chordotonal organ 27: 18, 51 octopamine in 29: 106, 108, 109
co-localisation in 29: 364, 365 orphan transporters in 29: 113
CRF-like DR receptors 29: 304 putative aminergic neurones, vesicle
CRF-related peptides 29: 352, 355, 376 characteristics 15: 348
cuticle 27: 235, 244, 251, 273, 276, 295, receptor GCs in 29: 4
316, 317, 322, 359, 363 salivary glands, catecholamine in 15: 403
cyclic AMP production 29: 345 dopamine in 15: 347
desmosome development in 15: 84 septate junctions in 15: 63
diuretic/myotropic kinin neuropeptides development in 15: 73
in 29: 305 in nervous system 15: 71
dopamine biosynthesis in 15: 352 serotonin in 29: 92, 348
dorsal midline neurones, octopamine smooth septate junction, freeze-
and 15: 365, 366 fracture 15: 60, 75
DUM cells 15: 372 subgenual organ (SGO) 27: 35
ecdysis, bursicon and 15: 542 tight junctions 15: 123, 129, 133, 134
development 15: 146 flight muscles 13: 157– 159

timing, environment 15: 478 temperature 13: 196
tracheal cell, membrane junctions 15: 159 hemolymph circulation 13: 179
tubular salivary glands 15: 405 hypoglycaemic factor 13: 101, 174
unpaired median neurons in 28: l88, 194, metabolic rate, body weight and 13: 141
195, 202, 209, 210, 212, 215, 218, during flight, temperature and 13: 138
229, 231, 232, 234 mass, wing-loading wingbeat frequency
Manduca sexta, active transport across the and 13: 140
pharate pupal integument, pH methylalkanes in 13: 9, 11, 12
and 14: 152 oxygen consumption during flight 13:
decay profile in 14: 147– 150 135, 142
diet 14: 169 power output, neural control 13: 151, 155
diet reared, staging characteristics pre-flight warm-up 13: 186, 187
14: 171 rhodopsin and metarhodopsin 13: 46
haemolymph, cation composition thoracic temperature, stabilization during
14: 151 flight 13: 191
composition 14: 156 trimethylalkanes in 13: 16
juvenile hormone in 14: 112 wingbeat frequency, temperature and
larval – pupal ecdysis, cell shape and 14: 13: 183
122 Manduca spp., abdominal ganglion 14: 326
larval – pupal transformation, carbonic antenna 14: 301
anhydrase activity in 14: 153 antennal lobes and 14: 305
moulting fluid 14: 132– 160 development 14: 303
composition 14: 155, 156 morphogenesis 14: 306
osmotic pressure 14: 154 pioneer fibres 14: 304
moulting, chitinase in 14: 131 neural development 14: 313
ecdysone and 14: 113, 115 gradients of adhesiveness and 14: 267,
a-ecdysone and 14: 114 268, 269
hormones and 14: 111 Manduca, coloration 8: 185
juvenile hormone and 14: 112 Manduca, neurosecretory cells
pharate pupal haemolymph, during life history 12: 96, 98
composition 14: 155 dye injection 12: 108
pharate pupal integument, active transport total 12: 92
of potassium across 14: 139 Manduca, rhodopsin, visual sensitivity
potassium active transport across 14: and 13: 58
136 Manganous ions, and action potential 9: 278
restrictive barrier between moulting fluid Manipulation techniques,
and haemolymph in 14: 157 endocrine 21: 10 – 12
staging 14: 171 Manna, trehalose in 4: 321
vitellogenin, and vitellin in 14: 53 Mannose
biosynthesis control in 14: 69 absorption and conversion 4: 298
characteristics 14: 67 from plasma, glycoprotein 4: 341
Manduca sexta, age flight metabolism utilization of 4: 302– 304
and 13: 210 Mannose, feeding response to 11: 6, 8, 23,
alkane biosynthesis in 13: 21 29, 97
alkanes in, function 13: 25 Mannose, glutamate receptors 24: 322
colour vision 13: 53 Manometry, in lipid metabolism studies
dimethylalkanes in 13: 13, 14, 16 4: 111– 113, 115, 148
flight fuels, mobilization 13: 170 Mansonia uniforms 25: 51
flight metabolism, development and Mantid 24: 39, 40
senescence 13: 201, 203 Mantid, intersegmental cuticle 1: 294, 297
flight motor, temperature and 13: 181 Mantids 19: 205
Mantis religiosa (preying mantis) 27: 15 Mastotermitidae, non-flagellate sperm

Mantis religiosa, food deprivation and visual 9: 371
threshold 11: 42 Mating 19: 80
Mantis religiosa, nitrogenous excretion Mating behaviour and honey bee
4: 46 genetics 23: 120, 121
Mantis religiosa, ocellus 7: 137 Mating behaviour, hormonal control of
Mantis religiosa, ommochromes 12: 11
in colour changes 10: 171, 174, 175 Mating rhythms 10: 12, 95
localization 10: 153 Mating, and hormonal control of
Mantis religiosa, synaptic transmission reproduction 2: 303– 307
elimination of afferent impulses 5: 12, 13 Mating, effect of lipids 4: 86, 169, 186
inhibition 5: 38, 52 Matrix formation in sclerotization 17: 5 –9,
Mantis, antennae, sensilla on 16: 277 39 – 51 passim
Mantis, chitin in “silk” 4: 263 Matrone, and female refractoriness 10: 300,
Mantis, coloration 8: 174, 186, 187 302, 304, 305, 326, 327
M. religiosa 8: 71, 187 Matsucoccus bisetosus, non-flagellate
Mantoids, coloration 8: 167, 185 sperm 9: 370
Mapping Maturation 23: 21, 22
brain 7: 359 Maturation, flight muscles, use and
chromosomes 7: 10, 11 disuse 13: 208, 209
Mapping, metathoracic ganglion 9: 149, 150 Mature eggs, effect on vitellogenesis 19: 66
Marching 23: 32 Mauthner fibres 8: 123
Marching, locust; effect on Maxillary palp, in feeding regulation 11: 38,
feeding 11: 10 – 12, 15 61, 99
Marked clones in pattern formation in neural Mayflies (Ephermeroptera) 23: 173, 175
development 14: 252, 253 Mayfly, protocerebral neurosecretory
Marker techniques in food utilization 5: cells 12: 85
242– 246 Mdh see malate dehydrogenase
anthrone 5: 246 MDK (7S-methoprene diazoketone)24:
chromic oxide 5: 243, 244, 275 248– 250, 251
lignin 5: 245 Mead acid 24: 129
radioactive tracers 5: 245, 246 Meal beetle 24: 36, 37, 43, 52
Markovian model 24: 318 Meal duration, gut function 19: 187
Marmestra brassicae 21: 96 Meal interval, gut function 19: 187
Marrubium vulgare, 3-methylalkanes in Meal size, control 16: 77 – 84
13: 4 Meal size, gut function 19: 187
Mas-DH receptor 28: 37 Meal size, regulation of 11: 42 – 85,
Mass fragmentography of ecdysones 12: 49, see Ingestion
50, 54 Meal worm, active principle in
Mass spectra, methylalkanes 13: 5 excreta 3: 167
Mass spectrometry, eicosanoids 24: 130, Meals, length of time between 16: 84 – 95
133 Mealworm, muscle electrochemistry 6: 237,
Mass transfer, water 15: 3 – 6 238, 245, 269, 270
Mass-spectrometry, in isoprenoid studies Mealworm, nutrition 1: 59, 71, 73 (see also
4: 168, 181 Tenebrio)
Mast cell degranulating peptide from bee Mealworm, oxygen consumption
venom 13: 112, 113 rhythm 10: 24
Mast cells 24: 182 Mealworm, see Tenebrio molitor
Mastotermes darwiniensis 19: 298, 300 Mealworm, tyrosine metabolism 12: 287
Mastotermes spp., caste development, Mechanism of action-site of
inhibitory effects 16: 180 production 19: 89
Mechanisms, apical and basolateral Megoura viciae

membranes 19: 373 accessory flagellar bodies, sperm 9: 364
Mechanisms, calcium absorption by carbohydrate in haemolymph 4: 291, 292
midgut 19: 160 circadian response to pheromones 10: 11
Mechanisms, crosslinking 17: 51 – 72 metabolites, saliva 9: 218, 219
Mechanisms, reabsorption, hindgut 19: 329 morph determination 10: 22
Mechanoreceptors photoperiod measurement 10: 93
homologous structures 24: 29, 30, 62, 66, trehalase activity in tissues 4: 311
67, 69 Megoura viciae, effect of juvenile
juvenile hormones 24: 242 hormone 2: 285
Mechanoreceptors, and moulting 6: 130 Megoura viciae, polymorphism
Mechanoreceptors, modulation clonal variability 3: 217, 218
of 28: 226– 228 developmental pathways 3: 271
Mechanoreceptors, septate junctions in 15: fundatrix 3: 214, 215
63 gamic females, production
Meconium, and pterine anholocycly 3: 238
excretion 6: 187–189 day length 3: 221– 225
Meconium, composition 4: 54 hormones and photoperiodism 3: 231
Meconium, ommochromes 10: 154– 157, other environmental factors 3: 236
160, 176 oviparae 3: 235
Mecopoda elongata, muscle potentials 1: photoperiodic receptors 3: 227
187 photoperiodic response curves 3: 226,
Mecoptera 27: 19 227
Mecoptera, cocoon escape 2: 177 temperature and photoperiodism 3: 231,
Mecoptera, ocelli 7: 99 232
Mecoptera, oocyte-nurse cell interval timers 3: 266– 270
syncytium 11: 277, 282, 305 polymorphic forms 3: 211, 212
Mecoptera, protocerebral neurosecretory sex determination 3: 219, 220
cells 12: 80 wing dimorphism
Mecoptera, sperm cells developmental pathways 3: 257
acrosomal complex 9: 324 effect of crowding 3: 239– 249, 256,
axoneme 9: 338, 339, 341 269
mitochondria 9: 355 hormones 3: 257, 258, 260– 265
nucleus 9: 328 intrinsic factors 3: 254
Medial giant interneuron (MGI) 28: 96, 98 nutrition 3: 250
Medial neurosecretory cell hormone 12: photoperiod 3: 253
268,’269 temperature 3: 253
Median neuroblasts (MNBs) 28: 189, Melanin content in Lepidoptera
191– 193 wings 18: 191– 193
Median neurosecretory cells (MNSC) 23: Melanin, formation of 2: 202, 203
34, 35 Melanin, relation to pterines 6: 140, 172,
Median neurosecretory cells 19: 350, 351 173, 181
Median prothoracic neurone 24: 45 Melanin, relationship with
Medulla (optic lobe), development 6: 112, ommochromes 10: 171, 172, 174,
114, 115, 117 175, 179, 194
Medulla 16: 121 Melanin, synthesis 11: 191
Megachile rotundata, larva, frost Melanins 21: 201; 23: 15; 27: 315– 321
resistance 6: 29 formation of 21: 202
Megaloptera, haemolymph 6: 216, 217 Melanins and grasshopper
Megaohm seal technique 24: 317– 325, 330 coloration 8: 183– 189
Megapis 25: 131 Melanitis, eye 3: 3
Megoperculata 24: 73 Melanization 21: 113; 26: 163; 27: 315– 321
during defence reactions 11: 171, 173, utilization of nitrogen 5: 275, 277
174 flight
during wound healing 11: 180 muscles 5: 298
prevention 21: 201– 203 wingbeat frequency 5: 294
Melanization, juvenile Melanoplus bivittatus, humidity and
hormone 24: 231– 233 feeding 11: 19
Melanization, role of ascorbic acid and Melanoplus bivittatus, nitrogenous
carotene 1: 82 – 86, 93 excretion 4: 46
melanogaster 24: 11, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 83 Melanoplus devastator, wingbeat
eicosanoids 24: 128, 142, 145, 146 frequency 5: 294
glutamate receptors 24: 312, 313, 333, Melanoplus diffenentialis
334 carbohydrate in haemolymph 4: 292
juvenile hormone 24: 216, 217, 217, eggshell structure 4: 225, 226
221, 222, 245 lipid utilization 4: 104, 117
Melanogryllus desertus, amplitude sugar absorption from intestine 4: 298
modulation, innate releasing trehalase 4: 310, 311, 313
mechanism and 13: 273 trehalose in eggs 4: 296
female, innate releasing mechanism, Melanoplus differentialis 19: 96; 26: 69
acoustic behaviour and 13: 279 alkaline phosphatase 3: 65
phonotactic reaction 13: 274 S-containing amino acids in embryo 3: 61
frequency, innate releasing mechanism Melanoplus differentialis,
and 13: 278 acetylcholinesterase in 1: 12, 17
song patterns 13: 238 Melanoplus differentialis, deafferentation
sound production, proprioceptive and flight 5: 302
control 13: 258 Melanoplus differentialis, lipid
Melanoguin sanguinipes 25: 30 metabolism 12: 271
Melanoplus 19: 63, 85, 86, 91, 92, 109, 113, Melanoplus differentialis, tyrosinase activity
354; 23: 6; 26: 39, 40, 43 ;27: 193 in eggs 2: 191, 193, 195, 197
bivattatus 24: 245 Melanoplus mexicanus, olfactory responses
corpus allatumn 2: 285, 297, 298, 313 of 1: 50
cytochrome oxidase in egg 3: 67 Melanoplus packardii, dimethylalkanes
effect of acetylcholine on heart rate 2: 222 in 13: 13 – 16
embryonic reactivation 2: 277 methylalkanes in 13: 9, 11, 12
fat body—carbohydrate metabolism Melanoplus sanguinipes 19: 50, 82; 26: 41,
1: 125 61, 65, 75, 89; 29: 217
food plant preferences, of 1: 48 Melanoplus sanguinipes, biogenic amine
inactivation of tyrosinase 2: 188 distribution 15: 323
neurone 1: 440 Melanoplus sanguinipes, dimethylalkanes
non-protein-SH in embryo 3: 67 in 13: 13 – 16
nutrition 1: 62 – 64, 66, 74, 75, 79 methylalkanes in 13: 9, 11
olfactory responses of 1: 50, 51 Melanoplus sanguinipes, effect of food
prophenol oxidase 2: 207 dilution 11: 91, 92, 96, 97
sanguinipes 24: 141 Melanoplus sanguinipes, fatty acid
Melanoplus atlantis, lipid composition content 4: 95
1: 137 Melanoplus sanguinipes, protein supply
Melanoplus bilituratus, nutrition 1: 55, 59 during copulation 14: 90
Melanoplus bilituratus, utilization of dry Melanoplus spp., lipid content 4: 79
food 5: 252, 264, 268 Melanoplus, coloration 8: 159, 160, 163,
Melanoplus bivittatus 26: 9, 61, 67 185
feeding M. bivattatus 8: 164
uric acid 5: 235 M. sanguinipes 8: 154, 172, 176, 189
utilization of dry matter 5: 243, 275 Melanoplus, haemocytes 11: 144, 190
Melanoplus, neurosecretory cells 12: 78, Melophagus ovinus, nitrogenous

105 excretion 4: 52
Melanoplus, pterines 6: 174, 175 Membrane
Melanopus bivittatus, ocellus 7: 153 cellular and subcellular,
Melaphis rhois, pectinase, saliva 9: 214 role of PL 4: 137, 138, 144
Melasoma populi, embryonic pattern role of sterols 4: 176, 178, 180, 209,
specification 12: 180 210
Melatonin, production 15: 5-HT and 15: 325 cuticular 4: 152
Melettin 13: 106 electrically excitable
biosynthesis 13: 108– 111 membranes 6: 255– 271
during bee maturation 13: 110 muscle cell
structure-activity relationships 13: 106 resting condition 4: 1
Melettin F 13: 115 muscle fibre (see Muscle fibre membrane)
Melezitose, in hemolymph 4: 295 nerve and muscle
Meliphora 28: 103 after-potentials 1: 203–210, 231–236,
Melipona quadrifasciata, caste formation, 240– 243, 463, 465, 466
endocrine in 16: 213 electrical properties 1: 187– 203
Melipona quadrifasciata, vitellogenin and recording potentials 1: 179–183
vitellin in 14: 53 resting and action potentials 1:
Meliponini, caste development 16: 192, 193 179– 187
Mellinus arvensis, recognition of form of cell
3: 7, 8 and luminescence 6: 78
Meloidae, lipid content 4: 74 structure 6: 208
Melolontha 26: 321 of muscle 6: 208– 214
Melolontha melolonrha, haemolymph 1: electrical properties 6: 210, 211
354 permeability 6: 211– 213
Melolontha melolontha 25: 30, 31 structure 6: 208– 214
Melolontha melolontha, migratory peritrophic 4: 340, 341
behaviour 10: 337 plasma 4: 316
Melolontha melolontha, proline as flight postsynaptic (see Postsynaptic membrane)
fuel 13: 165, 166 potential and excitability
Melolontha spp., lipid content 4: 74 effect of metabolic inhibition 1:
Melolontha spp., trehalase 4: 311, 314, 315 227– 230
Melolontha vulgaris, flight resting membrane potential 6: 222– 242,
elytra 5: 170, 171 246
model of wing 5: 166–169 synaptic membranes,
regulation of lift 5: 210 electrochemistry 6: 242– 255
Melolontha vulgaris, haemolymph 1: 212 excitatory 6: 244– 252
Melolontha vulgaris, nitrogenous inhibitory 6: 252–255
excretion 4: 50 Membrane permeability
Melolontha vulgaris, ommochromes 10: 159 muscle fibre
Melolontha vulgaris, resilin in cuticle 2: 14 effect of chemical transmitter 4: 9
Melolontha, haemocytes effect of chloride ions 4: 4, 5, 20
diversity 11: 135, 136, 138, 140 effect of potassium ions 4: 4, 5, 11
ultrastructure 11: 121, 125, 126, 129 effect of sodium ions 4: 4 – 6, 11, 22, 23
Melolontha, juvenile hormone 12: 244 Membrane permeability, and cyclic
Melolontha, tracheal modifications for AMP 9: 38
flight 3: 323 Membrane potential
Melophagus ovinus muscle fibre
neural lamella 1: 403 and inhibitory postsynaptic
purines 1: 154 potentials 4: 19, 20
and stimulation of excitatory axons Mesopsis, coloration 8: 159, 165

4: 8, 10 M. laticornis 8: 149, 168
damped oscillation of 4: 21 Mesothoracic leg, and learning 9: 119, 144
equation of 4: 47, 21, 22 Mesothoracic nervous system,
tension development 4: 24 Arthropoda 24: 19, 20, 21, 22, 33,
Membrane potential of nonspiking 34, 37, 38, 79
interneurons 18: 256, 257 Mesothoracic, ganglion, and learning
changes in 18: 256, 257, 266– 269 9: 124, 125
Membrane potential, and Na+ Mesothorax, compartment formation in
concentration 9: 289 14: 254
Membrane resistance Messengers, intracellular
muscle stimulation calcium 9: 19 – 21
effect of blocking agents 4: 11 cyclic AMP 9: 12 – 19
effect of carbon dioxide 4: 6 Mestracheon system, septate junctions
effect of GABA 4: 19, 20 in 15: 64
effect of magnesium ions 4: 13, 14 Metaballus litus 29: 190
effect of picrotoxin 4: 19 Metabolic circadian rhythms 10: 23, 24
Membranes Metabolic coupling, gap junctions and
artificial, and insecticides 8: 79 15: 85
conformational changes, and learning Metabolic coupling, transport,
9: 176 hindgut 19: 409
electrostatic potential 2: 118 Metabolic energy of uric acid synthesis
ionic conductances 4: 40, 41
and allethrin 8: 50 – 56 Metabolic heat, evaporation of water from
and DDT 8: 38 – 45 insects and 15: 8
pore size 2: 78 Metabolic oscillation, in cuticular
properties, giant fibres 8: 110 lamellogenesis 4: 246– 254
sperm cells 9: 322 Metabolic pathways, in carbohydrate
Membranes, cellular, and metabolism 4: 303, 304, 305
ecdysone 7: 41 – 44 Metabolic pathways, rectum 19: 405
Membranes, eicosanoids 24: 136 Metabolic rate
Membranes, permeability 15: 3 and action potentials 20: 126
Memimerus 19: 102 in flight 20: 126, 127
Memory and “learning” 7: 392– 398 Metabolic rate, bodyweight and 13: 140
Memory and learning, isolated ganglia ecology and 13: 146, 147
9: 111– 181, see Learning flight muscle temperature and 13:
Memory phases in conditioning 20: 59 180– "197
Mendelian laws and behaviour 7: 351, 352 in flight 13: 134– 147
Menopon gallinae, sperm axoneme 9: 351 Metabolic substrate supply, rectal
Mercaptoethanol, induction of biflagellate epithelium 19: 383
sperm 9: 369 Metabolic substrates 23: 92, 93, 95 – 98
Meristro trigrammica, cholinergic elements Metabolic switches in cuticular
in 1: 6 lamellogenesis 4: 253, 254
Merocoris distinctus, scent gland secretion Metabolism
components 14: 398 and ionic fluxes of haemolymph and
Meroistic ovaries 11: 228– 230 nerve 1: 219– 227, 457
classes of RNA 11: 289 and resting potential of muscle fibre
germinal vesicle 11: 281, 284, 285 membranes 4: 6, 7
Mesocuticle 26: 163 carbohydrate (see Carbohydrate)
Mesoleius, defence reactions against chitin (see Chitin)
11: 174 fat body
Mesopsera, coloration 8: 149 carbohydrates 1: 114–129
proteins and amino acids 1: 144– 149 Metabolites

purine 1: 152– 158 accumulation of
flight, endocrine control of 17: 149– 151 absorption 17: 123– 126, 129–132
basic features of 17: 151– 155 and tracheloar fluid
comparative overview 17: 184– 194 in flight 17: 131, 132
hormones and flight 17: 155– 184 supply of 17: 151
glycogen (see Glycogen) Metabotropic glutamate receptors 24: 331,
hormonal regulation 332
and injury 2: 277, 278, 314, 315 Metaesphenus japonicus, spiracles 5: 82 – 84
effect of thoracic gland Metal excretion by Drosophila 28: 30, 31
hormone 2: 263–267 Metallopeptidase 26: 197
homeostasis 2: 311– 314 Metallothioneins 28: 31
humoral integration 2: 314–316 Metamery, Arthropoda 24: 78, 79
metabolic hormones 2: 308– 315 Metamorphic changes in insect nervous
in locusts, role of carotene 1: 91, 92 systems 28: 99 – 102
inhibition of Metamorphosis 21: 7
effect on membrane potential and see also Premetamorphic actions
excitability 1: 227– 230 and frost resistance 6: 14 – 17, 22 – 24, 39
lipid 4: 69 – 187 (see Lipid for detail) and lipids
neurohormonrs and 17: 268– 271 alterations during 4: 70, 81 – 89, 96,
nitrogen (see Nitrogen) 142, 143, 146, 172, 208
of amino acids and proteins during and sterol modification 4: 174, 175,
development 3: 53 – 131 (see 180
Development and Amino acids) fatty acid content 4: 96, 97, 116, 117
control at chromosomal level and nervous system development 6: 101,
3: 166– 183 (see Chromosomes) 102, 105– 111, 117– 120, 123
control mechanisms 3: 133– 205 and pterine synthesis 6: 183
control of respiration in mitochondria and puberty 2: 280, 281, 297
3: 134– 156 (see Respiration) and regeneration 6: 129
ionic control of protein synthesis and and translation of imaginal gene
development 3: 183– 189 set 11: 364– 366
(see Protein synthesis) Arthropoda 24: 56
regulation of enzyme levels 3: 156– 166 as embryonic development 2: 286– 288
(see Enzymes) glycogen accumulation and conversion
of pterines 6: 165– 170 during 4: 327– 329, 300, 301, 333,
pterines as end products of 6: 187–190 342, 345, 346
role of resilin 2: 17, 18 hormonal control
trehalose (see Trehalose) of 2: 268– 270,280– 299, 315
Metabolism in ecdysis 15: 560, 561 juvenile hormone 24: 213
Metabolism, and nerve excitation 8: 16, 17 larval and adult protein
Metabolism, control, and cyclic relationships 11: 368– 372
AMP 9: 37 – 39 octopamine and 17: 237
Metabolism, hormonal control protein utilization during 11: 376, 377
of 12: 239– 323, role of phagocytosis 11: 183
see Hormones tracheal system in 17: 89, 111– 114
Metabolism, intermediary, flight xanthine and uric acid 6: 179
muscle 7: 267– 347 Metamorphosis, cellular, labial gland
carbohydrate metabolism 7: 281– 312 saturniid 12: 2– 4
fatty acid metabolism 7: 312–322 sphingid 12: 4, 5
mitochondria 7: 322– 336 Metamorphosis, definition of stages 5:
muscle properties 7: 269– 281 68 – 71
Metabolism, rectum 19: 404 Metamorphosis, gut function 19: 302
Metamorphosis, higher insects 19: 198 Methionine-rich storage proteins, juvenile

Metamorphosis, juvenile hormone hormone 24: 237
26: 1, 2 Methionyllysylbradykinin 13: 116, 117
see also juvenile hormone Methoprene 23: 131, 132, 135; 26: 2, 3
Metamorphosis, midgut 19: 191, 195 see also juvenile hormone
Metamorphosis, tryptophan metabolism epidermis 24: 234
10: 201– 212 fat body 24: 237, 238
Metanephrine, and luminescence 6: 76, 77 juvenile hormone 24: 214, 243, 244, 248,
Metapolophium dirhodum, sex 249, 253, 254
determination 3: 220, 221 muscle 24: 241
Metarhizium anisoplae 21: 92, 142 Methoprene-resistant mutant 26: 67
Metarhizium anisopliae 26: 204, 207– 213, Methoprene-tolerant (Met) 24: 247, 248
257 Methoxamine, effect on salivary gland
Metarhodopsin 13: 40 – 47 stimulation by biogenic
as pH indicators 13: 49 amines 15: 410, 411
degradation 20: 32 Methyl anthranilate, eicosanoids 24: 183
insect visual sensitivity and 13: 58 Methyl catechol, effect on tyrosinase 2: 188
internalization 20: 28 Methyl farnesoate (MF) 26: 2, 7, 8, 24
thermostability 13: 40, 41 Methyl farnesoate, juvenile
transduction in insect visual pigments hormone 24: 214, 214
and 13: 59 Methyl salicylate, eicosanoids 24: 183
11-cis Metarhodopsin 13: 50 Methyl transferase, juvenile
Metathetely 23: 10 hormone 24: 216
Metathoracic accessory glands 14: 391 Methylallosamidin 26: 220
physiological function 14: 395, 396 Methylase 26: 236
Metathoracic efferent system 14: 378– 385 5-methylcytosine (5MC) 26: 93
Metathoracic ganglion Methylene blue, reduction by insect
and learning 9: 124, 125, 132, 150, tissues 2: 190
158– 162, 177 4-Methyl-glutamic acids 24: 316
mapping 9: 149, 150 a-methyl-L-dopachrome 27: 317
Metathoracic leg, and learning 9: 122, 124, Methylsergide, effect on salivary gland
132, 135, 144, 157 stimulation by biogenic
Metathoracic nerve 21: 49, 52 amines 15: 410
Metathoracic nervous system 24: 19, 20, 21, Methylsulphate, glutamate receptor 24: 330
22, 23, 33 – 35, 37, 38 Metoclopramide 27: 156
Meteorites, methylalkanes in 13: 3, 6, 7, 13 Metopsilus procellus, flight muscles, oxygen
Methide, quinine supply 13: 160
sclerotization 21: 209– "217 oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 135
reactions with cuticular Metridium senile 25: 116
components 21: 216 Metriocnemus hygropetricus, chromosome
Methionine puffing 7: 12
aphid saliva 9: 218 Metrioptera sphagnorum, female,
choline metabolism 9: 52 –55, 59 phonotaxis 13: 278
Methionine concentration, for juvenile frequency of sound 13: 235
hormone biosynthesis 18: 354, Mevalonate, as sterol precursor 4: 161,
355, 355 165– 168, 176
Methionine, in calliphorin 11: 347 Mevalonic acid in methylalkane
Methionine, in resilin 2: 34 biosynthesis 13: 20
Methionine, methylalkane biosynthesis Mevalonic acid, in isoprenoid
and 13: 19 biosynthesis 4: 161
Methionine-rich storage Mevastin, See Compactin
protein 22: 308– 310 Mexican grasshopper 24: 35
MF I/Il 23: 92 trehalase properties 4: 314– 316

MGL (see Monoglyceride) Microspectrophotometry, Calliphora visual
MHR3 24: 250, 252 pigment 13: 44
Micrapis 25: 131 for measurement of insect visual
Micrelytrna fossularum, nitrogenous pigments 13: 39
excretion 4: 48 Microsporidia, CPV 26: 277
Microclimate Microsporidia, effect on chromosome
abiotic situations 16: 5 – 8 puffing 7: 51 – 53
activity and 16: 32 – 42 Microtrichia on wing and stalling 5: 177
biotic situations 16: 8 – 14 Microtubules
conditions 16: 4 – 14 in germarium 11: 233– 236, 257,
environmental physiology and 16: 1 – 57 301– 302
hygrothermal control and 16: 32 – 41 in haemocytes 11: 121, 128– 130, 196,
manufactured, environmental physiology 197
and 16: 14 and blood clotting 11: 165– 166, 168,
problems 16: 3, 4 169
selection 16: 15 tracheoblast 17: 94
Micrococcus lysodeikticus 26: 181 tracheolar 17: 95
Micrococcus pyogenes, ion uptake 1: 346 Microvilli 19: 227
Microdetermination of ecdysones 12: 29 – 53 in peritrophic membrane synthesis 4: 222
Microdon albicomatus 24: 135 Microvilli, gut 24: 282, 285
Microelectrode recording 15: 244 Microvilli, photoreceptor
Microelectrodes 4: 10, 12, 15, 19, 20 assembly
Microenvironment, physiological and rhodopsin deficiency 20: 21
effects 16: 15 – 32 models 20: 34, 35
Microfibrils 4: 214 composition, arthropod 20: 5– 8
Micronecta, abdominal scent glands, cytoskeletal proteins 20: 5 – 7
developmental fate 14: 369 membrane proteins 20: 5
Micronycteris hirsuta 29: 234, 238 proteases 20: 8
Microorganisms transductive systems 20: 7, 8
and fat soluble vitamins 4: 147 cytoskeleton 20: 32, 33
and fatty acid synthesis 4: 133 formation and endoplasmic reticulum
and sterols 4: 161, 164, 165, 167, 171, 20: 19
172, 174, 181 regeneration and cisternae 20: 29, 31
and wax utilization 4: 101 shedding 20: 22, 23, 33, 34
lipids in 4: 70 turnover 20: 28
Microorganisms, haemocyte phagocytosis Microvitellogenins 26: 25
of 11: 185 Midge, Alaskan, frost resistance 6: 36
Microorganisms, scent substances as defence Midge, circadian rhythms eclosion
against 14: 401– 403 10: 19 – 20
Microperoxidase swarming 10: 10
intercellular junction permeability studies Mid-gut
and 15: 42 allantoinase activity 4: 40
tight junctions and 15: 127 glycogen metabolism 4: 332, 335
Micropinocytosis, vitellogenin mode of entry hexokinase activity 4: 302
and 14: 91 innervation of 2: 232
Microplitus croceipes, alkanes in, mucopolysaccharide in 4: 341
function 13: 24 neuro-hormonal control 2: 236
methylakanes in 13: 12 sugar absorption 4: 297, 298
Microsomes 24: 178 trehalase activity 4: 310, 311, 312, 320, 314
in lipid metabolism 4: 98, 137 trehalose biosynthesis 4: 306
muscle cell uricase activity 4: 40
xanthine dehydrogenase activity 4: 39 Miridae, protocerebral neurosecretory

gap junction in 15: 95 cells 12: 79
septate junctions in 15: 64 Miridae, saliva
Midgut differentiation, juvenile and phytopathogenicity 9: 217, 220, 222
hormone 24: 215 composition 9: 209, 210, 213, 215
Midgut function 19: 187 feeding 9: 192, 193, 203, 207, 208
Midgut, bloodsuckers 19: 271 glands 9: 235
Midgut, calcium absorption 19: 159 Miris dolabratus, composition of saliva
Mid-gut, differentiation 12: 4 9: 213, 215
Mid-gut, multi-enzyme complexes 11: 349 Mirror, cricket, vibrational properties
Midgut, silkworm, excretion 8: 206– 209 10: 258
Mid-line percursor cells (MPs), 28: 192, 193 Mirroring heads and abdomens
Migration 26: 52, 53, 55, 56, 69 12: 189– 192
Migration and orientation, hormonal Mite, spider, circadian rhythms
influence 10: 333– 337 insecticide susceptibility 10: 26
Migratory activity, effect of food narcotic sensitivity 10: 24
deprivation 11: 13, 14 oviposition 10: 12
Migratory grasshopper 23: 6 Mites, atmospheric water uptake 2: 73
Migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) 23: 4, Mitochondria
6, 7, 14 adipokinetic hormone and 17: 179
Mikiola fagi, polyteny and and pterines 6: 161, 163
endopolyploidy 7: 6 and tracheoles 17: 87, 101–103
Milkweed bug (Oncopeltus faciatus) 21: 14, in flight muscle 17: 92, 105, 108, 109,
15
113– 115, 131
Milkweed bug (see Oncopeltus)
changes after infection 7: 52
Milkweed bug, meal size control in 16: 83
chitin synthetase activity 4: 344
Milkweed bug, saliva 9: 188
embryonic pattern specification 12: 226
Müller-organ, locust ear 10: 281, 287, 288
endocrine control of
Milletia utreldiana, pterines 6: 154
respiration 12: 303– 305
Mimas tiliae
effect of juvenile hormone 2: 286 enzymes 3: 159, 160
neurosecretory cells 2: 275 in cardiac muscle 6: 207
Mimas tiliae flight 5: 310, 321 in firefly luminescence 6: 53, 55, 83
Mimas tiliae, hormones in lipid metabolism 4: 89, 118, 119, 121,
larval behaviour 10: 312 122, 124–126, 137–139,
migratory behaviour 10: 337 142– 144, 166, 167, 176
Mimas tiliae, oxygen consumption, flight in skeletal muscle 6: 206
and 13: 135 metabolism
Mimas, neurosecretory cells 12: 93 Ca2+ and Pi 7: 333, 334
Mimicry in firefly luminescence 6: 92, 93 a-glycero-P oxidation 7: 332, 333
Mindarus abietinus, gamic females and metabolic effectors 7: 334– 336
anholocycly 3: 237 oxidative phosphorylation 7: 323– 325
Miniature end-plate potentials, and cyclic proline oxidation 7: 330– 332
AMP 9: 34, 35 pyruvate oxidation 7: 325– 330
Miniature postsynaptic potentials, and muscle cell
release of transmitter substance in trehalase properties 4: 314, 315
muscle 4: 15 – 17 phosphate acceptor and substrate control
Minimine in bee venom 13: 115 of respiration in 3: 134– 156 (see
‘Minuteness of resemblance’, Respiration)
Arthropoda 24: 13 -rich cells, and Na+ transport 9: 40
Miogryllus 29: 156 sperm cells
Miomoptera 23: 173 absence 9: 360– 363
accessory flagellar bodies 9: 363, histology 8: 101, 102

367 leg motoneurones 8: 122
axoneme 9: 353, 363 Mole cricket, horn 10: 265– 268
derivatives 9: 354– 360 Molecular approaches, learning 9: 167– 176
normal mitochondria 9: 354 drugs, cockroach 9: 168–175
polymorphism 9: 382 speculations 9: 175, 176
tracheoblast, and ecdysone 17: 94 Molecular biology 23: 28 – 30
Mitochondria, calcium buffering 19: 163, Arthropoda 24: 3, 6, 11
171 eicosanoids 24: 197
Mitochondrial proliferation 24: 241 glutamate receptors 24: 310
Mitomycin C 27: 251 Molecular changes to insect nervous
Mitomycin, and chromosome function systems 28: 128, 129
7: 14 gene expression 28: 129
Mitopus morio, ocellus 7: 121 transmitters 28: 128, 129
Mitosis 24: 216 Molecular events, juvenile hormone 26:
of haemocytes 11: 144, 145, 148– 151, 98 – 101
179, 187 Molecular mechanisms in cuticular
synchrony of, germarium sclerotization 21: 179– 230
and the 2n rule and mitotic Molecular mechanisms,
programming 11: 249– 251 insecticides 8: 78 – 80
asynchrony, nurse cell Molecular sieve, septate junctions as 15: 72
development 11: 265, 266 Molecular sieves in analysis of internally
end of 11: 263, 264 branched methylalkanes 13: 4
physiology of 11: 266–268 Molecular weight
Mitosis, and moulting hormone 2: 267– 270 elastin 2: 53
Mitosis, in nervous system phenol oxidase 2: 195
development 6: 100, 105– 108, resilin 2: 53
111 Molecular weight, vitellogenin 14: 64, 65
Mitotic waves, blastoderm Molecules in solution 21: 124, 125
formation 12: 221, 222 Mollusca 25: 317
MNSC see median neurosecretory cells Molluscan receptors, gamma-aminobutyric
Mobile factor 26: 106 acid 22: 67, 68
Mobilization, flight fuels 13: 169– 171 Molluscs 19: 7, 157, 173; 24: 161, 197
Mode of action, antigonadotropin 19: 69 comb desmosomes, freeze-fracture 15: 49
Mode of action, macromolecular desmosomes in 15: 82
factor 19: 43 gap junction in 15: 97
Mode of action, neurohormones 19: 114 nerve cell soma membranes, acetylcholine
Mode of action, proctolin 19: 12 receptors 15: 272
Model neuropeptide 19: 1 septate junction in 15: 65
Model of hormone action, and cyclic Monarch butterfly, lipid content and
AMP 9: 31, 32 behaviour 4: 86
Model, chloride transport 19: 360 ‘Monday morning’ locusts 23: 106
Models, neural activity 7: 420– 425 Monedula, ocellus 7: 102
Modicogryllus confirmatus 26: 45 Monema flavescens 19: 40
Modifier effects, hormones 10: 301– 303 glycerol production 4: 346
‘modifier’ effects, juvenile hormone 26: 72 glycogen phosphorylase 4: 333
Modiolus demissus 24: 169, 185 Monema flavescens, prepupa, frost
Modulation, impulse-rate, orthopteran resistance 6: 4 – 6, 12, 14, 18, 21,
sounds 13: 235, 236 22, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 37, 39, 42,
Moiré effect 4: 225, 228, 229 43
Mole cricket, giant fibres Moniliformis 21: 156
continuity 8: 121 Monmoniella, hibernating larva 2: 276, 279
Monoamine oxidase in biogenic amine perisympathetic organs 17: 245, 246, 247
inactivation 15: 360– 362 tracheoblast 17: 94, 112
Monoamines see Biogenic amines Morphology, and food plant preferences 1:
Monobella grassei banyulensis 27: 47 48
Monoclonal antibody for transverse Morphology, bloodsucker midgut 19: 273
nerves 20: 93 Morphology, carnivores 19: 267
in staining 20: 113, 114 Morphology, cellulose digester
Monoctenus juniperinus, lipids containing midgut 19: 298
choline 9: 73 Morphology, dipteran larvae 19: 217
Monoctonus, resistance of aphids to 11: 173 Morphology, dipteran larvae midgut 19: 262
Monocytes 24: 122 Morphology, gut 19: 189
Monoethyloxaloacetate, role in uric acid Morphology, gut, cockroaches 19: 208
synthesis 4: 40 Morphology, lepidopteran larvae 19: 226
Monogamy 19: 86 Morphology, muscle fibre membrane 14:
Monoglyceride (MGL), in lipid 185– 250
metabolism 4: 69, 97, 98, 104, Morphology, nectar feeder midgut 19: 290
110, 118, 134 Morphology, orthoptera midgut 19: 247
Monolayer films, of cuticular Morphology, sapfeeder midgut 19: 285
lipids 2: 98 – "107, 112– 117, 119, Morphometrics 23: 8– 12
120 Mosaic development,
Monolayer hypothesis, insect cuticular embryogenesis 12: 205
lipids 15: 24 Mosaics, genetic 7: 231– 234
Monomolecular films, calcium, displacement Mosquito (Anopheles stephensi) 23: 90
by ADH 9: 40 Mosquito (larva), ventilation 3: 300
Monomorium pharaonis, caste formation, Mosquito
endocrine in 16: 210 circadian rhythms
Monophasic decay 24: 325 clock types 10: 78
Monophenolase activity 2: 186, 187 eclosion 10: 20, 78
Monophyletic groups 23: 173 feeding 10: 8
Monophylum, Arthropoda 24: 1, 2, 57 haemolymph metabolites 10: 31
Monosaccharides, other than glucose, hatching 10: 16
utilization of 4: 302–304 in constant light 10: 79
(see also Glucose) locomotor activity 10: 79
Monotrysia, cocoon escape 2: 177 oviposition 10: 12
Monura 23: 174 oxygen consumption 10: 23
Mormon cricket (see Anabrus simplex) pupation 10: 17
Mormoniella vitripennis, pterines 6: 154 swarming 10: 10
Moroccan locust (Diciostarus DDT 8: 74
maroccanus) 23: 6 embryonic pattern specification 12: 218
Morph determination, aphid 10: 22 hormonal control of behaviour
Morph determination, aphids 19: 124 corpora allata 10: 324
Morphacris, coloration 8: 153 female receptivity 10: 304, 305, 324
Morphogenesis, metabolic oscillators female refractoriness 10: 326
4: 246– 254 matrone 10: 300, 302, 304, 305, 326,
Morphogenesis, see Nervous system 327
Morphogens, neural development and oviposition 10: 330
14: 265 Johnstone organ 10: 290, 291
Morphological data, oocyte larvae, and papillae 8: 212
development 19: 46 moulting hormones 12: 288
Morphology 23: 8 – 12 salt-water, anal papillae 8: 320
DUM neurones 17: 234 sound reception 10: 271
neurosecretory cells 17: 207, 208 Mosquito larva, rhabdom volume in 20: 8, 9
mosquito natriuretic peptide (MNP) 29: 311 noctuid

Mosquito, excretory system 1: 330, 335 circadian response to pheromones 10:
Mosquito, fat biosynthesis 7: 317, 319 10
Mosquito, nervous system ear 10: 285– 287
development 6: 111, 112, 120 flight rhythm 10: 338
Mosquito, respiratory control 3: 150 sphinx, larval behaviour 10: 312, 313
Mosquito, sound using wings 5: 322, 326, tryptophan in neurosecretory cells 10:
328 33
Mosquitoes 19: 54, 205; 26: 4 ocellus 7: 133, 135
and lipid synthesis 4: 178, 209 oxygen consumption in flight
antennae, chemoreceptors on 16: 301 3: 321
diapause, food intake and 16: 101 pyralid, frost resistance 6: 42
diet and lipids in 4: 148 saturniid, cell death 6: 123
meal size control in 16: 83 visual threshold 3: 33
mouthparts, numbers ofchemoreceptors Moth, circadian rhythms 10: 19, 42
on 16: 264 Moth, saturniid
Mosquitoes, carotenoid deficiency in 13: 48 labial glands 8: 209– 212, 320
dark regeneration 13: 52 Potassium 8: 319
larval ocellus, metarhodopsin Moth, wax (Galleria mellonella) 21: 13, 21,
thermostability 13: 41 89, 95, 97, 104, 110, 113, 119, 120,
Mosquitoes, retina development 14: 282 138, 147, 150
Mosquitos Moths 26: 326, 328– 332
Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 284 Moths, morphology and flight
eicosanoids 24: 132, 133, 137, 146, 147 thermoregulation 20: 128, 129
Mosquitos, midgut, Moths, mushroom bodies, function
hemidesmosomes 15: 78 15: 337
Moth 23: 85, 91 Moths, saturniid, aerodynamics 5: 293
apple, circadian response to Moths, sperm cells 9: 318, 324, 381
pheromones 10: 11 Motility, spermatozoa 9: 345, 352, 367, 370,
auditory organ 7: 376 371
cabbage looper, circadian response to capacitation 9: 381, 382
pheromones 10: 10 mechanisms 9: 374– 380
cardiac muscle 6: 207 metabolism 9: 380, 381
cell polarity 7: 200 Motoneural activity, sound production
codling, oxygen consumption rhythm and 13: 241, 242
10: 24 Motoneurones, leg, and giant
electrically excitable responses 6: 264, fibres 8: 121– 128
267 Motoneurons
embryonic pattern specification 12: 211 glutamate receptors 24: 310– 312
evasion response 7: 377 homology 24: 7 – 9, 14, 15, 81, 83
excitatory synaptic membranes 6: 245 Crustacea 24: 62– 65, 63, 67
flight, metabolism 7: 269, 271, 272, 313, Insecta 24: 17 – 28, 21, 22, 26, 27
314 Insecta and Crustacea compared 24: 68,
flight, motor mechanisms 7: 409 70
flour, circadian response to Myriapoda 24: 58, 59, 60
phcromones 10: 10 juvenile hormones 24: 242, 243
frost resistance 6: 27, 42 Motoneurons in transverse nerve
haemolymph 6: 215 formation 20: 100
image formation 3: 14 Motor activity, co-ordination, sound
linden, larval behaviour 10: 312 production and 13: 243
membrane potential 6: 237, 238, 240, 241 Motor axons, muscle innervation 4: 78
neurosecretory cells 12: 74, 93, 110 Motor learning 28: 123
Motor mechanisms, behaviour role of thoracic glands 2: 256, 259– 263,

courtship 7: 417– 420 265, 266, 268, 269
flight 7: 408–412 tryptophan metabolism 10: 200
general 7: 398– 400 Moulting and digestibility 5: 237, 238
locomotion 7: 403– 408 Moulting cycle
respiration 7: 401– 403 and nervous system development 6: 100,
song, crickets 7: 412– 416 104, 107, 111, 117, 121
Motor nerves and regeneration 6: 130
development 6: 118, 123 Moulting Fluid 26: 157– 221; 2: 176
regeneration 6: 125– 127, 129 composition of 26: 165– 168
Motor neurones, release of ACh cuticle degradation and recycling 26: 164,
9: 34 165
Motor neurons 21: 49 –55 cuticle structure and chemistry 26:
abdominal 21: 20 158– 160
Motor neurons and plasticity in ecdysial membrane 26: 163, 164
insects 28: 94, 95, 99– 101 enzymes 26: 178, 179, 197– 202
Motor output activation of 26: 203– 207
coordination during walking 18: 85 – 92 chitinolytic enzymes 26: 179– 193
patterns during walking 18: 72 –92 cuticle-degrading 26: 207– 213
Motor output, and learning 9: 164– 166 proteolytic enzymes 26: 193– 197
Motor pathways in insect nervous hormones
systems 28: 90 induction of chitinase 26: 213– 215
Motor patterns and octopamine 28: 237– 240 induction of MFP – 1 26: 215, 216
Motor reflexes in insects 28: 125, 126 juvenile hormone 26: 216, 217
Motor system, Arthropoda 24: 66, 72 insecticides 26: 218– 221
Motuweta isolata 29: 228 moulting cycle 26: 160– 162
Moult resorption of 26: 174–178
effect on food intake 11: 102 sclerotization 26: 162, 163
gene activity 11: 363, 364 secretion of 26: 168– 174
haemocyte numbers 11: 144 Moulting Fluid Protease 2 (MFP-2) 26: 197,
Moult changes in insect nervous 201, 202, 210, 216, 217
systems 28: 98, 99 Moulting Fluid Protease 26: 1 (MFP-1) 26:
Moult, usage of term 5: 68 – 71 194– 197, 201, 202, 206, 212,
Moulting 215– 217
and brain hormone 2: 253–260, 307 Moulting fluid, active ion movements
and chitin orientation in cuticle 4: 267, 268 during secretion and resorption of
and glucose in haemolymph 4: 293, 323 14: 158– 160
and glycogen metabolism 4: 327– 329, composition 14: 132– 160
341, 342 Hyalophora cecropia, anionic
and nutrition 2: 264, 265, 268, 271, 272 composition 14: 154
and resilin deposition 2: 13, 18, 54, 56, composition 14: 156, 157
58, 59, 61 Manduca sexta, composition 14: 155
and trehalase activity 4: 312, 322, 323 osmotic pressure 14: 154– 157
larva, decreased motor activity 10: 312 pharate pupal integument between
“puff” formation and polytene haemolymph and, diffusion barrier
chromosomes 2: 205, 266, 267 across 14: 157
role of chitin metabolism 4: 328, resorption 14: 132– 160
341– 345 secretion 14: 132– 160
role of fatty acids 4: 97, 102, 117, 145 Moulting fluid, as source of adult
role of juvenile hormone 2: 280, 281, 283, protein 11: 365
284 Moulting gel, silkmoth; proteases 11: 367
role of neurosecretory cells 2: 249– 256 Moulting hormone
and brachypterous forms 2: 286 Mucosa, intestinal 4: 98

and fat body 11: 372– 374 Müllerian mosaic system 3: 4
and metamorphosis 2: 268, 308, 315 MULTICOIL program 29: 12, 22
and mitosis, growth and Multifibre recordings of electrophysiological
differentiation 2: 261, 262, responses of neurones to
267– 270, 286 cholinergic ligands 15: 248– 253
chemical nature of 2: 270, 271 Multiple nucleocapsids per envelope
effect on chromosomes 2: 266, 267 (MNPV) 25: 3, 8
effect on respiration 12: 301 Multiple-stimulus-threshold complexes
in amino acid metabolism 12: 287, 288 23: 156
in carbohydrate metabolism 12: 247– 249 Multiplication, haemocyte specialization
induction of pupation 2: 277 for 11: 135
liberation of 2: 252, 254–256, 264, 276 Multiplicity of similarities,
metabolic and cytological Arthropoda 24: 13
effects 2: 263– 267 Multipolar neurones 24: 59
metabolism of, and haemocytes 11: 201 Mureleon obscurus; feeding rhythm
source of 2: 260, 261 10: 8
Moulting hormone, and lipids 4: 171, 172, Murgantia histrionica, sperm
177, 179, 180 mitochondria 9: 356
Moulting hormone, caste development in Musca 19: 56, 60, 61, 70, 74, 86 – 94; 21: 58;
lower termites and 16: 204 25: 166, 201
Moulting inhibiting hormone 19: 79 axo-glial smooth septate-like
Moulting see Ecdysis junctions 15: 155
Moulting see moulting fluid compound eye, tight junction 15: 136
Moulting, and chromosome puffing 7: 68 eye 3: 2, 5
ecdysone 7: 32 – 46 GABA transporters 29: 80
juvenile hormone 7: 46, 47 gene activity
specificity 7: 24 – 28 breakdown of larval fat body 11: 353
Moulting, insects, water vapour absorption fat body and ovarian
and 14: 6 development 11: 375, 376
physiology 14: 109– 183 imaginal haemolymph proteins
Moulting, role of ascorbic acid 1: 82 11: 367
Moults 21: 8 larval and adult protein
Mouth parts, resilin in cuticle, 5, 7, 14, 16, 57 relationships 11: 370
Mouth, Arenivaga, water vapour absorption peptides 11: 349
and 14: 30 germinal vesicle 11: 283
Mouthparts, Arthropoda 24: 29 haemocytes
Mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 253– 268 and resistance to venom 11: 172
Movement haemocytopoeic centres 11: 149
by tracheoles 17: 95, 110– 113, 115–119 prophenolases 11: 190
of fluid in tracheoles 17: 123– 133, 137 histamine in 29: 122
Movement detection in adult insects 28: 109 isoenzymes 3: 110
MRNA, choriogenesis 12: 11 isolation of mitochondria 3: 141
MsGC-b3 29: 19 –22 ocellus 7: 114, 117, 118
MsGC-I 29: 17 – 19 oxidation during flight 3: 146
MsGC-II 29: 3 oxygen supply 7: 270
Mucopolysaccharide, haemocytes 11: 195, peripheral retina, reticular septate
196 junctions 15: 177
Mucopolysaccharides 4: 288, 328, 340– 343 proteases in metamorphosis 3: 95
Mucopolysaccharides, in muscle respiratory control in flight 3: 154
membrane 6: 209, 214 respiratory enzymes in
Mucoproteins, in puparium glue 7: 60 metamorphosis 3: 93
reticular septate junctions 15: 175 glycogen metabolism 12: 250

tyrosinase in haemolymph 3: 87 head extracts 3H-decamethonium binding
Musca autumnalis 19: 173 component 15: 282
Musca autumnalis, alkanes in, function high-speed head extracts, binding of
13: 21 reversible ligands to 15: 220– 227
alkenes in 13: 3 high-speed supernatant extracts,
biological activity of alkanes and alkenes purification 15: 223
in 13: 22 homologous structures 24: 45, 47
Musca autumnalis, puparium formation lipid content 4: 80
4: 267 lipid utilization 4: 110, 111
Musca domestica (see also Housefly) malpighian tubule in 28: 36, 38
carbohydrate metabolism 1: 124 medulla, biogenic amine localization
physiological solutions 1: 221 in 15: 341
Musca domestica nervous system placticity 28: 109, 111,
endopeptidases in egg 3: 67 112, 124, 130, 131, 133, 136
respiratory control 3: 150, 151 ommochromes
Musca domestica 19: 55, 66, 85, 170, 172, as screening pigments 10: 166
294, 295; 25: 202, 206; 26: 30, localization 10: 157, 160
53, 189, 190, 199, 218, 220; 27: quinoline derivatives 10: 131
276, 279, 295; 29: 77, 297, 299, peripheral retina, reticular septate
336, 346, 352, 355, 358–360, junctions, freeze-fracture
364, 377 appearance 15: 179
acetylcholine receptors 15: 294 PL synthesis 4: 143, 144
amino acid incorporation, egg 12: 224 putative acetylcholine receptors,
arylphorin 22: 305, 306 pharmacological profiles 15: 233
brain, a-bungarotoxin binding smooth septate junction 15: 57
component 15: 235 and gap junctions, freeze-fracture 15:
central nervous system, acetylcholine 120
receptors, comparisons 15: 267 freeze-fracture 15: 58, 60
cholinergic receptors, comparative thin section appearance 15: 55
pharmacology 15: 269 stability in flight and antennae 5: 194
circadian rhythms sterol modification 4: 171, 172, 175
insecticide susceptibility 10: 27 tritocerebrum, biogenic amine cell
mating 10: 79 localization in 15: 343
comb desmosome, thin section uricase localization 4: 40
appearance 15: 44 Musca domestica, alkanes in function
cuticular lipid 4: 152, 153 13: 21
deutocerebrum, biogenic amine cell alkenes in 13: 2
localization 15: 342 biological activity of alkanes and alkenes
eicosanoids 24: 140, 145, 150, 159, in 13: 22
159 cycloalkanes in 13: 3
fatty acid content 4: 95, 96 dipeptides 13: 71
female sexual behaviour 10: 324, 327 fibrillar muscles 13: 205
flight muscle flight muscles, maturation 13: 208
glycogen 4: 333 g-glutamyl cycle enzymes in 13: 77 – 80
trehalase activity 4: 316 g-glutamyl phenylalanine in 13: 73
trehalose physiology 4: 317 rhodopsin and metarhodopsin 13: 46
for ecdysone bioassay 12: 34, 35 sex peptides 13: 91
GABA binding 22: 22, 24 visual threshold 13: 48
GABA in head 5: 54 Musca domestica, choline metabolism
glutamate receptors 24: 314 enzymes involved 9: 84, 85, 86 – 88,
glycogen 4: 327, 333 90, 91
lipid-soluble metabolites 9: 73, 75 – 80, reflexes 5: 200, 207, 209, 211, 213
82, 83 stability 5: 191– 194
metabolic role 9: 92 – 99 Muscle
nutritional requirements 9: 57 – 59, 61 abdominal, and nervous system
water-soluble metabolites 9: 63 – 67, development 6: 102
69 and regeneration of nervous
Musca domestica, pterines 6: 157 system 6: 125– 129
Musca domestica, see Flies calcium channels, pyrethroid modification
Musca domestica, vitellogenin and vitellin of 20: 181
in 14: 53 cardiac 1: 238, 239
Musca spp., antennal lobes 14: 300 choline 9: 75, 76
lamina to medulla projection 14: 290 development and regression 6: 98
RNA production from, vitellogenesis efficiency and heat production 20: 127
and 14: 92 eicosanoids 24: 198
Musca vicina, potential tyrosinase 2: 195, electrochemistry 6: 205–278
196 electrically excitable
Musca vicinia, sterol utilization 4: 162, 168 membranes 6: 242– 271
and fatty acid synthesis 4: 132 extra- and intracellular
flight (see Flight muscle) environments 6: 214– 219
glycogen membrane 6: 208– 214
content 4: 326 resting membrane potential 6: 222– 242
metabolism 4: 329– 331, 333, 334 synaptic membranes 6: 242– 255
innervation of 4: 7, 8, 15, 26, 27 flight, intermediary
insertions in cuticle 4: 245, 246 metabolism 7: 267– 347
leg (see Leg muscle) carbohydrate 7: 281– 312
mammalian glycogen metabolism 4: 330, contractile proteins 7: 271– 274
332 fatty acids 7: 312– 322
muscle mitochondria 7: 322– 336
skeletal (see Skeletal muscles) organization 7: 275–281
thorax (see Thorax muscle) oxygen 7: 269– 271
trehalose and trehalase 4: 307, 310– 319, structural functional correlates 7: 281
321 substrate 7: 271
Musca vomitoria, olfactory centre flight, structure 6: 206
development 6: 118 frequency and oxygen consumption
Musca vomitoria, oxygen consumption, 20: 128
flight and 13: 135 glutamate receptors 24: 311
Muscarine gut, membrane potential 6: 241
acetylcholine receptors and 15: 216 heart
effect on electrophysiology of the sixth electrically excitable
abdominal ganglion of responses 6: 262– 264, 267, 268
Periplaneta 15: 251 excitatory synaptic membranes 6: 250
Muscarinic ACH receptors 29: 115, 116 resting membrane potential 6: 240, 241
Muscarone, binding to high-speed extracts of structure 6: 207
Musca domestica 15: 220 heart and visceral, regulation 9: 32
Muscaterol 4: 172 ionic composition of 1: 215
Muscidae 26: 319 ionic regulation 1: 382– 384, 392
Muscimol juvenile hormone 24: 225, 239– 241, 240
GABA binding studies 22: 19 – 27 larval and adult protein
IC50 values 22: 25 relationships 11: 371, 372
structure 22: 4 membrane potentials 1: 179, 186, 187,
Muscina stabulans, flight 193, 194, 205
nervous control 5: 313 nervous systems 24: 15, 59, 66, 81
of reproductive system 6: 206, 207, Muscles, motor co-ordination, sound

241 production and 13: 244
performance and temperature 20: 125 Muscular activity
phagocytosis by haemocytes 11: 183 and fluid absorption in
polytene chromosomes 7: 7 tracheoles 17: 124– 127, 131, 132
skeletal neurohormones and 17: 271, 272
electrically excitable Musculature
responses 6: 264– 271 autonomic nervous control 2: 241
ion content 6: 218, 219 causing hydrostatic pressure 2: 212
resting membrane potential 6: 225– 241 eversion of wing buds 2: 211
structure 6: 205, 206 involuntary (see Musculature, visceral)
synaptic membranes 6: 244– 255 of alimentary canal 2: 232– 238
smooth, and cyclic AMP 9: 35, 41 of fore-gut
visceral endocrine control 2: 236
electrically excitable responses 6: 270 nervous control 2: 234, 235
excitatory synaptic membranes 6: 252 of heart 2: 220, 221
resting membrane potential 6: 225 of hind-gut,
structure 6: 206, 207 endocrine control 2: 237, 238
Muscle changes, insecticides 8: 21 – 31 pharmacology 2: 236, 237
mechanisms 8: 31 – 56 of Malpighian tubules 2: 238, 239
Muscle contractility 19: 117 of oviducts 2: 240
Muscle effects 23: 90 – 92 of pharynx 2: 233
of proventriculus 2: 234
Muscle fibre membrane of ventral diaphragm 2: 231, 232
conductance and inhibitory postsynaptic role in expansion 2: 180, 181
potential 4: 19 role inecdysis 2: 181, 183, 210, 212
electrical excitability of somatic 2: 220
electrical properties 4: 20, 21 visceral 2: 220– 243
ionic basis 4: 21 – 23 Musgraveia sulciventris, scent substances,
spontaneous activity 4: 23 cytological sources 14: 393
Muscle fibre membrane, dispersion 14: 399
electrochemistry 14: 185– 250 sexual behaviour and 14: 403
morphology 14: 185– 250 Mushroom bodies See Corpora pedunculata
Muscle fibres, electrical properties 14: Mushroom bodies, brain, Arthropoda 24: 2,
217– 231 3, 81
ion barriers 14: 231–238 Chelicerata 24: 69, 71, 74, 75
Muscle, skeletal, neurosecretory Insecta 24: 33, 43, 46, 51, 57
innervation 12: 74 Mushroom bodies, role in circadian
Muscles rhythms 10: 65
flight Mutants
and temperature 5: 318– 322 and regeneration of nervous system
differentiation 5: 218– 223 6: 129
in dragonflies 5: 307– 309 eye development 6: 117
in grasshoppers 5: 298, 300 of Calliphora erythrocephala
in myogenic insects 5: 310– 317 “chalky” 2: 144, 153, 158
in neurogenic insects 5: 296– 309 “white-apricot” 2: 143, 144
properties 5: 319 pterines
thoracic, of locust 5: 299 Bombyx mori 6: 160, 164, 169
singing, in cricket 5: 298 Calliphora erythrocephala, 162– 164,
Muscles, hormonal control of histolysis 174, 187
10: 315 Culex modestus 6: 187
Muscles, juvenile hormone 26: 2, 108 Drosophila melanogaster, 150, 151,
161– 164, 167, 169, 174, 180, 181, multiphasic and metastable patterns
186, 187, 189 5: 314, 315
Ephestia kühniella 6: 162, 164, sound production by wings 5: 326– 331
173– 175, 185 Myogenic rhythm
Pieridae 6: 189 DUMETi cells and 15: 376– 379
Pieris brassicae 6: 187 function 15: 380, 381
Ptychopoda seniata 6: 185 receptor mediated acceleration 15: 379,
Mutants of Drosophila, protein metabolism 380
enzymes 3: 109 Myogenic rhythms 13: 151– 154
haemolymph 3: 103, 104, 108 Myoglobin 24: 195, 196
lethal giant larvae 3: 107, 108 Myoplasm, ionic composition 14: 203
lethal meander 3: 106, 107 Myopophyllum speciosum 29: 166, 238, 239
lethal translucida 3: 103– 106 Myosin 6: 206, 210
muscles 3: 108 in muscle contraction 4: 24, 25
nucleic acid 3: 104ff miolecular orientation 4: 214
nutrition 3: 106, 107 Myosin, in flagellum 9: 375
sex peptide 3: 98 Myosuppressins 28: 273, 274
tyrosinose in ebony mutants 3: 165, 166 Myotis myotis 29: 237
Mutants, embryogenesis of 12: 216– 219 Myremellontidae, pterines 6: 148
Mutillidae, pterines 6: 149 Myriapoda 24: 2, 8, 10, 57, 58, 82, 83
Mycetocytes 26: 6 interneurons 24: 59, 61, 62
Mycetophilid Diptera, sperm axoneme 9: 338 motoneurons 24: 58, 59, 60
Mycetophilidae, polytene chromosomes, 7: segmentation 24: 79
7, 60
visual systems 24: 77
Mycobacterium smegmatis, methylalkane
Myriapods, septate junction in 15: 65, 66
biosynthesis in 13: 19
Myristic acid 24: 118; 4: 92 – 96, 118, 130
Mycoplasmal particles, Hemipteran
Myrmecia gulosa, alkenes in 13: 2
saliva 9: 242, 243, 250
methylalkanes in 13: 11
Mycose, relation to trehalose 4: 290
Myrmeleon europaeus, cocoon 5: 133
Mycotoxins, inhibition of GABA
binding 22: 81 Myrmeleon formicarius, haemolymph
Myelobia smerintha, lipid content 4: 76 6: 216
Mygalopsis marki 29: 182, 185, 244 Myrmeleon, nervous system
Mygalopsis pauperculus 29: 190 development 6: 100, 118, 120, 122
Mylabris pustulata, lipid content 4: 74 Myrmeleotettix maculatus 29: 222
Myliostomata 24: 73 Myrmeleotettix maculatus, sound
Mylothris chloris, pterines 6: 149, 179, 190 patterns 13: 240
Mylothris poppaea, pterines 6: 149 Myrmica incompeta 24: 135
Myocardial cells, septate junctions in Myrmica rubra 19: 122
15: 63 Myrmica rubra, caste formation, endocrine
Myocardial tissue, septate junctions in 15: in 16: 209
63 Mystacides azurea, sperm axoneme 9: 347
Myocardium, intercalated disc, desmosomes Mythimna separata 26: 52
in 15: 80 Mytilus 25: 129
Myofibrillar proteins, synthesis in pharate Myzocallis coryli, wing dimorphism 3: 254
adult development 11: 369 Myzocallis kuricola, sex
Myofibrils, structure 6: 206 determination 3: 219
Myofibrils, trehalase 4: 315 Myzus
Myogenic insects, flight cerasi 24: 141
coordination in flies, hypothesis persicae 24: 139, 141
5: 315– 317 Myzus ascalonicus, gamic females and
motor patterns 5: 309– 314 anholocycly 3: 237
Myzus ascolonicus, saliva 9: 190, 218, structure 29: 63, 69

219 substrate selectivity domains 29: 67
Myzus cerasi, hormones and wing zinc-binding site 29: 68
dimorphism 3: 264 Nabidae, metathoracic scent gland, sexually
Myzus cerasi, saliva 9: 214, 218, 219, dimorphic 14: 375
221 N-acetylarterenone 27: 266, 268, 269, 276
Myzus persicae N-acetyldopamine 26: 162; 28: 137
choline in development 9: 57, 58 as tanning agent 2: 59, 184, 186, 204
saliva 9: 200, 213, 227, 239, 240, enzymic oxidation of 2: 58, 186, 187, 197
244 formation 2: 58, 199
Myzus persicae 19: 285 N-acetyldopamine in puparium
amino acids 3: 71, 76 formation 2: 184, 186, 204
polymorphism action of brain hormone 2: 254, 258
clonal variability 3: 216, 217 colour vision 2: 141, 143– 149, 152– 160,
forms and terminology 3: 212– 214 166, 168, 169
gamic females 3: 221, 231, 236– 238 corpus allatum and reproduction 2: 298,
interval timers 3: 270 301, 306, 308, 309
sex determination 3: 220 crystalline o-diphenoloxidase from 2: 195
wing dimorphism 3: 244, 250, 254 eversion of pupal head 2: 211
Myzus persicae, and fatty acid synthesis hardening without darkening 2: 202
4: 130 hormones and metabolism 2: 308, 309,
Myzus spp., honeydew 4: 49, 92 311– 314
Myzus, neurosecretory cells 12: 73, 92 neurosecretory cells 2: 249, 251, 306,
Myzus, peptides 3: 84 309, 311, 314
Myzus, resistance to parasites 11: 173 prehardened cuticular areas 2: 177
redox potential of blood 2: 190
N -Carboline 3-carboxylates, structure 22: 5 role of air-swallowing in
N selection 23: 155 expansion 2: 181, 208
Na+ and synaptic transmission 5: 56 thoracic glands 2: 254, 260, 261, 272
Na+/Cl2-dependent GABA and monoamine tyrosinase extracts from 2: 189
transporters I 29: 78 – 114 tyrosine metabolism in cuticle 2: 184
Na+/Cl2-dependent transporters II 29: “units” and ecdysone assay 2: 263,
115– 121 270, 271
Na+/K+-ATPase 28: 175 N-acetyldopamine quinone 27: 244
Na+/K+-dependent aspartate N-acetyldopamine, see NADA
transporter 29: 77, 78 N-acetylhistidine 27: 244
Na+-dependent transporters II 29: 121–123 N-acetylnorepinephrine, see NANE
Na+K+-dependent glutamate N-Acetyltransferase, biogenic amine
transporters 29: 61 –77 inactivation in 15: 362, 363
chloride channel domain 29: 69 N-acetylydopamine – lysozyme adduct 21:
dihydrokainate (DHK) binding site 29: 69 193
distribution 29: 69 –72 oxidation 21: 219, 220
functional domains 29: 67 – 69 N-acylarterenones 27: 302
glutamine cycle 29: 76, 77 N-acyldopamine quinone methi-dedehydro
histidine ‘326’ 29: 69 N-acyldopamine isomerase
in permeation site 29: 67, 68 27: 279
kinetics and pharmacology 29: 72 – 74 N-acylnorepinephrine 27: 301, 302
Na+ binding sites 29: 68 NAD (Nicotinamide adenine
N-linked glycosylation sites 29: 69 dinucleotide) 24: 140, 157
PKA and PKC phosphorylation NAD (see Nicotinamide adenine
sites 29: 68 dinucleotide)
regulation 29: 74, 75 NADA 27: 239, 241, 253, 254
NADA desaturase system 27: 276– 279 Nauphoeta cinerea, control of

NADA quinone 27: 231, 262, 275 walking 7: 403
NADA quinone isomerase 27: 231 Nauphoeta cinerea, female sexual
NADA quinone methide 27: 231, 264 behaviour 10: 322, 323, 325
NADA-phenoloxidase reaction 27: 265 Nauphoeta cinerea, vitellogenin, and vitellin
NADP (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in 14: 52
phosphate) 24: 140 biosynthesis control, juvenile hormone
NADP, in lipid metabolism 4: 69, 119, 128, and 14: 71
129, 133, 164 extraction from 14: 63
NADPH 28: 212 Nauphoeta spp., ovariectomy, vitellogenin
Naiphoeta cinerea 24: 141 biosynthesis and 14: 84, 85
Naja naja siamensis, a-neurotoxins 15: 288 vitellogenesis in male milieu in
NANE 27: 253– 255, 260, 263, 268, 271 14: 88
NANE quinone 27: 264 vitellogenin biosynthesis control in,
a-Naphthyl phosphatase, and haemocyte juvenile hormone and 14: 70
phagocytosis 11: 184 Navanax, neurones, acetylcholine
Naproxin 24: 170, 171, 194, 195 receptors 15: 273
Narcotic sensitivity rhythms 10: 24, 25, 91, Navigational pathways 24: 29
92 Nazara, protocerebral neurosecretory
Naringerin, aphid saliva 9: 219 cells 12: 79
Nasonia Nazzara, flight muscles 4: 14
female specific proteins 11: 366 NBAD 27: 239, 241, 293– 297, 295
proteinaceous spheres 11: 352 NBAD-quinone 27: 262
Nasonia vitripennis 19: 268 N-b-alanylarterenone 27: 267– 269
Nasonia vitripennis, diapause induction N-b-alanyldopamine (NBAD) 27: 239, 241,
10: 22 293– 297, 295
Nassanoff organ, bee 4: 169 N-b-alanylnorepinephrine
Natriuretic peptide clearance receptor (NBANE) 27: 266– 268, 293,
(NPR-C) 29: 7 295
Natural history 19: 302 N-benzoyloxynorepinephrine 27: 255
Natural selection 23: 154– 156 N-benzyloxydopamine 27: 255
Naucoridae, scent substances, antimicrobial NCAI 23: 25
properties 14: 402 N-Catechol proteins formation in
Naucoris cimicoides, saliva 9: 205 cuticle 2: 183
Nauphaeta cinerea, pre-ingestion locomotor N-Dimethylaminoethanol, and choline
activity 11: 14 metabolism 9: 59
Nauphoeta 19: 63, 71; 23: 100, 106; 26: 85; N-Dimethylglycine, and choline metabolism
19: 58, 94; 24: 216, 217; 26: 8, 30, 9: 53 – 55
51, 92 Nebria, neurosecretory cells 12: 82, 105
Nauphoeta cinerea 29: 358, 359, 364 Nebulin 27: 183
effect of CA on respiration 12: 297, 299, Neck muscles, Arthropoda 24: 25, 26
301 Necrobia rufipes, embryonic pattern
JH and protein synthesis 12: 251 specification 12: 176, 181, 184,
putative aminergic neurones, vesicle 202
characteristics 15: 348 Necrophorus spp., antenna 14: 301
salivary duct nerve 15: 404 Nectar 23: 145, 146
salivary glands, biogenic amines and foraging 23: 158, 159, 161, 162
15: 406 Nectar feeders 19: 282, 290
catecholamine in 15: 403 Nematis ribesii, cuticle 1: 297
suboesophageal ganglion, dopaminergic Nematis, cuticle 1: 380, 381
innervation 15: 412 Nematocera 24: 284; 26: 18, 24, 316
feeding habits, sensilla numbers Neodiprion sertifer, lipids containing

and 16: 325 choline 9: 73
larvae, mouthparts and antennae, sensilla Neodiprion sertifer, ocellus 7: 147, 148
on 16: 274 Neodiprion sertifer, uric acid 5: 235
mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 263 Neomicropteryx nipponensis 19: 194
Nematocera, cocoon escape 2: 177 Neomyrma, neurosecretory cells during life
Nematocera, gene activity patterns 11: 336, history 12: 97
347 Neonura, polytene chromosomes 7: 9
Nematocera, polytene chromosomes 7: 7, 68 Neoplastic cells, haemocyte phagocytosis
Nematocera, protocerebral neurosecretory of 11: 188
cells 12: 81 Neoptera 23: 172– 174
Nematocera, wingbeat frequency 5: 173 Neoptera, protocerebral neurosecretory
Nematode receptors, gamma-aminobutyric cells 12: 80
acid 22: 62 – 67 Neostigmine
Nematodes, septate junction in 15: 66 electroretinogram and 15: 270
Nematospora coryli, and Acrosternum receptor actions 15: 291, 292
9: 241 Neotenin (see Juvenile hormone)
Nematospora jossypii, and Dysdercus 9: 241 Neoteny 23: 10
Nembutal, and blocking of action Neotony, ocellus and wings 7: 101
potentials 5: 51 Nepa, eye development 6: 112
Nemeritis canescens 28: 103 Nepa, sperm 9: 370
Nemeritis canescens, uric acid 8: 203 Nephotettix cinticeps, saliva 9: 230, 240
Nemertines, septate junction in 15: 65 Nephridial tissues, scalariform junctions
Nemoura cinerea, sperm axoneme 9: 346 in 15: 169
Neobellieria bullata 25: 309; 28: 274, 298; Nephridiophaga blattellae 28: 54
29: 307 Nephrocytes and pericardial cells,
Neoconocephalus 29: 169, 245 excretion 8: 205, 206
Neoconocephalus caudellianus 29: 247 Nephrocytes, pericardial, coated
Neoconocephalus ensiger 29: 195, 196, 207, vesicles 11: 181
229, 235, 236 Nephrops, retinal damage in 20: 36, 37
Neoconocephalus exiliscanorus 29: 247 Nephrotoma sodalis, lipids containing
Neoconocephalus nebrascensis 29: 247, 249 choline 9: 73
Neoconocephalus robustus 29: 169 Nephrotoma, sperm axoneme 9: 345
Neoconocephalus robustus, flight motor, Nepidae, protocerebral neurosecretory
temperature and 13: 182 cells 12: 80
motor co-ordination, sound production Nereistoxin, receptor actions 15: 288, 289
and 13: 249 Nernstian distribution 24: 284
muscle activity, co-ordination, sound Nerve and muscle effects 23: 90 – 92
production and 13: 245 Nerve cell connective tissue
resonant sound emissions 13: 232, 233 formation 11: 194, 195
song patterns 13: 237 Nerve cells, gap junction in 15: 95
Neoconocephalus spiza 29: 217, 250 Nerve cells, polytene chromosomes 7: 7
Neodiprion americanus banksianae, light Nerve chamber for micro-electrode
and pre-ingestion activity 11: 20 experiments 1: 181, 182
Neodiprion lecontei, light and preingestion Nerve cord, abdominal 4: 23
activity 11: 20 Nerve cord, glycogen metabolism
Neodiprion pratti (larva), amino acids hyperglycaemic hormone 12: 266
3: 71, 77 octophamine 12: 269
Neodiprion sertifer 25: 6; 27: 69 Nerve cord, ventral, ocellar units 7: 173– 182
Neodiprion sertifer, fatty acid content 4: 95 Nerve cords, transplantation of 11: 178
Neodiprion sertifer, haemolymph 1: 355 Nerve roots, Arthropoda 24: 14
Nerve stimulation, salivary glands, biogenic giant fibre system organization 1: 177,
amines and 15: 406– 412 178
Nerves glial cells 1: 16, 411, 413, 417, 421,
changes, insecticides 8: 21– 31 423– 430, 435, 444, 446, 449, 451,
mechanisms 8: 31 – 56 454, 455, 464, 472, 476
excitation 8: 5 – 21 glial lacunar system 1: 423– 425, 428,
metathoracic 21: 49, 52 446, 447, 454– 456, 461, 464
peripheral 21: 40, 41 histology of 1: 178, 179, 404 ff
sensitivity to insecticides 8: 66 –70 mammal
Nerves, peripheral nerve cord
and luminescence 6: 55 – 67, 69, 71 ionic composition of 1: 215
development 6: 102 ionic regulation 1: 383– 386,
Nervi corporis cardiaca 28: 237 392
Nervous control (see also Neurosecretory- structure of 1: 176– 179
neurohaemal system) nerve sheath 1: 178, 179, 217– 219, 222,
by neurosecretory cells 17: 258 223, 225, 383– 386, 392,
of adipokinetic hormone 402– 423
release 17: 158– 160 neural lamella 1: 402– 411, 413, 414,
of flight metabolism 17: 184, 192, 193 417– 419, 421, 422, 429, 430, 455,
of fluid absorption in tracheoles 17: 122, 477
133 perineurium 1: 178, 402, 403,
of neurohormone release 17: 239, 240, 410– 423, 455
244, 253, 262, 263, 265 presence of acetylcholinesterase
of photogenic cells 17: 134– 136 1: 15
Nervous control, chitin orientation in removal of 1: 459– 461
cuticle 4: 260 neurone
Nervous regulation, sexual behaviour dictyosomes 1: 433– 437, 440– 442
19: 98 Golgi bodies 1: 433, 434, 439–442
Nervous system neuropile 1: 15, 442– 456, 476
autonomic scalariform junctions in 15: 169
connections to central system2: 241 septate junctions in 15: 63
control over musculature 2: 241, 242 occurrence in 15: 67
differences from somatic 2: 240, 241 Nervous system, development and
control over heart muscles 2: 223, 225 regeneration 6: 97 – 137
control over intestinal muscles 2: antenna and olfactory
232– 235 centre 6: 117–119
role in ovarian development2: 301– 306 cell death 6: 122– 125
Nervous system (see Synaptic transmission, central body 6: 121, 122
Flight) corpora pedunculata 6: 119– 121
Nervous system eye and optic lobe 6: 110– 117
adipokinetic activity 4: 185 neurons and glia 6: 103– 108
and PL 4: 138 patterns of development 6: 99 – 102
and sterols 4: 178 perineurium 6: 108– 110
biogenic amines in 15: 317– 473 protocerebral bridge 6: 122
collagen 1: 178, 403– 409, 447, 454, 455, regeneration 6: 125 –130
458, 459 Nervous system, juvenile hormone 24: 225,
desmosomes in 15: 80 242, 243
extracellular system 1: 454–466 Nervous system, juvenile hormone 26: 2,
functional aspects of the organization 47 – 57, 108
of 1: 401– 484 see also Homology
gap junction in 15: 95 Nervous system, structure 8: 5, 6
Neural activity in bees in odour learning Neuroblasts, homology 24: 8 – 10, 12

20: 64 Insecta 24: 18, 19, 23, 25, 36, 41
Neural activity in insect nervous Neuroblasts, segregation of 25: 77 – 79
systems 28: 139, 140 Neurocalcin 29: 10
Neural circuits Neuroectoderm 25: 75, 76
see also visual systems cell interactions in 25: 79, 80
in ocellar systems 25: 199– 203 Neuroeffector junctions 17: 253– 255
modification of simpler Neuroeffector, in luminescence 6: 73, 74,
circuits 25: 247–252 85 – 90
modifications for visual functions Neuroendocrine 24: 169, 172, 173
25: 245 Neuroendocrine cells in transverse nerve
Neural control of firefly formation 20: 88
luminescence 6: 51 – 96 central 20: 100– 102
anatomy of lantern 6: 54 – 59 differentiation 20: 103– 110
biochemistry 6: 59 – 61 biochemical 20: 107, 108, 110
brain function 6: 90– 93 morphological 20: 105– 107
development of lantern 6: 83 –85 peripheral 20: 100
neural involvement 6: 61– 74 stereotyped development 20: 111, 112
neuroeffector response unit 6: 85 – 90 targets 20: 112, 113
other responses 6: 79 – 83 Neuroethology, acoustic communication
pharmacology 6: 74 – 79 13: 229– 335
Neural control, hormone release 13: Neuroethology, see Behaviour
176– "178 Neurogenesis 24: 3, 6, 8, 16, 79, 80
power output in flight 13: 147– 156 cellular basis of 25: 76, 77
Neural decision 25: 88, 89 Crustacea 24: 68
Neural development, pattern formation genetics of 25: 80 – 84
in 14: 251– 349 Insecta 24: 18, 44, 48, 49
Neural fat body sheath, role 9: 278– 281 Myriapoda 24: 57, 58, 59
Neural lamella Neurogenesis and neuronal
as ion barrier 9: 95 differentiation 21: 18, 19
organisation 9: 264– 266, 273 Neurogenic genes
Neural lamella formation 11: 194, 195 functionally interrelated 25: 84, 85
Neural organization of ocellar interactions 25: 89
pathways 25: 179– 204 Neurogenic insects, flight
Neural repair and regeneration 21: 35 – 84 dragonflies 5: 307– 309
degenerative responses 21: 36 – 43 Lepidoptera 5: 309
regenerative responses of insect locusts 5: 300– 307
neurons 21: 43 – 58 sound production by wings 5: 322– 326
role of neuralgia and exogenous Neurogenic rhythms 13: 147– 151
cells 21: 58 – 75 Neuroglia 21: 37, 51
Neuralizing signals 25: 80 and exogenous cells 21: 58 – 72
Neurilemma, and nervous system Neurohaemal areas (see also Corpora
development 6: 102 cardiaca and Perisympathetic
Neurite organs) 17: 250– 253
outgrowth, hormonal regulation 21: 22, 23 Neurohaemal organ, see Transverse nerve
regression, hormonal control 21: 20 – 22 Neurohaemal organs
Neuroamides, Arthropoda 24: 48 biogenic amines and 15: 426– 436
Neurobiotaxis, and nervous system function 15: 433– 436
development 6: 101 median, biogenic amines and 15:
Neuroblasts 21: 3, 8, 19 429– 433
Neuroblasts, development 6: 103– 106, 112, Neurohaemal organs, unpaired median
113, 115, 118– 122, 124 neurons in 28: 214, 215
Neurohormone C 13: 98, 99 release of transmitter substances

Neurohormone D 1 4: 15 – 17
3: 97, 98 Neuromuscular transmission, modulation
Neurohormone D1 10: 300 of 28: 224– 226
Neurohormone factor D 2: 258 Neuromuscular transmission, potentiation,
Neurohormone, proctolin 19: 23 DUMETi cells and 15: 381– 387
Neurohormones 17: 266– 277; 19: 33, 118; Neuron
23: 136; 24: 64; 25: 206, 311, 312 and synaptic membranes 6: 243
effect on heart 2: 228– 230 basement membrane 6: 214
effect on melanocytes 2: 229 death 6: 123
effect on mid-gut 2: 236 development 6: 100, 103– 107
peptidergic insect 23: 54 interneurons 6: 106, 117, 127
Neurohormones, definition 15: 319 regeneration 6: 105– 130
Neurohormones, FaRPs as 28: 293– 295 to skeletal muscle 6: 206
neuromodulators, FaRPs as 28: 296 Neuronal activities of pyrethroids
Neurohormones, mode of action 19: 114 extracellular recording 20:
Neurohormones, production sites 19: 109 160– "163
Neurohormones, pterines as 6: 185, 186 glutamate response 20: 162
Neurohormones, release sites 19: 111 sensory nerve sensitivity 20: 162
Neuromodulation cardioacceleration 23: Neuronal death, control 21: 23 – 26
102 Neuronal ganglia, adenylate cyclase activity,
Neuromodulator, Arthropoda 24: 48, 49 biogenic amines and 15: 437– 442
Neuromodulators in insect nervous Neurone
systems 28: 143 cellular organization and interrelations 1:
Neuromodulators, criteria 22: 116, 117 20, 431– 442, 444, 455, 477
Neuromodulators, definition 15: 319 presence of acetylcholinesterase 1: 15, 16
Neuromuscular blocking agents, effect on and glial cells, organisation 9: 268– 274
excitory response 4: 9, 11 –13 cultured sympathetic, acetylcholine
Neuromuscular junction, glutamate as receptors 15: 276
transmitter 11: 200 electrophysiological responses to
Neuromuscular junctions 1: 31, 37, 443, cholinergic ligands 15: 243– 265
466– 477 L-neurones 25: 164, 191– 216, 200, 201,
classification 8: 17 211, 213, 214, 229, 231, 232, 234
excitatory 8: 18– 20 bees 25: 220– 222
inhibitory 8: 20 cockroaches 25: 222– 225
ionic mechanisms 8: 20, 21 dynamics and sensitivity of light-
Neuromuscular junctions, morphology 14: adapted 25: 215– 218
195– 200 genetic determination of 25: 183– 185
Neuromuscular junctions, transmission locusts 25: 218– 220, 225– 228
process 4: 17 morphology of 25: 182, 183
Neuromuscular physiology neuronal function
bromolysergic acid diethylamide 1: 30, 36 experimental preparations 9: 289– 291
change in haemolymph ion intact nervous systems 9: 281– 289
concentration 1: 219, 391, 392 single, electrophysiological responses to
micro electrode techniques 1: 179– 183 cholinergic ligands 15: 253– 260
role of acetylcholine 1: 2, 15, 16, 30, 31, identified, electrophysiological
474– 477 responses to cholinergic
Neuromuscular transmission ligands 15: 260– 265
skeletal invertebrate, pharmacology 15: 244
excitatory responses 4: 8– 14 Neurones, sensilla, large numbers 16: 317,
inhibitory responses 4: 17 –20 318
innervation 4: 7, 8 Neuronia, sperm axoneme 9: 339
Neurons membrane potential and electrical

motor 7: 361– 375 excitability
background activity 7: 372– 375 after-potentials 1: 203– 210, 231– 236,
ephaptic excitation 7: 369 240– 243
“general” neuron 7: 369– 372 electrical properties 1: 187– 203
intracellular recording 7: 361– 364 membrane resting and action
second order, ocellus 7: 161– 164 potentials 1: 183– 187
Neurons 714 29: 205, 206 methods 1: 179– 183
molecular chemistry 29: 56 – 59 role of acetylcholine
neurotransmitter uptake and vesicular diapause 1: 5, 19 – 21
storage 29: 59 –61 nerve transmission 1: 2, 8, 22 –25, 29,
Neurons 21: 74 32, 34, 37, 38
death of immature 21: 23, 24 neuromuscular transmission 1: 2, 15,
differentiation of postembryonic 21: 18, 16, 30, 31, 474– 477
19 role of ascorbic acid 1: 82
homologous 21: 5 Neurophysiology, colour
larval, restructuring 21: 19 – 23 discrimination 2: 134, 135, 139,
regenerative responses of 141– 143, 159, 162–169
insect 21: 43 – 58 Neurophysiology, eicosanoids 24: 178, 179
interneurons 21: 46 – 49 Neuropil, electrical activity
motor 21: 49 – 55 anatomy 7: 359
sensory 21: 55 – 58 extracellular recording 7: 375– 380
regeneration 21: 56 intact insects 7: 380– 387
sensory, regulation 21: 14, 15 resting potentials 7: 367
Neuroparsin A 26: 103 Neuropile
Neuroparsins 29: 312– 314 development 6: 100, 112– 114, 117– 123
Neuropeptide 23: 82, 86, 87 regeneration 6: 127, 127
cessation of activity, voluntary 23: 104 Neuropile volume changes in adult
endocrine control 23: 83, 85 insects 28: 113– 115, 117,
Neuropeptide modulators of calcium 140– 142
signalling 28: 42 – 46 Neuropiles, Arachnida 24: 7, 73 –76, 75, 76
Neuropeptides 25: 304; 26: 18 Neuroptera
Neuropeptides as neurotransmitters cocoon escape 2: 177
cholecystokinin-related colour vision 2: 163
peptides 22: 194 ear 10: 288, 289
FMRFamide-related fatty acid content 4: 94
peptides 22: 192– 194 haemolymph 6: 216, 217
proctocolin 22: 194, 195 nitrogenous excretion 4: 50, 51
Neuropeptides, Arthropoda 24: 48 ommochromes 10: 153, 170, 176
FMRFamide 24: 23, 40, 49 – 51, 59, 179 pterines 6: 148
proctolin 24: 8, 9, 40, 49, 64, 331 Neuroptera chordotonal organs 27: 19
Neuropharmacology 19: 2 Neuroptera, antennae, sensilla on 16: 308
Neurophysiology Neuroptera, ocellus 7: 99
effect of external concentration of Neuroptera, oocyte-nurse cell
cations 1: 194– 196, 216– 219 syncytium 11: 278, 282
effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid 1: 34, Neuroptera, optic lobe neurosecretory
35 cells 12: 71
effect of insecticides Neuroptera, sperm cells 9: 328, 329, 336,
DDT 1: 200, 230– 240 339, 341, 348, 351
pyrethrins and allethrin 1: 240– 244 Neuropterans, eicosanoids 24: 133, 140, 142
rotenone 1: 244 Neurosecretion 1: 1 – 39, 441, 449, 451;
ionic fluxes and metabolism 1: 219– 230 24: 23
Neurosecretion, and eye development 6: 116 and flight metabolism 17: 184
Neurosecretion, effect on behaviour 2: 242 neurohormone production 17: 207– 238
Neurosecretory cells (NSC) 23: 17, 18, 20, 21 neurohormone release 17: 238– 258,
see also pars intercerebralis median 274, 275
neurosecretory cells neurohormones 17: 266– 277
CC factor 23: 20, 21 regulation of neurohormones 17:
Neurosecretory cells 19: 35, 36, 62, 64, 95, 258– 266
110, 112 Neurospona crassa, in synthesis of chitin
Neurosecretory cells and carbohydrate 4: 343
metabolism 4: 338 Neurospora crassa, methylalkane
Neurosecretory cells, biosynthesis in 13: 19
brain hormone (see Brain hormone) Neurospora, trehalase and trehalose 4: 315,
chemical nature 2: 257 324
cycles of activity 2: 251, 252, 275, 276, Neurotoxin, phospholipase as 9: 210
314 a-Neurotoxins, receptor actions of
histology of 2: 248, 249, 258 15: 288
role in moulting 2: 249– 254 Neurotransmitter in insect visceral
role in ovarian development 2: 301– 307, muscles 13: 94 –96
309, 313 Neurotransmitter receptors 29: 56
role in protein metabolism 2: 309–311, Neurotransmitter substances, and
313 choline 9: 53, 98
role in reproduction 2: 301, 302, Neurotransmitter transporters
304– 307, 309, 313, 314 (NTTs) 29: 56, 60
staining of 2: 248, 249, 252
Neurotransmitters 24: 48, 49; 25: 206
Neurosecretory control over cuticular
definition 15: 319
orientation 4: 260
function, biogenic amine synthetic ability
Neurosecretory innervation to skeletal
and 15: 354– 356
muscle 15: 391, 392
Neurotransmitters, criteria 22: 116
Neurosecretory product, liberation of 2: 250,
Neurotransmitters, FaRPs as 28: 296
251, 273
Neurosecretory system, unique identifiable Neutral amino acid absorption in
neuron concept 12: 63 –123 lepidopteran larvae 28: 168– 181
anatomy 12: 65 –99 expression cloning of
distribution 12: 71 – 75 cotransporter 28: 176– 179
diversity 12: 75 – 99 in midgut 28: 170– 172
morphological studies 12: 70, 71 K+-independent transport 28: 176
recognition 12: 65 – 67 Na+ and K+ affinities 28: 174, 175
“specific” staining transport systems 28: 172– 174
techniques 12: 67 – 70 Neutral amino acids, active
identifiable neuron concept 12: 99, 106. reabsorption, hindgut 19: 390
constancy, uniqueness and New Zealand grass grub 24: 285
reduplication 12: 100– 106 Newton’s law of cooling 20: 121, 122
neurosecretory cells and other Nexus See Gap junctions
neurons 12: 99, 100 Nezara viridula
techniques 12: 106– 111 femoral chordotonal organ (FeCO)
cobalt staining, silver 27: 27
precipitation 12: 107– 109 subgenual organ (SGO) 27: 35
filling with dye 12: 106, 107 Nezara viridula, metathoracic efferent
intracellular current injection 12: 110, system 14: 378
111 scent gland secretion components 14: 398
Neurosecretory-neurohaemal scent substances 14: 357
system 17: 205– 207 cytological sources 14: 392, 395
Nezera, metathoracic scent gland signalling 28: 39 – 41, 212

morphology 14: 389 synthase 28: 55
NHE family in Drosophila 28: 23 – 25 Nitric oxide synthases 29: 11
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) Nitric-oxide (NO)-insensitive soluble
in ammonia formation 4: 43 guanylyl cylases (GCs) 29: 2
in glutamic acid cycle 4: 43 Nitrogen excretion 28: 34, 35
in lipid metabolism 4: 69, 119, 120, 121, Nitrogen metabolism
133 end products
in purine oxidation 4: 37 assumptions 4: 33, 34
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 24: 140, formation 4: 34 – 44
157 nitrogen content 4: 34, 35
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide solubility 4: 34, 35
phosphate 24: 140 Nitrogen metabolism, and
Nicotine 1: 231 pterines 6: 188– 190
acetylcholine receptors and 15: 216 Nitrogen metabolism, control by CC 12: 294
binding to Musca domestica head Nitrogen utilization 5: 231, 234, 273–275
extracts 15: 222, 224, 225 Nitrogenous excretion
effect on cell bodies of Periplaneta central amino acids in honeydew 4: 49
neurones 15: 260 aquatic insects 4: 47, 48, 51, 57
on dorsal unpaired median biological significance 4: 59
neurones 15: 265 Collembola 4: 45 – 47
on electrophysiology of the sixth Dermaptera 4: 46, 48
abdominal ganglion of detoxication of end products 4: 53, 58
Periplaneta 15: 251 diversity of patterns 4: 44, 45, 47
on Periplaneta motoneurone Ds15: 265 during copulation 4: 47
on sixth abdominal ganglion of during life history 4: 54, 56
Periplaneta 15: 258 effect of nutrition 4: 45, 47, 48, 50, 53 –57
effect on heart rate 2: 221–224 end products 4: 33– 35, 39 – 44
effect on nervous system 2: 222 excretory efficiency 4: 58
inhibition of a-bungarotoxin binding fat body storage excretion 4: 47, 51
by 15: 229 haematophagous insects 4: 44, 49, 52, 53
receptors 15: 294 Hemiptera 4: 43, 44, 48– 50
actions 15: 290 Heteroptera 4: 48, 49
Nicotine and synaptic transmission 5: 27, 28 Homoptera 4: 49, 50
Nicotinic acetyl choline receptor, pyrethroid interpretation 4: 56 – 61
interaction 20: 184– 186 Lepidoptera 4: 54 – 56
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 24: 317 metabolic energy 4: 53, 58
Nicotinic acid, need for 10: 133 methods of study 4: 44, 45
Nicotinic receptor 26: 89 new terminology 4: 59
Nicotinic receptors (nACHRs) 29: 114 Odonata 4: 46 – 48
Nicrophorus orbicollis 26: 53 Orthoptera 4: 46, 47
Nifedipine 28: 49 quantitative expression 4: 45
Nilaparvata lugens (brown rice uricolytic pathway 4: 35 – 40
planthopper) 24: 184 uricotelic pathway 4: 40, 41
Nipecotic acid 29: 87 water balance 4: 57, 58
IC50 values 22: 25 Nittella flexilis 1: 2
potentiation of GABA response 22: 48, 49 NMDA see N-Methyl-D-aspartate
Nisoxetine 29: 104, 105, 109 N-methylated ethanolamines, as choline
Nitrates, plasma membrane permeability 14: substitutes 9: 63
212 N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), glutamate
Nitric oxide (NO) 29: 11 receptors 24: 333, 334
Nitric oxide central nervous system 24: 311, 312,314
skeletal muscle 24: 317, 321, 330 basement membrane 21: 139– 143
N-Monomethylaminoethanol, and choline Non-specific proteins in yolk proteins 14:
metabolism 9: 59 89, 90
Noctua pronuba, ocellus 7: 134, 135 Nonspiking interneurons
Noctua pronula, flight rhythm 10: 338 and motor control 18: 250– 301
Noctuid moths, tympanal nerve fibres arguments for 18: 258– 260
13: 297 behavioral rote 18: 283– 288
Noctuidae 26: 16, 52, 326, 328 in posture maintenance 18: 284– 286
Noctuidae, lipid content 4: 75, 76 in reflex modulation 18: 286– 288
Noctuids 24: 31 rhythmic motor output 18: 283, 284
Nodamura virus 25: 46 comparison with crustaceans 18: 296– 298
Nodaviridae 25: 434– 438 control of motor neurons 18: 276– 278
bipartite RNA genome 25: 47 current – volatage relationship and passive
classification 25: 44 – 47 membrane response 18: 256
host range 25: 44 effects on single motor neuron 18: 274
isolation 25: 44 electrophysiological
molecular studies 25: 47, 48 properties 18: 252– 260
RNA genome 25: 47 graded inhibitory interactions 18: 279
structure 25: 44, 47 inputs to 18: 280, 281, 282
Nodule formation 21: 102, 103 integration of 18: 275– 288
and wounding 21: 136, 137 interactions among 18: 278– 280
Noise analysis of single-channel latency 18: 269, 270
activity 22: 61, 62 local
Nomadacris 19: 95; 26: 35 in locust ganglia 18: 293
colouration 23: 13, 14, 19 morphology 18: 288– 296
feeding behaviour 1: 55 membrane potential 18: 256, 257
hopper development 23: 26, 27 monosynapticity 18: 269, 270
morphology/morphometrics/anatomy 23: morphology in metathoracic
8, 11, 12 ganglion 18: 289
nutrition 1: 68, 74 numbers of 18: 294, 295
physiology/biochemistry/molecular postsynaptic targets 18: 275–281
biology 23: 29 recruitment of motor neurons 18: 277
reproductive parameters 23: 22, 23 regenerative membrane response 18: 255,
Nomadacris septemfasciata (red locust) 256
23: 7 shapes of 18: 288– 292
Nomadacris septemfasciata physiological correlation 18: 292– 294
Nomadacris septemfasciata 26: 48, 54 synaptic events 18: 257, 258
female sexual behaviour 10: 317 synaptic gain 18: 272– 275
ommochrome distribution 10: 152 synaptic interactions with motor
Nomadacris septemfasciata, chitin neurons 18: 285
orientation 4: 234 synaptic transmission 18: 260– 275
Nomadacris septemfasciata, food plant chemical 18: 260– 262
preferences of 1: 48, 49 graded nature of 18: 262– 265
Nomadacris septemfasciata, preingestion time course of postsynaptic
locomotor activity 11: 12 effects 18: 265– 269
Nomadacris septemfasciatum, cob tonic depolarization of 18: 287
ration 8: 175 transmitter release
Nomuraea rileyi 26: 208 by EPSPs 18: 268
Nonesuch seep oil, cycloalkanes in 13: 3 threshold for 18: 271, 272
Non-self recognition 21: 138– 148 tonic 18: 264, 270, 271
and self 21: 143– 145 ultrastructure 18: 295, 296
physicochemicalproperties 21:143,144 Non-spiking neurons 24: 15
Noradrenalin 1: 34, 35 Notonecta obliqua, haemolymph 6: 216,

Noradrenalin, and firefly flashing 10: 300, 217
310 Notonecta obliqua, water balance 1: 348
Noradrenaline 8: 20; 23: 37, 82 Notonecta, histological changes in eye 3: 20
adenylate cyclase activity and 15: 438 Notonecta, ovary, RNA 11: 280
application to salivary glands 15: 408 Notonecta, spectral sensitivity 2: 146, 151
biosynthesis 15: 354 Notonectidae, scent substances,
distribution in cockroach 15: 328 antimicrobial properties 14: 402
in Schistocerca gregaria 15: 326 Notoplana (flatworm), GABA
high affinity uptake mechanism 15: 358 inhibition 22: 69
in central nervous system 15: 320 3-N-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropionate 29: 74
in corpora cardiaca 15: 427 N-Quinonoid proteins, formation in
in median neurohaemal organs 15: 430 cuticle 2: 184
in nervous system 15: 318, 321 NSC see neurosecretory cells
in salivary glands 15: 403 N-terminal
inactivation 15: 357, 358 Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 279, 286, 287,
localization in insect nervous system 289, 296, 297
15: 346 juvenile hormone 24: 247, 249, 255
stimulation of Photuris pyralis light steroid hormones 24: 218, 219
organs 15: 397 n-Triacontanol in insect cuticular lipids
subcellular location 15: 347 15: 23
synthesis 15: 350 Nuclear activity, juvenile hormone
Noradrenaline, and cyclic AMP 9: 35 26: 82 – 107, 111
Noradrenaline, and luminescence 6: 73 – 79 Nuclear circadian changes
Norepinephrine membrane 10: 37
and luminescence 6: 75 volume 10: 34 – 36, 71, 85, 86, 89, 91,
and pterines 6: 171 95
Norepinephrine, and K+ efflux 9: 38 Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) 25: 3, 6,
Normetanephrine, and luminescence 6: 76, 7
77 Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) 26: 234,
No-slip condition 23: 178 249, 254, 258, 261, 262, 267,
Nosopsyllus, DNA body, germarium 277– 279
11: 262 Nuclear proteins, juvenile hormone
Nostoc muscorum, methylalkanes in 13: 7 24: 229, 230
Nostoc sp., methylalkanes in 13: 7 29KDA 24: 250, 251
Notch 25: 82, 86 Nuclear receptors, juvenile hormone 24: 248
physical interactions 25: 85 – 87 hormonal regulation of 24: 250, 251
Notodontidae, lipid content 4: 76 larval epidermis 24: 248– 250
Notonecta 27: 32, 33, 107 “Nuclei, accessory”, germinal
Notonecta glauca vesicle 11: 285
salivary glands 9: 231, 235 Nuclei, functional differentiation of 12: 222
sperm axoneme 9: 339 Nucleic acid 26: 3, 270
Notonecta glauca, colour Nucleic acid synthesis 17: 9, 10, 20, 21, 36,
discrimination 2: 150, 151, 164 37
Notonecta glauca, lipid content 4: 78 Nucleic acid synthesis, role of
Notonecta glauca, metathoracic scent gland, hormones 12: 240, 241, 243
morphology 14: 387 Nucleic acids
scent substances 14: 358 in uricolytic pathway 4: 34 – 36
antimicrobial properties 14: 402 oxidative degradation 4: 35, 42
cytological sources 14: 395 primary breakdown 4: 36
scent surfaces 14: 384 Nucleic acids, association with
Notonecta glauca, rectal fluid 1: 333 tryptophan 10: 222, 223
Nucleic acids, for imaginal Nudaurelia capensis b virus (NbV) 25: 48,
development 11: 372 50
Nucleic acids, metabolism in lethal Nudaurelia cytharea capensis 25: 48
mutants 3: 104ff Nudibaculovirinae 25: 3
Nucleoli, micro-formation 7: 22, 23 Nudoraurelia cytherea capensis 25: 50
Sciarids 7: 50 Nurse cells, polytene chromosomes 7: 7, 8,
Nucleolus 9, 54 – 56
formation, extra-chromosomal DNA Nurses 23: 134, 135
body 11: 273–276 overaged 23: 130
secondary, germinal vesicle 11: 285 Nusselt number 15: 19
structure and function 11: 337– 342 Nutrient movement, locust alimentary
Nucleolus, in glial cells 6: 108 canal 19: 259
Nucleoside phosphates, as gorging Nutrient transport, lepidopteran
stimulants 11: 84 larvae 19: 237
Nucleosides, in uricolytic pathway 4: 36, 37 Nutrient transport, orthoptera
Nucleotide cyclase in firefly light organ midgut 19: 252
stimulation 15: 399 Nutrients, bloodsucker midgut 19: 277
Nucleotide phosphohydrolase 26: 236 Nutrients, cockroach uptake 19: 213
Nucleotide triphosphates 26: 245, 246 Nutrients, dipteran larvae 19: 220
Nucleotides as phagostimulants in blood Nutrition
feeders 16: 67 and amino acids 3: 76, 77
Nucleotides, and moulting cycle 6: 101 and blood sugar levels 4: 291, 292, 295,
Nucleotides, cell to cell transfer 15: 86, 87 299
Nucleotides, cyclic, and specificity of cyclic and corpus allatum activity 2: 272, 297,
AMP 9: 16 – 18 300, 302
Nucleus and fat body glycogen 1: 115
and nervous development 6: 105, 116, and lipids
122 conversion from non-lipid 4: 148, 155
effect of ecdysone 4: 180 fatty acids 4: 90, 92, 93, 97, 130,
haemocyte, structure 11: 120– 121 145– 147
in cardiac muscle 6: 206 general 4: 70, 71, 89, 97
in pterine synthesis 6: 176 isoprenoid compounds 4: 157– 163,
in regeneration 6: 126 168, 169, 172– 176, 179
in skeletal muscle 6: 206 PL & TGL synthesis 4: 90, 143, 144
in visceral muscle 6: 207 and moulting 2: 264, 265, 268, 271, 272
nurse cell and oocyte 11: 276–292 and ovarian development 2: 302, 303,
classes of RNA 11: 286– 290 306, 313
germinal vesicle function 11: 280– 286 and reproduction 3: 99, 100
other nurse cell functions 11: 290– 292 as a factor in feeding 1: 48, 49, 54 – 57
RNA synthesis and chitin as reserve nutrient 4: 328, 341
transport 11: 276–280 effect on nitrogenous excretion 4: 45, 47,
pycnotic, and nervous system 48, 50, 53 – 57
development 6: 104, 107, 109, 123 in grasshoppers and locusts
trehalase 4: 315 ascorbic acid 1: 61, 69, 80 – 83
Nucleus, sperm 9: 328– 332 carbohydrates 1: 64 – 69, 115
chemical characteristics 9: 331 carotene
physical characteristics 9: 331, 332 role in growth and reproduction 1:
shape 9: 328, 329 91 – 95
submicroscopic structure 9: 329– 331 role in pigmentation 1: 61, 73, 80,
Nudaudrelia capensis virus (NV) 25: 49 83 – 91, 93
Nudaurelia b virus 25: 48 – 50 role in vision and humoral
see also Tetraviridae function 1: 89 –92
lipids 1: 69 – 73, 94 detection of absolute intensity

minerals 1: 73 – 75 levels 25: 164
nucleic acid and nucleotides 1: 63, 64 functional properties 25: 162– 168
proteins and amino acids 1: 62, 63 information processing in second-
water soluble vitamins 1: 76– 78 order 25: 218– 228
in lethal mutants 3: 106, 107 linear and non-linear signal transmission
in plant-pest resistance 1: 59 at graded synapses 25: 235
methods of approach 1: 58 – 62 modulatory roles of efferent
utilization of carbohydrate for 4: 302, 303 neurones 25: 228– 231
Nutrition (see Food) morphology of second-order 25: 181– 188
Nutrition balance 5: 278 morphology of third-order 25: 195– 198
Nutrition, failure in ecdysis and 15: 574 multimodal integration in third-order and
Nutritional factors, reproduction 19: 121 higher 25: 236– 239
Nyctophilus geoffroyi 29: 240 polarization sensitivity 25: 168
Nyctophilus major 29: 240 responses of small second-order 25: 228
Nymph, frost resistance 6: 3 second-order 25: 181– 188
Nymphalid butterfly signal processing between second- and
ommatin excretion 10: 134 third-order 25: 231– 236
ommochrome distribution 10: 160 signal rectification by non-linear synaptic
Nymphalid ground plan transmission from second- to third-
background coloration 18: 201–203 order 25: 235
background patterns 18: 201– 203 small-diameter 25: 186– 188
dislocation 18: 203, 204, 204 spatial properties 25: 162, 163
elements of 18: 199, 200, 201 spectral sensitivity 25: 165– 168
implementation of 18: 203, 204 speed of signal transmission 25: 164, 165
selectivity 18: 203 synaptic transmission between
utility of 18: 204, 205 second- and third-order 25: 232
Nymphalidae, lipid content 4: 76 Ocellar pathways, neural organization
of 25: 179– 204
Nymphalidae, wing pigments 6: 160
Ocellar photoreceptors 25: 211– 215
Nymphalis antiopa 19: 83
Ocellar plexus
Nymphalis antiopa 26: 16
information processing 25: 211– 218
Nymphalis antiopa, fatty acid content 4: 95
synaptic organization of 25: 180, 181
Nymphalis antiopa, vitellogenin and vitellin
Ocellar system 25: 151– 265
in 14: 53
bee-type 25: 199
Nymphs, lipid content 4: 73, 78, 79, 81, 103
behavioural roles 25: 169– 179
sterol modification 4: 171, 172 ‘cockroach-type’, 25: 199
Nymphula nymphaeta, ionic composition contribution to phototactic
of haemolymph 1: 324, 325 orientation 25: 169, 170
Nyphargus longicaudus 27: 77 control of neuroendocrinic
secretion 25: 177– 179
O2 consumption 23: 28 detection of polarized light 25: 177
o-benzoquinone 27: 242 distribution 25: 154– 157
Occidentosphena, coloration 8: 150 dorsal ocelli 25: 152, 157, 162
Occluding junction See Tight junctions information processing in 25: 211– 244
Ocellar nerve, neurosecretory cells 12: light intensity perception for control of
Ocellar neurones diurnal activity 25: 173, 174
absolute sensitivity 25: 163, 164 locust type 25: 199
as detectors of instability in flight 25: 238, molecular basis 25: 204– 211
239 neural circuits in 25: 199– 203
descending interneurones, DNI, DNM and neural organization 25: 153
DNC 25: 238, 239 ontogenetic development 25: 161, 162
orientation toward edges 25: 171 arousal syndrome, extended 23: 90 – 92

phylogeny 25: 154–157 b-alanine conjugation 15: 364
stimulatory role 25: 169 behaviour/activity 23: 36, 37
structure 25: 157– 159 biogenic amine cell localization 15:
visual course control in light 25: 170, 171 338– 342
visual processing in 25: 239– 244 biosynthesis 15: 351
Ocellar tract in Manduca sexta 15: 355
bees 25: 193 cessation of activity, voluntary 23: 104
cockroaches 25: 189 conjugation with sulphates 15: 363
locusts 25: 189–193 distribution in locust 15: 328
wasps 25: 193 in optic lobes 15: 338
Ocellar tract neuropil, synaptic organization dorsal midline neurones and 15: 365– 393
of 25: 189– 193 effect on salivary glands 15: 411
Ocelli, development 6: 110 endocrine control 23: 83– 85
Ocelli, see Phototransductive membranes fight or flight response 23: 102
Ocellus, as photoreceptor for function 15: 446
entrainment 10: 44 –46 in corpora cardiaca 15: 433
Ocellus, border functional aspects 22: 178– 183
progress of pattern determination 18: 238 high affinity uptake mechanism 15: 358
with fragmented foci 18: 36 in corpora cardiaca 15: 427
Ocellus, dorsal 7: 97 – 195 in firefly light organs 15: 399, 402
behavioural studies 7: 132– 152 in globuli cell bodies 15: 335
brain and VNC 7: 171– 188 in lobster skeletal neuromuscular
distribution and structure 7: 99 – 132 junctions and 15: 390
electrical activity 7: 152–171 in median neurohaemal organs 15: 430
Ocneria dispar, see Porthetria dispar function 15: 434, 435
Oct-2-enal, in scent gland secretions in nervous system 15: 318
14: 398 inactivation 15: 357
– , 4-oxo-, in scent gland secretions 14: 398 in Periplaneta americana 15: 359
Octapamine 27: 154, 155, 201 insecticide design 23: 105
Octapamine, and luminescence 6: 76, 77 localization in optic lobes 15: 341
Octocorals 24: 182 mechanoreceptors, modulation
Octopamine (OA) 29: 78, 91, 110 of 28: 226– 228
Octopamine (see also Amines) 17: 181– 183, metabolic substrates 23: 94, 97, 98
192 myogenic rhythm and 15: 377
and adipokinetic hormone release 17: 159 neuromuscular transmission and 15: 382
and nervous system 17: 231– 237, 254 neuromuscular transmissions and 28: 225
Octopamine 20: 15; 23: 82, 86, 87; 24: 24, on segmental cells in abdominal
25, 331, 332; 26: 57; 28: 141, 186, ganglia 28: 200, 201
287 paralysis/insecticide poisoning 23: 101
activation continuum 23: 103 presynaptic receptors at neuro muscular
adenylate cyclase activity and 15: 438, junctions 15: 392
439– 440, 443 radioenzymatic assays 15: 326
and flight 28: 233, 235 receptors 28: 222– 224
and learning in honey bees 28: 240– 242 sodium sensitive uptake 15: 360
and motor patterns 28: 237– 240 stimulation of Photuris pyralis light
and reproductive organs 28: 218 organs 15: 398
and sex pheromone glands 28: 2, 16 –17 synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster,
and unpaired median neurons 28: 189, 196 effects of per mutation 22: 254
immunocytochemistry of 28: 210– 212 synthesis in DUM cells 15: 373
ultrastructure of 28: 209 in DUMETi cells 15: 374
arousal response, postulated 23: 86, 87 Octopamine transporters 29: 106– 111
distribution 29: 208 Odontomachus haematodes, caste

kinetics and pharmacology 29: 108, 109 development, trophogenic
regulation 29: 109, 110 factors 16: 187
structure 29: 107, 108 Odontomelus, coloration 8: 151
tyramine transport 29: 110, 111 Odour
Octopamine, in carbohydrate and biting factor 4: 160
metabolism 12: 247, 269, 270 cockroach 4: 97
Octopamine, proctolin antagonist 19: 10 role of terpenes 4: 160, 169
Ocypode ceratophthalma, flight motor, ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolol[4,3-a]
temperature and 13: 182 quinoxalin-1-one) 29: 14
Ocypode, perception of movement 3: 9 Oebalus pugnax, scent substances
o-Diphenol oxidase, specific activity 14: 357
of 2: 187 Oecanthus 29: 214
o-Diphenol, active principle in corpus Oecanthus celerinictus 29: 162
cardiacum 2: 225, 226 Oecanthus fultoni 29: 247, 249, 250
o-diphenols 27: 242, 243 Oecanthus nigricornis 29: 219
Odonata (larva), resolving power of eye 3: 7 Oecanthus niveus, female phonotactic
Odonata 23: 173; 24: 19, 26, 55, 82, 141 response 13: 271
antennae, sensilla on 16: 276 Oecanthus pellucens, egg size 12: 133
apodeme chitin orientation 4: 232, 233 Oecanthus pellucens, female, phonotactic
chromatophore control 12: 76 response 13: 272
daily growth layers 10: 20 resonant sound emissions 13: 232
daily growth of cuticle 4: 234 song patterns 13: 237
egg size 12: 133 Oecanthus quadripunctatus 29: 162
environmental physiology 16: 40 Oecanthus turanicus, calling songs
haemolymph 6: 216, 217 13: 311
lipid content 4: 79 Oecophyllalonginoda, scent substances
mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 253– 255 and 14: 399
muscle fibre electrical constant 6: 212 Oedalus, coloration 8: 150, 159, 160
neuro-endocrine system 2: 255, 256, 258 Oedema 24: 162, 182
nitrogenous excretion 4: 46 – 48 Oedipoda 19: 251
ommochromes Oedipoda coerulescens 23: 18
acridiommatin 10: 136 Oedipoda coerulescens, ommochromes
as pattern pigments 10: 170 10: 152
distribution 10: 151, 162 Oedipoda miniata 19: 76, 96; 26: 54
in colour change 10: 174 Oedipoda miniata, female sexual
protocerebral neurosecretory cells 12: 77 behaviour 10: 319
pterines 6: 153 Oedipoda, coloration 8: 150, 158– 161, 166,
resilin in cuticle 2: 15 167, 185, 186, 187
Odonata, chordotonal organs 27: 19 Oedipodinae 23: 6, 7, 17
Odonata, flight Oedipodinae, coloration 8: 147, 149, 150,
differentiation of flight muscles5: 153, 154, 156, 158–160, 164– 166,
218– 222 169, 172, 175, 176, 177, 179, 183,
reflexes 5: 198, 199, 203, 213, 215 186, 188
stability 5: 195, 197 Oedipodinae, song patterns, evolution
Odonata, giant axons 8: 96 13: 333
Odonata, haemolymph, ionic stridulatory mechanisms 13: 232
composition 14: 202 Oenocytes 1: 16, 114; 14: 117
Odonata, ocellus 7: 99 and wax production 4: 156, 157
Odonata, oxygen consumption, flight PL in 4: 141
and 13: 135 Oenocytoids 11: 140, 187, 194, 197, 199,
Odonestis pruni, r.q. in flight 3: 148 200; 21: 88
definition 11: 132, 159, 160 Ommatidia, development 6: 111, 112, 114,
during defence reactions 11: 173, 174 117
in wound healing 11: 180 Ommatidial layer 16: 120
Oesophageal invagination 19: 217 Ommatidium
Oesophagus, electrical activity 2: 233 and excitation and inhibition 3: 40
Oesophagus, polytene chromosomes 7: 7 and retinula cell 3: 4
Oestradiol 26: 111 and the nervous system 3: 45
Oestridae, lipid content 4: 80 and theories of form vision 3: 42 – 45
Oestrogen 24: 219, 221 angle of light acceptance 3: 10, 11
Oögenesis, and juvenile hormone 10: 299 angles between 3: 4
Oil angular separation 3: 43
Cecropia 4: 177, 180, 183 diffraction images 3: 13
chrysalis 4: 168 electrical activity 3: 23 – 25, 28, 29, 31,
Oil shale, trimethylalkanes in 13: 17 32
Oil-gap technique 15: 245 in Limulus 3: 38, 39, 42
Okadaic acid 29: 42 length 3: 3
Oleic acid 24: 118, 120, 132, 139, 140, 142, potential profile 3: 26
143 visual field area 3: 37
effect on trehalase activity 4: 314, 316 Ommatin D
in lipid metabolism 4: 91 – 92, 94, 95 – 96, biosynthesis 10: 195
101, 118, 126, 130, 145 deposition 10: 162
1,2-Oleoylacetylglycerol 24: 332 distribution 10: 155– 157, 160, 161
Olethreutidae, lipid content 4: 76 in colour changes 10: 175, 176
Olfaction, and biting 4: 160 in egg 10: 199
Olfaction, in feeding 1: 49 – 53, 56 in meconia 10: 176, 177
Olfaction, role in feeding 16: 62 redox properties 10: 140
Olfactory behaviour 28: 135 spectral data 10: 143, 147
Olfactory centre Ommatins 10: 134, 135
development 6: 104– 106, 117– 119 distribution 10: 136, 138
regeneration 6: 127 in meconia 10: 176, 177
Olfactory stimuli, and pre-ingestion splitting 10: 138
activity 11: 15 – 20 Ommidins 16: 135
Oligomerization 24: 298 biosynthesis 10: 195, 196
Oligoneoptera, neurosecretory cells chromatography 10: 140
brain 12: 71, 80 deposition 10: 162
protocerebral 12: 80, 82, 84 –86 distribution 10: 136, 137, 151, 152, 161
uniqueness of secretion 12: 104 solubility 10: 138
Oligonucleotides 24: 249 spectral data 10: 144, 149
Oligophagous insects, acceptable Ommins 16: 135
foods 11: 103 aggregation and adsorption 10: 139
Oligosaccharases, saliva 9: 209 as screening pigments 10: 167
Olive oil, trimethylalkanes in 13: 17 biosynthesis 10: 195, 196
Omania coleoptrata, metathoracic scent chromatography 10: 140
glands, morphology 14: 374 degradation reactions 10: 145–147
Omega neuron 29: 197– 201 deposition 10: 162, 163
1 (ON1) 29: 197– 200 distribution 10: 136, 137, 151– 161
2 (ON2) 29: 200– 201 in colour change 10: 173, 174
in acridids 29: 201 in egg 10: 198
Ommatidia 2: 142–145, 153, 154, 157, 166; redox potential 10: 141
16: 122 spectral data 10: 144, 149
Ommatidia angular sensitivity 20: 17, 18 Ommochrome pigment 2: 263
Ommatidia, assembly 14: 282– 285 Ommochrome pigments 16: 135
Ommochrome, biosynthetic Oncopeltus fasciatus 19: 52, 83, 256, 289;

pathway 16: 128– 137 24: 141, 216; 26: 2, 12, 32, 56;
Ommochromes 23: 15 29: 365
Ommochromes in colour vision 2: 141, 143, chitin orientation 4: 234
144, 158 choline metabolism 9: 63, 66, 73, 78
Ommochromes, and grasshopper circadian rhythms
coloration 8: 161, 183, 185– 189 daily growth layers 10: 20, 21
Ommochromes, and pterines 6: 140, feeding 10: 8
160– 164, 173– 175, 186, 187, locomotor activity 10: 7
190 oviposition 10: 8, 12, 72
Ommochromes, in fat body 1: 160– 162 sexual 10: 12
Ommochromes, see Tryptophan ! temperature effects 10: 72
ommochrome pathway ecdysis, bursicon and 15: 542
Ommocrromes, in locust pigmentation failures 15: 570
4: 256 effect of CA on respiration 12: 300
Omocestes viridulus, coloration 8: 169 egg, classes of RNA 11: 288
Omocestus viridulus 29: 164, 165, 245 embryonic pattern specification
Omocestus viridulus, chitin orientation 12: 220
4: 234 juvenile hormone and protein
Omocestus viridulus, contralateral synthesis 12: 252
co-ordination, sound production neurosecretory cells
and 13: 251 brain 12: 87, 88
female, phonotaxis 13: 279 protocerebral 12: 79
frequency of sounds 13: 235
stomatogastric ganglia 12: 72
motor co-ordination, sound production
volume 12: 105
and 13: 248
feeding regulation
non-resonant sound emission 13: 234
integration of different
song patterns 13: 239
behaviours 11: 103
sound patterns 13: 240
meal size 11: 81, 82
sound production, motor co-ordination
13: 246 pre-ingestion locomotor activity 11: 13,
proprioceptive control 13: 257, 258 14
Onchocerca gibsoni 26: 221 haemocyte numbers 11: 144, 145
Onchocerca volvulus 28: 54 nitrogenous excretion 4: 44, 49
Onchocerciasis 24: 278 pteridine excretion 4: 44
Onchorhynchus mykiss 27: 336 saliva
Onconectes vinidis, cuticle structure composition 9: 209– 212
4: 227 enzymes 9: 238
Oncopeltus 19: 61, 77, 91; 26: 13 feeding 9: 194, 202– 205
bristles and hairs 7: 254 glands 9: 234, 235
cell polarity 7: 199–209 Oncopeltus fasciatus, cholinergic system, in
differentiation 7: 257, 258 eggs of 1: 5, 9, 17, 18
pattern formation 7: 224– 231 Oncopeltus fasciatus, fat body pteridines 1:
corpus allatum 2: 298, 313, 314 158, 159
fat body Oncopeltus fasciatus, flight metabolism,
amino acid metabolism 1: 147 development 13: 199
glial cells 1: 425, 426 flight muscles development, hormonal
leg motor neurons and light 7: 380 control 13: 209
neural lamella 1: 403 Oncopeltus fasciatus, metathoracic
neurosecretory cells 2: 251 accessory gland 14: 396
Oncopeltus faciatus (milkweed bug) 21: 14, metathoracic scent efferent system 14:
15, 27 383
metathoracic scent gland, Onychophora, septate junction in 15: 65

development 14: 364 Onymacris marginipennis, water exchange
morphology 14: 370, 371, 387, 388 allometry 14: 26
obsolescence 14: 375 Onymacris plana 29: 291
metathoracic scent valves 14: 379, 380, Oocyte
381, 385 development 23: 24, 25, 46
scent extracellular biochemistry 14: 360 growth 23: 35
scent glands, biological function length 23: 37
14: 397 proximal 23: 38
functions 14: 362 vitellogenic 23: 39
pigments 14: 361 Oocyte carbohydrates, juvenile
secretion components 14: 398 hormone 19: 52
system 14: 352, 353 Oocyte development 19: 46
scent substances 14: 358 Oocyte interactions 19: 71
aggregation and 14: 404 Oocyte interactions, ovarian feedback 19: 65
cytological sources 14: 393, 395 Oocyte interactions, ovariole 19: 73
defence mechanisms and 14: 401 Oocyte maturation 24: 161, 218
dispersion 14: 399, 400 Oocyte production 19: 85
sexual behaviour and 14: 403 Oocyte, cytoarchitecture 12: 220, 221
scent surfaces 14: 382, 383, 384 Oocyte-nurse cell syncytium 11: 223–319
vitellogenin, and vitellin in 14: 52 differentiation, nurse cells and
biosynthesis control, juvenile hormone oocyte 11: 262– 276
and 14: 71 asynchrony, nurse cell 11: 265, 266
Oncopeltus fasciatus, pterines 6: 147, 148, end of synchrony 11: 263, 264
154, 175, 182 endopolyploidy, DNA amplification
Oncopeltus spp., abdominal bristles 14: 330 and under-
anatomy and development 14: 323 replication 11: 268– 272
integument, receptor cell axons 14: 331 gene amplification 11: 272– 276
metathoracic efferent system 14: 382 synchrony and asynchrony,
neural development, diffusion gradients physiology 11: 266– 268
and 14: 265 germarium, polytrophic
retina development in 14: 281, 282 ovarioles 11: 231– 255
sensilla, anatomy and development 14: cell determination 11: 251–255
322 fusome and rosette
uptake, juvenile hormone control 14: 96 formation 11: 234– 243
vitellogenin, biosynthesis, genetic intercellular bridges,
control 14: 86 distribution 11: 243– 248
Oncopeltus, flight muscles development intercellular bridges,
and 13: 207 formation 11: 231– 234
Oncopeltus, gap junction permeability 15: synchrony and mitotic
107 programming 11: 249– 251
Oncopeltus, lipid content 4: 78, 117 homologies, other insects 11: 255– 262
Oncopeltus, nervous system panoistic ovaries 11: 260– 262
development 6: 105 telotrophic ovaries 11: 256–260
Ongyia pseudotsugata 26: 260 intercellular transport 11: 292– 305
Oniscus asellus 24: 55 electrical polarity and protein
Ontogenesis, in honey-bee castes 16: 215, transport 11: 294– 300
216 electrical polarity, structural
Ontogeny 23: 146 basis 11: 300– 305
Ontogeny, Arthropoda 24: 3, 4, 8, 9, 12, 14, morphology 11: 225– 230
29, 66 germarium 11: 227– 230
Onychophora 24: 2, 58, 71, 80 ovariole 11: 225– 227
synthetic functions, nuclei 11: 276– 292 adaptation 3: 27 – 31

classes of RNA 11: 286–290 and time relations of impulse
germinal vesicle function transmission 3: 36
11: 280– 286 nature 3: 20 – 26
other nurse cell functions off-response 3: 31, 32
11: 290– 292 potential profile 3: 26, 27
RNA synthesis and transport single-unit responses 3: 37
11: 276– 280 spike discharges (see Spike discharges)
Oocytes, and lipid storage 4: 185 threshold changes 3: 32, 33
Oocytes, haemolymph protein uptake by Optic lobes
14: 91 – 97 clock, mechanism 10: 81, 82
vitellogenin incorporation 14: 65 rhythm, crayfish 10: 91
Oogenesis 19: 35 role in circadian rhythms 10: 61 – 65, 85
role of hormones 4: 177, 184, 185 Optic lobes, basic anatomy 14: 289, 290
role of lipid 4: 102, 110, 117, 118, 156, development 14: 288– 300
157, 175 retina and 14: 293– 296
Oogenesis, juvenile hormone 24: 218, 224 eye development and 14: 292, 293
Oolemma 14: 91 formation 14: 290– 292
Oosorption 19: 48, 75 Optic neuropile masses 16: 121
Oostatic hormone, Musca 19: 67 Optic pathway, in locust 3: 33 – 38
Ootheca 21: 181 Optomotor response, and eye
Ootheca, tanning, endocrine pigment 6: 186, 187
control 12: 288– 291 o-Quinones, in cuticle 2: 58, 182
Ootheca, tyrosine metabolism 11: 192, 193 Orbeli phenomenon 15: 389
Oothecins 24: 218; 26: 36 –38, 89 Orbillus coeruleus, coloration 8: 151
Opalescent glands 24: 159, 160 Orchelimum 29: 167
Opaque accessory glands, role of Orchelimum gladiator 29: 248
secretion 2: 240 Orchelimum nigripes 29: 248, 251, 252
Operant conditioning 20: 60, 61 Orchelimum vulgare 29: 246, 248
motor pattern learning strategies 20: 61 Orchestia
Operant learning 9: 113– 115, 157– 162, 164 gap junction 15: 91
Opheltes 26: 324 septate junction in 15: 66
Ophonus pubeseens, tracheal modifications development in 15: 73
for flight 3: 332 Orchestia carimana, midgut, desmosomes
Opilionid 24: 72 – 76 in 15: 81
Opsin Orconectes 24: 69
heterogeneity 20: 20 Orconectes limosus 29: 363
turnover 20: 30, 31 Orconectes limosus, flight motor,
Opsin, energy transfer to chromophores temperature and 13: 182
13: 51 Ordenodes hexadactyla, mitotic synchrony,
Opsonins 11: 175, 176 germarium 11: 250
Optic Ordovician 23: 174
lobes, Arthropoda 24: 2, 44, 46, 71, 75, 76 Organ specificity, scent-gland secretions 14:
mass, Arthropoda 24: 74 361, 362
nerves, Arthropoda 24: 74 Organelles, movement across bridges,
Optic lobe oocyte 11: 290, 292, 293, 302, 307
development 6: 105– 107, 110, 112– 117, Organic molecules, size
119, 122– 125 and hindgut 8: 304
regeneration 6: 127 and Malpighian tubules 8: 321
Optic lobe neurosecretory cells 12: 71 and rectum 8: 322
Optic lobe, and compound eye, electrical Organic solute layer in Drosophila 28: 29,
responses 3: 20 – 38 30
Organic solutes, and Malpighian of microfibrils 4: 214, 215

tubules 8: 279– 286 of myosin 4: 214
complex 8: 280–286 Orientation and migration, hormonal
low MW 8: 279, 280 influences 10: 333– 337
Organic transport systems 19: 388 Orientation of grasshoppers and locusts to
Organization, cellulose digester food plants 1: 49 – 52
midgut 19: 301 Orientation, phototactic, and ocellus 7: 132,
Organization, gut function, 133, 141– 147, 189
bloodsuckers 19: 281 Orientation, thermal physiology and 16: 23,
Organization, gut function, 214
cockroach 19: 215 Orimargula australiensis, spiracular gills 5:
Organization, gut function, dipteran 76, 93, 99, 102, 109, 130, 131
larvae 19: 221, 263 Orimargula hintoni, spiracular gills 5: 77,
Organization, gut function, lepidopteran 79, 103, 105, 131
larvae 19: 243 Orimargula spp., spiracular gills 5: 75, 77,
Organization, gut function, 78, 90, 91, 93, 95, 98, 99, 102, 105,
orthoptera 19: 257 113, 114
Organization, midgut function, Ormia ochracea (Euphasiopteryx
carnivores 19: 270 ochracea) 29: 224, 229– 231, 233,
Organization, nectar feeder midgut 19: 297 241, 252
Organization, sap feeder midgut 19: 289 Ormia ochracea 27: 116, 118
Organizational structure in honey bee Ornithacris cyanea, ommochrome
societies 23: 156– 160 distribution 10: 152
Organochlorides, circadian response to 10: Ornithacris, coloration 8: 159
26, 27 O. turbida 8: 174
Organogenesis 19: 80; 24: 224 Ornithine cycle 4: 42, 57
Organophosphates 22: 81 Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) 26: 89, 101,
Malpighian tubules 8: 247– 249 102
nerve and muscle changes 8: 27 – 31 Ornithine, precursor of urea 4: 42
Organophosphates, circadian response Ornithodoros spp., water exchange
to 10: 26, 27, 29 allometry 14: 25
Organophosphorous compounds, affect on Ornithodorus savignyi, atmospheric water
cholinergic system 1: 8, 16, 18, absorption in 14: 15
21 – 23, 25 – 29, 37 water exchange variables 14: 22
Organophosphorus insecticides, conjugation Ornithodorus, CO2 effect on water
with glutathione S-aryltransferase uptake 2: 75
13: 85 – 87 Ornithoptera 26: 309
Orgya, protocerebral neurosecretory Orocharis luteolira 29: 230
cells 12: 81 Orphan transporters 29: 78, 79, 111– 114
Orgyia antiqua 19: 32, 33 background 29: 111
Orgyia leucostigma 21: 120 distribution 29: 113
Orgyia pseudotsugata 25: 4 kinetics and pharmacology 29: 113,
Oriental rat flea, see Xenopsylla cheopsis 114
Orientation structure 29: 112, 113
of chitin – protein complexes 4: 271 Orphania denticauda, coloration 8: 153
of collagen 4: 214 Orphania scutata, coloration 8: 153
of cuticular chitin 4: 213 –279 Orthocanthacris aegyptium, lipid content
(see Chitin, orientation) 4: 78
of cuticular protein 4: 269, 271, 272 Orthopodomyia, polynemy 11: 329
of flagellin 4: 214 Orthoptera (grasshopper/cricket) 23: 6, 20,
of macromolecular polymers 4: 213, 173
214 Orthoptera 19: 6, 206, 222, 247, 344; 21: 94;
26: 9– 11, 21, 48 – 51, 61; 28: 122, as pattern pigments 10: 170, 171
190, 224 distribution 10: 151, 152, 161
antennae, sensilla on 16: 284, 285 ommidins 10: 136
basement membrane formation 11: 194 pterines 6: 153
choline metabolism resilin in cuticle 2: 15
enzymes 9: 86 respiration 7: 269, 271
lipid-soluble metabolites 9: 71, 74, 78, size, chemoreceptor numbers and 16: 311
82, 83 sperm cells
requirements 9: 55, 56, 92 acrosomal complex 9: 324, 326
water-soluble metabolies 9: 69, 70 axoneme 9: 348, 350, 352
circadian clock 4: 234 cell surface 9: 323
colour vision 2: 163 centriolar region 9: 336
cuticle structure 4: 226, 234 genetics 9: 383
daily growth layers 10: 20 nucleus 9: 331, 332
elastic fibres, dorsal diaphragm 11: 195 sterol utilization 4: 160
electrically excitable membranes 6: 260 stridulatory mechanisms 10: 265
embryonic pattern specification 12: 133, uricolytic enzymes 4: 37, 46, 47
209, 211 Orthoptera, age, flight metabolism and
fatty acid synthesis 4: 131 13: 210
flight biological activity of alkanes and alkenes
differentiation of muscles 5: 219, 222 in 13: 23
sound using wings 5: 322 dimethylalkanes in 13: 14
food female, phonoresponse 13: 268
starvation 5: 237 methylalkanes in 13: 9, 11
utilization of dry matter 5: 252, 253, oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 135
256, 257, 263 song patterns, evolution 13: 332
utilization of fresh matter 5: 258 sound source localization 13: 309
genome size 11: 324 sounds, physical parameters 13: 232– 236
haemocyte ultrastructure 11: 118 reception, sensory mechanisms 13: 281
haemolymph 6: 216, 217 stridulatory organs 13: 230
haemolymph, ionic composition 9: 281 tympanal nerve fibres 13: 296
lipid content 4: 78, 79, 95, 142 tympanal organs 13: 294
male sexual behaviour 10: 316 Orthoptera, giant fibres
muscle fibre electrical constant 6: 212, 213 afferent inputs 8: 129
muscle ion content 6: 219 histology 8: 101, 104
nervous system development 6: 101, 119 through conduction 8: 121
neurosecretory cells Orthoptera, haemolymph, ionic
brain 12: 71, 88, 94 composition 14: 201, 202
constancy 12: 100 myoplasm, ionic composition 14: 203
coupling 12: 11 Orthoptera, pleural chordotonal
during life history 12: 95 organs 27: 23
extraganglionic 12: 74 Orthopterans
protocerebral 12: 76, 77, 85 – 87 eicosanoids 24: 133, 140, 141, 144, 160
staining 12: 70 homology
total 12: 91 interneurons 24: 34 – 36, 39, 40, 41, 46,
uniqueness of secretion 12: 103 47, 54
VNC, type A 12: 75 sensory neurons 24: 30
volume 12: 105 Orthopteroidea
nitrogenous excretion 4: 46, 47 antennae, sensilla on 16: 276–286
ocellus 7: 99 chemoreceptor populations, evolution
ommochromes and 16: 331
acridiommatin 10: 136 food specificity 16: 327, 330
mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 261 Osmoregulation (aquatic insects),

size, chemoreceptor numbers and 16: 309, mechanisms of
311 non-electrolyte fraction of
Orthopteroids haemolymph 1: 328, 329
environmental physiology 16: 41 role of excretory system 1: 329– 340
mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 255–262 uptake of inorganic ions 1: 340– 347, 388
Orthosoma brunneum, control of spiracle water balance 1: 329, 347– 352
activity 3: 309 Osmoregulation 28: 52
Oryctes 26: 321, 322, 336, 338; 4: 18; 1: 468 Osmoregulation and amino acids 3: 78
basement membrane formation 11: 194 Osmosis 26: 173, 174, 178
proteinaceous spheres 11: 351 role in tracheolor fluid movement 2: 86
tracheal modifications for flight 3: 335, role in water movement 2: 117, 118
337 Osmotic and ionic regulation (terrestrial
ventilation 3: 298 insects)
Oryctes boas, flight haemolymph and diet 1: 352– 359
elytra 5: 169, 170 role of excretory system 1: 359– 378
muscle differentiation 5: 220 water relations 1: 378– 382
stroke angle 5: 202, 214, 215 Osmotic and ionic regulation, haemolymph
Oryctes nasicornis 19: 297– 301; 26: 319, (aquatic insects)
322, 323 brackish water insects 1: 321, 322, 336
Oryctes nasicornis, development of central composition of 1: 324– 328, 334, 338,
body 6: 121 347
Oryctes nasicornis, lipid content 4: 74 freshwater insects 1: 320, 321, 336
Oryctes rhinoceros 26: 36 salt-water larvae 1: 323, 324, 336
Oryctes rhinoceros, elytral surface area 5: Osmotic lysis hypothesis, Bacillus
169 thuringiensis 24: 293, 294
Oryctes rhinoceros, resilin in cuticle 2: 14, Osmotic permeability 19: 342
15 Osmotic pressure
Oryctes spp., flight equilibrium with capillary force 2: 86
and vision 5: 333 receptor organ 2: 235
initiation 5: 199 relation to rate of active transport 2: 76, 77
yawing 5: 311 role in crop emptying rate 2: 234, 235
Oryctes, sperm 9: 328 Osmotic pressure and fluid level in
Oryzaephilus surinamensis, effects of tracheoles 17: 123– 129, 136– 138
tryptophan 10: 221 Osmotic pressure of haemolymph
Oryzaephilus surinamensis, feeding response and meal size 11: 64, 66, 67
to humidity 11: 19 and pre-ingestion locomotor
Oryzaephilus surinatmensis, speed of food activity 11: 11
through gut 5: 237 relationship to food dilution 11: 93 – 95
Oryzaephilus, ornithine cycle 4: 42 Osmotic pressure, and membrane resting
Oscillation, in morphogenesis 4: 246– 254 potential 6: 224
Oscillator, role in rate of ingestion 11: 87 Osmotic pressure, and sperm motility 9: 381
Oscillators, circadian Osmotic pressure, body fluids 19: 302
and photoreceptor, separation 10: 77 Osmotic pressure, insect haemolymph 14:
control of behavioural rhythms 10: 54 – 71 219
control of gated events 10: 52 – 54 moulting fluid 14: 154– 157
control of other rhythms 10: 71, 72 Osmotic properties of
driving, mechanisms 10: 5, 81 – 91 haemolymph 6: 216– 218
Drosophila clock 10: 85 – 87 Osmotic protectants 24: 293
optic lobe clock 10: 81, 82 Osmylus fulvicephalis, haemolymph
protocerebral clock 10: 82 – 85 1: 355
Osmolarity and retinal damage 20: 38, 39 Ostia 26: 329– 332
Ostrinia (see Pyrausta) development, and carbohydrate

Ostrinia nubilalis, acetylcholine 9: 66 ingestion 11: 103
Ostrinia nubilalis, biogenic amine development, and disappearance of larval
inactivation in 15: 360 fat body 11: 375, 376
Ostrinia nubilalis, oxygen consumption lipids content 4: 117
rhythm 10: 24 nurse cell chromosomes,
Ostrinia, neurosecretory cells 12: 93 development 11: 333
Ostrinia, tight junctions in 15: 133 oo¨static hormone, and development
Othnonius batesi 25: 34 cycles 11: 376
Otus scops 29: 225 ovarian cycle, and protein intake 11: 90,
Ouabain 26: 112 91
Ouabain, and Malpighian tubules 8: 226, oxygen supply 17: 101
228, 233 tracheoles in 17: 87
Ouabain, Hyalophora cecropia decay uptake of sterol 4: 172, 173, 174
profile and 14: 147 Ovary maturating parsin (LoOMP) 26: 11,
Outer Optic Anlage 14: 291 103
Outputs, giant fibres 8: 30 – 35 Ovary, control by JH 12: 243, 281
Ovarian development Ovary, polytene chromosomes 7: 8, 54 – 56
and nutrition 2: 302, 303, 306, 307 Overwintering, role of carbohydrates 4: 296,
role of corpus allatum 2: 291, 297– 304, 340, 345
306, 309, 310, 312– 314 Oviduct contractions 19: 84, 90
role of neurosecretory cells 2: 301– 307, Oviduct contractions, Gryllus 19: 116
309, 313 Oviduct muscle, proctolin response 19: 16
Ovarian ecdysone 19: 71 Oviducts, control of musculature 2: 240
Ovarian ecdysone synthesis 19: 58 Oviposition 24: 147, 148, 154, 156, 157,
Ovarian feedback, absence 19: 71 159
Ovarian feedback, oocyte interactions 19: 65 behaviour, hormonal control 10: 300,
Ovarian follicle cells 26: 73, 75 –83 327– 331, 340
Ovariectomy, vitellogenin and 14: 60 circadian rhythms of 10: 8, 12, 15, 29, 91,
biosynthesis and 14: 84, 85 340
Ovaries 24: 147, 151, 153, 153, 246 and response to insecticides 10: 26
gap junction in 15: 95 entrainment 10: 45
kynurenine content 10: 192 phase-response curve 10: 48
role in female behaviour 10: 324, 326 temperature effects 10: 72
septate junctions in 15: 63, 67 hormonal control 2: 240, 306, 307
Ovaries, juvenile hormone 26: 22, 23, role of neurosecretory cells 2: 306,
29 –34, 45, 65, 70, 71, 101, 307
108– 110, 112 Oviposition behaviour, juvenile
Ovariole hormone 26: 47, 50, 51
as functional unit of ovary Oviposition enhancement 19: 85
11: 225– 227 Oviposition regulation, Rhodnius
polytrophic, germarial 19: 119
function 11: 231 –255 Oviposition, hormonal control 12: 111
Ovariole differentiation 19: 35, 36 Oviposition, ovulation 19: 102
Ovariole structure 19: 46 Oviposition, stick insects 19: 102
Ovarioles 23: 23 Oviposition-stimulating hormone 19: 105,
Ovary 110– 117
see also Oocyte-nurse cell syncytium Oviposition-stimulating neurohormone,
and action of juvenile hormone 4: 184, neurohaemal areas 19: 111
185 Oviposition-stimulating neurohormone,
and glycogen metabolism 4: 335, 339, neurosecretory cells 19: 111
340 Ovipositors, parallel chitin 4: 220
Ovipositors, sensilla on 16: 308, 309 Oxygen and spiracular gills 5: 108– 112
Ovulation 19: 48, 101; 24: 161 Oxygen consumption and muscle
Ovulation, Glossina 19: 107 frequency 20: 128
Ovulation, parturition 19: 107 Oxygen consumption, and hormone activity,
Ovulation, role of neurosecretory 263– 265, 275, 276, 308, 309, 312
cells 2: 306, 307 Oxygen consumption, circadian rhythmicity
Ovulation, stick insects 19: 104 of 10: 23, 34, 91, 92, 96, 97
Oxalate, and trehahase activity 4: 322 Oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 135, 136
Oxalates 26: 169 Hyles lineata, body weight and 13: 141
1,3-Oxazolidine 2-(O,S-dimethyl in flight muscle metabolism 13: 171
thiophosporylimino)-3-ethyl-5- in flight, flight muscle differences and 13:
methyl-, receptor actions 15: 291, 142
292 Oxygen consumption, rectal tissue 19: 410
Oxidases, Hemipteran saliva 9: 220, 238, Oxygen supply to flight muscles 13:
239, 246, 247 157– 161
Oxidation Oxygen, and sperm 9: 380
a-glycero-P 7: 310, 332, 333 Oxygen, firefly light organ stimulation
proline 7: 311, 312, 330– 332 by 15: 401
pyruvate 7: 310, 311, 325– 330 Oxygen, Hyalopphora cecropia decay profile
Oxidation of choline 9: 88, 89 and 14: 145
Oxidation of tyrosine 2: 58, 59, 186 Manduca sexta decay profile and 14: 149
Oxidative metabolism, role in circadian Oxygen, juvenile hormone 26: 68, 69
oscillators 10: 88, 97 see also circulation and tracheal
Oxidative phosphorylation ventilation
and chromosome puffing 7: 44, 51 Oxygen, relative permeability 2: 78, 79
and respiratory chain 7: 323– 325 Oxygenation, arachidonic acid 24: 129– 131
9-oxo-2-decenoic acid 26: 15 Oxyinae, coloration 8: 149, 151
Oxo-methylnorianoate 24: 140 Oxytetracycline, and chromosome
5-Oxoprolinase in Musca domestica 13: 79 puffing 7: 49
Oxotremorine 29: 121 Oxytocin, and cyclic AMP 9: 39
Oxotremorine, receptor actions 15: 292 Ozonolysis 24: 144, 145
Oxya hyla, coloration 8: 149
32
Oxya japonica lipid content 4: 78 P orthophosphorus, in PL studies 4: 142,
Oxya sp., muscle, potentials 1: 187 144
oxygen consumption 10: 23, 24, 29, 81 Pacemakers
Oxygen and central co-ordination 3: 291, 293
and luminescence 6: 52, 53, 80, 82, 84 and proprioceptive input 3: 294
anoxia, and chromosome puffing 7: 50 and spiracle activity 3: 313, 319, 320
flight muscle 7: 269– 271 and stimulation of CNS 3: 297, 298
in control of photogenic in crustacean heart 3: 293
cells 17: 134– 136 metathoracic ganglion as 3: 283, 285, 289
in pterine metabolism 6: 183, 189 third embryonic abdominal ganglion as
lack 3: 283, 284
and fluid absorption in Pachnoda simuata 29: 322
tracheoles 17: 122, 124– 127, Pachycolpura manco, metathoracic scent
130– 132 glands, morphology 14: 374
and tracheal supply 17: 116, 117 Pachydiplax longipennis, ocellus 7: 153,
supply and permeability of 165, 166, 168, 169
tracheoles 17: 138, 139 Pachymeris, lipid content 4: 73, 89
uptake Pachymerus dactris, fat 1: 137, 138
and mitochondria 17: 101, 102 Pachynoda epplipiate 27: 307
partial pressure and 17: 100 Pachynoda sinuada 27: 305
Pachynotacris amethystinus, deutocerebrum, biogenic amine cell

coloration 8: 151 localization in 15: 342
Pachyrhina ferruginea 26: 316 protocerebral bridge, biogenic amine cell
Paeonol 24: 176 localization 15: 338
Palaeodictyopteroidea 23: 173 Panorpa annexa, sperm axoneme 9: 339
Palaeoptera 23: 172, 173 Panorpa communis 19: 53
Palaeoptera, protocerebral neurosecretory Panorpa communis, haemolymph 1: 355
cells 12: 76, 77, 86 Panorpa communis, occelus 7: 131
Palaeozoic 23: 172 Panorpa pryeri 19: 196
Paleacrita vernata, lipids containing Panorpa, development of central body 6: 122
choline 9: 74 Panorpa, germarium, mitotic
Paleopterous 23: 172 synchrony 11: 249, 250
Palmitate (C16), 118, 132, 136, 142, 143 Panorpa, protocerebral neurosecretory
Palmitic acid, in lipid metabolism 4: 91, cells 12: 80
94 –96, 101, 126, 128, 130, 132 Panstrongylus 19: 38, 82
Palmitoleic acid, and choline metabolism Panstrongylus megistus. 19: 35; 26: 30
9: 77 Pantala, activity of spiracles 3: 312, 313
Palmitoleic acid, in lipid metabolism 4: 92, Pantatoma 25: 154
94, 95, 129, 130 Pantophthalmus tabaninus 26: 319
Palomena prasina, haemolymph 1: 212 Panulirus interruptus, putative aminergic
Palomena prasina, nitrogenous excretion neurones, vesicle
4: 48 characteristics 15: 348
Palorus ratzeburgi, choline requirements Paper factor, juvenile hormone 24: 253
Papilio 26: 329, 334; 28: 99, 100
9: 56, 59, 60
Papilio machaon, frost resistance 6: 15, 16,
Palpation in initiation of ingestion in biting
28, 31, 39
and chewing insects 16: 61
Papilio machaon, haemolymph and diet
Palps, maxillary, role in feeding
1: 357
regulation 11: 38, 61, 99
Papilio protenor, pterines 6: 155
Palps, sound reception by 10: 271
Papilio xuthus 19: 40; 26: 35
Panaeus duorarum 24: 175 frost resistance 6: 13, 28
Panaxia dominula, cholinergic elements in pterines 6: 155
abdomen of 1: 6 Papilio xuthus, hibernating pupa 2: 277
Pancreas Papilio, tryptophan ! ommochrome
adipokinetic activity 4: 185 pathway 10: 169
lipase activity 4: 113, 115, 116 P. machaon 10: 156
Pancreas, regulation by secretin 9: 37 P. xuthus 10: 156, 160, 210
Pancreatic beta cell function 24: 185 Papiliochrome 27: 293–295
Pancreozymin, stimulation of pancreas Papilionid butterflies, frost resistance 6: 15,
Pangstrongylus megistus, scent gland 16
secretion components 14: 398 Papilionid butterflies, wing
Panogena lingens 26: 307 pigmentation 10: 126, 130
Panoistic ovaries 11: 255, 306 Papilionidae, kynurenine in wings 6: 190
chromatin bodies 11: 252 Papillae, interpseudotracheal, and size of
classes of RNA 11: 289 meal 11: 50
extra-chromosomal DNA body 11: 273, Papillate recta, ultrastructure 19: 343
276 Papillia japonica 24: 285
germarium 11: 228– 230, 260– 262 Papillo spp., lipid content 4: 76
germinal vesicle 11: 281, 285 Parabolic lamellae, in cuticular chitin
yolk deposition 11: 300 4: 223– 229
Panolis flammea 25: 6, 8, 20 Paracellular shunt 19: 360
Panorpa Paracentrotus lividus 25: 115, 130
Paracinema tricolor, coloration 8: 149 and nerves 8: 31

Paracoptacra, coloration 8: 151 conversion by fat body 1: 136
Para-diphenyloxidase in cuticle synthesis effect on cholinergic system 1: 16, 18, 29
and degradation 14: 127 Parathion, and acetylcholine 9: 99
Paraffin wax, cycloalkanes in 13: 3 Parathion, circadian response to 10: 26,27
methylalkanes in 13: 10, 13 Parathyroid hormone, and cyclic AMP 9: 14,
Parafilms, use in Hemipteran feeding 9: 185, 21, 38
189, 194, 197, 200, 212 Paravespula 25: 201
Paraglider theories 23: 176 Paravespula germanica 25: 191, 193, 202
Paragnath, Arthropoda 24: 66 Paravespula spp., caste development,
Paragonial gland trophogenic factors 16: 188
and female refractoriness 10: 326, 327 Paravespula vulgaris 25: 158, 193, 202, 222
and oviposition behaviour 10: 330 Paravitellogenin 14: 92
Paralysis, physiological correlates of 23: Parlatoria oleae, sperm 9: 353, 370
100, 101 Parnassius apollo, ommochromes 10: 156
Paramecium, atypical guanylyl cyclases Parnassius phoebus 26: 300
in 29: 15 Paropsis atomaria, feeding
Paramecium, kappa activity 3: 266 intake 5: 249
Paraneoptera, protocerebral neurosecretory utilization of fresh food 5: 258, 270, 271
cells 12: 79, 84, 86 Parotid glands
Paranotal lobe hypotheses 23: 175 and calcium 9: 37
Paraoxon and dibutyryl cyclic AMP 9: 16
ganglionic synaptic transmission Pars intercerebralis (P1) 23: 34, 35
sensitivity to acetylcholine Pars intercerebralis
and 15: 250 and female receptivity 10: 321– 323
receptor actions 15: 291 and male reproductive behaviour 10:
Parapropacris rhodopterus, 318– 320
coloration 8: 151 and oviposition behaviour 10: 328
Parasa viridissima 25: 51, 53 neurohormones in 17: 272, 273
Parascopioricus exarmatus 29: 228 neurosecretory cells in 17: 208, 209,
Parasites, metazoan, defence reactions 211– 213, 215– 217
against 11: 173, 174, 180 amines in 17: 231– 233, 238
brachonid 11: 173 immunochemistry in 17: 222– 228
Cardiochiles 11: 173 passim
hymenopterous 11: 173 regulation of 17: 262, 265
Mesoleius 11: 174 Pars intercerebralis neurosecretory cells
Trypanosome rangeli 11: 188 (PI-NSC) 23: 48
Parasites, targeting Drosophila 28: 53, 54 Pars intercerebralis, antigonadotropin 19: 70
Parasitic wasp 23: (Habrobracon Parthenogenesis 23: 119
juglandis) 23: 119, 120 Particle arrays in insect nervous tissue 15:
Parasitism, and endopolyploidy and 155– 157
polyteny 7: 5 Particulate material 21: 122– 124
Parasitism, and secretion of juvenile Parturition regulation, Glossina 19: 108
hormone 2: 298, 315, 316 Parturition, ovulation 19: 107
Parasitoids, feeding habits, sensilla numbers Parturition-stimulating factor 19: 109,
and 16: 326 113– 117
Parasphena, coloration 8: 150, 159, 188 Passalidae, frost resistance 6: 34
Parasympathetic stimulation, salivary Passive diffusion (see Diffusion)
glands 9: 37 Passive permeation, muscle fibres 14: 220
Paratettix texanus, coloration 8: 152 Passive suction ventilation 26: 305– 309
Parathion Patch clamp analyses of sodium
action 8: 4 channels 20: 171– 175
anddeltamethrinmodification 20:173,174 hatching 10: 15, 78

and temperature 20: 174, 175 insecticide susceptibility 10: 27, 28
and tetramethrin modification 20: 171, oviposition 10: 12, 48, 78
172 phase-respose curve 10: 48
Patch clamp studies 24: 313 photoperiodism 10: 22
Patch-clamping, apical membranes, X-ray sensitivity 10: 29
rectum 19: 376 Pectinophora gossypiella, lipid content
Patella, chitin 1: 260, 278, 279 4: 75
Patency 26: 32, 33, 75, 77, 80 – 82 Pectinophora, nutrition 1: 71, 72
Pathfinding, Arthropoda 24: 29, 31 Pectinpolygalacturonase, in saliva 9: 209,
Pathogens 26: 158, 219, 207– 213, 212, 215, 220, 222
277– 279 Pedetontus unimaculatus 19: 192
Pathogens, and saliva 9: 241– 244 Pedicel, antennae 14: 300
Pathological tissue, septate junction Pediculus humanus, eggs, non-specific
occurrence in 15: 67 proteins in 14: 90
Pathway mechanisms 21: 221, 222 Pediculus, eye 7: 98
Patinopecten yessoensis 24: 161 Pediculus, haemoglobin in egg 3: 101
Pattern discrimination in insects 28: 136 Pediculus, sperm 9: 369
Pattern formation in insect neural Peduncle (corpora pedunculata),
development 14: 251– 349 development 6: 120
Pattern formation, post-embryonic Pegomyia sp., haemolymph 1: 212
development 7: 224– 235 Pegomyia ulmaria, lipid content 4: 79
Pattern pigments, ommochromes as 10: Pelariidae, spiracles 3: 300
169– 173 Peloridiidae, salivary glands 9: 233, 245, 246
Pattern, grasshopper, coloration; 189, 190 Pemphigus bursarius, polymorphism 3: 211,
Patterns, determination during 212, 237
development 16: 201, 202 Pemphigus fraxini, ocellus 7: 131
Patterns, extracellular calcium Pemphigus populicaulis, fatty acid
regulation 19: 156 content 4: 94
Paulianina spp, spiracular gills Pemphigus sp., lipid composition 1: 137
5: 100, 139, 141, 143 Pemphigus utricularias, lipid content
Pavlovian conditioning 9: 113, 162– 164 4: 78
p-benzoquinone 27: 256 Penaeus vannamei 29: 306
P-Benzoquinone, effect on food Penetrating tracheae, Arthropoda 24: 14
intake 11: 98 ‘Penknife model’, Bacillus
p-Cumaric acid, aphid saliva 9: 219 thuriensis 24: 296– 298, 297
p-diphenols 27: 242, 243 Pentacosane, circadian variations in 10: 31
Pea aphid 1: 59, 128; 26: 45, 46 Pentapeptide, Arthropoda 24: 48
Pea lectin, glutamate receptors 24: 322 Pentatoma prasina, development of
Peak 1 13: 97, 98 eye 6: 116
Peak 2 13: 98, 99 Pentatoma rufipes, saliva 9: 205, 235
Pea-SK-I and II 28: 289 Pentatomidae, protocerebral neurosecretory
Pectinase, in saliva 9: 197, 213 cells 12: 79
Pectinophor gossypiella, choline Pentatomidae, saliva,
requirements 9: 57 composition 9: 205, 208– 211, 214– 216
Pectinophora gossypiella, ascorbic acid feeding 9: 202, 203
requirement 1: 81 glands 9: 234, 235, 237
Pectinophora gossypiella, circadian Pentatomoidea, feeding 9: 192
rhythms Pentatomorpha, saliva,
clock types 10: 77, 78 composition 9: 205– 208, 210, 211
eclosion 10: 78 feeding 9: 191– 193, 195, 196, 203
emergence 10: 77 glands 9: 234, 235, 246
oxidases 9: 239, 247 Pericardial cells

PAS reaction 9: 241 associated with heart 2: 220, 221
Pentatomorphid gut 19: 288 effect on heart rate 2: 226
Pentose phosphate pathway, in fat body o-dihydroxyindolalkylamine 2: 227
metabolism 1: 128, 129 Pericardial cells, coated vesicles 11: 181,
Peptidase 26: 179, 197, 208– 210 182
Peptidases in blowfly 13: 90 Pericardial cells, excretion 8: 205, 206,
Peptidases P1 13: 97, 98 283
Peptidases, definitions 3: 66 Pericardial sinus 2: 220
peptide antagonists and agonists 28: 315, 316 Perikarya neurones 1: 431– 442, 453– 455
Peptide hormones 22: 350– 355; 24: 219, Perikaryon, endocrine cells, rhythm
222, 223 10: 37
evolution 22: 356 Perineureum 1: 16, 178, 402, 403, 410– 423,
Peptide hormones, juvenile 455, 477
hormone 26: 102–104 Perineurial cells
Peptide P3 13: 98, 99 septate junctions in 15: 63, 64
Peptide, active principle in corpus tight junctions in 15: 133, 134
cardiacum 2: 225, 226, 230 Perineurial cleft, “tight junctions” 9: 95
Peptidergic axon endings, Glossina 19: 113 Perineurium, and blood– brain
Peptidergic insects 23: 54 barrier 9: 264– 268, 273, 285, 290,
Peptides 291, 300– 305
abundant 22: 350 Perineurium, development 6: 102,
and amino acid derivatives in 107– 110
larva 3: 82 – 84 Perineurium, septate junctions in 15: 63
and isoenzyme formation 3: 110 Periodic acid – Schiff (PAS) reaction,
glucagon-like peptides 22: 353 Hemipteran saliva 9: 240, 241
haemoglobin 11: 349 Peripatopsis moseleyi, septate junction
identification by isolation 25: 274– 278 in 15: 66
immunocytochemical localization of Peripatus 24: 2
allatostatin-like 25: 306 Peripatus, septate junction in 15: 66
in diverse organisms 25: 312– 317 Peripheral action of hormones 10: 309– 311
in egg 3: 61, 62 Peripheral fibres, regeneration 6: 126
in larval development 3: 82, 83 Peripheral inhibition, in muscle nervous
in pupal development 3: 92 response 4: 17, 18
inhibiting juvenile hormone Peripheral nerves, degenerative responses
synthesis 25: 268 in 21: 40, 41
insulin-like peptides 22: 353 Peripheral nervous system,
larval storage 11: 371 Arthropoda 24: 31, 33
sex-specific 11: 366 Peripheral neurosecretory cells 17: 221,
sex-specific differences 3: 98 222
vasopressin-like peptide 22: 353 amines in 17: 233, 234
Peptides, cell to cell transfer 15: 86, and neurohaemal areas 17: 252
87 immunochemistry in 17: 222, 224,
Peptides, pools, metabolic aspects 13: 225, 229
88 – 91 regulation of 17: 263
structure and function 13: 69 –132 Peripheral retina
Peptidyldopa derivatives 27: 302–305 anatomy 16: 122
Performic acid – alcian blue, for sulphydryl ultrastructure 16: 120– 128
groups 9: 240 Peripheral sensory system,
Performing tasks, genotypic variability Arthropoda 24: 81
for 23: 137– 140 Periphyllus negundinis, pectinase, saliva
Pergesa, antenna 14: 301 9: 213
Periphyllus testudinatus, gamic females and nicotine 2: 222

aestivation 3: 235, 236 effect on hind-gut of
Periplaneta (larva), and wing dimorphism in corpus cardiacum 2: 237
Megoura viciae 3: 247 eserine 2: 236
Periplaneta 19: 39, 52, 59, 76, 81, 82, 111, effects of g-BHC 22: 73
117, 197, 207, 210, 214, 215, 259, fast coxal depressor motor neuron 22: 41,
336, 337, 346– 348, 385, 386; 24: 42, 51
26; 25: 154, 158, 171, 201; 26: 31, fat body
38, 40, 61; 27: 34, 35, 66 fatty acid biosynthesis
air-swallowing at ecdysis 2: 180 fat metabolism 7: 318, 320
americana frontal ganglion connections 2: 241
eicosanoids 24: 134, 139, 141, 146, fuliginosa 24: 141
178, 179, 187 GABA binding 22: 20 – 24
glutamate receptors 24: 312– 314 giant interneurons 22: 36, 59
homologous structures 24: 39, 40, 48, glutamic dehydrogenase 4: 43
49, 55, 56 gut stimulating substances 2: 238
juvenile hormone 24: 214, 216 innervation of gut 2: 232, 233
anatomy of corpus cardiacum 2: 225 innervation of heart 2: 223, 224
argentaffin cells in gut 2: 237 inositol requirement 1: 77
ascorbic acid synthesis 1: 80, 81 japonica 24: 141
asymmetry of cuticle 2: 109 leg muscle
breathing regulation glutamate and contraction 4: 12
independent activity of spiracles 3: 317 ion basis of electrically excitable
innervation of spiracles 3: 301 responses 4: 22
innervation of tracheae 3: 302 membrane potential 4: 2, 4
spiracular activity 3: 303 lymph proteins and moulting 3: 87
synchronized activity of mobile grease covering, function 15: 24
spiracles 3: 315 motor neurons 7: 361
ventilation 3: 283, 295, 299 muscle
cholinergic system in 1: 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, postsynaptic potentials 4: 13, 15
14 –16, 21 –29, 32, 37 resting potential 4: 5, 6
cholinesterase in intestine 2: 236 nerve supply to proventriculus 2: 233
chromosome puffing 3: 182 nervous control of heart rate 2: 224, 225
contraction of Malpighian tubules 2: 239 nervous system
corpus allatum and reproduction 2: 297, cellular and extra cellular
299 components 1: 454– 461, 464
corpus cardiacum extract 1: 35 effect of gamma amino butyric acid 1:
crop emptying rates 2: 234 34
cuticular grease layer 2: 88 glial cells 1: 411– 413, 416– 419,
deutocerebrum, biogenic amine cell 423– 431, 444, 454, 455, 464
localization in 15: 342 nerve sheath and fat body 1: 416– 420
ecdysis, blood volume and 15: 553 neural lamella 1: 403– 406, 408– 414,
eclosion, bursicon in 15: 541 416– 419, 429, 430, 454, 455
effect of corpus cardiacum on heart 2: 227, neurone 1: 431– 438, 440, 441
228 neuropile 1: 430, 444– 447, 450, 451,
effect of farnesol 2: 295 453– 455
effect on heart rate of perineurium 1: 411– 414, 416– 420,
adrenalin 2: 222 427, 454, 455
amine 2: 222, 223 neurosecretory cells 2: 249, 291
amino acid 2: 223 polypeptide-like substance in 1: 36
indolalkylamine 2: 223 pterines 6: 153, 186
insecticide 2: 221 respiration 7: 402
smooth septate junction 15: 58 uric acid 8: 204

sterols 4: 171, 172 giant fibres and cerci 8: 97
thoracic glands 2: 261, 283 histology 8: 102
tight junctions 15: 129, 130 learning and memory, isolated ganglia
tissue respiration 1: 130–133 9: 111– 181
transamination 3: 81 sperm, motility 9: 380, 381
transpiration through cuticle 1: 380, 381 through conduction 8: 110– 121
visceral muscles 6: 206 5-HT 9: 2
vision see Learning
illumination potential 3: 36 Periplaneta americana (cockroach) 21: 40,
potential profile 3: 26 92, 95, 103, 114, 117, 131, 134,
transients 3: 25 137, 140, 141, 143– 146, 150
ventral nerve cord 3: 33 Periplaneta americana 19: 2, 6, 11, 14, 17,
water absorption through cuticle 2: 89, 90 41, 152, 176, 207, 208, 211– 213,
water droplets on grease layer 2: 88, 89, 299, 341, 354, 379, 395, 396; 23:
92, 93 82; 25: 158, 161, 166, 182, 186,
xanthine dehydrogenase 4: 39 192, 196, 200, 202, 274, 275, 277,
5-hydroxytryptamine in 1: 35, 36 278, 289, 292, 299, 302–304, 308,
Periplaneta americana 309, 312, 318, 320– 323, 329; 26:
and Hemipteran saliva 9: 204, 205 8, 32, 35 – 37, 39, 51, 89, 181;
blood– brain barrier 27: 51, 58, 61, 120, 125, 133, 140,
cation exchange, blood and CNS 9: 258 150, 156, 276, 295, 305; 28: 216
extra-axonal sodium regulation abdominal nerve cord extracts,
9: 302, 304 a-bungarotoxin binding
extraneuronal potentials 9: 282, 283, component 15: 235
125
285, 286, 288– 290 I-a-bungarotoxin binding
fat body deposits 9: 260, 281 component 15: 236
glial system 9: 268– 274 absence of glutarate pathway 10: 133
glycogen deposition, nervous activation continuum 23: 102
system 9: 305 adenylate cyclases in, biogenic amine
ionic basis, electrical activity 9: 277, effect on 15: 438
278 amino acids in cuticle 4: 275
ionic composition, haemalymph 9: 275 arousal response, postulated 23: 86– 89
ionic composition, nervous arousal syndrome, extended 23: 85, 90, 91
tissues 9: 275, 276 axo-glial junction-like associations 15:
nervous tissues, exchange properties 152
9: 301 binding sites 15: 226
neural lamella 9: 264, 266 biogenic amine, conjugation by sulphates
perineurium 9: 266– 269 in 15: 363
trehalose and glucose uptake 9: 258 distribution 15: 322, 323
choline metabolism blood volume in ecdysis 15: 554
acetylcholine 9: 63, 95 brain, catecholamine-containing cell
acetylcholinesterase 9: 96 bodies 15: 330
glycerylphosphorylcholine 9: 70 calcium in ootheca 4: 276
lipids containing choline 9: 74 carbohydrate metabolism
phosphatidylcholine 9: 85 – 88 effect of hormones 4: 338, 339
phosphorylcholine 9: 67 glycogen 4: 326, 331
excretion glycoproteins 4: 341, 343
hindgut 8: 287 haemolymph 4: 292
rectum, amino acids and sugars 8: 304 sugar absorption 4: 297
rectum, water absorption 8: 299, cardiac muscle 6: 207
300– 302, 304, 314, 318 central nervous system, acetylcholine
receptors, comparisons ecdysis, bursicon and 15: 542

15: 267 circadian rhythms and 15: 479
cessation of activity, voluntary 23: 103 eclosion hormone in 15: 531
chitin orientation 4: 234 electrically excitable membranes 6: 261,
chitinase activity 4: 345 265, 266
choline transporters 29: 115 electrophysiology 5: 1 – 57
cholinergic receptors, comparative (see Synaptic transmission)
pharmacology 15: 269 endocrine control 23: 84, 85
circadian clock 4: 234, 239 energy budget analysis 15: 19
circadian rhythms fat body
nerve cord, role 10: 60 amino acid metabolism 1: 147– 149
brain hormone, role 10: 58, 59 ascorbic acid synthesis 1: 124
daily growth layers 10: 21 purines 1: 150, 152– 154
endocrine cells 10: 37 flight 23: 99
entrainment, photoreception 10: 44 flight muscle 4: 316, 318
feeding 10: 8 GABA transporters 29: 79, 80
haemolymph metabolites 10: 30, 31 gap junction 15: 88
locomotor activity 10: 3, 6, 55 – 57 germarium 11: 228, 262
narcotic sensitivity 10: 25 globuli cells 15: 334
optic lobes, role 10: 61, 62 glutamate uptake 29: 62
oxygen consumption 10: 23 gut muscle, biogenic amine effect on
sodium and potassium 10: 34 15: 424
X-ray sensitivity 10: 29 innervation 15: 422
co-localisation in 29: 365
pharmacological studies 15: 423
comb desmosome 15: 47
haemocytes
freeze-fracture 15: 51
behaviour 11: 155
thin section appearance 15: 44
blood clotting 11: 157, 159, 164, 165
corpora cardiaca, biogenic amines in 15:
in defence reactions 11: 170, 174, 175
427
mucopolysaccharide, spherule
corpora pedunculata, biogenic amine
distribution in 15: 333 cells 11: 196
CRF-like diuretic hormone in 29: 302 number 11: 141
crop emptying rate 11: 40, 95 phagocytosis 11: 187
cuticle temperature, measurement 15: 13, phenol metabolism 11: 189, 191
15 ultrastructure 11: 121, 125
cuticular lipids composition 15: 23 volume 11: 118
differential thermal analysis 15: 28 haemolymph 6: 216, 217
film from, force-area curve 15: 25 hatching behaviour 15: 483
monolayer hypothesis 15: 24 heart, biogenic amine distribution in 15:
darkening factor activity 2: 207 417
DDT poisoned 23: 101 innervation pattern 15: 415
detoxication 3: 78 response to biogenic amines 15: 419
development of corpora hormones
pedunculata 6: 120, 122 adipokinetic 12: 247
development of embryonic nervous brain 12: 245
system 6: 103, 104 bursicon 12: 292, 293
development of eye 6: 111, 116 CC and nitrogen metabolism 12: 294
diet and ionic composition of CC and respiration
haemolymph 1: 214, 253, 256 hyperglycaemic 12: 246, 259– 261,
dopamine in 29: 99, 101, 102 264, 265, 267, 282
dorsal median cell group 15: 371 hypolipaemic response 12: 286
DUM cells, octopamine in 15: 374 JH and lipid metabolism 277
JH and protein synthesis 12: 251, 274, NSCs in 29: 359

275 ocellus
JH and uric acid production 12: 290 and circadian rhythms 7: 151
JH, naturally occurring 12: 244 as stimulatory organ 7: 135, 137, 138
JH, transaminase activity 12: 290, 291 dark adaptation 7: 169
octopamine 12: 269 development 7: 102
5-HT 12: 247, 270 electrical response 7: 153
insecticide design 23: 104, 105 flicker fusion frequency 7: 167, 168
ionic composition nerve and muscle 1: nerve 7: 127
215 ocellar units, VNC 7: 178
ions 23: 98 sensitivity 7: 165, 171
ions in muscle systems 6: 220, 221 structure 7: 103
latent heat flux in water loss 15: 16 octopamine, biosynthesis in 15: 351
lipids distribution in 15: 326
content 4: 79, 118, 208, 209 inactivation 15: 357, 359
cuticular 4: 152–155 paralysis/insecticide poisoning 23: 100
effect of hormones 4: 185 PerampDP in 29: 297
fatty acids 4: 97, 209 periodic ventilation 3: 291
utilization 4: 99 –101, 103, 104 phenolase 2: 186
Manse-CAP2b-like 29: 308 photosensitivity 4: 257
median neurohaemal organs, biogenic physiological solutions 1: 220
amines in 15: 430, 431 putative acetylcholine receptors,
membrane potential 6: 231, 233, 235, 242 pharmacological profiles 15: 233
metabolic substrates 23: 92, 95, 96, 98 putative aminergic neurones, vesicle
metathoracic ganglion, motoneuron characteristics 15: 348
Ds 15: 264, 265 rectal pads, tight junctions 15: 137
motor neurons 7: 357 resilin in cuticle 2: 14
muscle respiratory control 3: 149
resting and action potentials 1: salivary glands, catecholamine in
183,’187 15: 403
muscle fibre electrical constant 6: 212 scalariform junctions 15: 161
nerve serotonin in 29: 92, 348
effect of metabolic inhibition 1: 228 sixth abdominal ganglion, 125I-a-
ionic regulation 1: 383, 384, 386, 387, bungarotoxin binding site
392 distribution in 15: 241
velocity of conduction 1: 193, 194 individual giant neurones,
nerve cords, acetylcholine penetration electrophysiological response to
of 15: 248 cholinergic ligands 15: 260
nervous system plasticity 28: 87, 88, 91 synaptic phenomena single giant
FRMFamide peptides in 28: 275, 287, interneurones 15: 244
289, 293, 295, 298, 304 spectral sensitivity 2: 149
neurohaemal organs, octopamine in, taurine in 29: 124
function 15: 435 thermal destruction of monolayer2: 99
neuropil, electrical activity 7: 381– 387 third thoracic ganglion, fast coxal
neurosecretory cells depressor motoneurone 15: 262
brain 12: 71, 88 transpiration, cuticular lipids and 15: 21
during life history 12: 95 temperature and 15: 12
protocerebral 12: 78 tritocerebrum, biogenic amine cell
total 12: 91 localization in 15: 344
volume 12: 105 uric acid biosynthesis 4: 40, 41
a-neurotoxin receptor activity in 15: 288 walking, control 7: 403
nitrogenous excretion 4: 46 water content 23: 96
water loss, measurement 15: 9, 10 Periplaneta fuliginosa, metathoracic

water loss– temperature curve 15: 13 ganglion 5: 43 – 46
wing beat frequency and temperature Periplaneta fuliginosa, synaptic
5: 318 potentials 7: 364
5-HT distribution in 15: 324 Periplaneta japonica, alkenes in 13: 2
Periplaneta americana, alkanes in, dimethylalkanes in 13: 14, 16
biosynthesis 13: 21 methylalkanes in 13: 7, 9, 11
alkenes in 13: 2, 3 3-methylalkanes in 13: 4
blood lipids 13: 176 Periplaneta orientalis, Malpighian
Corpus cardiacum, peptides from 13: 96 tubules 8: 281– 283
dopamine 3-O-sulphate in 13: 74 Periplaneta orientalis, neurohormonal
flight fuel 13: 164 effect on heart 2: 229
mobilization 13: 169 Periplaneta spp., flight metabolism,
function 13: 24 development 13: 200
glycogenolysis 13: 105 proctolin in 13: 70
heart-accelerating peptides 13: 97, 98 wingbeat frequency, temperature and 13:
hyperglycaemic hormone 13: 101, 104 139
oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 135 Periplaneta suliginosa, nerve 1: 228
proctolin in 13: 94 Periplaneta, antenna 14: 302
rhodopsin and metarhodopsin 13: 46 antennal lobes 14: 300
3-methyl alkanes in 13: 4 antennal nerves 14: 302
Periplaneta americanus basal lamina 14: cuticle absorption theory in 14: 8
188 eggs, non-specific proteins in 14: 90
cuticles 14: 9 fat bodies, vitellogenin secretion by 14:
electrogenic pump 14: 222 80
haemolymph, ionic composition 14: 201, follicle cell proteins 14: 92
203 haemolymph, vitellogenin titres in 14: 60
muscles, ionic composition 14: 204 ovariectomy, vitellogenin and 14: 60
plasma membrane permeability 14: 210 vitellogenin biosynthesis and 14: 83
postsynaptic vesicles 14: 199 ovarioles, differentiation 14: 95
resting membrane potential 14: 221 plasma membrane permeability 14: 211
in’muscle fibres 14: 226 retina development 14: 282
sarcoplasmic reticulum 14: 192 vitellogenesis in male milieu in 14: 88
vitellogenin, and vitellin in 14: 51 vitellogenin, identification by
biosynthesis control, juvenile hormone immunology 14: 58
and 14: 71 mode of entry 14: 91
identification in 14: 57 uptake, specificity 14: 93
water absorption in 14: 5 water absorption in 14: 3
Periplaneta australasiae, alkenes in 13: 2 yolk proteins, vitellin in 14: 61
methylalkanes in 13: 9, 11 Perirectal fluid from absorbing
3-methylalkanes in 13: 4 mealworms 14: 29
Periplaneta brunnea, alkenes in Perisia ulmariae, polyteny and
13: 2 endopolyploidy 7: 6
methylalkanes in 13: 9, 11 Perisympathetic organs 17: 206, 221, 222,
3-methylalkanes in 13: 4 244– 250
Periplaneta brunnea, cuticular lipids Peritheates, spiracular gills 5: 139
differential thermal analysis 15: Peritrophic membrane 26: 158
28 crossed fibrillar structure 4: 222
Periplaneta fuliginosa, alkenes in 13: 2 extracellular polymerization 4: 263
biosynthesis 13: 19 glycoproteins 4: 340, 341
methylalkanes in 13: 9, 11 synthesis 4: 222, 263
3-methylalkanes in 13: 4 Peritrophic membrane, gut 24: 283, 288
Peri-visceral organ 20: 89 Peroxidase, in melanin synthesis 11: 191

Perivisceral organs, neurosecretion Peroxidation 24: 119
10: 299 Persistence, Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 278
Perivisceral sinus 2: 220 Persistence, CPV 26: 266– 268
Periviscerokinins see cardioacceleratory Persistent storage protein (PSP) 26: 27, 28,
peptide 29: 2b 88, 92
Perla abdominalis, ocellus 7: 146 Persistent storage protein 24: 239
Perla marginata, ocellus 7: 131 Pesticides 24: 253, 254, 310
Permeability Pesticides, CPV 26: 277, 282
and electrically excitable Petalura, flight stability 5: 197
membranes 6: 255–257 Petrobius maritimus, neurosecretory
and frost resistance 6: 7, 24, 37, 38 cells 2: 250
and membrane potential 6: 219, 222, 230, Petrobius, corpora pedunculata 6: 100
232, 235, 238 Petrobius, eye 3: 3
and synaptic membranes 6: 242 Petrobius, scalariform junctions 15: 159
insect cuticle, to water, vapourization Petrognatha gigas, tracheal modifications
and 15: 4 for flight 3: 335– 337
intercellular junctions, tracer studies in Petroleum, methylalkanes in 13: 4, 10
vivo 15: 41, 42 Pezocatantops, coloration 8: 150, 151
junctional structures 15: 37 Pezotettix giornae, lipid content 4: 79
membranes 15: 3 PG (prothoracic glands) see YG
properties, of muscle P-glycoprotein 28: 44
membrane 6: 210–214 pH
regulation, gap junction and 15: 104 and fatty acid oxidation 4: 122, 123, 125
tight junctions and 15: 142– 144 and sperm motility 9: 380
tight junctions 15: 141 circulation and tracheal ventilation 26:
Permeability barrier 308
septate junctions as 15: 72 CPV 26: 270, 277
transepithelial, septate junctions and 15: effect on lipid hydrolysis 4: 112, 114
69 moulting fluid 26: 166, 167, 173
Permeability of tracheoles 17: 136– 139 of saliva 9: 217
Permeability, membrane, salivary pH, active transport across the pharate pupal
gland 7: 44 integument of Manduca sexta
Permeability, plasma membrane 14: and 14: 152
209– 217 Manduca sexta decay profile and
Permeability, water balance and 16: 30, 14: 149
31 pH, and Malpighian tubules 8: 222, 226
Permethrin 23: 105; 26: 257, 277 pH, and membrane potential 6: 235
and crayfish stretch receptor organ pH, body fluids 19: 302
20: 163 pH, cuticle plasticization in ecdysis and
and flight reflex in flies 20: 162 15: 539
and transverse nerve activity 20: 161 pH, gut, Bacillus thuringiensis
calcium channel modification 20: 181 24: 276, 286, 287, 286, 290,
Permian, Early/Lower 23: 173 292– 294, 298
Peroxidase 21: 186, 189; 27: 237 Coleoptera 24: 285
and quinone tanning 21: 204, 205 Diptera 24: 284
in cuticle 21: 222 Lepidoptera 24: 282, 285
in saliva 9: 215, 238, 239, 244, 245, 247 pH, profile, alimentary canal, lepidoptera
penetration, nervous system 9: 262, 266, larvae 19: 226
267, 273, 279, 285, 302 Phaenicia, retina to lamina connections
Peroxidase, horseradish, and Malpighian 14: 297
tubules 8: 270 Phagocytes 11: 119, 126, 128, 130
definition 11: 132, 134, 136, 174 definition 11: 323

Phagocytosis 21: 99 – 102 proteins 11: 364–372
Phagocytosis by haemocytes 11: 181– 189 Pharate imago, pterine content 6: 182
cell specialization for 11: 135– 136 Pharate pupal haemolymph, Hyalophora
in defence reactions 11: 176– 178 cecropia, composition 14: 157
Phagocytosis, in development of in Manduca sexta, composition 14: 155
nervous system 6: 109, 123 Pharate pupal integument, active transport of
Phagostimulants 1: 53, 54, 56 – 58, 65, 81; bicarbonate across 14: 150– 154
4: 160 active transport of potassium across, in
Phagostimulants and nutrition 5: 230 vitro 14: 138– 140
Phagostimulants in continuation of diffusion barrier across 14: 157, 158
feeding 16: 68 – 73 potassium active transport across 14: 136
Phagostimulants, and host specificity Pharate, definition 5: 70, 71
9: 248 Pharmacological circadian rhythms 10:
Phagostimulation with liquids, ingestion 40 – 42
and 16: 62 Pharmacology
Phagostimulation, in grasshoppers and of heart 2: 221– 223
locusts 1: 52 – 54, 56, 57 of intestine 2: 236, 237
Phalacrocera replicata 29: 359, 361 of Malpighian tubule contraction
Phalaera, protocerebral neurosecretory 2: 239
cells 12: 81 Pharmacology of luminescence 6: 74 – 79
Phalangiidae 24: 74 Pharmacology, and excitation of skeletal
Phalera bucephala 26: 269 muscle 4: 15, 16, 19, 20
fatty acid content 4: 96 Pharmacology, proctolin 19: 8
lipid content 4: 76 Pharyngeal nerve section, effect on meal
Phalera bucephala, amino acid changes in size 11: 60– 66
growth 3: 72 Pharyngeal receptors, and size of
Phalera bucephala, feeding meal 11: 50, 58, 95
and age 5: 267, 268, 270, 271 Pharynx, musculature of 2: 233
indices, dry and fresh weight 5: 251 Phase adjustment during entrainment
utilization of 10: 47 – 51
carbohydrate and lipid 5: 276 Phase angle, circadian rhythms 10: 4, 5
cellulose 5: 277 Phase characteristics and endocrine
dry matter 5: 255 effects 23: 8– 37
fresh matter 5: 258 behaviour and activity 23: 31 –37
nitrogen 5: 273, 274 colouration 23: 12 – 21
Phallic nerve stimulating hormone, role in cytology 23: 30, 31
male sexual behaviour 10: 303, hopper development 23: 26 – 28
305, 307, 320, 332 morphology/morphometrics/anatomy
Phalloidin 27: 183 23: 8 – 12
Phaneroptera falcata 29: 237 physiology/biochemistry/molecular
Phaneroptera falcata, feeding biology 23: 28 – 30
utilization of dry matter 5: 253 reproduction 23: 21 – 26
variation with sex 5: 272 Phase coloration, grasshoppers 8: 175– 177
Phaneroptera nana 29: 219, 248 Phase polymorphism 23: 4 – 8
Phaneropteridae, coloration 8: 153 locusts 23: 1 – 55
Phaneropterinae, amplitude modulation, Phase transformation and endrocrine
innate releasing mechanism organs/hormones 23: 37 – 49
and 13: 273, 274 Phases, reproduction 19: 123
Phaonia, haemocytopoeic centres 11: 149 Phasmida 28: 190
Pharate 26: 161 chromatophore control 12: 76
Pharate adult daily growth layers 10: 20
haemolymph 6: 214 role in sclerotization 2: 58, 183, 185– 199

neurosecretory cells Phenol oxidase, S protein 7: 68, 69
neurosecretory cells 2: 249 Phenol/phenolase system, Hemipteran
brain 12: 87, 94 saliva 9: 247, 249
extraganglionic 12: 73 Phenolamines, synthesis 15: 350
protocerebral 12: 78, 84 – 86 Phenolase 2: 184 ff
total 12: 91 Phenolase/peroxidase system, Hemipteran
ommochrome distribution 10: 153 saliva 9: 210
pterines 6: 153 Phenolases, Hemipteran saliva 9: 223, 224
thoracic glands 2: 258 Phenolic compounds, Hemip teran saliva
Phasmida, chitin orientation 4: 234 9: 219, 221, 247– 249
Phasmida, ionic composition, Phenoloxidase 21: 186, 189; 22: 346– 349;
haemolymph 9: 275 24: 231, 232; 26: 162, 179;
Phasmidae 26: 11 27: 235– 237, 273, 275,
Phasmids 24: 26 – 28, 27 276, 322
Phasmids, coloration 8: 167 and prophenoloxidase–activation
Phasmodes ranatriformes 27: 113, 196 system 21: 112– 116
chordotonal organ 27: 36 Phenoloxidase-quinone isomerase
subgenual organ (SGO) 27: 33 system 27: 276
Phasmoidea, sperm cells Phenoloxidase-quinone isomerase – NADA
absence of mitochondna 9: 360, 363 reaction 27: 265
accessory flagellar bodies 9: 365 Phenols, Hemipteran saliva 9: 223, 224
acrosomal complex 9: 327 Phenotypic plasticity/integrity 23: 55, 156,
axoneme 9: 342, 348, 350– 352 157
cell surface 9: 323 Phenoxazinone synthase in xantbommatin
centriolar region 9: 336 formation 16: 133
Pheidole paiidula Phenoxazinone, eye pigment production
caste development, trophogenic and 16: 150
factors 16: 185 Phentolamine 27: 155, 156
caste formation, endocrine in 16: 209, 210 adenylate cyclase activity and 15: 441
Pheidole pallidula 19: 122 effect on salivary gland stimulation by
Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 see FMRFamide biogenic amines 15: 410
Phenanthroline 26: 219, 220 Phenylalanine 24: 235
Phencyclidine, glutamate receptors 24: 324, calliphorin 11: 347
325 haemocytes 11: 349, 350
Phenethylamine, salivary gland haemoglobins 11: 348
stimulation 9: 7 Phenylalanine during colour
Phenobarbital and synapse blocking 5: 41 change 10: 176
Phenol 23: 52 Phenylalanine hydroxylation, and
Phenol metabolism, haemocytes 11: 139, pterines 6: 170, 171, 173, 181
140, 174, 180, 189– 192 Phenylalanine, Hemipteran saliva 9: 216,
Phenol oxidase 223, 224
activator enzyme of 2: 195 Phenylalanine, in resilin 2: 34, 47
as sclerotin precursor 2: 185 Phenylalanine/Tyrosine/DOPA, Hemipteran
autocatalytic activation 2: 195, 198 saliva 9: 211
catecholase activity 2: 199 Phenylephrine, and luminescence 6: 76, 77
control by ring gland 2: 205 Pheomelanine 27: 315
cresolase activity of 2: 199 Pheromone 23: 21, 49 – 52, 91, 142
crytalline 2: 195 alarm 23: 105, 133
inactive proenzyme 2: 58, 195 endocrine organs 23: 38
molecular weight 2: 195 gregarization 23: 51, 52
proteolytic activation of, 195, 198 maturation 23: 21 – 26
moth 23: 85 muscles, ionic composition 14: 204

Schistocerca 23: 21, 22, 50 – 52 neuromuscular junctions 14: 198
Pheromone biosynthesis activating plasma membrane permeability 14: 213,
neuropeptide (PBAN) 28: 287 215
Pheromone biosynthesis activating postsynaptic potential 14: 227
neurohormone (PBAN) 26: 53 postsynaptic vesicles 14: 199
Pheromone release 19: 93 resting membrane potential 14: 221, 222
Pheromones 4: 70, 169, 177, 186; 19: 80; surface dyads 14: 190
26: 51 – 53 synaptic cleft 14: 207
and female receptivity 10: 323 to ammonium 14: 212
and reproductive behaviour 10: 316 transverse tubular system 14: 208
and sexual circadian rhythms 10: 10, 11 vitellogenin, and vitellin in 14: 53
effect on queen reproductivity and worker characteristics 14: 67
functions 16: 224– 227 Philosamia cynthia, flight metabolism,
effects on behaviour 10: 300, 301 development and senescence
in allatectomized locusts 10: 317 13: 203
in caste development 16: 181 Philosamia cynthia, JH and protein
release, rhythmicity of 10: 339 synthesis 12: 273
responsiveness to, rhythmicity of 10: 15 Philosamia, larval fat body 11: 350
role of juvenile hormone 10: 321 Philosamia, neurosecretory cells 12: 81, 96
Pheromones, ant trail 18: 1 – 23 Philosamia, vitellin, amino acid
artificial trails 18: 15 – 17 composition 14: 68
chemical substances 18: 10, 11 vitellogenin, amino acid composition 14:
composition of 18: 5– 9 68
concentration 18: 9 Philosamnia cynthia 19: 225
congeners 18: 11 –13 Philudoria albomaculata, larva, frost
glandular sources 18: 3 –5, 4, 5 resistance 6: 28
multicomponent 18: 9 – 11 Phlogophora meticulosa, haemolymph 1:
source and specificity 18: 13 – 22 213
species specificity of 18: 19 Phloridzin, aphid saliva 9: 219
sterobiology 18: 9– 12 Phlugis, sound emission 10: 263, 264
Pheromones, social insects 19: 120 Phobocampe unicincta, ommochromes 10:
Philaenus spumarius, fatty acid content 158, 162
4: 94 Phoebis argante, pterines 6: 149
Philaenus spumarius, salivary glands 9: 232 Pholidoptera griseoaptera 29: 185, 186,
Philaenus, sperm, nucleus 9: 331 225, 227, 248, 250
Philanthotoxin-343 24: 326, 328, 329 Pholus labruscoe, ganglia 5: 3 – 5
Philanthotoxin-433 (PhTX-433), glutamate Pholus, location of synapses 7: 361
receptors 24: 324, 326, 328–330 Pholus, neurone 1: 431, 432
Philanthus triangulum 24: 327 Pholus, neuropile 1: 444, 447, 450
Philosamia B virus 25: 45 Phonoctonus nigrofasciatus, food
Philosamia cecropia, see Hyalophora utilization 5: 260, 270
cecropia Phonoctonus nigrofasciatus, pterines 6: 148,
Philosamia cynthia 28: 170, 171, 173– 177 154, 187
action of brain hormone 2: 255, 256 Phonoresponse, female Orthopterans
cell “inertia” 2: 290 13: 268
effect of juvenile hormone 2: 281 Phonotactic response 26: 48 – 50
extraction of juvenile hormone 2: 296 Phonotaxis 13: 268; 28: 135
Philosamia cynthia, basal lamina 14: 187 Phoremula, coloration 8: 159
electrogenic pump 14: 222 Phoridae, polytene chromosomes 7: 6, 7
liquid junction potentials 14: 218 Phormia (larva), innervation of
muscle fibres, ion barriers 14: 236 tracheae 3: 302, 303
Phormia 25: 201; 26: 23; 27: 27 lipid-soluble metabolites 9: 73, 78, 80,
blood proteins in egg 3: 101 81, 84
flight muscle metabolism metabolic role 9: 96 – 98
carnitine 7: 315 nutritional requirements 9: 57 – 59, 61, 62
a-glycero-P oxidation 7: 310 water-soluble metabolites 9: 64, 65, 67,
glycogenolysis 7: 289 69, 70
mitochondria 7: 331, 333 Phormia regina, corpora cardiaca, hyper
organization 7: 279, 280, 282 glycaemic activity 13: 173
phosphorylase b kinase 7: 295 dipeptides in 13: 70
trehalase 7: 299, 300 fibrillar mucles 13: 205
trehalose 7: 300, 301 flight fuel 13: 164, 165
giant chromosomes 3: 171 mobilization 13: 169
image formation 3: 14 flight muscle, ATP 13: 161
ocellus 7: 165– 168 hyperglycaemic hormone 13: 101
P. regina 7: 153 power output, neural control 13: 151
potential profile in eye 3: 26 wingbeat frequency, trehalose and
proteins and nutrition 3: 99 13: 179
Phormia negina, muscular contractions in Phormia regina, ecdysis, bursicon and 15:
gut 2: 232 542
Phormia regina 19: 58, 100, 177; 26: 23, 24, Phormia regina, flight
316; 27: 120, 168; 28: 285, 294, kinematics 5: 293
299, 316 stability 5: 191, 194, 195
endogenous factors in feeding 1: 54, 55 wing movement 5: 173, 179– 186, 189,
fat body 1: 119– 123 190
feeding regulation Phormia regina, hormones
constancy of intake 11: 88 hyperglycaemic 12: 260, 261, 264, 265
crop emptying rate 11: 40 JH and glycogen metabolism 12: 250
cyclical protein intake 11: 102 JH and protein synthesis 12: 274
effect of diapause 11: 103 moulting hormone 12: 248
effect of dilution 11: 92 – 97 Phormia regina, mating rhythm 10: 79
effect of locomotor activity 11: 103 Phormia regina, neuromuscular
general conclusions 11: 104, 105 junctions 14: 197
ingestion after deprivation 11: 90 transverse tubular system 14: 192
labellar thresholds to sugars 11: 35, 36, vitellogenin, and vitellin in 14: 54
37 biosynthesis control, juvenile hormone
meal size 11: 45 – 59, 71, 76, 80, 81 and 14: 71
pre-ingestion locomotor Phormia regina, pterines 6: 157
activity 11: 6 – "8, 14 Phormia spp.
protein intake 11: 90, 91 carbohydrate metabolism
rate of ingestion 11: 86 and flight 4: 297, 311, 316– 318
tarsal stimulation with water 11: 22, 33, effect of hormones 4: 338
34 glucose 4: 301
tarsal thresholds to sugars 11: 23 – 32 glycogen 4: 326
flight and carbohydrate metabolism 1: haemolymph 4: 291, 294, 322, 323
116, 121 sugar absorption and levels 4: 297– 299
PL in 4: 143 trehalase 4: 311, 313, 315, 316, 322,
sterol utilization 4: 162 323
Phormia regina, amino acids and trehalose 4: 304, 306, 307, 317, 318, 321
protein 3: 71, 93 use of monosaccharides 4: 303
Phormia regina, choline metabolism lipid content 4: 80, 99
enzymes 9: 85 – 91 Phormia terraenovae 29: 358– 360
Phormia terrae-novae, neuromuscular Phosphatidylcholine 24: 117, 133, 134, 151,

junctions 14: 197 168, 187, 223
transverse tubular system 14: 194 Phosphatidylcholine, and choline
Phormia terrae-novae, synapses 5: 5, 7 metabolism 9: 71 –82
Phormia terraenovae, tarsal and metabolic role of choline 9: 92,
chemoreceptors 11: 21 94 – 96, 98, 100
Phormia terraenovae, tryptophan ! enzymic synthesis 9: 85 – 87
ommochrome pathway hydrolysis 9: 87, 88
absence of glutarate pathway 10: 133 in vertebrates 9: 53 –55
during metamorphosis 10: 206, 207, 211 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PTE), in lipid
enzyme ontogeny 10: 213 metabolism 4: 69, 138, 140– 144,
kynureninase 10: 132 209
kynurenine 10: 125 Phosphatidylethanolamine 24: 117, 133,
kynurenine formamidase 10: 190 134, 151, 168
ommochrome localization 10: 158 Phosphatidylethanolamine, and choline
tryptophan balance 10: 219 metabolism 9: 53 –55, 77, 79, 96
tryptophan content 10: 122, 124 Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
tryptophan oxygenase 10: 126, 181–183, (PIP2) 24: 117, 168, 223, 246
185 Phosphatidyl-MMAE, and choline
3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 128 metabolism 9: 53 –55
Phormia, fat body—carbohydrate Phosphatidylserine 24: 134
metabolism 1: 125 Phosphatidylserine, and choline
Phormia, flight muscles, trehalase in 13: 164 metabolism 9: 53 –55
Phosphodiesterase 24: 131
hair sensilla 13: 282
Phosphodiesterase, and cyclic
hyperglycaemic hormone, neural
AMP 9: 12 – 18, 27, 35
control 13: 177
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) 29: 22 – 26
power output neural control 13: 152
Phosphofructokinase 28: 233
proline as flight fuel 13: 167
Phosphofructokinase in Bombus flight
Phormia, puparium formation 15: 502
muscle 13: 172
Phorodon humili, pectinase, saliva 9: 213 in flight muscle 13: 161
Phoromids, giant fibres 8: 96 in thermogenesis 13: 191
Phosphatase 26: 179 Phosphofructokinase, and diapause
Phosphatases in sugar biosynthesis and hormone 12: 256– 259
utilization 4: 301, 302, 305, Phosphofructokinase, sperm axoneme 9: 352
307 Phosphoinositide metabolism and retinal
Phosphate acceptor and substrate control damage 20: 39
of respiration 3: 134–156 Phospholine, receptor actions 15: 291
(see Respiration) Phospholipase A in bee venom 13: 112
Phosphate ions and Malpighian Phospholipase 24: 223
tubules 8: 320 A2 24: 117, 119, 151, 165, 174, 187, 188,
Calliphora 8: 220, 221, 223, 234, 252, 189
278 C 24: 173, 174, 186, 188
Carausius 8: 215, 234, 278 Phospholipase, saliva 9: 204, 210
Phosphate reabsorption 19: 386 Phospholipid (PL)
Phosphates in insect haemolymph 14: 201 synthesis
Phosphatide, in cell membrane 6: 208 general mechanism 4: 132– 137
Phosphatidyl DMAE, and choline metabolism and function 4: 137– 144,
metabolism 9: 53 – 55 160, 180, 185, 209
Phosphatidylcarnitine, metabolism 9: 87 Phospholipids
Phosphatidylcholine (PTC), in lipid and choline metabolism 9: 52, 53
metabolism 4: 138, 140– 144, 209 Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 290
eicosanoids 24: 117, 119, 121, Photoperiod 26: 2, 4, 16, 54

133– 135 Photoperiod, and diapause 2: 278, 279
biosynthesis 24: 136, 137, 138, 140, Photoperiod, Hyalophora cecropia
144– 146 development and 14: 173
fluid secretion rates 24: 174 Photoperiodic response 4: 255
immunity 24: 167 Photoperiodism
thermobiology 24: 176 circadian rhythms of 10: 22
in saliva 9: 240 measurement, aphid 10: 93
Phospholipids in insect cuticular lipids 15: Photoperiodism, Drosophila
23 melanogaster 22: 255
Phospholipids, in extracellular fluid Photophase, Clitumnus 19: 111
6: 218 Photopigments, see Metarhodopsin; Opsin;
Phosphorylase Rhodopsins
and cyclic AMP 9: 38 Photoreception, role in circadian
and epinephrine 9: 36 rhythms 10: 44 – 47, 52, 67,
in saliva 9: 210, 215 78 – 80
sperm axoneme 9: 352 Photoreceptor layer 16: 120
Phosphorylase activity Photoreceptor membranes, insect
hyperglycaemic hormone 12: 262– 264 13: 60 – 62
juvenile hormone 12: 253, 254 Photoreceptors (see also Compound eye
octopamine 12: 269 and Eye)
Phosphorylase b kinase, and cyclic AMP characteristics 3: 2
9: 17 requirements for stimulation 3: 5
Phosphorylase b kinase, flight muscle 7: 295 Photoreceptors 20: 1, 2
Phosphorylase, glycogen 4: 305, 326, 329, see also Arthropod photoreceptors
331– 334, 337, 339 eicosanoids 24: 133, 134
Phosphorylation 26: 68 homologous structures 24: 2, 76, 77
Phosphorylcholine, and choline metabolism Photoreceptors, development 6: 121 see also
9: 53 – 55, 66 – 69, 92, 97 Eye, Ocelli
Phosphorylcholines in insect Photosensitivity, and chitin orientation
haemolymph 14: 201 4: 254– 257
Phosvitin 27: 353 Phototactic orientation, and ocelli
Photinus 7: 132, 133, 141– 147, 189
luminescence 6: 51 – 96 Phototaxis, circadian rhythm of 10: 13
P. consanguineus 6: 64, 91 Phototransductive membrane turnover
P. marginellus 6: 64 20: 1 – 53
P. punctulatus 6: 64 arthropod photoreceptors
P. pyralis 6: 61, 63, 64, 74, 90 differentiation of function 20: 3 – 5
pterines 6: 154 microvilli composition 20: 5 –8
Photinus, colour vision 2: 134 biogenesis 20: 19 – 22
Photinus, erect image in eye 3: 16, 17 autoradiographic studies 20: 22
Photinus, light organ innervation 15: 396 control 20: 21
Photochemical hourglass 10: 93, 96 breakdown
Photochemistry of insect visual degradation 20: 23 – 28
pigments 13: 47 – 51 in Limulus 20: 29
Photocyte, and luminescence 6: 54 – 59, 64, internalization of proteins 20: 28 – 31
66 – 68, 73, 83, 85 – 89 membrane shedding 20: 22, 23
Photogenic organs, tracheolar supply membrane traffic 20: 29, 31
to 17: 134– 136 microvillar turnover 20: 28
Photon capture and transductive consequences, physiological and
membrane 20: 1 optical 20: 16 – 19
Photoperiod (see Light) control 20: 13 – 16
efferent, in Limulus 20: 15, 16 Phylloxera, galls 9: 221, 222, 224

ionic balance 20: 14, 15 Phylloxeridae, salivary glands 9: 228, 229,
local, by illumination 20: 13, 14 245
future research 20: 41, 42 Phylogeny, Arthropoda 24: 3, 4, 6, 8,
models 11 – 13, 80 – 83, 82
extracellular shedding 20: 33, 34 Crustacea 24: 64, 68
membrane internalization 20: 32, 33 Identified neurone 24: 5
microvilli assembly 20: 34, 35 insecta 24: 24 – 28, 26, 27, 33, 41, 45
photoreceptors 20: 1, 2 Myriapoda 24: 57
retinal damage, dark-induced 20: 40, 41 segmentation 24: 78
retinal damage, light-induced 20: 35 – 40 Phymateus, coloration 8: 151, 152, 173
definitions 20: 35 Phymateus, histolysis of larval
fixation artefacts 20: 35, 36 musculature 2: 182
models 20: 37 – 40 Phymeurus, coloration 8: 150
phenomenology 20: 36, 37 Physical properties, ecdysones 12: 27 – 29
rhabdom volume adjustment 20: 8 – 13 Physiological circadian rhythms 10: 22 – 43
and daily cycles of illumination 20: biochemical 10: 29 – 34
9 –13 cellular 10: 34 –40
and prolonged illumination 20: 8, 9 insecticide susceptibility 10: 25 – 29
evolutionary patterns 20: 13 metabolic 10: 23, 24
Photuris pennsylvanica narcotic sensitivity 10: 24, 25
light organs, adenylate cyclase activity pharmacological 10: 40 – 42
in 15: 442 tumours 10: 42, 43
biogenic amines and 15: 394 X-ray sensitivity 10: 29
future studies 15: 402 Physiological significance, embryological
putative aminergic neurones, vesicle development, midgut 19: 195
characteristics 15: 348 Physiological solutions 1: 219
Photuris pennsylvanica, tracheal Physiology 23: 28 – 30
modifications for flight 3: 327 ecdysis, behaviour and 15: 530– 569
Photuris pyralis, light organs, integration of behaviour and 15:
pharmacology 15: 397 475– 595
Photuris versicolis, biogenic amine Physiology, environmental, microclimate
distribution 15: 323 and 16: 1 – 57
Photuris versicolor 28: 190 Physiology, moulting in insects 14:
Photuris, light organs, innervation 15: 396 109– 183
Photuris, luminescence 6: 51 – 96 Physiology, proctolinergic system 19: 13
P. missouriensis 6: 69, 73 Phyteumas purpurascens, coloration 8: 146,
P. pennsylvanica 6: 57, 58 173
P. versicolor 6: 69 Phytogenetic considerations in study of
Phragmata sclerotization 17: 7 – 9
daily growth layers 4: 245, 246 Phytol, juvenile hormone activity of 4: 180,
Phryganea sp., haemolymph 6: 216, 217 181
Phryganea sp., haemolymph 1: 214 Phytometra gamma, feeding and age 5: 269
Phryganea striata, rectal fluid 1: 333, 334 Phytopathogenicity, and Hemipteran
Phryne fenestralis, ommochromes 10: 157 saliva 9: 217– 225
P-Hydroquinone, effect on food Phytophaga rigidae, lipids containing
intake 11: 97 choline 9: 71, 73
Phyletic occurrence, proctolin 19: 5 Phytophagous dipteran larvae 19: 260
Phyllodromia germanica, development Phytophagous insects 19: 222
of corpora pedunculata 6: 120 blood– brain barrier 9: 280, 288, 302
Phyllomimus inversus 29: 240 saliva 9: 184, 192, 193, 196, 197, 203,
Phyllophaga rugosa, lipid content 4: 74 204, 207, 210, 212, 224
Phytophagous insects, acceptable eggs

foods 11: 103 cholinergic elements in 1: 6
Phytophagous insects, feeding habits, effect of organophosphorous
sensilla numbers and 16: compounds on 1: 18, 19
323– 325 expansion of wings 2: 181
Phytophagous insects, food haemolymph 1: 213
specificity 16: 326 ionic and osmotic studies, excretory
Phytosterols 4: 173, 174, 178 system 1: 360– 362
PI see pars intercerebralis locomotor activity rhythm 10: 338
Picornaviridae 25: 43, 45, 50 – 53 moulting hormone 12: 287
classification 25: 50 – 52 ommochromes 10: 156
host range 25: 50 – 52 phototactic rhythm 10: 13
isolation 25: 50 –52 pre-ecdysial hardening of cuticle 2: 178
Picornaviruses spectral sensitivity 2: 139
biological control agents 25: 53 wing extension and hardening 2: 201
molecular studies 25: 53 Pieris brassicae, basal lamina 14: 187
virion structure 25: 52 moulting, juvenile hormone in 14: 112
virus replication 25: 53 muscle fibres, ion barriers 14: 236
Picrotoxin plasma membrane permeability, to
binding sites, GABA receptors hydrogen ions 14: 216, 217
22: 10, 11 sarcoplasmic reticulum, ionic
effect on influx of 36C12 22: 36 composition 14: 206
GABA binding studies 22: 24 transverse tubular system 14: 208
properties 22: 54, 55 lumen 14: 207
structure 22: 5 vitellogenesis in male milieu in 14: 87
tritiated 22: 31 –33 vitellogenin and vitellin in 14: 52
Picrotoxin 1: 34; 28: 221 Pieris brassicae, dipeptides in 13: 75
Picrotoxin, effect on inhibitory responses in Pieris brassicae, effect of crowding 3: 247
muscle 4: 19 Pieris brassicae, feeding
Picrotoxin, effect on inhibitory synaptic carbohydrate and lipid 5: 276
membranes 6: 254– 256 dry matter 5: 255
Pieridae, pterines 6: 140 fresh matter 5: 259
as colouration 6: 190 indices, fresh and dry weight 5: 251
biosynthesis 6: 178 intake 5: 249
in wings 6: 146, 149, 160 nitrogen 5: 275
physiological role 6: 188 nutritive ratio 5: 278
Pieris 19: 77, 279, 337 Pieris brassicae, feeding regulation
ecdysis, blood volume and 15: 553 effect of dilution 11: 92
cutting in 15: 523 effect of locomotor activity 11: 103
metabolism and 15: 560 effect of stimulants 11: 98
embryonic cells 2: 287 meal size 11: 77
neurosecretory cells 2: 252 temporal patterns 11: 101
reduction of blood volume after final Pieris brassicae, insecticyanin 22: 358– 361
ecdysis 2: 183 Pieris brassicae, nitrogenous excretion
role of imaginicaducous muscles 2: 182 4: 55
Pieris brassicae 19: 53; 24: 129, 146; 26: Pieris brassicae, nitrogenous wastes 8: 201
15, 304, 307, 308; 28: 171; 29: 290 Pieris brassicae, pterines
air-swallowing at ecdysis 2: 181 see also Mutants
bursicon 12: 293 as metabolic end products 6: 187– 189
ecdysis, blood volume and 15: 554 biosynthesis 6: 177– 179
bursicon and 15: 542 development 6: 175
failures, juvenile hormones and 15: 576 in body 6: 156
in integument 6: 149, 150 Pigment, stemmatal, and age

in pupa 6: 159, 166 development 6: 111
in wings 6: 146, 147, 150, 165 Pigmentation 26: 171, 273
leucopterin 6: 166 hormonal control 10: 298, 313
norepinephrin 6: 171 influence of juvenile hormone 10: 335
Pieris brassieae (larva), and wing kynurenine 10: 126
dimorphism in Megoura viciae neurohormones and 17: 270, 272
3: 247 ommochromes as pattern pigments
Pieris napi, pterines 6: 149, 183 10: 169– 173
Pieris napi, wing hardening 2: 201 ommochromes as screening pigments
Pieris papae flower learning 20: 77 10: 166– 169
Pieris rapae 25: 7, 17 partial proteolysis of chitin-protein
Pieris rapae 29: 296, 345, 372 complex and 17: 34 – 36
Pieris rapae crucivora, meal size 11: 76 rhythmicity, control 10: 7, 72
Pieris rapae, energy utilization 5: 281 sclerotization and 17: 43, 44, 50, 51, 54, 55
Pieris rapae, haemolymph 1: 213 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 129, 130
Pieris spp., lipid content 4: 76 Pigmentation by pterines 6: 140, 146– 152,
Pieris spp., ovariectomy, vitellogenin 177, 183, 185, 189, 190
biosynthesis and 14: 85 in compound eye 6: 161– 165, 186, 187
rhabdomere arrangement 14: 285 in integument 6: 160
Pieris, development of nervous system in other tissues 6: 165
anatomical changes 6: 102 relation to other pigments 6: 172– 175
cell death 6: 123 Pigmentation of Drosophila malpighian
tubule 28: 14 – 16
glia 6: 107
Pigmentation, cuticle 4: 256, 257
neurons 6: 106
Pigmentation, eyes 16: 119– 166
optic lobe 6: 114
Pigmentation, fat body 1: 159– 163
perineurium 6: 109
role of nutrition 1: 83– 91
Pieris, gene activity
Pigmentation, hormonal control of 2: 263,
haemolymph protein 11: 343, 347
283
larval protein synthesis 11: 356 Pigmentation, juvenile hormone 24: 215,
phenol metabolism 11: 189 216, 225, 230
proteinaceous spheres 11: 351 cuticular melanization 24: 231
Pieris, protocerebral neurosecretory dopa decarboxylase 24: 232, 233, 233
cells 12: 81 granular phenoloxidase 24: 231, 232
Pieris, transpiration through cuticle 1: 380, insecticyanin 24: 230, 231
381 Pigments 23: 15
Piezodorous teretipes, scent gland secretion screening 2: 141– 147, 150– 154,
components 14: 398 156– 158
Pigeons, conditioning of 20: 57, 58 visual 2: 142– 147, 150, 155, 158,
Pigment 159
and tanning 3: 59 –61, 73, 95, 96 Pigments, in Lepidoptera wings
visual 3: 11, 19, 20, 32, 33, 230, 231 bile 18: 195
Pigment cells 16: 126, 127 distribution among scales 18: 196– 198
Pigment dispersing factor (PDF)28: 132 flavonoids 18: 194, 195
Pigment dispersing hormone (PDH) 28: 132 melanins 18: 191– 193
Pigment granules 16: 126, 127 pterins 18: 193, 194
in eye colour mutants 16: 127, 128 biosynthetic pathway for 18: 193
“Pigment IV” structural formulas for 18: 192
degradation reactions 10: 146– 148 Pigments, scent glands 14: 361
in ommochrome biosynthesis 10: 195 Pikonema alaskensis, lipids containing
spectral data 10: 144, 148 choline 9: 73
Pilifer, hawkmoth 10: 289, 290 effect on rate of ingestion 11: 86

Pilocarpine Plant tissues, habitats within, environmental
binding to Musca domestica head physiology 16: 9
extracts 15: 225 Plants, microclimatic conditions in 16:
effect on cell bodies of Periplaneta central 8 – 12
neurones 15: 260 Plants, transpiration, leaf cuticular resistance
effect on electrophysiology of the sixth and 15: 21
abdominal ganglion of Plasma components, recognition
Periplaneta 15: 251 mediation 21: 145– 147
inhibition of a-bungarotoxin binding Plasma homeostasis, haemocytes
by 15: 229 in 11: 198– 201
Pilocarpine, and salivation 9: 188 Plasma membrane
Pimpla turionellae, embryonic pattern of tracheoblasts 17: 74
specification 12: 187 tracheoles and 17: 92, 105– 107, 112,
Pinocytosis 26: 176 113
(4-[(pivaloly-L-alanyl)aminobenzoic acid Plasma membrane, and trehalase location
ethyl ester) 26: 13 4: 316
Pinocytosis, blood cells 11: 124– 126, 181, Plasma membrane, labilisation, and cyclic
196 AMP 9: 41
Pioneer fibres, neural development 14: 334 Plasma membranes, morphology 14: 186,
piperidenecarboxylic acid 29: 88 188– 191
Piperidine-4-sulphonic acid permeability 14: 209– 217
IC50 values 22: 25 Plasma, glycoproteins 4: 341, 343
structure 22: 4 Plasmatocytes 11: 178– 180, 187, 196
Pirotoxinin potency, benzodiazepines definition 11: 134, 135
and 20: 187 Plasmatocytes (PLs) 21: 87, 88
Pissodes notatus, trehalase activity 4: 311 Plasmatocytes 24: 163
Pissodes strobi, lipids containing choline Plasmodium berghei 28: 55
9: 72 Plasmodium, atypical guanylyl cyclases
Pissodes, flight muscle 4: 6 in 29: 15
Pitch stability 23: 199, 207 Plasticity 23: 55
Pitrezepin colony-level integration of individual
gamma-aminobutyric acidA behaviour 23: 144– 146
antagonist 22: 48 division of labour 23: 130, 131
properties 22: 55 hormonal regulation 23: 134– 136
Pituitary gland, adipokinetic activity 4: 185 Plasticity in ecdysis 15: 503– 514
PL (see Phospholipid) Plasticity in insect nervous systems 28:
Plagiolepis pygmaea, caste development, 84 – 146
trophogenic factors 16: 186 critical periods 28: 135– 138
Plagionotus arcuatus, lipid content 4: 73 duration of 28: 136–138
Plagiostira albonotata 29: 235 existence of 28: 135, 136
Planaria, gap junction 15: 93, 97 during development 28: 86 –103
Planarians loss, injury, growth of inputs or
desmosomes in 15: 82 targets 28: 86 – 98
gap junction in 15: 97 motor pathways 28: 90
Planobarius, neurones, acetylcholine reinnervation 28: 87 – 90
receptors 15: 273 sensory pathways 28: 88 –90
Planococcus citri 24: 141 sprouting 28: 90 –95
Plant material, type of synaptogenesis 28: 95 – 98
effect on intake 11: 96 in adults 28: 103– 124
effect on meal size 11: 60, 64 – 66, 68, corpora pedunculata 28: 118– 122
73 other sensory systems 28: 115– 118
other systems 28: 123 Plecoptera, protocerebral neurosecretory

reactive or regenerative cells 12: 78
changes 28: 123, 124 Plecoptera, sperm 9: 327, 341, 365
visual systems see visual plasticity Pleidae, scent substances, antimicrobial
metamorphic changes 28: 99 – 102 properties 14: 402
moult changes 28: 98, 99 Pleural scent surfaces 14: 382
rearing and pre-imaginal Pleuropods, Arthropoda 24: 29
experience 28: 102, 103 Plexaura homomella 24: 182
Plasticization, cuticle, in ecdysis 15: Plodia
537– 540 control of protein uptake 11: 373
Plastron (see Spiracular gills) transplantation of testis from 11: 178
Platelet aggregation 24: 182, 184 Plodia interpunctella 19: 241; 21: 90; 25: 4;
Platelet clumping, analogies with clotting in 26: 17, 68
insects 11: 165– 167 ommochromes 10: 154
Platycleis affinis, stridulatory patterns, tryptophan metabolism in
modification by external metamorphosis 10: 208
stimuli 13: 252– 254 xanthurenic acid 10: 130
Platycleis albopunctata 29: 225 Plodia interpunctella, CA and
Platycleis intermedia 29: 247, 251 respiration 12: 298, 303
Platycleis intermedia, frequency of Plodia interpunctella, choline
sounds 13: 235 metabolism 9: 74, 78
stridulatory patterns, modification by Plodia interpunctella, corpus allatum 2: 274,
external stimuli 13: 252– 254 275
Platycnemis pennipes, embryonic pattern Plodia interpunctella, pterines 6: 156
specification Pluratella, trehalose in 4: 325
egg size 12: 133 Plurisegmental interneurons,
longitudinalpattern 12:155–161,183,202 Arthropoda 24: 33
nuclei 12: 222 Plusia gamma, lipid content 4: 76
Platyhelminthes, septate junction in 15: 65 Plusia signata 19: 225
Platymerus rhadamanthus, saliva 9: 204, Plusia spp.
205, 210, 238 crowding and growth 5: 265
Platyneura capitata, sound radiating flight stability 5: 196
tymbal 10: 260 Plusia, transplantation of testis from
Platynota stultana 19: 98, 118 11: 178
Platynota sultana 26: 17, 53 Plutella maculipennis, cholinergic elements
Platypleura kaempferi, muscle, potentials 1: in body of 1: 6
187 Plutella maculipennis, eye 3: 3
Platysamia (see also Hyalophora) PMSA (Pyrolidin-3-yl methane sulphonic
Platysamia cecropia 19: 39, 53; 21: 137 acid) 22: 4
Platysamia cecropia, cholinergic system 1: Pneumatic skeleton, role during
5, 19, 20, 27 ecdysis 2: 183
cytochromes 1: 132–134 Poa, effect on meal size 11: 60, 63, 66
Platyseius italicus, spiracular gills 5: 105 Podisus maculiventris, rate of food
Platystolus obvius 29: 155 ingestion 11: 85
Plea leachi, scent gland physiological Podocyte, definition 11: 134
control mechanisms 14: 363 Podophthalmus
Pleated septate junction See Comb and polarized light 3: 19
desmosome eye 3: 37
Plebeigryllus guttiventris 19: 81 perception of stationary objects 3: 43
Plecoptera 24: 141 Podura aquatica
Plecoptera, haemolymph 6: 216, 217 cuticle structure 4: 227
Plecoptera, ocelli 7: 98, 99 epidermal brush border 4: 278
extracellular cuticle formation 4: 264 265 Polarized light, detection in compound

Poecilimon 29: 174, 254 eye 3: 10, 18, 19
Poecilimon affinis 29: 215, 232 Polarized light, insect rhodopsins and 13: 60
Poecilimon artedentatus 29: 232 Polia illoba, cholinergic elements in eggs
Poecilimon mariannae 29: 224, 232 of 1: 5
Poecilimon nobilis 29: 232 Polistes (wasp) 23: 142
Poecilimon ornatus 29: 216, 223 Polistes 26: 325
Poecilimon proprinquus 29: 232 Polistes annularis 19: 121
Poecilimon schmidti 29: 165 Polistes gallicus, caste functioning,
Poecilimon thessalicus 29: 241 endocrine in 16: 224
Poecilimon veluchianus 29: 232 Polistes metricus 19: 121
Poecilocerus, coloration 8: 151 Polistes metricus 26: 14
P. hieroglyphicus 8: 164 Polistes rothneyi iwatai, kinins from
Poeciloscytus unifasciatus, pectinase, 13: 117
saliva 9: 213 Polistes, tracheal modifications for
Pogonomyrmex barbatus rugosus, flight 3: 330
methylalkanes in 13: 6 Polisteskinin 13: 117, 118
Pogonomyrmex barbatus, dimethylalkanes Polistinae, caste elimination,
in 13: 14 mechanism 16: 195, 196
methylalkanes in 13: 8 Polistine wasps, social, caste functioning in,
Pogonomyrmex californicus, sexual dominance and 16: 199, 200
circadian rhythm 10: 12 Pollen foraging 23: 145, 147, 158, 161, 162
Pogonomyrmex rugosus, dimethylalkanes Pollen storage and colony frequency
distribution 23: 159
in 13: 14, 16
Pollen, sterol in 4: 168
Pollenia viridis, pterines 6: 157
Pogononzyrmex rugosus var. fuscatus,
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for
vitellogenin identification
Pogonophora, desmosomes in 15: 82
14: 54
Poiseuille equation 2: 234
Polyamides, microfibril diameter 4: 214
Poisoning, insecticide 23: 100, 101 Polyamine amides, glutamate receptors 24:
Poisons, metabolic 4: 298 326, 327– 329
Polar coordinate models, in neural Polyamines, juvenile hormone 26: 101, 102
development 14: 271–276 Polyandry 23: 124
in optic lobe development 14: 300 genotypic variation 23: 160– 162
Polar coordinate, cerci development and honey bee genetics 23: 126
14: 321 sex determination 23: 121– 124
Polarity, cell 7: 198–224 Polybia occidentalis 26: 55
Polarity, electrical, oocyte-nurse cell Polychlorocycloalkanes 22: 70 – 72
syncytium 11: 297– 300, 307, 308 Polychromatism see polymorphism
structural basis 11: 300– 305 Polyclones 14: 255
Polarity, in eye field and retina 14: 285– 287 Polydypsia, as result of recurrent nerve
neural development and 14: 262 section 11: 81
retina development and 14: 288 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 26: 59, 61
Polarization analysis Polyethylene glycol, solutions, equilibrium
in age determination 4: 245, 246 relative humidities 14: 40
of chitin orientation 4: 217, 222– 225, water vapour lowering in arthropods
247, 258 and 14: 39
of locust cuticle 4: 235, 236, 247, 258 Polyethylene plastic, microfibril diameter
Polarization level and ganglionic rhythm 4: 214
5: 20, 21 Polygonia 19: 82
Polarized light, and ocellus 7: 147, 148 Polyhedra 26: 237, 238
see also cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses Polynemy, Holometabola 11: 328

Polyhedra-derived virus (PDV) 25: 4 Polyneoptera, ocellus 7: 146
Polyhedrin 26: 234 Polyneoptera, protocerebral neurosecretory
see also cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses cells 12: 76, 77, 84, 86
Polymer linkages, tensile strength 4: 217 Polyol dehydrogenase, in fat body
Polymerase chain reaction 22: 302, 303 metabolism 1: 128, 129
Polymerization Polyol formation, diapause 12: 256– 229
extracellular 4: 263, 264 Polyols 4: 296
in chitin synthesis 4: 261, 263, 264 Polyols, and frost resistance 6: 26 – 34, 36,
in sclerotization 17: 19, 39 – 43, 47 41
in tracheolar epicuticle 17: 93 Polypedilum vanderplanki, dehydration 5:
of cellulose 4: 263 96
Polymorphism 23: 1 – 4; 26: 4, 5 Polypedilum vanderplanki, larva, frost
genetic 23: 161 resistance 6: 29, 36, 41
green-brown 23: 13 – 15, 20, 21 Polypeptides, probable occurrence of 1: 34,
homochromy 23: 13, 15, 16 36 – 38
insect 23: 1 – 4 Polyphaga 26: 319
locust phase 23: 1 – 55 Polyphagan beetles 24: 50
phase 23: 4 – 8 Polyphemus (pupa), ecdysone and DNA
phase/density dependent colour 23: 13 3: 182
superimposed 23: 14 Polyphemus, fat body 1: 125
Polymorphism in aphids Polyphenism 26: 4, 5
clonal variability 3: 216– 219 Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), Hemipteran
control of wing dimorphism 3: 238– 265 saliva 9: 215, 223, 238, 240, 245
(see Wing dimorphism) Polyphenolperoxidase in cuticle synthesis
forms and terminology 3: 209– 214 and degradation 14: 128
fundatrix 3: 214– 216 Polyphenols, in cuticle 6: 173
interval timers 3: 265–270 Polyphylum, Arthropoda 24: 2
production of gamic females 3: 221, 238 Polyploidy, in development of glia 6: 108
(see Gamic females) Polyploidy, juvenile hormone 26: 83 – 85
sex determination 3: 219– 221 Polysaccharide, sperm 9: 348, 352, 359,
Polymorphism, flight metabolism and 13: 365, 380
206, 207 Polysaccharides
Polymorphism, grasshopper coloration biochemistry of 4: 301– 336
genetic 8: 152– 155 macromolecular comparison 4: 213– 214
green/brown 8: 167– 175 Polysaccharides in comb desmosomes 15:
and corpus allatum 8: 178–180 54
brown component 8: 186– 188 Polysarchus denticauda 29: 171– 174, 182,
green component 8: 184, 185 183
implications 8: 188 Polyspermic fertilization 24: 161
phenotypic, genetic modification 8: 155, Polytene chromosomes, “puff” formation at
156 moulting 2: 205, 266, 267
Polymorphism, role of hormones 2: 288, Polytene chromosomes, see Chromosomes
315, 316 Polyteny
Polymorphism, sequential 12: 1 – 15 chromosome structure and
saturniid labial gland 12: 2 – 4 function 11: 332– 337
silkmoth follicular epithelial differential replication of loci 11:
cells 12: 9 – 11 329– 332
silkmoth galea, cocoonase DNA value 11: 327, 328
organules 12: 5 – 9 nurse cells 11: 269, 270
sphingid labial gland 12: 4, 5 ribosomal DNA 11: 329–332
Polymorphism, sperm 9: 382, 383 salivary gland 11: 272
Polytrophic ovaries atmospheric water absorption and 14: 3

classes of RNA 11: 288 cuticular absorption model and 14: 4
endopolyploidy 11: 269 diameter 14: 7
extrachromosomal DNA body 11: 252, structure and diameters 14: 3
273, 276 Pore canals
germarial function 11: 231– 255 and cuticle 2: 57, 58
germinal vesicle 11: 283 cuticular arrangement 4: 226
intercellular potential difference 11: 298, in relation to water uptake 2: 95, 96
299 in reoriented cuticle 4: 268, 269, 270
microtubules 11: 302 Pore closure in acridids, length of time
morphology 11: 229, 230 between meals and 16: 85
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 24: 116, 117, Pore formation, Bacillus
128, 129 thuringiensis 24: 291, 294– 298
see also Arachidonic acid, Biosynthesis. Porphyropsins 13: 54
Eicosanoids, Eicosapentaeonate, Portheria dispa, oviposition behaviour 10:
Homo-g-linolenic acid, 304
Linolenate, Oleic acid, Palmitate, Porthetria dispar 25: 7
Stearate Porthetria dispar, food and locomotor
C18 24: 119, 120, 129, 132, 133 activity 11: 14
C20 24: 116, 119, 120, 129, 131– 136, Porthetria dispar, vitellogenesis in male
132, 134 milieu in 14: 87
docosahexaenoate 24: 118, 132, 146 Portunus, muscle 1: 192
eicosanoid biosynthesis 24: 119– 222, Position, criterion of, Arthropoda 24: 13
120, 121
Positional information, antennal
essential fatty acids 24: 117– 119, 118,
development and 14: 308
127, 128
cerci development and 14: 321
Pompilidae, pterines 6: 149
in bithorax mutant neural
Pond skater, giant internuncial
development 14: 313
neuron 7: 358, 359
in central ganglia 14: 337
Pond skater, photo tactic rhythms 10: 13
Ponstrongylus 19: 99 in optic lobe development 14: 299
Popilius disjunctus, frost resistance 6: 34 neural development 14: 336
Popillia japonica (larva), peptides 3: 82 pattern formation in neural development
Popillia japonica and 14: 257– 260
amino acids and nutrition 3: 76 Post synaptic potential
haemolymph protein 3: 85 and electrically excitable
lipid content 4: 74 membranes 6: 259, 265, 267, 268
uricase 4: 38 and membrane potential 6: 232
Popillia japonica, dimetbylalkanes in 13: 16 and synaptic membranes 6: 243– 252
methylalkanes in 13: 12 excitatory (EPSP)
proline as flight fuel 13: 167 inhibitory (IPSP)
Popillia japonica, haemolymph 1: 354; and chloride transport 6: 231, 232
6: 216, 217 and electrically excitable
Popillia, haemocytes membranes 6: 259
blood clotting 11: 157, 163– 165 and synaptic membranes 6: 244,
numbers 11: 144 251– 255
Population, age dynamics 4: 245 Postbithorax mutants, compartments in
Populations of blood cells, humoral neural development 14: 256
control 11: 141– 151 projections 14: 311
Porcellio scaber, drugs and locomotor Postembryonic development 21: 13 – 26
rhythm 10: 42 ganglion migration 21: 13, 14
Pore canals 14: 116, 117 sensory system 21: 14 – 18
Postembryonic nervous system, and extraneuronal potentials

development 21: 4 – 7 9: 281– 291
Postembryonic programming, hormonal and luminescence 6: 78 – 81
impact 16: 203 and membrane potential 6: 222– 232,
Posterior slope nueropil, synaptic 235– 242
organization of 25: 193– 195 and osmotic gradients, salivary
Postsynaptic membrane glands 9: 22, 24
muscle and resting potential 9: 277
and quantal release transmitter and sodium, and chromosome
substance 4: 17 puffing 3: 188, 189
magnesium reduction in sensitivity and sperm malformation 9: 383
4: 13, 15, 17 and synaptic membranes 6: 243, 244
permeability in muscle excitatory 6: 245, 251
action of GABA 4: 19, 20 inhibitory 6: 252– 255
action of inhibitory transmitter Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 282– 284, 283,
substance 4: 19, 20 285, 286, 289, 291– 294, 295
to chloride ions 4: 20 eicosanoids 24: 168, 179
Postsynaptic potential glutamate receptors 24: 323
in muscle excitatory response haemolymph 9: 275
and calcium–magnesium antagonism in Escherichia coli B mutants 3: 187
4: 13, 14 in haemolymph 6: 215– 217
and stimulation of “fast” and “slow” in labial glands of Saturniids 3: 184, 185
axons 4: 8 –11 in muscle fibres 6: 218
effect of blocking agents 4: 11, 12 in saliva 9: 3
ionic basis of 4: 9 – 11 uptake, abdominal nerve cord 9: 95
time-dependent properties of 4: 14 Potassium and sodium, diel changes in 10:
muscle 34
and inhibitory response 4: 17 –20 Potassium bicarbonate, moulting fluid 26:
as stimulus for electrically excited 165– 167, 171– 174, 176
response 4: 20, 21 Potassium channels, pyrethroid interaction
effect of transmitter substance 4: 9, 10, with 20: 180
13 –17 Potassium conductance, in muscle fibre
quantal nature of 4: 13, 14, 17 membrane 4: 21, 22
spontaneous miniature 4: 15– 17 Potassium contracture, comparison of “fast”
Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in unpaired and “slow” muscle fibres
median neurons 28: 232 4: 26, 27
Postsynaptic potentials, muscle fibres 14: Potassium coupling 19: 364
226– 228 Potassium electrode hypothesis, muscle cell
peripheral inhibition 14: 230, 231 membrane 4: 4
Postulated arousal response see arousal Potassium gradients, chloride
response, postulated transport 19: 363
Posture, thermal physiology and 16: 23 Potassium ion
Potassium 23: 98 and depolarization and contraction of
Potassium muscle 4: 24 – 27
active transport in Hyalophora effect on inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
cecropia 3: 183, 184 in muscle 4: 19
and blood– brain barrier 9: 259, 272, 274 effect on muscle fibre membrane
and compartmentation of ions 3: 185, 186 permeability 4: 4, 5, 11
and cyclic AMP 9: 38 effect on muscle resting potential 4: 2 – 4,
and electrically excitable 7
membranes 6: 257– 260, effect on spontaneous miniature potentials
264– 266, 269– 271 in muscle 4: 15
Potassium ions Potential, resting (see Resting potential)

and allethrin 8: 51 – 56, 76 Potentials
and DDT 8: 40, 41, 45, 79 action, and allethrin 8: 45 – 50, 63 – 65
and excretion, midgut 8: 206– 209, 211 action, mechanism 8: 7 – 11
giant fibres 8: 120 after-, and allethrin 8: 46 – 48
Malpighian tubules 8: 277, 320 after-, and DDT 8: 31– 37
Calliphora 8: 217, 218, 225 –227, 229, e.p.s.p., mechanism 8: 19
230– 235, 237, 239, 240, 263 extraneuronal 9: 282– 289
Calpodes 8: 264– 268 i.p.s.p., mechanism 8: 20
Carausius 8: 213– 215, 239, 240, 263 membrane, and cyclic AMP 9: 38
Rhodnius 8: 239– 244, 247, 249– 253, miniature end-plate, and cyclic AMP
255– 263 9: 34, 35
Tipula 8: 238 resting, mechanism 8: 6, 7
nerve excitation 8: 7 – 11, 14 – 16 salivary glands, effect of 5-HT and cyclic
rectum 8: 293– 295 AMP 9: 23 – 27
saturniid moths 8: 319, 320 transwall, Malpighian tubules 8: 253– 263
synaptic transmission 8: 20, 21 Potentials, postsynaptic (see Postsynaptic
water absorption, Tenebrio 8: 311, potentials)
314– 317 Power output in flight, neural control
Potassium ions, and ecdysone 7: 41 – 44 13: 147– 156
Potassium ions, haemolymph, and pre- Poxviruses 25: 29
ingestion activity 11: 10 – 12, 15, p-Phenylene diamine, oxidation of 2: 186
16 p-quinones 27: 242
Potassium profiles, goblet and columnar Prandtl number 15: 19
cells 19: 233 Prawn red pigment concentrating
Potassium pump 28: 16, 20 hormone 17: 160– 163
Potassium transport, lepidopteran Praying mantis 24: 39, 41
larvae 19: 230 copulatory movements, control 10: 306
Potassium transport, locust rectum 19: 371 ommochromes in colour change 10: 174
Potassium, active transport across the Praying mantis, removal of ganglia
pharate pupal integument in 7: 398
vitro 14: 138– 141 Prealar arm, rubber-like cuticle 4: 215, 216,
in moulting fluid 14: 132– 136 246– 249
active transport across the pharate pupal Precambrian sediment, trimethylalkanes
integument in situ 14: 136 in 13: 17
secretion and resorption and 14: 159 Precis coenia 24: 225, 226
in Pieris brassicae muscle fibres 14: 208 Precocene 26: 3, 8, 11, 12, 32, 42, 45, 46, 52,
plasma membrane permeability to 14: 56, 83, 84, 94
209, 210– 212 Precocenes 23: 54
Potassium, body fluids 19: 302 Precocenes, inhibition of juvenile hormone
Potassium, moulting fluid 26: 165– 167, biosynthesis 18: 349, 350
171– 175 Precocious foraging 23: 130, 131, 134, 141
Potato beetle, trehalase in 4: 310 Precursors
Potato foliage, intake of 11: 96 for vitamin D 4: 172
Potency regions, in chitin metabolism 4: 343, 344
embryogenesis 12: 184– 189, 206 in lipid metabolism 4: 145, 148, 159, 161,
Potential difference across epithelium, 171, 176, 179, 209
septate junctions and 15: 70 of urea 4: 42
Potential gradient, electrical; oocyte-nurse of uric acid 4: 40, 41
cell syncytium 11: 297– 300, 307, Predaceous insects, feeding habits,
308 sensilla numbers and 16: 323
structural basis 11: 300– 305 Predation by birds and learning 20: 56
Predation, failure in ecdysis and 15: 574 and frequency of miniature postsynaptic
Predator avoidance, prostaglandins 24: 182, potentials 4: 15
183 Presynaptic receptors
Predators, scent glands and 14: 397 for acetylcholine 15: 392
Predatory insects, saliva 9: 193, 203– 205, for octopamine 15: 392
208, 210, 215 Previtellogenesis 19: 74
Pre-ecdysial hardening of cuticle 2: Primary defensiveness, juvenile
176– 178 hormone 26: 47 – 53
Pre-enzyme, blood, and phenol Primers see pheromones
metabolism 11: 189, 190 Priming, juvenile hormone 26: 20, 48,
Pre-flight warm-up 13: 184– 190 71 – 73, 75, 85, 94– 98, 104– 106,
Pregnenolone 4: 173 109
Prehatching behaviour 15: 483, 484 Principle proleg retractor muscle
Pre-ingestion behaviour, regulation of (PPRM) 24: 240, 242
locomotor 11: 5– 21 Prionus laticollis 26: 319
non– locomotor 11: 21 – 42 Pristiphora pallipes, development ofoptic
Premetamorphic actions, juvenile lobe 6: 112, 113
hormone 24: 215– 218, 217 Probing by blood feeders, temperature
see also Epidermis, Fat body, and 16: 66
Pigmentation Probing response, blood-sucking
muscle 24: 239– 241, 240 insects 11: 39 – 42
nervous system 24: 242, 243 Proboscis receptors, effect on meal
other morphogenetic actions 24: 243, 244 size 11: 76
regulation of cellular Proboscis, blowflies, extension, initiation of
commitment 24: 225, 226
ingestion and 16: 64
Preparation
Proboscis, imaginal disc 7: 246, 247
of cuticular proteins 17: 12 – 38, 40 – 42,
Procaine, and action potential 9: 278
47 –51, 60 –63
Procaine, effect on muscle fibres 6: 269
of tracheoles for visualization 17: 95 – 98
Procambarus 24: 26, 65, 68
Prepupa
clarkii 24: 55, 62
adenine and guanine content 6: 179
Procambarus clarkii (crayfish) 21: 40
development of optic lobe 6: 113
frost resistance 6: 4 – 6, 9, 10, 12, 14 – 17, Procambarus clarkii, effect of
21 –23, 27 – 30, 32 – 34, 37 – 39, 89, pyrethroids 22: 77
41, 42 Procamine in bee venom 13: 115
Prepupa, lipid content 4: 74, 75, 77, 80 – 83, Procephalic neuroectoderm 25: 75
96, 97 Procian yellow 24: 20
Pressure and spiracular gills Procion yellow, cell to cell transfer 15: 86,
drop along plastron 5: 109– 112 87
high, and resistance 5: 112– 114 Prociphilis fraxinifolly 24: 141
hydrostatic, and resistance 5: 105– 107, Prociphilus tessellatus
153 lipids containing choline 9: 73
Pressure in splitting cuticle during pectinase, saliva 9: 214
ecdysis 15: 519– 523 Proconnexon 15: 114
Pressure receivers, ears as 10: 274–276 Procrustes coriaceus, nitrogenous
Presynaptic nerve ending, and release of excretion 4: 50
transmitter substances 4: 15, 17 Proctocolin 22: 194, 195
Presynaptic potential Proctodeum 19: 2
muscle gap junction in 15: 95
and action of carbon dioxide 4: 14 scalariform junctions in 15: 168
and calcium-magnesium antagonism Proctodeum, hindgut 19: 333
4: 13 Proctolin 13: 70; 19: 1, 115; 23: 90, 92; 24: 8,
9, 40, 49, 64, 331; 28: 225, 243, Prohaemocytes 11: 135, 187, 194
271, 312; 29: 293 Prohaemocytes (PRs) 21: 87
as neurotransmitter 13: 94 – 96 Prolactin 24: 253
Proctolin antagonists 19: 10 Proleg retractor muscles 24: 239– 242, 240
Proctolin inactivation 19: 11 Prolegs, juvenile hormone 24: 239– 241,
Proctolin, myogenic rhythm in Schistocerca 240
gregaria and 15: 379 Proleucocytes 11: 132
Proctolin-induced contractions 25: 308 Proline 19: 407; 28: 174
Procuticle 2: 95 –98; 14: 116; 26: 159, 160, hydroxylation 7: 65
162, 164 oxidation 7: 311, 312, 330– 332
Prodenia (larva), amino acids 3: 70, 77 Proline in resilin 2: 34
Prodenia Proline, and Malpighian tubules 8: 279, 280
effect of nicotine on heart rate 2: 222 Proline, as flight fuel 13: 165
innervation of heart 2: 222, 224 metabolism 13: 165– 168, 170
Prodenia enidanica Proline, during colour change 10: 176
chitin synthesis 4: 344 Proline, water vapour lowering in arthropods
fatty acid synthesis 4: 131, 132 and 14: 39
glyoxylate cycle enzyme 4: 329 Prolineoxidation, metabolic pathway 19: 383
Prodenia eridania Promeca perakana 29: 240
amino acid changes in growth 3: 72 Promeca sumatrana 29: 240
fat body Promelettin 13: 108, 109
glycogen 1: 115 biosynthesis during bee maturation 13:
purines 1: 151, 153, 154 110
haemolymph 1: 213 Proneural genes 25: 82, 88, 89
S-methyl cysteine 3: 70 interactions 25: 89
Prodenia eridania, feeding Proneural products 25: 94
carbohydrate and lipid 5: 276 Pronotum of Locusta 23: 9
dry matter 5: 247, 248, 254, 263– 265 Properties, hindgut cuticle 19: 333
nitrogen 5: 275 Prophenolases 11: 190
passage time of food in gut 5: 237 Prophenoloxidase 24: 163; 27: 322
unnatural foods 5: 251 Prophenoloxidase – activation
Prodenia eridania, flight lipids 13: 164 system 21: 112– 116, 147
lipids as flight fuel 13: 169 Propionate, effect on inhibitory post-synaptic
Prodenia ornithogalli, lipid content 4: 75 potentials in muscle 4: 19
Prodenia, and lipid metabolism 4: 150, 209 Propionic acid, methyl branching in
Prodenia, fat body biosynthesis of alkanes and 13: 19
fatty acid biosynthesis 1: 138– 142 Proposed mechanism, fluid transport
glyoxalate cycle 1: 112 hindgut 19: 345
tissue respiration 1: 129, 130, 134 Propranolol
Prodenia, fatty acid catabolism 7: 313, 314 adenylate cyclase activity and 15: 441
Prodenia, haemocytes effect on salivary gland stimulation by
classification of 11: 132 biogenic amines 15: 410
glycogen 11: 199 Proprioceptive control, sound
numbers 11: 142 production 13: 254– 260
rhegmatocytoids 11: 139 Proprioceptors 24: 29, 30, 66
Prodenia, intermediary pathways of amino Proprioceptors, role in ventilatory
acids 3: 80, 81 rhythm 3: 294
Prodiamesia olivacea, chromosome Propylbenzilylcholine mustard in cholinergic
puffing 7: 28 receptor studies 15: 220
Production sites, neurohormones 19: 109 PROSITE analysis 29: 26
Progesterone 4: 173 Prosotocus 2: 315
Progymnosperms 23: 174 Prostacyclin 24: 124, 182
Prostaglandin A2 24: 123, 182, 185 Prosthesis, leg, effect on walking 18: 95, 96
fluid secretion rates 24: 169, 170, 173 Prostigmine, effect of spontaneous miniature
predator avoidance 24: 182 potentials in muscle 4: 16
reproduction 24: 153, 153, 154, 154, 160 Protamines, sperm nucleus 9: 333
tobacco hornworm tissues 24: 191– 194, Protanurini, polytene chromosomes 7: 9
191– 193, 195 Protaparce sexta, feeding behaviour 1: 52
Prostaglandin B2 24: 123, 154, 160, 194 Protease 26: 182, 193– 197, 199– 220
Prostaglandin D2 24: 123, 124 Protease inhibitors
blood flukes 24: 180 function 22: 344
reproduction 24: 154, 154 occurrence 22: 342
thermobiology 24: 176 sarcocystatins 22: 342
tobacco hornworm tissue 24: 191, serine protease inhibitors 22: 343, 344
191– 193, 193, 194, 197 Protease, salivary gland 7: 62, 64
Prostaglandin dehydrogenase 24: 156, 157, Proteases in photoreceptors 20: 8
158, 182 Proteases, gut 24: 285, 287
Prostaglandin E2 24: 123, 124, 129– 131, Proteases, silkmoth moulting gel 11: 367
144, 145, 198 Proteasome 26: 195
ecological significance 24: 180, 182, 184 Protein
fluid secretion 24: 168, 169, 172, 173 and frost resistance 6: 37
lipid mobilization 24: 177, 178, 177 and membrane potential 6: 223
neurophysiology 24: 179 and pterines 6: 164, 165
reproduction 24: 147, 150, 153, 153, 154, in extracellular fluid 6: 218
154, 155, 156– 159, 160 in meal, meal size control and 16: 81
thermobiology 24: 174– 176 in regeneration 6: 126
tobacco hornworm 24: 191, 191– 193, ingestion control, reproduction and 16: 99
193, 194 N-catechol protein formation in
Prostaglandin F2 24: 123, 124, 130, 144, 145 cuticle 2: 183
ecological significance 24: 182 resilin and insect cuticle 2: 4, 57 – 62
fluid secretion rate 24: 172 resilin in cuticle
neurophysiology 24: 179 chemical properties 2: 14, 17, 33 – 50
reproduction 24: 149, 150, 153, 153, 154, function 2: 13, 17, 18
154, 157– 161 identification 2: 1 – 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 35
thermobiology 24: 176 occurrence 2: 7 – 17, 35
tobacco hornworm 24: 191– 194, physical properties 2: 11, 18– 33
191– 193 rubber-like character 2: 4– 29, 31, 33,
Prostaglandin G 24: 124, 195 51 – 53, 57 – 61
Prostaglandin H 24: 124, 194– 197 Protein and amino acid metabolism during
Prostaglandin I 24: 124, 154, 154 development 3: 53 –131 (see
Prostaglandins 19: 89; 24: 116, 117, 119, Amino acids and Development)
121, 122, 123, 124 Protein and nutrition 5: 234, 235, 274, 275,
arachidonic acid oxidation 24: 129– 131 278
biosynthesis 24: 144– 146 Protein Family (Pfam) databases 29: 26
ecological significance 24: 180– 184 Protein kinase A 24: 223
fluid secretion 24: 168– 173, 170, 171 Protein kinase A 28: 225
lipid mobilization 24: 177, 178, 177, 183 Protein kinase C 24: 223, 332
neurophysiology 24: 178, 179 Protein kinases and substrates 29: 27 – 30
reproduction 24: 147– 161, 148, 153, 154, Protein kipase C 26: 73, 74, 77, 78
155, 159 Protein metabolism, hormonal regulation
thermobiology 24: 174– 176 of 2: 264, 265, 309 –313
Prostaglandins, and Calsium 9: 40 Protein P4 22: 338
Prostaglandins, hindgut 19: 351 Protein synthesis
Prostate gland 24: 160, 198 adipokinetic hormone and 17: 180
increased after learning 9: 168 intake and uric acid deposition 4: 47

inhibition by cycloheximide 9: 174 juvenile hormone 24: 216, 219, 222,
neurohormones and 17: 269 226– 229, 227, 235, 241
tracheoles and mitochondria and 17: 101, oocyte – nurse cell syncytium
102 synthesis 11: 291, 292
Protein, see Antibacterial proteins: transport 11: 294– 300, 308
Enzymes; Haemolymph proteins; orientation in cuticle 4: 269, 271, 272
Peptides; Storage protein; oxidative degradation 4: 34, 35, 40
Transport proteins proteinaceous spheres 11: 350–353, 373,
Proteinase 26: 171, 179, 194– 197, 199– 220 374
Proteinases in cuticle synthesis and S protein, phenol oxidase 7: 68, 69
degradation 14: 129 salivary gland secretion 7: 66, 67
Proteinases, in Hemipteran saliva 9: 204, synthesis
210, 215, 219 and JH 12: 251– 253
Proteins and respiration 12: 303
see also Cry proteins, Cyt proteins, Fat role of hormones 12: 240, 241, 243
body synthesis, diel rhythm 10: 38
and chromosome puffing 7: 18 – 19, 34, synthesis, haemocytes 11: 200, 201
39, 50 Proteins as flight fuel 13: 164
and gene activity Proteins, cAMP-binding, in Drosophila
A, B and C, Calliphora 11: 344– 346, melanogaster 18: 166– 168
354, 355 Proteins, chitin binding in cuticle 15: 540
haemolymph 11: 343– 349 Proteins, cuticular
imaginal 11: 365– 367 composition and preparation 17: 12 – 38,
large-scale synthesis 11: 327 40 – 42, 47 – 51, 60 – 63
larval and imaginal, quinone reactions 17: 56, 57
relationship 11: 368– 372 structure 17: 18, 19, 32 – 35, 50, 54
larval storage, and fat elastic forces of, and tracheole
body 11: 350–353 fluid 17: 129, 130
larval storage, genetics 11: 356– 361 synthesis 17: 8 – 12, 33, 36 – 38
larval storage, synthesis 11: 353– 356 Proteins, fat body 1: 144– 146
nucleolar activity 11: 341 Protein-synthesizing apparatus 26: 85, 86
antibacterial 21: 109– 111 Protenor, sperm genetics 9: 383
binding of ommochromes to 10: 164, Proteoglycan molecules
165 in vertebrates 22: 271, 272
chitin metabolism 4: 341– 345 serglycin 22: 271
contractile 7: 271– 274 Proteolysis
deamination 4: 42, 43 in study of cuticular proteins 17: 15, 16,
eicosanoids 24: 191, 191 32 – 36, 38, 47, 48, 61
feeding artefactual 17: 12, 13
and ovarian cycle 11: 90 partial in sclerotization 17: 8
cyclical intake 11: 102 Proteolytic enzymes 26: 171, 179, 193– 197,
intake, and carbohydrate 11: 102 199– 220
intake, Phormia 11: 90, 91 Proteolytic enzymes 2: 41, 198
glycoproteins 4: 340, 341 Proteose, wound effect of 2: 271
homology 24: 13, 68 Prothoracic ganglion, and learning 9: 124,
in ammonia metabolism 4: 43 125, 129, 132, 136–140, 149, 169,
in choriogenesis 12: 10, 11 172, 173
in lipid metabolism 4: 85, 87, 102, 103, Prothoracic gland
108– 110, 114, 116, 127, 128, 137, and premetamorphic behaviour 10: 313
139, 140, 148, 176, 178, 209 and sterols 4: 172, 178
in sclerotical cuticle 21: 181, 182 cells, rhythmicity 10: 35
effect on carbohydrate metabolism 4: 336, Protoparce sexta, choline

338 metabolism 9: 67 –69, 74, 82
regulation 10: 299 Protoparce sexta, feeding
role in migratory behaviour 10: 333, 334 and moulting 5: 238, 239
timing by brain hormone 10: 53 different foods 5: 265
Prothoracic gland, neurosecretory dry matter 5: 256
innervation 12: 74 gut contents 5: 236, 237
Prothoracic glands see ventral glands intake 5: 249
Prothoracic glands, and grasshopper unnatural foods 5: 263, 264
coloration 8: 182 Protoparce sexta, hyperglycaemic
Prothoracic glands, post ecdysial hormone 13: 104
degeneration 15: 566 Protophormia, longitudinal body pattern
Prothoracic glands, termites, caste formation specification 12: 176, 195, 197
and 16: 204 Protoporphyrin 26: 219
Prothoracic leg, and learning 9: 124, 125, Protopterygote 23: 172, 174, 206– 208
129, 135, 138– 140, 144 early insects 23: 174, 175
Prothoracic systems, Arthropoda 24: 19, 22, glide angle improvement 23: 201, 203
33, 34 glide characteristics 23: 197, 198
Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) glide speed reduction 23: 204, 205
24: 215, 218 gliding cylindrical bodies 23: 188
Prothoracicotropic hormone possible 23: 176
(PTTH) 25: 304; 26: 35; 12: 75, stability/control 23: 198– 200
103; 22: 351; 23: 48 Protorthoptera 23: 173
Prothoraciotropic hormone, moulting Protowings see winglets
and 14: 114 Protoxins, Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 287,
Prothoracotrophic hormone 2: 207 288, 292
Protocanace, spiracular gills 5: 154 Protozoa 19: 208
Protocatechuic acid b-glucoside 26: 36 Protura, ocelli 7: 99
Protocatechuic acid, darkening of Protura, sperm
cuticle 2: 58, 201 acrosomal complex 9: 327
Protocatechuic acid, in aphid saliva 9: 219 axoneme 9: 338, 342, 343
Protocerebral bridge 24: 69, 74 non-flagellate sperm 9: 374
Protocerebral bridge, biogenic amines cell Protyrosinase 2: 191– 193
localization in 15: 337, 338 Proventricular valve
Protocerebral bridge, development 6: 122 nervous control 2: 234, 235
Protocerebral descending sulfakinin (PDS) role in food movement 2: 234, 235
neurons 28: 287, 288 Proventriculus
Protocerebral neurosecretory cells 12: 71, electrical activity 2: 233
76 –87 paralysis of 2: 233
Protocerebrum 23: 17 role in crop emptying 2: 234
clock, mechanism 10: 82 –85 Proventriculus, polytene chromosomes 7: 7
neurosecretory cells 10: 298 Przibram’s rule 2: 268
Protocerebrum, Arthropoda 24: 43 – 46, 45, PS-1, from Drosophila funebris 13: 93
56 structure 13: 93
Protocerebrum, development 6: 111, 112 PS-2, from Drosophila funebris 13: 93
Protodonata 23: 173 Psammodromus algirus 29: 224
Protomer-matrix formation in Psephenidae, spiracular gills 5: 72, 74, 75,
sclerotization 17: 3 – 9 82, 83, 86, 96, 114– 120, 152
‘Proton peril’ hypothesis, Bacillus Eubriinae 5: 97, 105, 109, 113, 118– 120
thuringiensis 24: 292, 293 Psephenoidinae 5: 114– 118
Protoparce quinquemaculata, K+ Psephenoides gahani, spiracular gills 5:
regulation 3: 184 109, 112, 115– 117
Psephenoides marlieri, spiracular gills 5: biosynthetic pathways 16: 137– 143

109, 112, 114, 115 interaction with xanthommatin
Psephenoides spp., spiracular gills 5: 83, biosynthetic pathway 16: 143– 147
105, 112– 118 pigmentation, tissues involved in
Psephenoides volatilis, spiraeular gills 5: 16: 150
109, 112, 115– 117 precursors, uptake and storage 16: 152
Pseudachorutini, endopolyploidy 7: 9 Pteridine eye pigments
Pseudaletia maltophilia 26: 277 in Diptera, evolution and 16: 142, 143
Pseudaletia separata 25: 36 precursors, uptake and storage, mutants
Pseudaletia unipuncta 25: 315; 26: 16, and 16: 155
52 – 54, 57; 28: 279, 290 Pteridine-deficient mutants 16: 142
Pseudaletia unipunctata 26: 278 Pteridines
Pseudaletia, haemocyte numbers 11: 186 as cofactor, kynurenine-3-
Pseudoclaris postica, wingbeat frequency, hydroxylase 10: 191
temperature and 13: 183 as pattern pigments 10: 172, 173
Pseudococcus citri, uric acid in as screening pigments 10: 166, 167
honeydew 4: 49 association with tryptophan 10: 222
Pseudococcus obscurus, non-flagellate excretory role 10: 179
sperm 9: 370 in colour change 10: 174
Pseudocone 16: 122 inhibition of tryptophan oxygenase 10:
Pseudocone, development 6: 116 181
Pseudoflash, in firefly 6: 52, 80, 82, 85 Pteridines in scent gland pigments 14: 361
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21: 124 Pteridines, as eye pigments 2: 141, 144, 157,
Pseudophorus pubescens, lipid content 4: 73 158
Pseudopodia, haemocyte Pteridines, biology 6: 139– 202
locomotion 11: 151– 154 as co– factors 6: 170– 172
Pseudosarcophaga affinis, choline in biosynthesis 6: 177– 185
development 9: 57 developmental physiology 6: 175– 177
Pseudosarcophaga affinis, nutrition 1: 73 localization 6: 160– 165
Psithyrus ashtoni, substrate-cycling 13: 195 metabolism 6: 165– 170
Psithyrus spp., substrate-cycling 13: 195 occurence 6: 146– 160
Psocidae, sperm axoneme 9: 338 physiological roles 6: 185– 190
Psocoptera, ocellus 7: 99 properties 6: 140–144
Psocoptera, protocerebral neurosecretory separation 6: 144– 146
cells 12: 79 Pteridines, excretion 4: 44
Psocoptera, sperm, two axonemes 9: 369 Pteridines, fat body 1: 158, 159
Psorodonotus illyricus 27: 112, 116 Pteridines, Pieris 8: 201
Psorodonotus illyricus 29: 182 Pteridosperms 23: 174
Psycbidae, lipid content 4: 76 Pterines, and grasshopper coloration 8: 183
Psychodidae 26: 319 Pterines, biology 6: 139– 202 see Pteridines
Psychodidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 7 Pterinoidea spp. nitrogenous excretion 4: 52
Psychodidae, sperm 9: 327, 355, 374 Pterins 23: 15
Psychodidae, spiracle 5: 139 Pterins, in Lepidoptera wings 18: 193, 194
Psyllidae Pternistria bispina, scent substances 14:
saliva 9: 214, 217 357, 362
sperm nucleus 9: 331 Pterocomma smithia, egg, frost
Psyllidae, antennae, sensilla on 16: 288 resistance 6: 27, 28
PTC (see Phosphatidylcholine) Pterocomma spp., pectinase saliva 9: 213
PTE (see Phosphatidylethanolamine) Pterocormus molitorius, frost
Ptenoptyx malaccae, luminescence 6: 59, 90 resistance 6: 29, 34
Pteridine Pteronarcys californica, alkenes in 13: 2
accumulation, mutants and 16: 153 methylalkanes in 13: 10, 12
song patterns 13: 237 nurse cells 7: 55

evolution 13: 332 physiology 7: 24 – 32
Pteronemobius heydeni, ommochrome significance 7: 59 –64
turnover 10: 197 Puffing response, juvenile hormones
Pteronidea ribesii, haemolymph and diet 1: 24: 243
213, 357 Pulse rate, innate releasing mechanism
Pterophylla beltrani 29: 228 and 13: 268
Pterophylla camellifolia 29: 228, 248, 250 Pulses, terminology 13: 233
Pteroptyx, light organ, innervation 15: 396 Pulvilli of pretarsus, development 7: 56
Pterostichus nigra 19: 74 Pump threshold, see Absorption site
Pterostichus nigrita 19: 97 threshold humidity
Pterostichus spp., lipid content 4: 73 Pump, ion
Pterothorax 24: 25 and membrane potential 6: 222, 224, 225,
Pterotiltus, coloration 8: 151 231, 232, 234, 236, 237, 240
Pterygota, flight reflexes 5: 205 and synaptic membranes 6: 243
Pterygota, ocelli 7: 101 Pumps
Pterygota, sperm in water movement
acrosomal complex 9: 324 active-transport pump 2: 120, 121
axoneme 9: 349 continuous-flow 2: 120– 122
mitochondria 9: 354, 355, 363 contractile vacuole 2: 117, 118
Pterygote 23: 172– 174 electret ion-pump 2: 118, 120
gliding 23: 196 in cuticle 2: 122
Pterygotes 24: 30, 40, 81 lipid water-valve 2: 122, 123
Pterygotes, gut formation 19: 193 model 2: 120– 122
PTF See Puparium tanning factor Pupa
Ptilinial digging 2: 178 amino acids and proteins 3: 89 – 93
Ptilinum 2: 176, 179 development of nervous
Ptilocerembia sp., antennae, sensilla system 6: 100– 102, 106– 109,
on 16: 285 113– 116, 118– 120, 123, 124
Ptinus tectus, choline in development 9: 56 enzymes, changes
Ptinus tectus, effect of crowding 3: 247 phosphateses 3: 95
Ptinus tectus, sterol utilization 4: 162 proteases 3: 94, 95
Ptinus, diet 1: 77 respiratory enzymes 3: 93, 94
Ptycha, transplantation of testis from 11: 178 tyrosinase 3: 95, 96
Ptychopoda seriata, ommochromes frost resistance 6: 13, 15 – 17, 19, 20, 24,
as waste products 10: 177 31, 32, 37– 39, 42
biosynthesis 10: 195, 196 luminescence, firefly 6: 83 – 85, 89
distribution 10: 154 pterines 6: 166, 168, 171, 173, 176– 179,
ganglia pigmentatIon 10: 169 181, 182, 187– 189
larva, tryptophan metabolism 10: 200 Pupa, diapause (see Diapause)
Ptychopoda seriata, pterines 6: 151, 162, Pupae
185 circulation and tracheal ventilation 26:
Ptychoptera, flight muscle differentiation 5: 301– 309, 342, 343
219 CPV 26: 271– 275
Ptychopteridae, polytene chromosomes 7: 7 Pupal gin traps 24: 240, 242, 243
PUFAs see Polyunsaturated fatty acid Puparial glue
Puffing of chromosomes chromosome changes at release of 11: 336
biochemistry 7: 10 – 24 genetic origins 11: 356
ecdysone 7: 32 – 46 proteins 11: 361, 362
epidermal cells 7: 8 synthesis 11: 377
experimental modification 7: 47 – 51 Pupariation, gene activity before 11: 363,
juvenile hormone 7: 46, 47 364
Puparium Pygaera, germarium, fusome 11: 239

cuticular structure 4: 223, 267 Pygidial glands, scent glands and 14: 406
Puparium tanning factor 15: 542 Pynocitosis 26: 247
in cuticle hardening 15: 544 Pyralidae, lipid content 4: 76, 77
Puparium, cuticle 1: 291, 292, 294, 295, Pyrameis atalanta, tarsal threshold to
304– 306 sugars 11: 32
Puparium, frost resistance 6: 4 Pyrameis, expansion of wings 2: 180
Puparium, gluing to substrate 7: 59, 60 Pyramteis, ommochromes
Puparium, sclerotization in 17: 7, 8, 38 – 47 P. atalanta 10: 155, 160, 177
Puparium, sclerotization of 11: 349, 350 P. cardui 10: 155, 177
Puparium, tanning of 2: 58, 59, 184, 186, Pyrausta cardui 26: 278
200, 267 Pyrausta nubalis, choline in
Pupation hormone 2: 255 development 9: 57
Pupation, circadian rhythmicity of 10: 16, Pyrausta nubilalis
17, 95 lipids 4: 77, 163
clock gating of 10: 53, 54 sterol utilization 4: 163
Drosophila clock 10: 85 – 87 Pyrausta nubilalis, diapause 2: 273, 278,
Pupation, hormones and 14: 112 335
Pupation, initiation of 2: 251, 253, 258, 260, Pyrausta nubilalis, larva, frost
261, 270, 277 resistance 6: 18, 28
Purification, male factors 19: 87 Pyrausta, diapause 2: 274
Purine Pyrausta, nutrition 1: 59, 79
biosynthesis 4: 37, 40, 41 Pyrethrins and allethrin, effect on nervous
deamination 4: 34, 42 activity 1: 240–244
oxidation 4: 34, 37 Pyrethroid insecticides 20: 147– 213
Purine nucleotidase 4: 36, 37 acetyl choline receptors 20: 182– 186
Purines 6: 140 biochemical studies 20: 184– 186
metabolism 6: 189, 190 electrophysiological studies 20: 183,
relation to pterines 6: 175 184
synthesis 6: 178 and sodium channels 20: 159–180
Purines, fat body 1: 149– 158 biochemical studies 20: 175– 180
Purkinje cells, cerebellar, and cyclic extracellular recordings 20: 160– 163
AMP 9: 35 intracellular recordings 20: 163, 164
Purkinje-effect 2: 147, 148 patch clamp analysis 20: 171– 175
Puromycin 26: 214 voltage clamp analysis 20: 164,
Puromycin, and chromosome puffing 7: 39, 166– 171
49, 62 ATPase interactions 20: 192– 195
Puromycin, PTF induced tanning and 15: and calcium ion uptake 20: 194
545 binding sites 20: 194
Putamine neurotransmitter calcium channels 20: 180– 182
transporters 29: 123– 125 chemistry 20: 149– 154
Putative presynaptic transmitters 28: 1 – 2 and selective toxicity 20: 154
Puto, non-flagellate sperm 9: 370 natural/synthetic 20: 150, 151
P. albicans 9: 370 stereochemistry 20: 151– 153
Putoniella marsupialis, polyteny and structure/activity relations 20: 152,
endopolyploidy 7: 6 153
Putrescine 26: 1Q1 conclusions
Pycnoscelus indicus 26: 51 future prospects 20: 197, 198
Pycnoscelus surinamensis 19: 94 resistance, molecular basis of 20: 196
Pycnoscelus, inhibition of egg site of action, alternative 20: 196
development 2: 303 site of action, primary 20: 195, 196
Pyemotes tritici 25: 19 GABA receptors 20: 186– 192
biochemical studies 20: 188– 192 Pyrrhocoris apterus, abdominal scent

electrophysiology 20: 187, 188 glands, developmental fate 14:
insecticidal actions 369
categories of action 20: 157, 158 morphology 14: 366
knockdown 20: 154, 155 Pygidial glands, scent glands and 14: 406
neurotoxicity 20: 155– 158 scent gland, activation 14: 365
resistance 20: 158, 159 morphology 14: 368
temperature sensitivity 20: 158 obsolescence 14: 365
potassium channels 20: 180 pigments 14: 361
targets 20: 148 scent substances, defence mechanisms
Pyrethroids 22: 77 – 81; 23: 105 and 14: 401
nerve and muscle changes 8: 26, 27 Pyrrhocoris apterus, hormones
structure – activity 8: 75, 76 effect of CA on respiration 12: 295, 297,
temperature coefficient 8: 61 – 65 300
Pyrethrum, circadian response to 10: 27 juvenile hormone
Pyrgodera armata, coloration 8: 175 and glycogen metabolism 12: 250
Pyrgomorpha, coloration 8: 179 and lipid synthesis 12: 279
P. cognata 8: 172 and protein synthesis 12: 274
Pyrgomorphidae, coloration 8: 146, 147, 150, transaminase activity 12: 291
151, 159, 164, 173, 179, 185, 188 Pyrrhocoris apterus, juvenile hormone
Pyrgomorphidae, mouthparts, sensilla 10: 304
on 16: 255 Pyrrhocoris apterus, saliva 9: 210, 215,
Pyrhocoris apterus 244
carbohydrate metabolism 4: 338 Pyrrhocoris, corpus allatum 2: 282, 293,
lipid content 4: 78, 89 312
Pyridinols, structure 22: 4 Pyrrhocoris, sperm, two axonemes
Pyridostigmine, receptor actions 15: 291 9: 370
Pyrimidines, metabolism 4: 35, 36 Pyrrhocoris, trophic cords 11: 260
Pyriproxyfen 24: 214, 234, 239, 254; 26: 3 Pyrrihocoris apterus 26: 13, 28, 29
see also juvenile hormone Pyrrolid-2-one, 1-(4-dimethylamino-but-
Pyroldin-3-yl methane sulphonic acid 2-ynyl)-, receptor actions
(PMSA) 22: 4 15: 292
Pyrophanes, light organs, innovation 15: 396 Pyruvate
Pyrophanes, luminescence 6: 59 in haemolymph 6: 218
Pyrophosphatase, in luminescence 6: 89 in pterine synthesis 6: 182
Pyrophosphate, in luminescence 6: 60, 61, Pyruvate oxidation 7: 310, 311, 325– 330
79, 89
Pyrops 19: 284 Q10 of circadian clock 4: 239, 244, 245
Pyropyga decipiens, fatty acid content 4: 94 Q10 of endocuticular growth 4: 244, 245
Pyrrhocoridae 24: 253; 26: 45 Quadrula pustulosa, putative aminergic
Pyrrhocoridae, protocerebral neurosecretory neurones, vesicle
cells 12: 79 characteristics 15: 348
Pyrrhocoridae, saliva Quantal release, of transmitter substance
composition 9: 210 in neuromuscular transmission
feeding 9: 191, 196, 202, 203 4: 13 – 17
principal gland 9: 237 Quasi-specialist 23: 161
Pyrrhocoris 19: 99 Quaternary ammonium compounds uptake
Pyrrhocoris aptenrus, pterines 6: 148 by abdominal nerve cord 9: 95
Pyrrhocoris apterus 19: 39; 24: 224; Quaternary ammonium ions, effect on
25: 269 electrically excitable
ecdysis, metabolism and 15: 560 membranes 6: 267, 269
eclosion hormone in 15: 531 Queen bee
brood 23: 142 effect on dorsal unpaired median

brood viability 23: 123, 124 neurones 15: 265
homozygous 23: 120 muscarinic antagonist 15: 219
sperm use pattern 23: 122 Quisqualate 24: 332– 334
Queen bee, larvae, lipids in 4: 92, 93, 168 see also Channel gating kinetics
Queen determination 6: 186 central nervous system 24: 311, 312,
Queen pheromones, effect on worker 314
behaviour 16: 183– 185 metabotropic 24: 331
Queen substance 4: 186 skeletal muscle 24: 315, 316, 330
Queens, reproductivity, endocrine and Quisqualis indica 24: 315
pheromone impact 16: 224– 227 10R,11S-Epoxybishomofarnesyl
Quercitin, aphid saliva 9: 219 diazoacetate (EBDA) 24: 248, 249
Quercitrin, aphid saliva 9: 219
Quinoline derivatives, tryptophan ! Rabbit, nerve 1: 186
ommochrome pathway 10: 130, Rachiplusia ou 25: 5
131 Radiation 26: 257, 258
Quinone Radiation, and grasshopper
methide sclerotization 21: 209– 217 coloration 8: 170– 172, 173
reactions with cuticular Radiation, Arthropoda 24: 4, 5, 12
components 21: 216 Radioactive carbon (14C)
tanning hypothesis 21: 190– 205 incorporation into
carboxyl groups 21: 196, 197 cuticle 2: 59
differential mechanism 21: 217– 221 farnesol 2: 296
hydroxyl groups 21: 198 protein 2: 265, 310
–lysine adducts 21: 195–199 resilin 2: 47
peroxidase participation 21: 204, 205 Radioactive sulphur (35S), uptake by
Quinone imine 27: 284 neurosecretory cells 2: 305
Quinone isomerase 27: 259– 276, 302, 306 Radioactive tracers in food utilization 5:
245, 246
Quinone metabolism, sclerotization 11: 350
Radiochemical assays for juvenile hormone
Quinone methide 27: 241, 256
biosynthesis 18: 351– 370
Quinone methide isomerase 27: 292
Radioimmunoassay 24: 117
Quinone methide sclerotization 27: 251– 290
Radioimmunoassay, ecdysones 12: 38, 54,
Quinone tanning 27: 243– 246
55
Quinoneimine 27: 317 Radioimmunoassays 28: 272, 273, 296
Quinones 27: 241 Radioimmunoassays for juvenile hormone
Quinones biosynthesis 18: 370– 376
biological significance 2: 197 Radioisotopes
effect on proteins 2: 58, 59, 188,203 tritiated tyrosine 4: 234
formation of 2: 203 use in studies
reaction with amines 2: 203 biosynthesis of trehalose 4: 304– 307
reaction with proteins 2: 203 chitin metabolism 4: 342– 344
Quinones in crosslinking 17: 43, 49, 52 – 60, fatty acids 4: 117, 121, 123, 124,
71, 72 130– 133
methides 17: 66 – 72 glycogen metabolism 4: 330, 331
Quinones, Hemipteran saliva 9: 222, 223, hydrocarbons and waxes 4: 155, 156
247 isoprenoid compounds 4: 161, 167,
Quinones, metabolism 168, 171, 172, 179– 181, 185
cuticle 12: 286– 288 lipid metabolism 4: 104, 131, 148, 150
ootheca 12: 288– 291 lipid release and transport 4: 103, 104,
role of bursicon 12: 291– 293 106, 108
Quinuclidinyl benzilate nitrogen excretion 4: 53
phospholipid and triglyceride 4: 142, Receptivity, juvenile hormone 26: 39, 47 –53
144 Receptor organs, Crustacea 24: 65 – 67
substrate interconversion 4: 147– 151 Receptor pharmacology 19: 354
sugar absorption and regulation 4: Receptor proteins, eicosanoids 24: 187
297– "300 Receptor – 5-HT interaction 9: 5 – 12
uric acid synthesis 4: 40, 57 Receptors
Radioisotopes, and salivation 9: 189, 190 see also Intracellular juvenile hormone
Radioligand binding studies 24: 185 receptors
Ramie, tensile strength 4: 219 Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 288– 290
Ramsay assay 29: 282 juvenile hormone 24: 254, 255
Rana numbers, chemical recognition
esculenta 24: 168 and 16: 318– 320
temporania 24: 168 chemoreception and 16: 247– 356
Rana temporaria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Receptors in FMRFamide-related
ionic composition 14: 206 peptides 28: 308, 309
postsynaptic potential 14: 227 Recognition and response, alterations
Rana, muscle and nerve in 21: 155– 157
membrane potentials 1: 186, 192 Recoverin 29: 10
Rana, muscle resting potential 4: 6 Recruitment and cessation, in
Ranatra, neurosecretory cells 12: 80, 105 encapsulation 21: 148– 155
Random amplified polymorphic DNA Recta, ligated 19: 337
technique (RAPD) 25: 128 Rectal chamber, dragonfly larvae, sodium
Rapana thomasiana 28: 239 fluxes 19: 381
Raper-Mason pathway 27: 315, 317 Rectal epithelium 19: 168
modified 27: 321–323 Rectal fluid (aquatic insects), in ionic
Rat dopamine (rDAT) 29: 93 and osmotic regulation 1: 333– 340, 347,
Rat liver, lipid metabolism 351, 388–391
and hormones 4: 184 Rectal fluid (terrestrial insects), in ionic and
and mitochondria 4: 139, 176 osmotic regulation 1: 360,
Rat serotonin transporters (rSERT) 29: 93 369– 373, 377, 388–390
Rat, cholinergic system 1: 27 Rectal fluid absorption, factors increasing
Rat, visual threshold 3: 33 and decreasing 19: 341
Rate of fluid absorption, hindgut 19: 338 Rectal gland, polytene chromosomes 7: 7
Rats 19: 7 Rectal pads
brain, head extracts 3H-quinuclidinyl orthopteran, tight junctions in 15: 137,
benzilate binding components 15: 138
238 scalariform junctions in 15: 168
putative acetylcholine receptors, tight junctions in 15: 132
pharmacological profiles 15: 233 Rectal pads, cockroaches and locusts 19: 346
maze learning 20: 68, 69 Rectal papillae, blowflies 19: 346
muscle, putative acetylcholine receptors, Rectal papillae, cockroaches 19: 212
pharmacological profiles 15: 233 Rectal papillae, oxygen supply
pyrethroid in 20: 155, 163 in 17: 101– 103
septate junction occurrence in 15: 67 Rectal ultrastructure 19: 343
Rats, trimethylalkanes in 13: 17 Rectum 24: 169, 184, 198
Rayon, microfibril diameter 4: 214 Rectum gap junction in 15: 95
Reabsorption in vivo 19: 334 Rectum, active transport of water 2: 76
Reabsorption, hindgut 19: 329 Rectum, arthropods, water vapour absorption
Receptivity of female 10: 304, 305 by 14: 10
role of corpora allata 10: 320– 324 in atmospheric water absorption 14: 5
role of corpora cardiaca 10: 325 Tenebrio larvae, water absorption and 14:
role of ovaries 10: 324 26
thermobia, water absorption and 14: 33 Regeneration in nervous system 6: 122,

Rectum, excretion 8: 289– 291, 321– 322 125– 130
Rectum, orthoptera 19: 255 neuron behaviour 6: 125, 126
Rectum, polytene chromosomes 7: 7, 38 neuron growth in ganglia 6: 126, 127
Recurrent nerve section, and feeding role of nervous system 6: 129, 130
regulation specificity 6: 127– 129
and meal size 11: 47 – 49, 56 – 58, 60 – 62 Regeneration, and hormonal activity2: 253,
effect on tarsal threshold 11: 24, 27, 28, 254, 269, 293, 314, 315
31 Regeneration, and PL 4: 138
effect on water intake 11: 33 Regeneration, cell polarity 7: 209– 214
polydypsia, as result of 11: 81 Regeneration, flight metabolism and 13:
Red blood cells, rosette formation with 206, 207
haemocytes 11: 175 in insect visual systems 13: 51– 53
Red locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata) 23: Regeneration, juvenile hormone 26: 86, 87
7 Regenerative responses, of insect
Red locust (see Nomadacris) neurons 21: 43 – 58
Redox properties, ommochromes 10: Regulation
140– 145 of neurosecretory cells 17: 258– 266
Reducing substances, and glucose water 17: 270, 271
occurrence 4: 289 Regulation, calcium 19: 155, 174
Reduviidae, neurosecretory cells 12: 79, 93 Regulation, calcium absorption 19: 177
Reduviidae, saliva Regulation, calcium absorption by
and rickettsial diseases 9: 250 midgut 19: 166
composition 9: 210 Regulation, corpora allata 19: 63
feeding 9: 192, 203, 204, 208 Regulation, hormonal (see Hormonal
glands 9: 235 regulation)
Reduviidae, scent glands 14: 376– 378 Regulation, juvenile hormone 26:
Reduvioidea, feeding 9: 193 71 – 73,94– 98, 105, 106, 109
Reduvius personatus, metathoracic scent Regulation, male factor production 19: 92
glands, morphology 14: 371 Regulation, reproductive events
Reduvius personatus, saliva 9: 205 19: 125
Reflectance photometry for measurement of Regulation, vitellogenesis, brain 19: 61
insect visual pigments 13: 40 Regulation, vitellogenin synthesis,
Reflex responses, and nervous system regulation, brain 19: 61
regeneration 6: 128 Reinnervation of insect nervous
Reflexes systems 28: 87 – 90
evasion in cockroach 5: 11 Rejection thresholds, feeding 11: 34, 35
flight Rejuvenation, chromosome puffing 7: 42
amptitude, frequency and power Relatedness in cuticular proteins 17: 16, 21,
control 5: 200– 206 24 – 26
and size 5: 296 Relative humidity
and temperature 5: 319 effect on water uptake 2: 72 – 75
and the two wing pairs 5: 292 measurement accuracy 2: 74
initiation, maintenance and of tracheal lumen 2: 82, 83
termination 5: 199, 200 Relative humidity, failure in ecdysis and 15:
list 5: 198, 199 574
stretch reflex 5: 304, 314 Relative humidity, sodium chloride
Refractoriness in excitation of skeletal solutions, temperature and 14: 6
muscle 4: 14, 21 “relaxing factor”, in muscle contraction
Refractoriness of female, hormonal 4: 25
control 10: 325– 327, 332 Release
Refractory period 5: 33 – 35 adipokinetic hormone 17: 156– 160, 233
glycerol, in flight 17: 154, 155, 175 Reproductive behaviour, hormonal

lipid 4: 102– 111, 117, 119, 209 control 10: 316– 333
neurosecretory granule 17: 240– 242, female receptivity 10: 320– 325
249, 250 female refractoriness 10: 325– 327
octopamine 17: 181 male behaviour 10: 316– 320
of transmitter substance in neuromuscular oviposition 10: 327– 331
transmission 4: 15 – 17 Reproductive glands, juvenile hormone 26:
Release sites, neurohormones 19: 111 2
Releaser effects, hormones 10: 303 Reproductive organs, acetyicholine
‘releaser’ effects, juvenile hormone 26: 72 content 9: 66
Releasers see pheromones Reproductive system, FMRF amide-related
‘Renal tubules, and cyclic AMP 9: 14 peptides on 28: 296– 298
Reoviridae 25: 45 Reproductive system, muscles 6: 206, 207,
Reovirus 26: 234, 271, 281, 282 241
Repetitive discharge Reproductive system, unpaired median
and allethrin 8: 46 – 48, 62 neurons in 28: 217– 219
and DDT 8: 37, 38 Reptiles, ornithine cycle 4: 42
Repetitive stimulation 5: 36 – 38 Reptiles, prostaglandins 24: 160, 161
Replication and transcription, Requena verticalis 29: 168, 169, 174, 216,
Holometabola 11: 326– 342 219, 221
chromosome structure and Research methodology, midguts 19: 302
Reserpine, and locomotor rhythms 10: 42
function 11: 332 –337
Reserpine, in luminescence 6: 75
differential replication of specific
Reserve bees 23: 130
loci 11: 329–332
Reserve workers 23: 147, 148
modification of cell cycle 11: 326– 329
Resilin 3: 157, 299
nucleolar structure and
and chitin 2: 4, 9, 13, 22, 54, 59, 61, 62
function 11: 337 –342
and cuticle 2: 57 – 62
Repression, juvenile hormone 26: 87 as a rubber 2: 4, 18 – 20, 22 – 29, 31, 33,
Reproduction 23: 21 – 26 51, 57
eicosanoids 24: 130, 131, 135, 147– 161, chain network 2: 18, 28 ff
148, 153, 154, 155, 159, 184, 198 chemical and mechanical properties
hormonal control of 4: 217
ovulation and oviposition 2: 306, 307 chemical properties
role of corpus allatum 2: 291, amino acid composition 2: 2, 3, 14, 29,
296– 304, 308, 309 30, 33 – 36, 41 – 52
role of nervous system and enzymic hydrolysis 2: 40, 41
neurosecretory cells 2: 258, fluorescent amino acids 2: 3, 6, 7, 14,
301– 307, 309, 313, 314 16, 34 – 36, 40 – 50, 60, 61
juvenile hormone 24: 213, 218, 219 swelling 2: 3, 12, 14, 17, 24, 25, 30, 31,
maturation and pheromone 23: 21, 22 36 – 40
parameters, female 23: 22 – 26 colour reactions 2: 4 – 7, 14,44
sexual behaviour, male 23: 22 compared with elastin 2: 3, 20– 28,
Reproduction steps, regulation 19: 19 34 – 36, 50 – 54
Reproduction, effect of lipids in diet 4: 145, content of rubber-like cuticle 4: 216,
209 248
Reproduction, food intake and 16: 98 – 100 daily growth layers 4: 234, 246–249, 252,
Reproduction, inhibition 19: 120 253
Reproduction, neurohormones in 17: 267, digestion of 2: 3, 40, 41 discussion of
268 properties 2: 50– 57
Reproduction, role of carotene 1: 91 – 95 in cuticle 4: 216, 234, 246– 249,
Reproduction, social insects 19: 119 252– 254, 272, 273
in cuticle Resolved-flow equations 23: 196

abdomen 2: 14 – 16 Resorption, moulting fluid 26: 174– 178
Aeschna 2: 11, 12, 14, 37 Resorption, moulting fluid, active ion
and flight 2: 1, 2, 15 – 17 movements during 14: 158– 160
Apis 2: 14 Respiration
Arthropod orders 2: 13– 17 action potentials in nerve cord 5: 12
Bombus 2: 14, 1 5 and oxidative
Calliphora 2: 14, 15 phosphorylation 7: 323– 325
Collembola 2: 17 and spiracular gills (see Spiracular gills)
crayfish 2: 3, 4, 13, 14, 17, 35 effect of hormones 4: 337, 340
dragonfly 2: 1, 7 – 12, 15, 21, 28, 30, 31, flight muscle 4: 118– 127
35 – 39, 50, 52 motor mechanisms 7: 401– 403
elastic tendon 2: 1, 2, 7 – 12, 14 – 16, 20, Respiration, control in isolated
21, 25 – 32, 37, 50 – 52
mitochondria 3: 134–136
eye 2: 5, 7, 18
and a-glycerophosphate in flight 3: 154,
function of 2: 13, 17, 18
grasshopper 2: 12, 13, 15, 16 155
hinge-ligaments 2: 1, 2, 4, 8, 13 – 15, and oxidative phosphorylation 3: 149– 152
23, 54, 55 biological factors 3: 155, 156
identification of 2: 1 – 7, 14 definitions 3: 134– 138
leg 2: 14 – 17 during flight 3: 143, 144
locust 2: 1, 2, 4 – 7, 17, 22, 23, 29, 38, energy trapping pathways in flight
40, 47, 49, 50, 52, 54, 59, 61 muscles 3: 144 –149
Melolontha 2: 14 Respiration, endocrine control 12: 294– 305
metabolic role 2: 17, 18 isolated tissues 12: 301– 303
mouth parts 2: 5, 7, 14, 16, 57 mitochondria 12: 303– 305
occurrence 2: 7– 17 Respiration, fat body tissue 1: 129– 136
Oryctes 2: 14 – 15 Respiration, function of ommochromes 10:
Periplaneta 2: 14 165, 166
prealar arm 2: 12, 13, 15, 22 – 24, 38, Respiratory fuels
54 – 56 in flight muscles 17: 150– 152
Schistocerca 2: 14, 33 – 35 mobilization of 17: 150, 151, 162– 175,
Sphinx 2: 14 186– 192
strain birefringence 2: 4, 12, 14, 31, 32, utilization of 17: 152– 155, 176– 181,
59 184– 186
thorax 2: 1, 2, 17, 22, 23 Respiratory function of tracheoles 17:
macromolecular network 4: 272– 273 98 – 104, 125, 126
optical density 4: 273
Respiratory metabolism, juvenile
physical properties
hormone 26: 68, 69
deformability and stability 2: 3, 11, 12,
Respiratory quotient
20, 21
molecular interpretation 2: 28 –33 and carbohydrate conversion to lipid
optics 2: 3, 12, 18, 55 4: 148
recovery and damping 2: 3, 19 – 25 and flight 4: 119, 121
thermoelasticity 2: 25 – 28 and sexual dimorphism in lipid
precursors of 2: 53 – 57 metabolism 4: 87, 88
staining of 2: 3 – 7, 9, 15, 17, 59 Response threshold, central modulation
structure of 2: 3, 32, 33, 54 of 10: 91, 95
Resistance to insecticides 8: 65 – 72 Response thresholds 23: 148, 154
Resistance, Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 278, Responses
290 excitatory (see Excitatory responses)
Resistance, CPV 26: 259–266 inhibitory (see Inhibitory responses)
Resolved-flow analysis 23: 187, 189– 192 Responsiveness, rhythmicity of 10: 12 – 15
Resting membrane potentials, muscle Retinal 13: 36

fibres 14: 220–226 in insect visual pigment 13: 47
Resting potential Retinaldehyde. See Retinal
muscle membrane Retinas, eicosanoids 24: 133, 134
effect of carbon dioxide 4: 6 Retinene 2: 147, 158, 159
effect of temperature 4: 6, 7 Retinene, distribution 3: 2
effect of various ions 4: 2, 4 – 7 Retinochrome in opsin synthesis 20: 30, 31
Resting potential of muscle Retinoic acid 26: 111
membrane 6: 222– 242 Retinol-binding protein 26: 63
Resting potential, and extra-axonal ions Retinula cells, anatomy 16: 122– 125
9: 277, 288 Retinula cells, and grasshopper
Restoration of tracheation 17: 115– 119 coloration 8: 163, 164
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms Retrocerebral complex, neurosecretory
(RFLP) 25: 126, 128, 130, 133 cells 12: 72
Reticular septate junctions 15: 172– 180 Retrocerebral glandular complex, unpaired
coexistence and occurrence in other median neurons in 28: 213
organisms 15: 175 Retrocerebral nervous system, role in food
freeze-fracture appearance 15: 173 movement 2: 235
function 15: 176, 177 Reversal potential 4: 19
in peripheral retina, function 15: 180 Reverse genetics 27: 388, 389
lanthanum stained appearance 15: 173 Reynold’s number 23: 181, 207
thin section appearance 15: 173 aerodynamics, basic 23: 180– 182
Reticulitermes flavipes 24: 142 constant 23: 190– 193
Reticulitermes, sperm 9: 354 force coefficients 23: 182, 183, 185,186
R. lucifugus 9: 371, 373 glide angle improvement 23: 201– 203
Reticulotermes 28: 126 glide characteristics 23: 194
Reticulum glide speed reduction 23: 204– 206
endoplasmic gliding 23: 188
and “relaxing factor” 4: 25 stability/control 23: 199
and trehalase 4: 316 Reynolds number and flight 5: 165, 166,
sarcoplasmic 170, 173, 178, 293
and trehalase 4: 315, 316 Rhabdom 13: 38
Retina 16: 120 Rhabdome, development 6: 116
damage to Rhabdomere 13: 38
dark-induced 20: 40, 41 chromophore orientation in 13: 61
light-induced 20: 35 – 40 Rhabdomeres in insect ommatidia 16: 123
haemocytes, phagocytic, migration Rhabdoms
into 20: 23 breakdown, pathological 20: 35
turnover in Limulus, efferent control 20: damage, light-induced 20: 36, 37
15 of crab 20: 6
Retina, axon growth to lamina 14: 296– 298 renewal and endoplasmic reticulum 20:
development 14: 279–288 19, 20
compartments in 14: 287 size variation
growth pattern 14: 291 and ionic balance 20: 14, 15
optic lobes development and 14: optical consequences 20: 16 – 18
293– 296 turnover, volume adjustment in 20: 8 –13
origin of cells making up 14: 280– 282 and daily cycles of illumination 20:
polarity in 14: 285 9 – 13
Retina, development 6: 111 and prolonged illumination 20: 8, 9
Retina, septate junction occurrence in 15: 67 evolutionary patterns 20: 13
Retina, types of receptors 2: 148, 150, 156, Rhabdophaga saliciperda, polyteny and
164, 166, 169 endopolyploidy 7: 6
Rhabdophaga swainei, lipids containing effect of ecdysone 2: 267, 271

choline 9: 71, 73 effect of juvenile hormone 2: 269, 280,
Rhagio, haemolymph protein 11: 347 283, 286, 287, 289, 290, 293, 306
Rhagionidae 26: 319 endocuticle and nutrition 4: 341
Rhagium inquisitor, lipid content 4: 73 epicuticle expansion 4: 268
Rhamphomyia, haemolymph protein 11: 347 epicuticular lipids, function 15: 24
Rhaphigaster griseus, nitrogenous experimentally introduced
excretion 4: 48 moulting 2: 207
Rhincoris carmelita, saliva 9: 205 fat body 1: 142, 143
Rhinocricus nodulipes, cuticle structure fine-structure of tracheole 2: 84, 85
4: 227 glial cells 1: 423, 426
Rhinotermitidae, non-flagellate haemoglobin in egg 3: 101
sperm 9: 371 hormone inactivation 2: 277
Rhodnius (larva), amino acids 3: 75 hormones and homeostasis 2: 312, 313
Rhodnius (pupa), ecdysone and RNA 3: 92, innervation of oviducts 2: 240
93 intermoult tracheal growth 4: 268
Rhodnius 19: 38, 40, 41, 49, 51, 53, 68 – 72, juvenile hormone and
74, 82, 84, 85, 89– 92, 102, 107, metamorphosis 3: 263
109, 112, 118, 203, 205, 254, myoepidermal connections 15: 77
269– 288, 335, 388; 23: 85, 99, neurone 1: 432
100; 24: 224; 26: 13, 31, 32 –35, neurosecretory cells 2: 249–251, 272,
39 – 41, 43, 71, 74, 77, 80 – 82, 91, 312
104 paralysis/insecticide poisoning 23: 101
abdominal cuticle plasticization in 15:
perineureum 1: 411, 422
446
pigments 1: 160
action of brain hormone 2: 253– 255, 272,
post-ecdysial cell death 15: 561
273
prolixus 24: 55, 183, 184, 216, 218, 245,
activity of moulting hormone 2: 252, 264,
246
265, 267– 269, 271, 272, 279, 283
purine 1: 154
amino acid excretion 3: 77
assay of juvenile hormone 2: 292– 294, septate junction, development in 15: 73
296, 335 in malpighian tubules 15: 71
asymmetry of cuticle 2: 109 smooth septate junction, freeze-
chitin 1: 260 fracture 15: 60
corpus allatum 2: 274, 280– 282, 288, thoracic glands 2: 259–262, 271– 273,
291, 296, 301, 303, 312, 313 283, 284
creatin excretion 4: 44 transpiration, cuticular lipids and 15: 21
cuticle expansion 4: 263 type B dermal glands 15: 557
cuticle hydration 4: 277, 278 water loss, cuticular lipids and 15: 22
cuticle, inflation in ecdysis 15: 525 wing reduction 2: 286
plasticization in ecdysis 15: 538 Rhodnius neglectus, metathoracic scent
cuticular elasticity 2: 97 glands 14: 376
cyclical development of muscles 2: 182 Rhodnius prolixus 19: 39, 49, 51, 66, 168,
cytological changes during 271, 272, 280, 281
moulting 2: 264 Rhodnius prolixus 25: 269; 29: 125,
diapause 2: 278, 279 371– 373, 386
diffusion rate through integument 2: 85 acetylcholinesterase 5: 8
ecdysis, blood volume and 15: 553 acetylcholinesterase distribution 1: 15,
cuticle inflation in 15: 528 16, 21
ecdysone and DNA 3: 182 amino acids and growth 3: 72
ecdysone and mitochondria 3: 94 AVP-like immunoreactive neurons
eclosion hormone in 15: 531 in 29: 351
axo-glial junction-like associations excretory system 1: 360– 362, 364,

15: 152 366, 367, 369, 370, 390
calcitonin-like peptides 29: 304, 363 haemolymph and diet 1: 212, 354, 356,
cardioacceleratory peptide 29: 2b 359
(CAP2b) in 29: 43, 336 water relations 1: 380, 381
co-localisation 29: 364, 365 ionic regulation by hormone 3: 186
comb desmosome, thin section juvenile hormone 26: 11, 12, 27, 30, 39,
appearance 15: 44 75, 80, 89
CRF-related neuropeptides 29: 302, 352, kinins in 29: 358
355, 357, 376 malpighian tubule in 28: 36, 37, 38
desmosomes in, functional Malpighian tubule transport 29: 285
significance 15: 83 Manse-CAP2b, in 29: 337
diuresis in 29: 282 metabolite loss, restricting 29: 291
diuretic hormone 9: 33 moulting fluid 26: 168, 174, 178
diuretic/myotropic kinin neuropeptides nervous control over growth 4: 260
in 29: 305, 335 neural lamella 1: 406, 409
ecdysone 3: 170 neuromuscular junction 1: 471, 472, 476
energy budget analysis 15: 19 neurosecretory cells
expansion of cuticle 2: 209 brain 12: 88
expansion of decapitated insect 2: 181 extraganglionic 12: 75
feeding protocerebral 12: 79, 84
and age 5: 249, 270 total 12: 92
conversion of ingested food 5: 260 volume 12: 105
intake 5: 241 nitrogenous excretion 4: 48
FRMFamide peptides in 28: 284, 293, NSCs in 29: 359, 360
298 ommochromes 10: 153
haemocytes oocyte-nurse cell syncytium
absence of blood clotting 11: 163, differentiation 11: 264
168 germarium 11: 256
and connective tissue microtubules 11: 302
formation 11: 194– 197 regulation of meal size 11: 83, 84
and moulting hormone oviposition behaviour 10: 328, 330
metabolism 11: 201 saliva
during wounding 11: 179, 180 composition 9: 205, 206, 208
lipid content 11: 200 feeding 9: 188, 192, 193, 196
oenocytoids 11: 141 glands 9: 234, 235
phagocytosis 11: 187 origins 9: 238, 241
populations 11: 144, 146 serotonin in 29: 91, 324, 325, 342, 344,
protein synthesis 11: 200, 201 350, 366–368
trypanosome in 11: 188 smooth septate junction 15: 57
vacuoles 11: 125–130 freeze-fracture 15: 60
haemolymph in 29: 374, 375, 379, 380 synergism between diuretic
hormones hormones 29: 380, 381
brain 12: 244 thyroxine 3: 70
juvenile tight junctions in 15: 133
CA 12: 243 tracheal cell, membrane junctions
lipid synthesis 12: 279 15: 159
protein synthesis 12: 274 unpaired median neurons in 28: 190, 208,
uric acid production 12: 290 211, 215
moulting 12: 18, 301 water loss, measurement 15: 10
ionic and osmotic regulation water loss– temperature curve 15: 13
5-HT and Malphighian tubules 9: 11, in meconia 10: 176, 177

12 in morphological colour change 10: 175,
3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 130 176
Rhodnius prolixus, dermal glands 14: 407 redox properties 10: 140, 141
scent gland secretion components spectral data 10: 143, 146
14: 398 Rhodopsin 3: 15; 13: 40 –47; 24: 249
vitellin, characteristics 14: 66 in Ascalaphus 13: 62
vitellogenins, in 14: 54 mobility 13: 61
and vitellin in 14: 52 vertebrate 13: 36
biosynthesis control, juvenile hormone Rhodopsin kinase 29: 10
and 14: 71 Rhodopsins
identification by immunology 14: 58 deficiency and microvillar assembly
Rhodnius prolixus, meal size control 20: 21
in 16: 82, 83 degradation and the lysosomal
Rhodnius prolixus, pterines 6: 148 pathway 20: 24, 25
Rhodnius spp., abdominal bristles 14: 330 diffusion 20: 32
eggs, non-specific proteins, in 14: 90 in microvilli membranes 20: 5
integument, receptor cell axons 14: 329 of retinal cells, heterogeneity 20: 20
neural development, diffusion gradients turnover 20: 30, 31
and 14: 265, 266 Rhoecocoris sulieventris, scent 4: 155
gradient hypothesis 14: 261 Rhopaea spp., antenna 14: 301
ovariectomy, vitellogenin biosynthesis Rhopalocera 26: 15
and 14: 85 Rhopaloceran butterflies, ommochromes 10:
patency 14: 95 161, 170
reproduction, endocrine control 14: 97 Rhopalosiphon latysiphon, gamic females
sensilla, anatomy and development 14: and anholocycly 3: 237
322 Rhopalosiphon prunifolii, polymorphism
vitellogenesis in male milieu in 14: 88 interval timers 3: 268
vitellogenin, biosynthesis, genetic wing dimorphism
control 14: 86 crowding 3: 244
mode of entry 14: 91 intrinsic factors 3: 254
yolk protein production, corpora allata nutrition 3: 250
and 14: 69 Rhopalosiphon pseudobrassicae, wing
Rhodnius, development dimorphism and host plant 3: 251
cell polarity 7: 201– 204, 208 Rhopalosiphum padi 25: 51, 52
differentiation 7: 258 Rhopalosiphum rhois, pectinase, saliva
pattern formation 7: 224–231 9: 213
Rhodnius, excretion Rhopalus spp., scent groove 14: 385
hindgut 8: 289 Rhynchophorus palmarum, lipid content
Malpighian tubules 8: 213, 216, 4: 74
236– 263, 266, 268, 284– 286, 320 Rhynchosciara 19: 222; 26: 83
anions 8: 244– 247 Rhynchosciara americana 19: 170, 191,
formed bodies 8: 277, 278 260, 262, 263
ultrastructure 8: 270 Rhynchosciara angelae, giant
water movements 8: 247– 263 chromosomes 3: 171, 173
pericardial cells 8: 205 Rhynchosciara, gene activity
Rhodnius, pioneering studies 21: 26, 99, 117 chromosome puffing 11: 336
Rhodommatin DNA amplification 11: 271
biosynthesis 10: 195 nucleolus 11: 340
degradation reactions 10: 150, 155– 157 polytene chromosomes 11: 331
deposition 10: 162 salivary cocoon-silk proteins 11: 362
distribution 10: 136, 137, 160, 161 Rhynchota, sperm
accessory flagellar bodies 9: 364 Ring canals, ovary 11: 233

axoneme 9: 339, 342 Ring gland 2: 205, 254, 258, 262, 271
cell surface 9: 328 Ringer’s solution, effect on blood
mitochondria 9: 356, 359, 360 clotting 11: 165
non-flagellate sperm 9: 370 Ringer-type solutions, and chromosome
two axonemes 9: 369, 370 puffing 7: 49
Rhynchotis, pterines 6: 148 Riptortus 26: 94
Rhynchotoidea, sperm 9: 351, 269, 270, 380 Riptortus clavatus 24: 214, 239; 26: 2, 13,
Rhyncosciara angelae, polytene 26, 89, 92
chromosomes Rivalry song, crickets 13: 237
development 7: 27, 28, 93 RNA
“DNA puffs” 7: 12, 21, 22, 32 and tryptophan oxygenase activity
infection 7: 51 – 53 10: 187– 189
nurse cells 7: 9 diel rhythm of 10: 15, 38
salivary gland 7: 30 increased, after learning 9: 168
Rhyncosciara milleri, chromosome oocyte-nurse cell syncytium
puffing 7: 21, 28 autoradiography 11: 276 –280
Rhyncosciara, “DNA puffs” 7: 23, 31 classes of 11: 286– 290
Rhyparobia maderae, haemolymph germinal vesicle 11: 280– 286
clotting 22: 356, 357 in extra-chromosomal DNA
Rhyssa body 11: 273, 274
cuticle 1: 297 synthesis and transport 11: 262, 268– 9,
Rhythms in ventilation 3: 282– 291 276– 280, 292– 294, 297, 302,
Ribbons, midgut 19: 194 306– 307
Riboflavine, relationship to pterines 6: 143, protein synthesis cycles 10: 91, 95
146, 174 ribosomal, in polyteny 11: 329– 332
Ribonuclease, and chromosome puffing 7: 48 role in cellular oscillators 10: 88
Ribonucleic acid role in Drosophila clock 10: 85
fat body 24: 236– 238 sperm nucleus 9: 331
glutamate receptors 24: 332, 333 RNA and nervous system
juvenile hormone 24: 228– 230, 232, 246, development 6: 116
250, 251, 255 regeneration 6: 126
Ribonucleoproteins, in sperm centriole RNA polymerase 25: 10, 11
adjunct 9: 329 RNA see Ribonucleic acid
Ribose-5-phosphate, in purine synthesis RNA synthesis, CPV 26: 270
4: 40, 41 RNA synthesis, cricket egg 12: 224
Ribosome RNA viruses of insects 25: 43 – 53
and transport of gene products 11: 342 RNA, and polytene chromosomes and
blood cells 11: 122, 123 cortisone 7: 45
extracellular, haemocoel 11: 372 and ecdysone 7: 39, 40
transfer of, oocyte 11: 290, 292, 293 -DNA hybridization 7: 70, 94
Ribosomes, after infection 7: 52 experimental modification 7: 47, 50
Ribosomes, and embryonic pattern in puffs 7: 11
specification 12: 226 nurse cells 7: 55, 56
Ribosomes, and regeneration of nervous synthesis, and puffing 7: 12 – 17, 19,
system 6: 126 21 – 23, 66, 70
Rice stem borer (see Chilo) transport 7: 17, 18
Rice stem borer, sterol synthesis 4: 161 RNA, cuticle deposition and
Rickettsial diseases, transmission 9: 250 15: 551
Rigidity, septate junctions and 15: 72 RNAase, salivary gland 7: 62
Rilaena Ro 5-4864, tritiated 22: 30, 31
triangularis 24: 73 – 76, 75, 76 Roach
development of corpora Rosette formation

pedunculata 6: 120 and fusome 11: 234– 243
neuropile 6: 59 red blood cells with haemocytes 11: 175
Roach, flight muscle metabolism Rosmarinus officinalis, trimethylalkanes
fat 7: 318, 319 in 13: 17
fatty acids 7: 313 Rostrostomata 24: 73
glycolysis 7: 308 Rotation, grafts, neural development and 14:
pyruvate oxidation 7: 311 333
substrate 7: 271 Rotenone
trehalase 7: 298– 300 nerve and muscle changes 8: 27
Roach, iso-osmotic fluid transport 8: 257 Ruwenzoracris, coloration 8: 151
Robinetinaglycone, aphid saliva 9: 219 structure – activity 8: 76 – 78
Rocks, microclimate 16: 5 – 7 Rotenone, affect on nervous activity 1: 244
Rocky mountain wood tick, see Dermacentor Rotenone, effect on heart rate 2: 221
variabilis Rothschildia spp., lipid content 4: 77
Rods, vertebrate, membrane renewal in 20: Rotifers, desmosomes in 15: 82
19 Royal jelly 6: 186
Roduniella, coloration 8: 154 caste differentiation and 16: 228
Roll instability 23: 200 pantothenic acid in 16: 194
Roll stability 23: 199 Royal jelly, acetylcholine content 9: 66, 92
Romalea 19: 352, 381; 26: 336 Royal jelly, cholinergic elements in 1: 7, 12,
Romalea microptera 27: 51, 61 31, 132
circadian rhythms Royal jelly, lipid in 4: 92, 93, 168
oxygen consumption 10: 23 RPCH 23: 92
role of suboesophageal ganglion 10: 56 Rubber and resilin 2: 4, 18 – 20, 22 – 29, 31,
electrically excitable responses 6: 260, 33, 51, 57
262, 266, 269 Rubidium ions, and potential changes
haemolymph 1: 214 9: 283– 286
inhibitory synaptic membranes 6: 257 Rubidium, glutamate receptors 24: 323
ionic composition of nerve and muscle 1: Running jump/flying leap theory 23: 177
215 Ruspolia 29: 235
ions in muscle systems 6: 220, 221 Ruspolia differens 29: 171, 182– 184
membrane potential 6: 226, 228, 230 Ruspolia nitifula 29: 163, 164
membrane potential, effect of barium 1: Ruthenium red in intercellular junction
200 study 15: 39
muscle fibres electrical constant 6: 212 Rutilia potina, flight muscle 6: 206
olfactory responses of 1: 50 Rutilis rutilis, water transport through
ommochromes 10: 152, 161 bladder 2: 91
sound production 5: 322 Rutin, aphid saliva 9: 219
wingbeat frequency 5: 294, 295 Rynchophorus ferragineus 28: 294, 299
Romalea microptera, DUM cell
identifiability 15: 369 S1 cells, Arthropoda 24: 55
Romalea microptera, ionic composition, S100B 29: 10
nervous tissues 9: 275, 276 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 29: 345, 386
Romalea microptera, muscles, ionic Sacchiphantes abietis, fundatrix 3: 214
composition 14: 204 Sacrophaga 27: 279
plasma membrane permeability 14: 210, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) 26: 242
211 S-adenosylmethionine, in choline
Romalea, muscle metabolism 9: 53, 55
effect of ions on potentials 4: 5, 6 Saldidae, feeding 9: 192
inhibitory responses 4: 18 – 20 Salicaceae 24: 183
Romalinae, coloration 8: 151 Salicylaldehyde 24: 183
Saliva, Acarines, water absorption and Salivary glands, cyclic AMP and
14: 34 Calcium 9: 1 – 49, see Cyclic AMP
Saliva, chitinase activity 4: 345 Salivary glands, formed bodies 8: 321
Saliva, Hemiptera 9: 183– 255 Salivary glands, nectar feeder 19: 293
as vehicle for pathogens 9: 241– 244 Salivary glands, unpaired median neurons
composition and function 9: 205– 217 in 28: 216
sheath material 9: 205– 208 Salt absorption, ligated recta 19: 337
watery saliva 9: 208– 217 Salt and water balance, overall regulation 1:
evolution 9: 244– 247 347, 360, 387– 392
feeding by carnivores 9: 203– 205 Salt concentration, and frost resistance 6: 17
lacerate-and-flush feeding 9: 202, 203 Saltatoria 24: 26, 82
methods 9: 185– 190 Salticidae 24: 72
modes of feeding 9: 190– 193 Salt-sensitive receptors, Phormia 11: 53
origins 9: 236– 241 Salutea sp., cholinergic elements in abdomen
accessory gland 9: 236 of 1: 6
principal gland 9: 237, 248 Samia cecropia
salivary carbohydrate and lipid 9: 240, ions in muscle systems 6: 216– 221
241 muscle fibre electrical constant 6: 212,
sources in Homoptera 9: 239, 240 213
sources of oxidases 9: 238, 239 Samia cecropia, electrogenic pump
phytopathogenicity 9: 217– 225 14: 222
salivary glands and ducts 9: 225– 235 muscles, ionic composition 14: 204
Aphidoidea 9: 226– 229 Samia cynthia (pupa)
Fulguromorpha 9: 232, 233
brain hormone 3: 167
Heteroptera 9: 234, 235
oxidative enzymes 3: 161
Jassomorpha 9: 229– 232,
Samia cynthia 19: 81; 27: 311
other Auchenorrhyncha 9: 233, 234
carbohydrate in haemolymph 4: 293
stylet-sheath feeding 9: 194– 202
ecdysone 3: 170
Salivary gland
glycogen metabolism 4: 327, 333
chromosome development 11: 333– 337
DNA amplification 11: 271 haemolymph proteins 3: 85
glucose-6-phosphatase 4: 301 isoenzymes 3: 110
nucleolus 11: 337– 342 lipids in 4: 77, 154, 155, 180
protein genetics 11: 361– 364 Samia cynthia pryeri, carbohydrate
protein synthesis 11: 354 metabolism 12: 249
sugar levels 4: 296 Samia cynthia ricini 26: 198, 199
trehalase activity 4: 310, 311, 319 juvenile hormone extracts 4: 183
Salivary gland cells, rhythmicity of 10: 35, trehalase activity in tissues 4: 312, 320,
39 –40, 86, 87 323
Salivary gland polytene Samia cynthia ricini, cuticular lipids
chromosomes 7: 1 – 93, composition 15: 23
see Chromosomes Samia cynthia, cocoon construction
Salivary gland, neurosecretory 10: 314
innervation 12: 74 Samia cynthia, flight
Salivary glands and temperature 5: 321
dopamine and 15: 402–413 motor patterns 5: 310
gap junction in 15: 95 Samia cynthia, hyperglycaemic
formation 15: 113 hormone 12: 263
scalariform junctions in 15: 168 Samia cynthia, pre-flight warm-up 13: 185
septate junctions in 15: 63 Samia walkeri 19: 39
Salivary glands, bloodsucker midgut Samia walkerii, brains
19: 276 cholinergic elements in 1: 5
effect of acetylcholinesterase 1: 19, puparium formation 15: 502

20 role of air-swallowing 2: 181
Samia walkerii, haemolymph 1: 355, spiracle control 3: 311
392 tyrosine incorporation in cuticle 2: 184
Samia, proteins 11: 343, 355 Sarcophaga aldrichi, ocellus 7: 147, 148
Sanninoidea exitiosa, eggs 1: 5 Sarcophaga barbata, ptilinial
Sap feeders 19: 282 pressure 2: 178, 179
Sapecin 22: 335, 336 Sarcophaga bullata (flesh fly) 21: 58, 112,
Sappaphis plantaginea, polymorphism 133, 146, 181, 187, 192, 194, 195,
composition of incubation media 3: 142, 211
143 Sarcophaga bullata 19: 55, 199, 265; 26: 81,
damage 3: 141, 142 304; 27: 230, 231, 257, 260, 262,
gamic females 3: 221, 230, 232, 238 276, 278, 295, 305
interval timers 3: 270 electrically excitable responses 6: 262
media 3: 139– 141 gene activity
methods 3: 139 chromosome puffing 11: 336
Sarcosomes, isolation 3: 138–143 female proteins 11: 366
terminology of forms 3: 212 genome size 11: 324
Sappaphis plantaginea, pterines 6: 153 haemolymph peptides 11: 349
Sappaphis, mali, metabolites, saliva 9: 218, haemolymph protein 11: 347
219 larval fat body 11: 350, 353
Sarcina lutea, alkane biosynthesis in 13: 17, larval storage peptides 11: 371
18 polytene chromosomes 11: 331
dimethylalkane biosynthesis in 13: 20 programmed cell death 11: 374
Sarcocystatins 22: 342 haemocytes
Sarcolemma, see Membrane, muscle and connective tissue formation 11: 197
Sarcomeres nutrient transfer to epidermis 11: 199
skeletal muscle 6: 206 phagocytosis 11: 184
visceral muscle 6: 207 phenol metabolism 11: 140, 189– 191
Sarcophaga (larva), innervation of populations 11: 144, 145, 146, 148, 149
tracheae 3: 302 malpighian tubule in 28: 29, 30
Sarcophaga 19: 56, 58, 60, 61, 77, 79, 269, membrane potential 6: 234
341; 24: 331; 26: 23, 65, 305 nervous system plasticity 28: 89, 101
adult eclosion 15: 500 unpaired median neurons in 28: 190
bullata 24: 47, 55, 56, 229, 234, 235, 245 Sarcophaga bullata, alkanes in
darkening of cuticle 2: 203 biosynthesis 13: 21
ecdysis, bursicon and 15: 542 alkenes in 13: 2
exocuticle lamellogenesis 4: 264 dipeptides 13: 71
flight muscle 4: 6, 316 flight muscle, carbohydrate 13: 161
giant chromosomes 3: 171 function 13: 25
heterochromatin proliferation 7: 24 methylalkanes in 13: 8, 11
hormones peptides in 13: 70
bursicon 12: 246, 292 rhodopsin and metarhodopsin 13: 46
moulting 12: 288 3-methylalkanes in 13: 4
tyrosine metabolism 12: 288, 292 Sarcophaga bullata, choline
illumination potential 3: 36 metabolism 9: 75, 85
lysosome activity 7: 63 Sarcophaga bullata, ecdysis, failures,
neurosecretory cells juvenile hormones and 15: 576
during life history 12: 97 Sarcophaga bullata, electrically excited
ocellar nerve 12: 71 responses 14: 229
protocerebral 12: 82 biosynthesis control, juvenile hormone
total 12: 93 and 14: 71
vitellogenin, and vitellin in 14: 54 Sarcotoxin II 22: 336–338

Sarcophaga bullata, ommochromes Sasakia charonda, ommochromes 10: 155,
10: 162 176
Sarcophaga bullata, polytene Saturnia pavonia, oxygen consumption,
chromosomes 7: 9, 56, 94 flight and 13: 135
Sarcophaga bullata, tyrosinase Saturnia pyri 26: 304
activity 2: 190 Saturnia pyri, lipid content 4: 77
Sarcophaga falculata (barbata), cuticle 1: Saturnia pyri, protein tryptophan 10: 122
282– 284, 290 Saturnia, fat body purines 1: 155
Sarcophaga falculata, daily growth Saturnia, ovariole 11: 228
layers 10: 22 Saturniid moth
Sarcophaga falculata, tyrosinase labial gland, cellular
activity 2: 190 metamorphosis 12: 2 – 4
Sarcophaga peregrina, for ecdysone neurosecretory cells
bioassay 12: 34 optic lobe 12: 71
Sarcophaga spp., antenna 14: 301 stomatogastric ganglia 12: 72
Sarcophaga spp., flight volume 12: 105
peak lift 5: 292, 293 Saturniid moths, tubular salivary glands 15:
reflexes 5: 205 405
wing position and lift 5: 173 Saturniidae 26: 303, 305, 306, 326
Sarcophaga spp., flight muscle, trehalase Saturniidae, and lipids 4: 77, 178
in 13: 164 Saturniids
sarcophagine in 13: 72, 73 cell death 11: 375
Sarcophaga, development of eye 6: 116, 117 haemocytes after haemorrhage 11: 143
Sarcophaga, larval cuticle 1: 288, 290 Satyridae, wing pigments 6: 160
Sarcophaga, puparium formation 1: 83 Sawfly
Sarcophaga, sperm axoneme 9: 353 development of optic lobe 6: 112
Sarcophage bullata 25: 270, 271 poplar, frost resistance 6: 8 – 10, 15 – 17,
Sarcophagine 13: 70 – 73 23, 24, 34, 35, 41, 42
hormonal control 13: 72 Sawfly, ocellus 7: 147
in Diptera 13: 72, 73 Sawfly, wheat stem (see Cephus)
metabolic fate and function 13: 71, 72 Schistocerca
Sarcophagine in Diptera third instar action of neurosecretory cells 2: 250, 304,
larvae 15: 364 305, 310, 311, 313
Sarcoplasmic proteins, in pharate colour change 2: 305, 306
adult 11: 369 corpus allatum and reproduction 2: 299,
Sarcoplasmic reticulum 311, 313
cardiac muscle 6: 207 corpus cardiacum 2: 225
skeletal muscle 6: 206 ventral diaphragm 2: 231, 232
Sarcoplasmic reticulum of flight muscles ventral glands 2: 285
tracheoles and 17: 105, 106 Saxitoxin 8: 43, 44
Sarcoplasmic reticulum, lumen, ionic Scalariform junctions 15: 157– 172
composition 14: 205, 206 autocellular 15: 170
morphology 14: 186, 191– 195 coexistence with other junctions
Sarcoplasmic reticulum, permeability, and 15: 170
cyclic AMP 9: 36 development 15: 172
Sarcosine, and choline metabolism 9: 53 – 55 distribution in insect tissues 15: 168– 170
sarcosomes 3: 138– 143 freeze-fracture replicas 15: 162– 166
Sarcosomes, flight muscle (see heterocellular 15: 170
Mitochondria) homocellular 15: 170
Sarcosomes, flight muscle, choline models 15: 166– 168
metabolism 9: 76 physiological significance 15: 170– 172
thin sections appearance 15: 159– 162 kynurenine-3-hydroxylase 10: 191, 192
tracers and 15: 162 ommochromes 10: 152, 170
Scale insects, sperm nucleus 9: 330 quinoline derivatives 10: 130
Scale production, and fatty acids in diet tryptophan oxygenase 10: 182– 184
4: 145 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 128
Scales Scatopsidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 7
development 18: 186– 189 Scavengers, feeding 19: 205
pigment distribution among, l96– 198 Scavenging insects, feeding habits, sensilla
Scales, chitin orientation in cuticle 4: 222, numbers and 16: 323
263 Sceliphron spirifex, recognition of form 3: 9
Scales, development 7: 200– 204, 220 Sceloporus jarrovi 24: 161
Scape, antennae 14: 300 Scenedesmus quadricauda, trimethylalkanes
Scapsipeous marginatus, amplitude in 13: 17
modulation, innate releasing Scenopinidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 7
mechanism and 13: 273 Scent canals 14: 382, 383
Scapteriscus abbreviatus 29: 203, 205 Scent glands, abdominal 14: 352
Scapteriscus acletus 29: 158 activation 14: 365
Scapteriscus acletus, amplitude modulation, biological functions 14: 397– 404
innate releasing mechanism development 14: 364
and 13: 269 development 14: 363– 365
resonant sound emissions 13: 233 developmental fate 14: 369
Scapteriscus borellii 29: 203– 205, 230, 237 ejection mechanisms 14: 368
Scapteriscus didactylis 29: 235 epithelial, cells metabolism 14: 355– 361
Scapteriscus vicinus 29: 158 structure 14: 353– 5
Scapteriscus vicinus, resonant sound functions 14: 361, 362
emission 13: 233 Heteroptera 14: 351– 418
Scaptocoris divergens, abdominal scent metathoracic 14: 352
glands, developmental fate 14: development 14: 364
369 evolution of obsolescence 14: 375
scent substances, antimicrobial interspecies variation in
properties 14: 401 morphology 14: 372, 373
Scarab beetle, thoracic temperature morphology 14: 370– 376
regulation in 20: 135 obsolescence 14: 375
Scarabaeid grubs 24: 285 Reduviidae 14: 376, 377
Scarabaeidae 26: 321, 324, 338, 339 morphology 14: 366– 369, 390
chitin orientation 4: 221 ostioles 14: 367
lipid content 4: 74 Reduviidae 14: 378
Scathophaga stercoraria 19: 81, 99 other epidermal glands and 14: 406– 408
Scatophaga stercoraria, male sexual physiological control mechanisms 14:
behaviour 10: 320 362, 363
behaviour, hormonal control physiology 14: 392– 396
CNS spontaneous activity 10: 306 Reduviidae 14: 386– 378
larval activity 10: 312 sexually dimorphic 14: 375, 376
male sexual behaviour 10: 317, 318 morphology 14: 366– 385
migratory behaviour 10: 333– 335 obsolescence 14: 365
oviposition 10: 327, 328 ventral 14: 377
locomotor activity 10: 7 Scent secretion, lipids in 4: 155, 169
tryptophan ! ommochrome pathway Scent substances 14: 355– 359
in egg 10: 199 cytological sources 14: 392– 395
in larva 10: 200 Scent valves, metathoracic 14: 379– 382
kynurenine 10: 125 S-channels, glutamate receptors 24: 319,
kynurenine transaminase 10: 193 320
Schedocentrus 29: 239 F/C ratio 23: 11

Schedorhinotermes 27: 66 flight muscle innervation 4: 8
Schistocera americana 28: 199 flight, oxygen consumption 3: 321
Schistocera gregaria 25: 200; 28: 88, 94, food and feeding 1: 50 – 56
110 food plant preferences of 1: 47, 49
FRMFamide peptides in 28: 274, 282, gregaria
283, 295, 299, 301, 302 glutamate receptors 24: 312–316,
unpaired median neurons in 28: 187 319– 330
Schistocerca (larva), amino acids 3: 75 homologous structures 24: 35, 36, 40,
Schistocerca 19: 43, 60, 63, 65, 68, 70, 76, 55
81 –85, 95, 102, 118, 257, 267, gut muscle, innervation 15: 421
279, 337, 343– 348, 353, 354, 368, haemolymph 23: 17
369, 381, 384– 389, 399, 410; homologous structures 24: 79, 83
19: 356; 23: 6; 25: 125, 227; 26: motoneurons 24: 17, 19 – 21, 21, 22, 24,
30, 40, 71; 27: 23, 73, 176, 178, 64
188, 189, 192 sensory neurons 24: 31, 32
adult ecdysis 15: 513 hopper development 23: 27
americana 24: 55 ionic and osmotic regulation
amino acids 3: 70, 77 excretory system 1: 359– 364, 370,
arousal syndrome, extended 23: 91 377, 389, 390
behaviour/activity 23: 32 –36 haemolymph and diet 1: 353, 354, 358
blood proteins and egg 3: 101 haemolymph and water balance
carbohydrate metabolism 1: 388
chitin synthesis 4: 343 leg muscle
fat body 4: 330 and calcium – magnesium antagonism
haemolymph 4: 292 4: 13
monosaccharide utilization 4: 303 blocking effects of compounds on
sugar absorption 4: 297, 298 excitatory responses 4: 8, 9, 10,
trehalose biosynthesis 4: 304, 306, 11, 12
307 inhibitory responses 4: 18 – 20
colouration 23: 13, 14, 16, 18 – 20 innervation 4: 8
cytology 23: 30, 31 ions and contraction 4: 24, 25
ecdysial behaviour 15: 490 potassium ions and membrane
ecdysis, behavioural switching in 15: 515, potential 4: 3, 4
516 spontaneous miniature postsynaptic
blood volume and 15: 553 potentials 4: 15
escape from cuticle 15: 524 metabolic substrates 23: 98
failures 15: 570 morphology/morphometrics/anatomy 23:
digging and 15: 572 8, 9, 12
eclosion, bursicon in 15: 541 neurone 1: 441
endocrine control 23: 85 neurosecretory cells and blood protein
endocrine organs 23: 37, 38, 40 3: 100
environment and pigmentation 1: 88 nitens 24: 49
fat body nutrition
amino acid metabolism 1: 146– 149 ascorbic acid 1: 61, 69, 80, 82, 83
carbohydrate metabolism 1: 116–120, carbohydrates 1: 65– 69
123, 125, 128 carotene
fatty acid synthesis 1: 141– 143 growth and reproduction 1: 92, 93
nature of 1: 113 phase and vision and humoral
pigments 1: 159 function 1: 89, 90
purine metabolism 1: 156 pigmentation 1: 80, 84 – 86, 88
tissue respiration 1: 130– 136 general 1: 59, 79
lipids 1: 70, 71, 73 chitin orientation 4: 234– 260

minerals 1: 74, 75 circadian clock 4: 234, 239
nucleic acid and nucleotides 1: 64 darkening factor activity 2: 207
proteins and amino acids 1: 62, 63 endocuticle structure 4: 236– 238
water soluble vitamins 1: 76 – 78 exocuticle structure 4: 235, 236
paralysis/insecticide poisoning 23: 101 experimental use of cuticle 4: 235
peptides in egg 3: 61 lipids
pheromone 23: 21, 22, 50 – 52 and flight 4: 116, 119
physiology/biochemistry/molecular content 4: 79
biology 23: 28, 29 fatty acids in diet 4: 145
proteolytic enzymes in embryo 3: 67 sterols 4: 160– 162
pumping 3: 281 melanization 2: 202– 203
reproductive parameters 23: 22, 23, 25, N-acetyldopamine in 2: 184
26 nitrogenous excretion 4: 46
resilin 3: 157 Q10 of lamellogenesis 4: 239, 244, 245
spiracles resilin in cuticle of 2: 14, 33 – 35
control 3: 304–306, 308 uncoupling lamellogenesis 4: 241
independent activity 3: 317, 318 Schistocerca gregaria (desert locust) 23: 6,
innervation 3: 301 7, 91
synchronized activity 3: 313– 316 Schistocerca gregaria (locust) 21: 6, 38, 90,
spiracular muscle 92, 103, 114, 115, 121, 128, 134,
and excitatory response 4: 8, 9 143, 144, 150
effect of carbon dioxide 4: 6, 14, 26 Schistocerca gregaria (SgITP) 29: 8
tanning in ecdysis 15: 528 antidiuretic factors in 29: 310
tight junctions, development 15: 146 arborisation in 29: 351
tracheae 3: 302, 337 choline metabolism 9: 57, 75
transamination reactions 3: 80 coloration 8: 154, 156, 166, 172, 175,
ventilation 3: 285, 292, 294– 296 177, 178, 180– 187, 189, 190
VG 23: 46 – 48 directional hearing in 29: 187, 188
water loss, measurement 15: 11 dopamine in 29: 99
Schistocerca americana 23: 6; 27: 133, excretion in 29: 284
144, 157; 29: 301, 358, 359, fat body deposits 9: 260
361, 362 GABA transporters 29: 79, 80
Schistocerca americana gregaria guanylyl cyclases in 29: 22
biogenic amine biosynthesis in 15: 351 hindgut activity 29: 338
DUM neurones 15: 370 histamine in 29: 122
globuli cells 15: 334 ITP sequencing in 29: 323, 363
median neurohaemal organs, biogenic learning, leg position 9: 157– 159
amines in 15: 432 Malpighian tubules 8: 276
myogenic rhythm, DUMETi cells and 15: rectum
376 cuticular lining 8: 304, 305, 307
Schistocerca americana gregaria ion and water absorption 8: 290– 295,
see Schistocerca gregaria 299, 300, 303, 314, 318
Schistocerca americana, median neuroparsins in 29: 313, 314
neurohaemal organs, function of postprandial diuresis in 29: 290
biogenic amines in 15: 434 serotonin in 29: 92
Schistocerca cancellata 23: 6 Schistocerca gregaria 25: 159, 161, 165,
Schistocerca cancellata, fat body 1: 116, 192, 202, 30; 26: 5, 39, 48, 49, 54,
117, 123 55 – 57, 70, 84, 204; 27: 116, 119,
Schistocerca gregania 123, 125– 127, 140, 144, 145, 155,
active secretion of water 2: 76 190, 305
albino form 2: 203 Schistocerca gregaria
amino acids during growth 3: 72 reflexes 5: 198–200, 205, 211, 213,

amino acids in embryo 3: 58, 62 214
axo-glial junction-like associations stability 5: 196, 197
15: 152 wingbeat frequency 5: 294, 295
biogenic amine, cell localization 15: 332 flight and tracheae 3: 333, 335
distribution 15: 323, 340 flight, energy requirements 3: 143
cholinergic elements in head of 1: 5 food
comb desmosomes, freeze-fracture 15: and age 5: 249, 268
49, 51 and crowding 5: 265
thin section appearance 15: 44 dry matter 5: 252, 272
corpora cardiaca, biogenic amines in 15: gap junction 15: 93
427, 428 haemocytes
cuticle 1: 297 blood clotting 11: 165
deutocerebrum, biogenic amine cell neural lamella formation 11: 195
localization in 15: 342 haemolymph 1: 214
dorsal midline neurones, octopamine hatching behaviour 15: 482
and 15: 366 hemidesmosomes 15: 78
DUM cell identifiability 15: 369 hormones
DUMETi neurones 15: 368 adipokinetic, and flight 12: 284
ecdysis 15: 487 CA and respiration 12: 295, 298,
behaviour 15: 495 CC and protein synthesis 12: 302
behavioural switching in 15: 518 hyperglycaemic 12: 265, 267
bursicon and 15: 542 JH and glycolytic enzymes 12: 279
circadian rhythms and 15: 479 JH and lipid metabolism 12: 271, 272,
motor programme 15: 494 277
ecdysone determination JH and protein synthesis 12: 252,
concentration 12: 22 JH, naturally occurring 12: 244
for bioassay 12: 34, 35 octopamine 12: 247
gas-liquid chromatography imaginal ecdysis 15: 493
12: 45 – 48 median neurohaemal organs, biogenic
initial extraction 12: 25, 26 amines in 15: 431
electrically excitable responses metathoracic ganglion 5: 40
6: 264 motion perception 3: 9
embryonic pattern specification 12: 160, muscle membrane 6: 209, 210, 212
162, 163, 201, 206 myogenic rhythm, receptor mediated
fat body lipid 1: 138 acceleration 15: 379
feeding regulation neuroethology
effect of food dilution 11: 91, 97 flight, control 7: 411
haemolymph K+, and locomotor flight, motor neurons 7: 360
activity 11: 11 grooming 7: 399
meal size 11: 61 learning 7: 394, 395
olfactory stimuli 11: 15– 17 locomotion, control 7: 466
role of maxillary palps 11: 38 motor neurons 7: 361, 372
flight neuropil 7: 381
aerodynamics and kinematics 5: synaptic potentials 7: 368
290– 291, 294, 295 neuromuscular junction 1: 476
and temperature 5: 319– 321 neurosecretory cells
differentiation of flight muscle 5: blood volume 12: 105
220– 222 brain 12: 88, 90
lift and thrust generation 5: 164– 166, during life hisory 12: 94, 95
171, 174, 178 dye injection 12: 107– 109
motor patterns 5: 296, 298, 302,306 flight motor neurons 12: 104
protocerebral 12: 78 muscle fibres, ion barriers 14: 233, 234,

total 12: 91 235
volume 12: 105, 106 muscles, ionic composition 14: 204
ocellus neuromuscular junctions 14: 196, 198,
as stimulatory organ 7: 135, 137, 138 199
flicker fusion frequency 7: 167, 168 plasma membrane permeability 14: 210,
input, and eye units 7: 182 211, 213, 214
light intensity 7: 149, 150 to hydrogen ions 14: 216
ocellar units, VNC 7: 173– 178, 181 postsynaptic potential 14: 227
phototactic orientation 7: 141 resting membrane potential 14: 222
sensitivity 7: 165 sarcoplasmic reticulum 14: 192, 193
structure 7: 103– 131 surface dyads 14: 190
thoracic ganglia 7: 186 vitellogenin, and vitellin in 14: 52
octopamine distribution in 15: 326 biosynthesis control, juvenile hormone
potassium in muscle 6: 227 and 14: 69
pterines 6: 153 Schistocerca nitens 19: 16, 399; 23: 91;
putative aminergic neurones, vesicle 25: 186
characteristics 15: 348 developmental timetable 22: 82, 83
salivary glands, catecholamine in dorsal unpaired median neurones 15: 265
15: 403 dorsal unpaired median neurons 22: 82
synaptic membranes 6: 252, 253 DUMETi neurones 15: 368
5-HT distribution in 15: 324 GABA binding 22: 22, 24
Schistocerca gregaria, adipokinetic neurones, dorsal unpaired median,
hormone 13: 178 development and 15: 282
alkane biosynthesis in 13: 21 a-neurotoxin receptor activity in 15: 288
blood lipids 13: 175 Schistocerca obscura, coloration 8: 164,
Corpus cardiacum, peptides from 13: 96 174, 175, 176
detoxication mechanisms 13: 83 Schistocerca paranamense, chitin
flight fuel 13: 165 orientation 4: 234
mobilization 13: 169, 170 Schistocerca paranensis 23: 6
flight metabolism, development 13: 200 Schistocerca paranensis, coloration 8: 172
flight motor, temperature and 13: 181 Schistocerca piceiforms 23: 6
flight muscle, metabolism 13: 172 Schistocerca shoshone, wingbeat
oxygen supply 13: 160 frequency 5: 294
flight speed, metabolic rate and 13: 145 Schistocerca spp., implantation of dermal
heart-accelerating peptides 13: 97, 98 fragments 4: 259
hyperglycaemic hormones 13: 174 Schistocerca spp., rhabdomere
metabolic rate, during flying, temperature arrangement 14: 285
and 13: 138 Schistocerca vaga, dimethylalkanes in 13:
mass, wing-loading wingbeat frequency 13 – 15
and 13: 140 methylalkanes in 13: 9, 11, 12, 16
neurogenic rhythms 13: 147 trimethylalkanes in 13: 16
oxygen consumption during flight 13: Schistocerca vaga, vitellogenin, and vitellin
135, 142 in 14: 52
power output, neural control 13: 149, 155 biosynthesis control, juvenile hormone
sound production, proprioceptive and 14: 71
control 13: 255 Schistocerca, brain hormones 13: 176
temperature during flight 13: 137 flight metabolism, development 13: 199
tympanal organs 13: 287 flight muscle development, hormonal
Schistocerca gregaria, basal lamina 14: 187 control 13: 209
electrogenic pump 14: 222, 223 flight speed 13: 180
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials 14: 231 metabolic rate, body weight and 13: 141
tympanal organs 13: 286, 294 Sciarid flies

Schistocercai gregaria 19: 21, 36, 215, DNA puffs 11: 331
247– 252, 301, 334– 336, 341, 352, micronuclei 11: 340
371, 376, 383, 385, 388, 389, Sciaridae 26: 319
396– 399, 402, 410 Sciaridae, chromosome puffing 7: 27, 28
Schistosoma mansoni 24: 180, 181, 181 Sciarinae, polytene chromosomes 7: 7, 11,
Schistosoma, action of 21 – 24, 38
benzodiazepines 22: 69 Scintillation in fireflies 6: 52, 74, 79, 80, 82,
Schizodactylus monstrosus 19: 63 88
Schizodactylus, neurosecretory cells 12: 77, Sclerocyphon fuscus, respiratory system 5:
88 72
Schizolachnis pini-radiata Sclerotin, protein precursor of 2: 185
lipids containing choline 9: 73 Sclerotin, relationship to pterines 6: 172,
pectinase, saliva 9: 213 173
Schmidt’s layer 4: 265 Sclerotization 26: 162– 164, 171
Schoenbius incertulas, eggs 1: 5 Sclerotization in Dipterans 17: 1 – 3, 73 – 75
Schradan, and nerves 8: 31 chemical mechanisms of
Schwann cell sheath 1: 178, 423, 462, crosslinking 17: 51 –72
464 composition and preparation of
Schwann cells 21: 51, 73 proteins 17: 10 – 38
Schwanwitsch/Süffert groundplan. See composition of sclerotized tissue 17:
Nymphalid ground plan 38 – 51
Sciara coprophila, glucose-6- protomer-matrix transformation 17: 3– 9
phosphatase 4: 301 Sclerotization,
Sciara coprophila, polytene chromosomes and resilin formation 2: 57 –59
cortisone 7: 45, 46 enzymes 2: 185, 199
development 7: 28 summary of problems 2: 198
“DNA puffs” 7: 22 Sclerotization, cuticular, molecular
ecdysone 7: 38 mechanisms for 21: 179– 230
Gibberellin A 7: 48 alpha 21: 206– 209
lysosomes 7: 63 beta 21: 205– 217
Malpighian tubules 7: 69 components 21: 181– 187
salivary gland 7: 30, 61, 62 dityrosine crosslinks 21: 187– 190
Sciara coprophila, sperm free radical formation 21: 222, 223
acrosomal complex 9: 327 pathway and crosslinking
axoneme 9: 338, 340, 343 mechanisms 21: 221, 222
capacitation 9: 381 tanning quinone 21: 190– 205
centriole 9: 334 differential mechanisms 21: 217– 221
flagellum 9: 367 Sclerotization, juvenile hormone 24: 232
Sciara ocellaris, polytene chromosomes Sclerotization, quinone metabolism 11: 350
development 7: 28 Sclerotization, role of ascorbic acid and
“DNA puffs” 7: 12, 21 carotene 1: 82, 83
infection 7: 52, 93 Sclerotizing precursors 27: 241
salivary gland 7: 61 Sclerotizing system, components 2:
Sciara, polytene chromosomes 183– 199
“DNA puffs” 7: 23 Scoliidae, pterines 6: 149
ecdysone 7: 93 Scoliopterix libatrix, ommochromes 10: 157
genetic analysis 7: 70 Scoliopteryx libatrix, lipid content
histones 7: 20 4: 76
Sciara, tracheal air filling in ecdysis 15: 547 Scolopale 27: 3, 63 – 66
Sciarasaga quadrata 29: 166, 190, 211, chemical composition 27: 65, 66
230– 234 Scolopale cap or tube 27: 66, 67
Scolopale cell 27: 3, 61 –67 Second-messenger systems in insect nervous

Scolopale rods 27: 3 systems 28: 144, 145
Scolopale space 27: 66 Secretin, and fluid transport, pancreas 9: 37
Scoloparia 27: 3 Secretion
Scolopidium 27: 3, 4 defensive 4: 169, 210
amphinematic 27: 5, 42, 43 lipid in 155, 169, 209
structure 27: 72, 73, 80 Secretion rate, fluids,
avenues for experimentation 27: 73, 74 eicosanoids 24: 168– 172, 170, 171
cell differentiation 27: 160, 161 Secretion, and frost resistance 6: 26
cell lineage 27: 158– 160 Secretion, haemocytes in 11: 136, 198– 201
compliance 27: 70 – 75 Secretion, moulting fluid, active ion
elasticity of whole chordotonal movements during 14: 158– 160
organs 27: 74, 75 Secretory hairs 14: 406
heterodynal 27: 5 Secretory units, morphology 14: 353,
homology of 27: 196, 197 385– 392
mechanics of 27: 69 – 80 Seep oil, trimethylalkanes in 13: 17
monodynal 27: 5 Segmental auditory neurons 13: 301, 302
mononematic 27: 5, 42, 43 Segmental efferent DUM, morphology of
structure 27: 70 – 72, 79 – 80 in locusts 28: 195– 199
origin and evolution 27: 198– 200 in other insects 28: 199, 200
terminology and number 27: 37 Segmental gradients, abdominal sensilla
types 27: 5, 6 development and 14: 332
Scolytidae 26: 46, 86 Segmental octopaminergic cells in
Scolytidae, antennae, sensilla on 16: 306 abdominal ganglia 28: 200, 201
Scolytus multistriatus, food intake 11: 97, Segmentation, Arthropoda 24: 33, 78, 79
98 Selaginella, trehalose in 4: 291
Scopiorinus fragilus 29: 228 Selective adhesiveness, abdominal sensilla
Scoptotrigona postica, vitellogenin and development and 14: 332
vitellin in 14: 53 Selector genes in neural development 14:
Scorpion, water loss, measurement 15: 11 257
Scorpions 24: 72 ‘Selfish herd’ effect 29: 158
Scotophase, Clitumnus 19: 111 Self-organization and division of labour
Scraper, role in stridulation 10: 255– 257 evolution 23: 149–153
Scratch-and-suck feeding 9: 191, 217 Self-protection, scent substances and 14:
Screening pigments, ommochromes, as 10: 404, 405
166– 169 Semaphore concept, Arthropoda 24: 8
Scudderia curvicauda 29: 219 Semiadalia undecimnotata, glycogen in over
Scudderia texensis, amplitude modulation, wintering adults 4: 346
innate releasing mechanism Seminal fluids 24: 160, 198
and 13: 273, 274 Seminal vesicle, septate junctions in 15: 63
Scute 25: 88 Semiquinone 27: 241– 243
Scutellera, protocerebral neurosecretory Semper cells 16: 122
cells 12: 79 Sense organs, Arthropoda 24: 66, 81
Scutigera, eye 3: 2 Sense organs, septate junctions in 15: 63
Sea urchins, septate junction formation 15: Sensible heat transfer coefficient, insect
73 water loss 15: 17, 19
Seasonal effects, caste development Sensilla
and 16: 177 basiconica 24: 28
Secapin 13: 115 companiformia 24: 28
Secondary defensiveness, juvenile numbers, feeding habits and 16: 320– 326
hormone 26: 47 –53 on antennae 16: 275– 308
on head of larval and choline metabolism 9: 52 – 55

Endopterygota 16: 268– 375 Hemipteran saliva 9: 218, 221
on legs 16: 249– 353 Serine in resilin 2: 34, 52
on mouthparts 16: 253– 368 Serine protease inhibitors 22: 343, 344
on ovipositors 16: 308, 309 Kunitz-type inhibitors 22: 343
trichoidea 24: 28 Serine, and pterine synthesis 6: 182
with large numbers of neurones 16: 317, Serosal: mucosal concentration ratio, solutes,
318 Malpighian tubules 19: 279
Sensilla, antenna 14: 303 Serotin, snake venom 9: 204
Sensilla, gustatory, and saliva 9: 212 Serotonin 19: 168, 169
Sensilla, homology of 27: 196, 197 and nervous system plasticity 28: 99, 128,
Sensitivity, acetylcholine 21: 50 137, 141
Sensitivity, need for 16: 313– 316 and unpaired median neurons 28: 211,
Sensory deprivation, cerci 14: 319– 321 212, 223
Sensory fibres, regeneration 6: 125 binding to Musca domestica head
Sensory input, and learning 9: 164 –166 extracts 15: 224
Sensory neurons 21: 55 – 58 effect on heart rate 2: 223
homology 24: 39, 66, 83 functional aspects 22: 178– 183
interspecific homology 24: 31, 33 immunostaining patterns 22: 171, 172
serial homology 24: 28– 31, 32 in central nervous system 2: 226
juvenile hormone 24: 242, 243 in corpus cardiacum 2: 226
regeneration 21: 56 invertebrate skeletal neuromuscular
Sensory pathways in insect nervous junctions and 15: 390
systems 28: 88 – 90 serotonin-containing neurons,
Sensory system development 21: 14 – 18 development 22: 174– 178
projections 21: 15 – 18 uptake studies 22: 172–174
regulation of neurons 21: 14, 15 Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine;5-
Sensory transmission and image formation HT) 29: 59, 78, 91, 110
in compound eye 3: 1– 52 circulating levels 29: 366– 368
(see Compound eye) degradation and inactivation 29: 374, 375
Sepia, nerve in neurosecretory cells and neurohaemal
ionic fluxes 1: 222 structures 29: 348– 351
membrane potential 1: 186, 192 mode of action 29: 325, 326
Sepiapterin, biosynthetic pathway 16: 140 receptors 29: 324, 325
Septate desmosomes, definition 15: 43 secretion by Malpighian
Septate junction 15: 43 – 45 tubule 29: 324– 326, 342– 344
coexistence with gap junctions 15: 118 Serotonin immunoreactive intraganglionic
formation 15: 73 – 75 neurones 24: 75, 76
functional significance 15: 69 – 72 Chelicerata 24: 72, 73
morphological types 15: 44 Crustacea 24: 64
occurrence in insects 15: 62 – 64 Insecta 24: 37, 40, 42, 44, 45, 54, 55, 56
Septate junctions, gut 24: 282, 283 Myriapoda 24: 59
Sequential cell polymorphism 12: 1 – 15, see Serotonin synthesis, and pterines 6: 172, 186
Polymorphism Serotonin transporter (SERT) 29: 59, 91 –99
Serglycin, proteoglycan molecule, and background 29: 92, 93
Drosophila per mutants 22: 271 cocaine binding site 29: 96
Serial homology, Arthropoda 24: 14, 18, 19, distribution 29: 97
28 –31, 32 functional domains 29: 94 – 96
other motoneuron types 24: 23, 24 heptan leucine zipper 29: 94
typical motoneurons 24: 19 – 23, 21, 24 ion permeation site 29: 94
Sericesthis geminata, feeding activity 11: 14 kinetics and pharmacology 29: 98, 99
Serine monoamine-binding site(s) 29: 94
regulation 29: 99 Sexual behaviour, scent substances and 14:

structure 29: 93 – 96 403, 404
tricyclic antidepressant interaction Sexual circadian rhythms 10: 9 –12
site 29: 94 – 96 Sexual dimorphism and lipid metabolism
Serpins 22: 343, 344; 26: 206 ant odour 4: 169
Serpusia, coloration 8: 151 content 4: 81, 84 – 89, 96, 97, 99
Serratia marcescens 24: 163, 164; 26: 221 esterase activity 4: 115
Sertoli cells, septate junction in 15: 68 extra-cuticular hydrocarbon 4: 156
Serum Sexual maturation, role of
agglutinins 21: 111 monoterpenoids 4: 160, 161
lectins 21: 111, 112 Sexual reproduction in Macrosiphum
Sesquiterpenoid, juvenile hormone 24: 213 euphorbiae, 223– 235
Sessile circulating cells 21: 88, 89 parentage 3: 234, 235
Setae, juvenile hormone 24: 215 photoperiod 3: 233, 234
SETi 28: 225 temperature 3: 234
Seutigerella, septate junction in 15: 66 Shaggy function 25: 82
Sex and variation in food utilization 5: 271, Shale, trimethylalkanes in 13: 17
272 Shape
Sex attractant, firefly flashing as 6: 52, thermal balance and 16: 19, 20
90 – 92 water balance and 16: 29, 30
Sex attractants 4: 70, 180, 186 Shape terminology, haemocytes 11: 132, 133
Sex attractants, alkanes as 13: 21 Sharks, trimethylalkanes in 13: 17
Sex determinants, pterines as 6: 185 Sheath, giant fibres 8: 101, 102
Shell, egg, frost resistance 6: 4
Sex determination 19: 31
Shivering, thermogenesis 13: 191– 195
Sex determination and honey bee
Shock-avoidance learning,
genetics 23: 119, 120
cockroach 9: 169– 171
Sex determination and polyandry 23:
Shore crab 24: 51
121– 124
Short circuit conditions, sodium
Sex determination, Lampyris 19: 32
fluxes 19: 377
Sex glands, accessory 4: 47 Short circuit current, electrogenic transport,
Sex peptides, from Drosophila 13: 91 – 94 chloride 19: 353
synthesis, genetic control 13: 92, 93 Short germ-type pattern,
Sex pheromone 26: 51, 52 embryogenesis 12: 160– 163
Sex pheromone glands, unpaired median Short-horned grasshopper 23: 6
neurons in 28: 216, 217 Short-term synaptic plasticity in insect
Sex pheromone, juvenile hormones 24: 218, nervous systems 28: 130, 131
219 Shrimp 24: 65
Sex pheromones, alkanes as 13: 21 Sialic acid 4: 341
Sex specificity, storage proteins 24: 237 Sialis (larva), functions of amino acids 3: 78
Sex steroid-binding globulin (SHBG)26: 62 Sialis
Sex, and lipase activity 4: 112, 115 action of brain hormone 2: 254
Sex, chemoreceptor numbers and 16: 312, thoracic gland secretion 2: 274
313 Sialis lutaria
Sex, differences in amino acids, peptides and apolysis 5: 85
proteins 3: 96 – 99 dehydration 5: 96
Sex-specific proteins 11: 366 ionic composition of haemolymph 1: 325,
Sex-specificity, juvenile hormone 26: 326, 328
92 – 94 osmoregulation
Sexual behaviour, male 23: 22 excretory system 1: 333– 335, 337, 338
Sexual behaviour, pheromone release uptake of inorganic ions 1: 346, 347
19: 93 water balance 1: 348– 352
Sialis lutaria, haemolymph 6: 216, 217 hormonal control of behaviour

Sialis lutaria, nitrogenous excretion 4: 51 adult behaviour 10: 314, 315
Sialis lutaria, proteins and nutrition 3: 99 “calling” behaviour 10: 300, 303, 325,
Sialis, haemocytes 11: 131, 135 340
Sialis, osmoregulation corpora cardiaca, role 10: 325
non-electrolyte fraction of oviposition 10: 300, 328
haemolymph 1: 329 pre-eclosion 10: 307, 308
Sidemia depravata, cholinergic elements in Silkmoth, extraction of ecdysone 2: 271
eggs of 1: 5 metabolic effect of moulting
Sieve-area effects, gap junctions 15: 101 hormone 2: 265
Sigara (see Corixa) Silkmoth, saturniid, excretion
Sigara falleni, scent gland secretion labial glands 8: 209– 212
components 14: 398 midgut 8: 206–209
Sigara spp., abdominal scent glands, Silkmoth, sequential polymorphism
developmental fate 14: 369 cocoonase organules 12: 5 – 9
Sigmoid functions 23: 123 follicular epithelial cells 12: 9 – 11
Silicic acid column chromatography 24: 151, Silkmoths 26: 4, 329, 331, 341
158 Silkworm
Silk adenase and guanase 4: 37, 41
and haemolymph amino acids 11: 200 and sterol biosynthesis 4: 167, 168, 174
fibroin, genetics of synthesis 11: 361– 363 biting factor 4: 160
genetic origin of proteins 11: 356 glycogen level during starvation 4: 299
synthesis 11: 377 hexokinase activity 4: 302
Silk gland sugar in haemolymph 4: 291
and carbohydrate metabolism 4: 312, 321, trehalose 4: 299, 305
323 uricotelic pathway 4: 41
PL in 4: 142 Silkworm (pupa), brain hormone 3: 167
Silk gland, cellular metamorphosis Silkworm 30K proteins 26: 25
12: 2 –4 Silkworm
Silk glands, juvenile hormone 24: 225 blood 1: 118, 122, 128, 151
Silk moth diapause in egg 2: 279
larval-pupal moult 7: 247 eggs, frost resistance 6: 9, 26, 31
trehalase 7: 298, 300 fat body
Silk worm, fat biosynthesis 7: 317 carbohydrate metabolism 1: 114, 115,
Silk worm. See Bombyx mori 125, 128
Silkmoth (Antheraea polyphemus) 21: 24 protein and amino acid metabolism
Silkmoth (pupa) 1: 144, 145, 147
spiracle control 3: 303, 310 feeding behaviour 1: 52, 56
ventilation 3: 290, 299 innervation of heart 2: 224
Silkmoth 24: 162, 226 nerve cord
circadian rhythms effect of external concentration of
brain as gating clock 10: 96 cations on 1: 216, 217
driving oscillator, mechanism 10: 89 nutrition 1: 59, 60, 67, 68, 81, 82
eclosion, clock gating 10: 52, 53 protocerebral clock, mechanism 10:
eclosion, entrainment 10: 45, 47 82 – 85
eclosion, hormonal control 10: 340 pteridines 1: 159
eclosion, type II clock 10: 77 pterines 6: 175
larval cldysis 10: 54 purines 1: 151, 156
photochemical hourglass 10: 93 thoracic gland 2: 258, 260
pupation 10: 53 tryptophan ! ommochrome pathway
rhythmic pheromone release 10: 11, 12 anthranilic acids 10: 132
role of protocerebrum 10: 51 cinnabarinic acid 10: 161
egg 10: 121, 197– 199 wing-loading, wingbeat frequency

enzyme ontogeny 10: 214 and 13: 140
larva 10: 201 oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 136
metamorphosis 10: 202– 204 Simulium, flight muscle temperature 13: 196
ommochrome biosynthesis 10: 194 Simulium, haemolymph protein 11: 347
quinoline derivatives 10: 131 Simulum damnosum 28: 54
Silkworm pupa Simulum variegatum 5: 109, 134, 135
hormones and homeostasis 2: 313 Simulum venustum, metabolic rate, mass,
isolation of ecdysone 2: 270, 271 wing-loading, wingbeat frequency
Silkworm, giant, oxidative enzymes in and 13: 140
development 3: 161– 165 oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 135
Silkworm, hormones Singing
diapause, and lipid metabolism 12: 281 efficiency 10: 267– 268
moulting, and tyrosine endogenous timing 10: 12
metabolism 12: 287 Singing of tettigoniids and muscle
Silvanus surinamensis, sterols utilization temperature 20: 135
4: 162 Singing, Teleogyrullus commodus, ecdysis
Silver fish (see Ctenolepisma) and 15: 518
Silverfish (Thysanura) 23: 172, 174 Single nucleocapsids per envelope
Silylation, ecdysones 12: 40 – 48 (SNPV) 25: 3, 7
Simocephalus expinosus 26: 239 Single-cohort colonies 23: 133, 134
Simple eye, Arthropoda 24: 77 division of labour plasticity 23: 135
Simple lipids 4: 72 genotypic variability 23: 141
Simple problem solving 9: 113– 115, Sinigrin, effect on feeding 11: 78, 98
157– 162, 164 Sink speed 23: 195– 197
Simuliid blackfly 24: 278, 284 Siphonaptera, antennae, sensilla on 16: 308
Simuliidae Siphonaptera, germarium 11: 229
head, sensilla on 16: 273 Siphonaptera, protocerebral neurosecretory
mouthparts, sensilla on 16: 265, 266 cells 12: 80
Simuliidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 7, 9, Siphula ceratites, methylalkanes in 13: 6, 7
52, 60 Siphyloidea sp., chitin orientation 4: 234
Simuliidae, spiracular gills 5: 73, 75, 85, 87, Sipyloidea sipylus 24: 27
90 – 92, 97, 98, 100, 105, 114, Sirex, chitin/protein complexes of cuticle 1:
133– 141, 152 295– 297, 309
Simulium 19: 280; 25: 43; 27: 59 Sirex, differentiation of flight muscles 5:
Simulium bequarti 5: 109 219, 220
Simulium canadense 5: 109 Sites, absorption, calcium 19: 158
Simulium costatum 5: 107, 133 Sitodrepa panicea, choline in
Simulium equinum 5: 107, 109 development 9: 55
Simulium hunteri 5: 109, 135 Sitona cylindricollis, pre-ingestion
Simulium latipes 5: 107, 136 activity 11: 13
Simulium monticola 5: 107 Sitona scissifnons, fatty acid content 4: 94
Simulium niditifrons, salivary gland 7: 61 Sitona, diapausing adult of 2: 278
Simulium ornatum 5: 92, 99, 107– 109, 134, Sitophilus granarius (Callandra grania),
137, 138 locomotor activity rhythms 10: 7
Simulium ornatum, fibrillar muscles 13: 203 Sitophilus granarius, feeding
Simulium reptans 5: 107 uric acid in faeces 5: 235
Simulium spp., spiracular gills 5: 66, 67, utilization of fresh matter 5: 260
107, 108 Sitophilus, protocerebral neurosecretory
Simulium vitatum 19: 217, 218 cells 12: 83
Simulium vittatum (blackfly) 27: 39, 61 Sitosterol, in lipid metabolism
Simulium vittatum, metabolic rate, mass, as growth factor 4: 162, 163
brain hormone 4: 177, 178 trehalose in 4: 324

content 4: 168 “slow” and “fast” axons (see “Fast” and
sterol modification 4: 171– 174 “slow” axons)
structure 4: 158, 160 Smerinthus ocellata, migratory
Sitotroga, proteinaceous spheres 11: 351 behaviour 10: 337
Sitotroga, tracheal air filling in ecdysis 15: Smerinthus ocellatus, cholinergic elements
546 in 1: 6
Size Smerinthus populi, feeding
chemoreceptor numbers and 16: 309– 312 and age 5: 271
thermal balance and 16: 19, 20 fresh matter 5: 259, 269
water balance and 16: 29, 30 Smithia, nucleolus 11: 341
Size limits in tracheoles 17: 104 Smittia parthenogenetica
Size of insect and wingbeat frequency 5: lysosome activity 7: 63
294– 296 salivary gland 7: 61
Size, and lipid content 4: 81 –85 Smittia, embryonic pattern specification
Size, gut function 19: 302 double abdomen 12: 189, 190, 221, 225,
Skeletal mononeurons 19: 17 226
Skeletal muscle egg size 12: 133
FMRFamide-related peptides “gap phenomenon” 12: 176
on 28: 303– 305 Smittia, giant chromosomes 3: 173
unpaired median neurons on 28: 225 Smooth muscle, and cyclic AMP 9: 35, 41
Skeletal muscle, neurosecretory Smooth muscles, eicosanoids 24: 198
innervation 12: 74 Smooth septate junctions 15: 44
Skeletal muscle, septate junctions in
co-occurrence with gap junctions 15: 120
15: 63
freeze-fracture 15: 58– 62
Skeletal muscles, excitation of 4: 1 – 27
lanthanum infiltration 15: 56 – 58
excitability of muscle fibre membrane
models 15: 62
4: 20 –23
structural features 15: 54 – 62
excitation-contraction coupling
thin section appearance 15: 54 – 56
process 4: 23 – 27
neuromuscular transmission 4: 7 – 20 Snail muscle, glutamate and contraction
resting potential 4: 2 – 7 4: 12
Skeletal system, glutamate receptors Snake venom, effect on trehalase activity
24: 310, 312– 315, 331 4: 316
see also Channel gating kinetics S-neurones 25: 188, 201
developmental studies 24: 329 see also ocellar neurones
ibotenate-sensitive receptors, second-order 25: 189
extrajunctional membrane 24:329, Social insects, caste in,
330 development 16: 167– 246
Skeleton, differentiation 4: 213 Social insects, reproduction 19: 119
SKF-525A 24: 170, 170 Sociohormones in caste
SKF-89976A 29: 87, 88 development 16: 181
Skin friction 23: 179, 192, 197 Socket glands, scent glands and 14: 406
drag coefficient 23: 182 Sodium 23: 98, 99, 102; 26: 166, 167
laminar 23: 182, 186 and cyclic AMP 9: 36, 39, 40
viscous 23: 184, 185, 202 and electrically excitable
Skin, and fatty acids in diet 4: 145 responses 6: 257, 258, 260,
Skotommin, distribution 10: 135, 264– 269
136 and fat body cells 9: 262
‘sleep’ 23: 103 and firefly scintillation 6: 80, 81
Slime mould and luminescence 6: 78
trehalase 4: 315 and neural fat-body sheath 9: 278– 281
and neuronal function 9: 282– 289, 299, Sodium fluxes, hindgut 19: 377
300, 302– 304 Sodium fluxes, short-circuited recta,
and peripheral diffusion barrier 9: 259 Schistocerca 19: 378
and resting membrane Sodium hydrosulphite, effect on blood
potential 6: 219– 225, 230– 237, clotting 11: 165
240– 242 Sodium ion transport, and PL 4: 138, 180
and resting potential 9: 277 Sodium ions
and synaptic membranes 6: 243, and allethrin 8: 49 – 56, 76
245– 247, 251, 253 and DDT 8: 34 – 37, 41 – 45, 80
Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 282, 284, 285, and permeability of muscle fibre
291 membrane 4: 4 – 6, 11, 22, 23
eicosanoids 24: 168, 196 and water absorption 8: 311, 314
glutamate receptors 24: 323 effect on muscle resting potential 4: 2, 4,
in haemolymph 6: 215– 218 5, 6, 7
in haemolymph 9: 275 giant fibres 8: 120
in muscle fibre 6: 218 Malpighian tubules 8: 277, 320
uptake, abdominal nerve cord 9: 95 Calliphora 8: 217, 218, 226, 227,
Sodium and potassium, diel changes 10: 34 229, 236, 232, 234, 235,
Sodium azide, permeability of cuticle 237– 240, 263
to 2: 90 Calpodes 8: 264– 268
Sodium body fluids 19: 302 Carausius 8: 214, 215, 239, 240, 263
Sodium channels, pyrethroid interactions Rhodnius 8: 239 –244, 247, 249– 253,
in 20: 159– 180 256– 263
biochemical studies 20: 175– 180 Tipula 8: 238
binding sites 20: 175– 177 midgut excretion 8: 206
neuroblastoma cells, mouse 20: 178 nerve excitation 8: 7 – 11, 14
synaptosomes, mouse brain, and inactivation 8: 14 – 16
deltamethrin 20: 178 pump 8: 16, 17
extracellular recordings 20: 160–163 rectum, excretion 8: 293– 295
and flight reflex blocking 20: 162 synaptic transmission 8: 20, 21
flight motor system 20: 160, 162 Sodium ions in haemolymph, and meal
from rats 20: 163 size 11: 79, 80
mechanoreceptor stimulation 20: 162, Sodium ions, and ecdysone 7: 42, 43
163 Sodium pentobarbitol, and learning 9: 169
transverse nerve activity 20: 161 Sodium potassium-ATPase, hindgut 19: 385
intracellular recordings 20: 163– 165 Sodium pump 4: 7, 180
stretch receptor of crayfish 20: 163, 164 Sodium pump, different mechanisms 2: 70,
patch clamp analysis 20: 171– 175 71
and deltamethrin 20: 173– 175 Sodium, conductance in muscle fibre
and fenvalerate 20: 174 membrane 4: 21, 22
and tetramethrin and single channel Sodium, Hyalophora cecropia decay profile
conductance 20: 171, 172 and 14: 147
voltage clamp analysis 20: 164, 166– 171 in Diptera haemolymph 14: 200
and deltamethrin 20: 164, 166 in Pieris brassicae muscle fibre 14: 208
and fenvalerate 20: 169 plasma membrane permeability to 14:
and tetramethrin 20: 166– 168 212
gating kinetics 20: 164, 166 Sodium/potassium ATPase 26: 72, 77, 78,
tail current amplitude 20: 168 81, 82, 89, 112
Sodium chloride, effect on feeding 11: 36, Sodium-calcium countertransport 19: 161
52, 78 Sodium-free bathing saline, transcellular
Sodium coupling 19: 365 calcium transport 19: 161
Sodium extrusion mechanism 4: 6, 7 Soil, microclimate 16: 5 –7
Solenopsis invicta, caste formation, receptor organ, behaviour 10: 285– 288
endocrine in 16: 211, 212 tympanal vibrations 10: 279– 285
Solenopsis invicta, dimethylalkanes in production of sound 10: 253– 268
13: 16 driving vibration and radiated
methylalkanes in 13: 11 sound 10: 262– 264
3-methylalkanes in 13: 4 efficiency of singing 10: 267, 268
Solenopsis richteri, dimethylalkanes in 13: frequency multiplication
16 mechanisms 10: 254– 257
methylalkanes in 13: 8, 11 sound guide 10: 264– 267
3-methylalkanes in 13: 4 sound radiator 10: 258– 262
Solid/animal feeders 19: 264 propagation of sounds 10: 268– 271
Solid/liquid dichotomy 19: 202 properties of sound 10: 248– 253
Solid/plant feeders 19: 222 sound fields 10: 251– 253
Solitaria 23: 4, 5 vibrations, impedances and
Solitarization 26: 5, 56, 70 radiation 10: 248– 251
Solitarized, artificially 23: 39 Sound emissions, non-resonant
Solitary development, caste development as 13: 233– 235
deviation from 16: 169, 170 resonant 13: 232, 233
Solubility, Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 286, Sound patterns, stridulatory movements
287 and 13: 236– 241
Solubility, ommochromes 10: 138, 139 Sound production 13: 339
Solubility, vitellin 14: 62 central nervous system and 13: 260– 267
vitellogenin 14: 62, 63 central vs. peripheral control 13:
Soma of photoreceptors 20: 3, 4
251– 260
Soma, Arthropoda 24: 14
neuromuscular basis 13: 241– 251
Soma-somatic junctions 5: 3
neuronal basis 13: 231– 267
Somata, giant fibres 8: 108– 110
postembryonic development 13:
Somatogastric system 19: 21
316– 319
Somatostatin 19: 355
proprioceptive control 13: 254– 260
Somatostatin, function 15: 436
Song patterns, acridid grasshoppers 13: Sound production using wings 5: 322– 331
239– 241 myogenic insects 5: 326– 331
crickets 13: 237 neurogenic insects 5: 322– 326
evolution 13: 332– 338 Sound reception 13: 340
genetics 13: 321– 326 neuronal basis 13: 268– 316
innate releasing mechanism and, sensory mechanisms 13: 281– 296
evolution 13: 329– 332 Sound recognition 13: 340
Tettigonioids 13: 237– 239 neuronal basis 13: 268– 316
Song, crickets, motor Sound signalling in Orthoptera 29: 151– 254
mechanisms 7: 412– 417, 425 analysis 29: 189–207
Sorbitol production 4: 325, 345, 346 auditory interneurons 29: 194– 206
Sorbitol, and frost resistance 6: 26 – 34 ascending 29: 201– 203
Sorbose, effect of concentration on in grasshoppers 29: 205– 206
intake 11: 97 in the mole cricket 29: 203– 205
Sorbose, utilization 4: 303 omega neuron 29: 197– 201
Sound communication 10: 247– 296 T-cell 29: 194– 197
ears as receivers 10: 271– 291 auditory receptor organs in the
atypical ears 10: 288– 291 tibia 29: 182– 185
forces acting on ears 10: 274, 275 components 29: 209
influence from surroundings 10: cooperation/competition between
275– 279 males 29: 243– 252
parameters of sound 10: 271– 274 choruses 29: 247–251
satellite males and silent Southern corn rootworm 24: 285

searching 29: 251, 252 Soybean lectin, glutamate receptors 24: 322
spacing, aggregating and Spathosternum, coloration 8: 154
fighting 29: 244– 246 Specialization 23: 156
defences Species discrimination, firefly
against acoustically orienting flashing 6: 90 –92
directional hearing 29: 187–189 Species, homology 24: 12, 13
environment, effects on 29: 209–211 Specific gene expression 26: 87 –107
hearing and ears 29: 169– 189 Specific quality, criterion of,
heterospecific sounds 29: 224–243 Arthropoda 24: 13
information content 29: 207– 224 Specificity in regeneration 6: 127– 129
mate choice 29: 217– 224 Specificity, Bacillus thuringiensis 24: 278
mate location 29: 215– 217 Specificity, CPV 26: 259– 266
mating systems 29: 154– 159 Spectral data, ommochromes 10: 143–145
patterns in calling 29: 157– 159 Spectral efficiency, definition of 2: 136
variation in 29: 154– 157 Spectral sensitivity in adult insects 28: 106
new directions 29: 252, 253 Spectral sensitivity, ocellus 7: 170, 171
predator avoidance mechanisms, Spectrometry, infra-red, in cuticular wax
evolution of 29: 242, 243 studies 4: 153
predators 29: 226– 229 Spectrophotometry
against bats 29: 234– 240 in demonstrating glycogen synthetase
against parasitoids 29: 229– 234 4: 331
primary afferents in lipase study 4: 111
in acridids 29: 186, 187 Spectroscopy in protein structure 17: 18, 63
in the prothoracic ganglion 29: 186 Spectroscopy, infra-red
sex recognition 29: 215 in lipid studies 4: 186, 187
sexual vs natural selection 29: 241, 242 of chitin orientation 4: 217
songs and signals 29: 159 –169 Spectroscopy, optical, ecdysones 12: 35, 36
analysis 29: 190–193 Speonomus pyrenaeus 27: 77
changes with age 29: 165, 166 Speonomus, pterines 6: 148
energetic costs of calling 29: 168, 169 Speophyes 27: 47, 59
intensity, distance and size 29: 160, Speophyes lucidulus 27: 50, 51
161 Sperm
mechanisms of sound role in female refractoriness 10: 326, 327
production 29: 161– 163 role in oviposition behaviour 10: 329, 330
pattern generation in Sperm activator 19: 84
crickets 29: 163– 165 Sperm autolysis 19: 43
sex differences 29: 167 Sperm cells 9: 315– 397
temperature effects 29: 167, 168 accessory ordered flagellar
vibratory communication 29: 166, 167 bodies9: 363– 367
species recognition 29: 212– 215 acrosomal complex 9: 324– 328
structure of hearing organs 29: 170– 181 axoneme 9: 336– 353
acridid ear 29: 176– 180 central sheath 9: 349
age, changes 29: 181 coarse fibres 9: 350– 352
gryllid ear 29: 180, 181 links heads 9: 349, 350
haglid ear 29: 181 matrix 9: 352, 353
tettigoniid ear 29: 171– 176 microtubules 9: 338– 349
symmetry and asymmetry 29: 206, 207 cell surface 9: 317– 324
tonotopic organization centriolar region 9: 332–336
of receptor projections 29: 186, 187 double flagellar apparatus 9: 367– 374
of sense cells 29: 183– 185 mitochondria 9: 354– 363
Sound source localization 13: 309 motility 9: 374– 382
nucleus 9: 328– 332 muscles, ionic composition 14: 204

polymorphism and genetics 9: 382, 383 resting membrane potential 14: 222
Sperm use pattern for queen bee 23: 122 in muscle fibres 14: 226
Sperm, extra-chromosomal DNA 11: 275 Sphinx ligustri, heart, biogenic amine
Spermatheca 19: 90 distribution in 15: 417
Spermatheca, role in reproductive Sphinx ligustri, metabolic effect of moulting
behaviour 10: 332 hormone 2: 265
Spermathecae 24: 149– 153, 160; 26: 38, 39 Sphinx moth
Spermathecae, and uric acid 4: 47 embryogenesis 20: 91, 93
Spermatocytes, meiotic synchrony 11: 267 heat loss from head 20: 132
Spermatogenesis 19: 39; 23: 120; 26: 34 – 36 Sphinx spp., lipid content 4: 77, 78, 209
Spermatogenesis, synchronous Sphinx spp., resilin in cuticle of 2: 14
mitosis 11: 250 Sphinx, germarium 11: 239
Spermatophore production, endogenous Sphinx, neurosecretory cells 12: 81,
timing of 10: 12 99
Spermatophore, chitin in 4: 263, 264 Sphinx, ommochromes
Spermatophore, eicosanoids 24: 131, 134, S. ligustri 10: 156, 170
147, 149, 151, 152 S. pinastri 10: 156
Spermidine 26: 101, 102 Sphinx, stability in flight 5: 196
Spermine 26: 101 Sphodoptera, lipid metabolism and
Sphaeriidae, spiracular gills 5: 74, 105, 156, JH 12: 271
158, 159 Sphodromantis 19: 109, 113, 115
Sphaerius ovenensis, spiracular gills 5: 156 Sphodromantis 28: 107
Sphaerodema molestum Sphodromantis lineola 19: 106
alkaline phosphatase in egg 3: 64 Sphodromantis, coloration 8: 171
amino acids in embryo 3: 56, 58 Sphodromantis, nervous system
Sphecidae 26: 324 development, of glia 6: 107
Sphegidae, pterines 6: 149 regeneration 6: 129
Sphenarium purpurescens, lipid content Spider and phototransductive membrane
4: 79 turnover 20: 16
Sphenopsids 23: 174 Spider venom and firefly scintillation
Spherites 19: 199 6: 79
Sphernarium purpurascens, lipid Spiders, tight junctions in 15: 132
composition 1: 137 Spike discharges
Spherule cells 11: 138, 187, 195, 196 during spiracle activity 3: 313– 316, 319
definition 11: 132, 134 during ventilation 3: 286– 291
Spherule cells 21: 88 burst formation 3: 287, 288
Sphex 26: 324 periods of bursts 3: 288– 291
Sphingid moth, neurosecretory cells 12: 72 repetitive firing 3: 286, 287
Sphingidae 26: 303 during vision
Sphingids, ocellus 7: 101 in optic lobe 3: 6, 9, 19, 33, 35, 36, 38
Sphingomyelin, and choline metabolism in retinula cell 3: 20, 21, 24
9: 53 –55, 72– 76, 83, 84, 92 in ventral nerve cord 3: 5, 8, 9, 32,
Sphinx (larva), spiracle innervation 3: 301 33 – 36
Sphinx ligustri (pupa), amino acids 3: 92 Spiking neurons 24: 15
Sphinx ligustri 26: 301, 310, 312, 313, 340 Spiking transmission 24: 69
ions in muscle systems 6: 220, 221 Spilosoma lubnicipeda, cholinergic elements
resting membrane potential 6: 233, 238, in 1: 6
239 Spilosoma niveus, larva, frost
Sphinx ligustri, carbohydrate in resistance 6: 28
hemolymph 4: 293 Spilosoma, protocerebral neurosecretory
Sphinx ligustri, electrogenic pump 14: 222 cells 12: 81
Spilostethus pandurus 26: 13 respiratory systems, pupal and adult

Spinning gland, nuclei 7: 5 interrelationships 5: 71 – 74
Spinning gland, tryptophan oxygenase Spiracular muscle
10: 184 effect of carbon dioxide on 4: 6, 14, 26
Spiracle 26: 334, 336, 343 excitatory response 4: 8, 9
in Sphaeriidae and Hydroscaphidae potassium ions and contraction 4: 24
5: 158, 159 spontaneous activity of membrane 4: 23
regulatory apparatus 5: 139 Spirobolus marginatus 24: 83
Spiracle, control 7: 401, 402 Spisula solida, putative aminergic neurones,
Spiracle, prothoracic, role in sound vesicle characteristics 15: 348
conduction 10: 277 Spitting of predacious bugs 2: 17
Spiracles 17: 100, 102, 121, 125, Split 25: 86
126 Spodoptera 19: 41; 26: 196; 29: 32
Spiracles, control of 3: 300– 321 Spodoptera
activity 3: 285, 303, 304 corpora pedunculata, biogenic amine
chemical stimulus, nature 3: 311 distribution in 15: 333
during flight 3: 340– 342 deutocerebrum, biogenic amine cell
independent activity 3: 317– 321 localization in 15: 342
innervation of spiracles 3: 301, 302 protocerebral bridge, biogenic amine cell
innervation of tracheae 3: 302, 303 localization 15: 338
one-muscle spiracles 3: 305–311 Spodoptera abyssinia, lipid content 4: 76
synchronized activity 3: 311– 317 Spodoptera exempta 25: 7, 45
two-muscle spiracles 3: 304, 305 Spodoptera exigua 25: 45
Spiracular gills 5: 65 – 161
Spodoptera frugiperda 25: 6, 7, 9, 14, 15,
high pressure resistance 5: 112– 114
23, 24, 36, 41
in larvae 5: 156– 159
Spodoptera frugiperda 26: 187, 219
Sphaeriidae and Hydroscaphidae
Spodoptera frugiperda, feeding, chromic
5: 158, 159
oxide as marker 5: 244
Torridincolidae 5: 156– 158
Spodoptera frugiperda, flight fuels
in pupae 5: 114–156
Blepharoceridae 5: 141– 144 mobilization 13: 170
Canaceidae 5: 152– 156 flight lipids 13: 164
Deuterophlebiidae 5: 144– 146 oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 135
Dolichopodidae 5: 148– 152 Spodoptera littoralis 21: 98; 25: 7; 29: 106,
Empididae 5: 146– 148 108
Psephenidae 5: 114– 120 Spodoptera littoralis, corpora cardiaca,
Simuliidae 5: 133– 141 biogenic amines in 15: 429
Tanyderidae 5: 122, 123 Spodoptera littoralis, intake of diluted
Tipulidae 5: 123– 133 food 11: 97
Torridincolidae 5: 120– 122 Spodoptera littorina 29: 358
isolation of tissue 5: 84 – 104 Spodoptera litura 19: 40; 28: 42
attributes 5: 92 – 97 Spodoptera mauritia 19: 98
function 5: 97 –100 Spodoptera, virus in plasmacytoids
origin 5: 84 – 89 11: 188
time differences in 5: 89 – 92 Spodromantis linealoa 24: 35
tissue reservoirs 5: 100– 104 Spontaneous activity, and excitability of
metamorphosis, definition of stages muscle fibre membrane 4: 23
5: 68 – 71 Spontaneous activity, CNS, hormonal
plastron changes 10: 305, 306
and environment 5: 66–68 Spontaneous miniature postsynaptic
respiratory efficiency 5: 105– 112 potentials 4: 15 –17
structure 5: 104, 105 Spot desmosome See Maculae adhaerentes
Sprouting in insect nervous non-resonant sound emissions 13: 234

systems 28: 90 – 95 song patterns 13: 239
Squalene, in sterol biosynthesis 4: 161, 165, evolution 13: 334
166 sound patterns 13: 240
Squash fly (see Zeugodugus) stridulatory movements and
Squid (see also Loligo and Sepia) neuromuscular activity 13: 246
Squid, axons, electrical behaviour and stridulatory mechanisms 13: 232
extracellular system 1: 463 Steady state attractor 23: 152
Squid, giant axon 4: 5 Stearate (C18), 118, 132, 136, 137, 138, 142,
Squid, rhodopsin 13: 40 143, 144, 146, 147
Stability and control 23: 198– 200 Stearic acid, in lipid metabolism 4: 91, 92,
Stability in flight 5: 190 –198 94 – 96, 129, 130
Diptera 5: 190– 195 Steatococcus tuberculatus, non-flagellate
others 5: 195– 198 sperm 9: 370
Stability, calcium regulation 19: 174 Stegobium panicea, choline in
Stage-specificity, juvenile hormone 26: development 9: 56
92 –94 Stegobium paniceum, crowding 3: 247
Stagnicola elodes 25: 317 Stegobium peniceum, sterol utilization
Staining 4: 162
in protein resolution 17: 21, 22 Steirodon careovirgulatum 29: 228
negative, intercellular junctions and Stellate cells in malpighian tubule 28: 10,
15: 38, 39 13, 15, 30
of corpus allatum 2: 291 Stemmata, development 6: 111, 121
of neurosecretory cells 17: 206, 209– 212, Steniola, ocellus 7: 102
214– 216, 231 Stenobothrus lineatus 29: 247
of neurosecretory cells 2: 248, 249, 252, Stenobothrus lineatus, chitin orientation 4:
257 234
of resilin 2: 3 – 7, 9, 15, 17, 59 Stenobothrus lineatus, coloration 8: 169
of thoracic gland 2: 259, 260 Stenobothrus lineatus, motor scores, sound
of tracheoles 17: 90– 93, 95 – 98 production and 13: 247, 248
uranium calcium en bloc, intercellular muscle activity, co-ordination, sound
junctions and 15: 39 production and 13: 245
Staining methods, Arthropoda 24: 17, 18, 20 song patterns 13: 239
Staining, “specific”, for neurosecretory sound patterns 13: 240
cells 12: 66, 67 – 70 sound production, motor co-ordination
Stalia major, feeding 13: 246
and age 5: 238, 249, 269, 270 Stenobothrus rubicundus, song pattern,
fresh matter 5: 260 evolution 13: 334, 335
Staphylinidae, invasion of sea 5: 152 stridulatory mechanisms 13: 232
Starch, digestion 5: 217 Stenobothrus stigmaticus, haemolymph 1:
Starfish 24: 161 214
Startle reaction 7: 387 Stenobothrus, germinal vesicle 11: 281
Starvation Stenodema calcaratum, salivary
and cuticle reabsorption 4: 341, 345 pectinase 9: 213
and lipid metabolism 4: 89, 100, 141, 142 Stenopelmatidae 27: 37
effect on carbohydrate levels 4: 299, 306, Stenopelmatus
324, 329 effect of acetylcholine on heart rate 2: 222
Starvation, in food-plant selection 1: 48, 51, effect of adrenalin on heart rate 2: 223
53 –55, 57, 58 Step frequency in free walking
State switching phenomenon 24: 317 metachronal lag vs period 18: 43
Stauroderus scalaris, motor co-ordination, protraction time as function of
sound production and 13: 248 period 18: 44
Step patterns in free walking in morphological colour change 10:

as function of step frequency 18: 33 173
during rapid movement 18: 41 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 128
fast and slow walking 18: 40 oviposition behaviour 10: 328
protractions and velocity 18: 54 Stick insect, fat body deposits 9: 260
starting 18: 51 Stick insect, locomotion control 7: 404
Stereobiology, and trail Stick insect, Malpighian tubules 8: 274, 276
pheromones 18: 9 – 13 Stick insect, neuronal activity of pyrethroids
Stereotypy in ecdysis 15: 503– 514 in 20: 160, 161
Sternocera castanea, elytra structure 4: 232 Stick insect, see Carausius morosus
Sternorrhyncha, saliva 9: 192, 225 Stick insects 28: 200
Steroid binding sites GABA Stick insects, embryogenesis 12: 136
receptors 22: 11, 12 Stick insects, oviposition 19: 102
Steroid hormones 19: 125; 24: 219– 221, Stictocephala diceros, fatty acid content
220, 223, 248 4: 94
Steroids in insect cuticular lipids 15: 23 Stifte 27: 3
Sterol, in cell membrane 6: 208 Stigmasterol, as growth factor 4: 162, 163
Sterols content in insects 4: 168
as growth factors 4: 162, 163 in hormones 4: 177
biosynthesis 4: 161, 164– 167, 176, 209 in sterol modification 4: 174, 175
content 4: 104, 105, 118, 168, 169 Stilbocoris, neurosecretory cells
function 4: 103, 147, 175, 176, 178, 180, protocerebral 12: 79
209, 210 total 12: 92
volume 12: 105
in cuticular wax 4: 153, 154
Stillbocoris 19: 110
in nutrition 4: 157, 159, 160, 209
Stillbocoris natalensis 19: 107
modification 4: 170– 175
Stimulants, feeding, and intake 11: 98
structure 4: 158, 159
Stimulation, juvenile hormone 26: 87
Steropleurus nobrei 29: 155
Stimulus level regulation 23: 154
Steuropleurus stali 29: 155, 224
Stingless bees
Stick insect (Carausius morosus) 27: 23, 61, caste development in 16: 170
140, 158 trophogenic factors 16: 190– 193
assistance reflexes 27: 143– 156 caste formation, endocrine in 16: 213, 214
femoral chordotonal organ 27: 123, 124 Stomach, chromosome puffing 7: 31
non-spiking interneurons 27: 137–139 Stomacoccus plantani, non-flagellate
reflex gain 27: 142, 143 sperm 9: 370
resistance reflex 27: 141, 142 Stomatogastric ganglia, neurosecretory
Stick insect (see also Dixippus) cells 12: 72
innervation of heart 2: 224 Stomatogastric system 24: 43
Stick insect Stomatogastric system, biogenic amine cell
circadian rhythms localization in 15: 343– 345
colour change 10: 71, 72 Stomodeum 19: 2
endocrine cells 10: 37 Stomoxys 19: 86, 87
electrically excitable membranes 6: 266, Stomoxys calcitrans 19: 85, 278, 280, 281;
268 26: 22, 189, 191, 192, 199, 200;
excitatory synaptic membranes 6: 247, 29: 297, 299, 307
248 Stomoxys calcitrans, alkanes in,
haemolymph 6: 215 function 13: 21
membrane potential 6: 231 alkenes in 13: 3
ommochromes biological activity of alkanes and alkenes
as pattern pigments 10: 171 in 13: 22
as waste products 10: 178 dimethylalkanes in 13: 13, 14, 16
g-glutamylphenylalanine in 13: 73 Strepsiptera, protocerebral neurosecretory

methylalkanes in 13: 6, 8, 11 cells 12: 82
Stomoxys calcitrans, haemolymph 1: 212 Streptomyces 26: 220
Stomoxys calcitrans, phosphorylase Streptomyces antibioticus, chitinase
activity 12: 253 production 4: 344, 345
Stomoxys calcitrans, probing response to Streptomyces avermitilis, avermectins 22: 74
ammonia 11: 39 Streptomyces griseus 26: 220, 221
Stomoxys, proline as flight fuel 13: 165 Stress 23: 88, 89; 26: 340– 342
Storage Stress factor, neuro-active 10: 55
adipokinetic hormone 17: 156– 158 Stress responses in Drosophila 28: 53
fuel 17: 152, 174, 175 Stress syndrome, generalized 23: 81
haemocyte specialization for 11: 136 Stress, in insects 21: 119
of neurosecretory material 17: 210, 259, Stretch receptors 2: 235, 252, 253, 264, 268,
260 303
proteins, larval Stretch receptors, and meal size regulation
and fat body 11: 350–353, 365 abdominal 11: 48, 56
genetics of 11: 356– 361 pharyngeal 11: 61
synthesis of 11: 353– 356 Stretch receptors, Arthropoda 24: 30
Storage calcium 19: 173 Stridulation
Storage excretion 8: 201– 204, 319 biophysical aspects 10: 254– 257
Storage excretion, metamorphosis circadian rhythm of 10: 45, 61
19: 199 Stridulatory mechanisms 13: 231, 232
Storage excretion, uric acid 4: 47, 51 Stridulatory movements, sound patterns
and 13: 236– 241
Storage of neurosecretory material 2: 250,
Stridulatory organs 13: 230
255, 301
Stridulatory patterns, modification by
Storage of pterines 6: 188– 190
external stimuli 13: 252–254
Storage proteins 26: 6, 26 – 28
Striped Jack Nervous Necrosis Virus
arylphorins 22: 304– 308
(SJNNV) 25: 46
function 22: 313– 315
Strongylogaster, development of parasite
methionine-rich storage in 11: 174
protein 22: 308– 310 Strontium and stimulation by ADH 9: 40
other storage proteins 22: 310, 311 Strontium, as substitute for calcium in
uptake 22: 311, 312 muscle contraction 4: 25, 26
Storage proteins see also Fat body Structure
Storage vesicles, biogenic amine localization of adipokinetic hormone 17: 160– 162
in 15: 349 of cuticle 17: 38 – 51
Storage, lipid 4: 99, 102– 106, 110, 146, of cuticular protein 17: 18, 19, 32 – 35, 50,
148, 172, 178, 185, 209, 210 54
Strain birefringence, of resilin in cuticle 2: 4, elastic forces of, and tracheole
12, 14, 31, 32, 59 fluid 17: 129, 130
Strap cells in transverse nerves of tracheoles 17: 87, 91 – 96
differentiation 20: 102, 103 Structure activity relations, proctolin 19: 8
formation 20: 93 – 97 Structure-activity relationships 5-HT
Stratiomyidae 26: 319 9: 5 – 12
Stratiomyidae, spiracle 5: 74 Structure – activity relationships
Stratiomyids 19: 173 DDT 8: 73 – 75
Strauzia longipennis, lipids containing pyrethroids 8: 75, 76
choline 9: 73 rotenone 8: 76 – 78
‘streams’ 23: 33 Strychnine sulphate, and learning 9: 169
Strepsiptera, cocoon escape 2: 177 Stylet-sheath feeding, Hemiptera
Strepsiptera, ocellus 7: 99 and phytopathogenicity 9: 217
discharge of saliva 9: 197– 200 in whole insects 4: 296

formation of sheath 9: 196, 197 utilization of 4: 303
ingestion 9: 200, 201 Sucrose, and Malpighian tubules
sampling the surface 9: 194, 195 8: 279, 280
secretion of flange 9: 195, 196 Sucrose, feeding response to
sheath material, composition 9: 205–208 after deprivation 11: 89, 90
withdrawal of stylets 9: 201, 202 amount ingested 11: 46, 49, 51, 58
Stylocheiron, image formation 3: 14 and pre-ingestion locomotor
Stylops 2: 298 activity 11: 8, 10
Subcellular fractions, lipids containing and probing response 11: 39
choline 9: 76 and recurrent nerve activity 11: 27, 28
Sub-cuticle 14: 116 constancy of intake 11: 88
Subfamilies 23: 137– 139 effect of concentration 11: 93, 97
behavioural variability 23: 144 labellar threshold to 11: 35 – 38
given tasks 23: 138 meal size 11: 69 –78
Subgenital glands 14: 406, 408 rate of ingestion 11: 86, 87
Subgenual organ (SGO) 27: 26, 31 – 35 tarsal threshold to 11: 26, 35
Suboesophageal ganglion Sucrose-gap technique 15: 245
and 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 129 Sucrose-gap technique 9: 22, 277, 284
and tumour induction 10: 42, 43 Suction ventilation 26: 325, 343
circadian rhythm of cells 10: 35, 37, 38 Sugar content
role in behavioural rhythms 10: 55 – 57, and developmental stage 4: 291– 297,
63, 65, 67, 70 309, 323, 324
role in locomotor rhythms 10: 337, 338 and frost-resistance 4: 296
role in oviposition 10: 328 of haemolymph 4: 291– 295
Suboesophageal ganglion, and learning9: 136 of insect tissues 4: 296, 297
Suboesophageal ganglion, of whole insects 4: 295, 296
Arthropods 24: 36, 40 – 42, 42, 45, Sugar levels, blood
72 – 74, 75 circadian variations 10: 30, 31, 92, 95
Sub-oesophageal ganglion, dispause regulation 10: 299
hormone 4: 339, 340 Sugars
Suboesophageal ganglion, neurosecretory active transport of 4: 298, 322
cells 12: 72, 73 as phagostimulants, in continuation of
Substrate interconversion, in lipid feeding 16: 68
biosynthesis 4: 147–152 biochemistry of 4: 287– 347
Succelluler mechanisms, proctolin biosynthesis and utilization 4: 298,
19: 24 301– 325
Succinate dehydrogenase 27: 249 blood, and plasma homeostasis 11: 198,
Succinic dehydrogenase, CPV 26: 271 199
Succinic dehydrogenase, sperm feeding response to
mitochondria 9: 364 after deprivation 11: 89
Succinyl-concanavalin A 24: 322, 323 blood-sucking insects 11: 39 –41
Sucrase, pH in mid-gut 4: 320 effect of concentration 11: 93, 94
Sucrose effect of dilution 11: 97
and electrically excitable ingestion of 11: 45 – 87, see Ingestion
membranes 6: 267 labellar thresholds to 11: 35 – 38
and firefly scintillation 6: 81 tarsal thresholds to 11: 22 – 32
effect on muscle resting potential 4: 5 intestinal absorption 4: 297– 299, 320
effect on spontaneous miniature potentials occurrence 4: 289– 297
in muscle 4: 15 regulation in blood 4: 299– 301, 309, 329
in fatty acid synthesis 4: 130 stimulation of chemoreceptor hairs
in haemolymph 4: 291, 292, 295 by 16: 65
Sugars, and frost resistance 6: 27, 30, 34, 35, and fatty acid synthesis 4: 130, 131, 160,
41 167
Sugars, digestibility 5: 275– 277 Symbionts, and choline metabolism
Sugars, in puparium glue 7: 60 9: 58, 59
Sugars, rectal recovery 8: 304 Symbiosis, eicosanoids 24: 139
Sugars, transport, hindgut 19: 398 Sympathetic nervous system 23: 82
Sulfakinins 28: 273–278 Sympathetic stimulation, salivary glands
Sulphanilamide, and Malpighian 9: 37
tubules 8: 226 Sympetrum
Sulphates, biogenic amine conjugation flight muscle 7: 274, 277, 278
by 15: 363 ocellus 7: 108, 127
Sulphates, plasma membrane S. rubicundulum 7: 153, 154
permeability 14: 212 Sympetrum spp., retina to lamina
Sulphydryl grdpps, Hemipteran saliva9: 237, projection 14: 286
240, 245, 246 Sympetrum, ommochrome distribution 10:
Sun-shaded alteration, thermal physiology 151
and 16: 24, 25 S. flaveolum 10: 151
Supella longipalpa 26: 51 S. sanguineum 10: 151
Supella supellectilium 26: 54 S. vulgatum 10: 151
‘super sisters’ 23: 124 Sympetrum, protocerebral neurosecretory
Supercooling 6: 1 – 3, 8 ,9, 12, 13, 19, 22, 23, cells 12: 77
25, 35 Symploce capitata 24: 141
Super-gene, grasshopper coloration 8: 153 Synagris, protocerebral neurosecretory
Superoxide radicals and retinal damage 20:
cells 12: 82
37, 38
Synapomorphy 24: 5, 7, 11, 12, 80
Supraoesophageal ganglion,
Synapse
Arthropoda 24: 36, 42 – 47, 45, 68,
(see also Synaptic transmission)
70, 74 – 76, 75, 76
criteria 5: 10
Surface dyads 14: 190
definition 5: 1
Surface lipids, hydrocarbons in 13: 1
Surface patterning, juvenile hormone 24: 225 types 5: 2 – 7
Surface tension in tracheoles 17: 132, 133 Synapse, reactions at 9: 96, 97
Surface waxes, hydrocarbons in 13: 1 Synapses in adult insects 28: 111– 113
Survival Synapses, location 7: 360, 361
and fatty acids 4: 145 Synaptic
and glycerol and sorbitol production contacts of neurosecretory cells 17: 208,
4: 325, 346 254– 258
and monosaccharide utilization 4: 302, transmission, oxygen and 17: 102
303 Synaptic changes, during learning 9: 162
and sugar levels 4: 296, 299 Synaptic cleft, transverse tubular system
Susceptibility, CPV 26: 259– 266 lumen and 14: 206– 208
Swallowing, moulting fluid 26: 176– 178 Synaptic delay, effect of tryptamine 4: 12
Swarm 23: 33, 130 Synaptic junctions in salivary glands 15:
Sweating, eicosanoids 24: 176 405
Swimming hairs, parallel chitin 4: 220 Synaptic membranes, properties 6: 242– 255
and trehalase activity 4: 320 excitatory 6: 244– 252
in sterol biosynthesis 4: 160, 167, 168 inhibitory 6: 252– 255
Swimming reflexes in insects 28: 126 Synaptic organization
swiss cheese (sws) gene 29: 26, 27 ocellar plexus 25: 180, 181
Switching net 23: 150, 151 ocellar tract neuropil 25: 189– 193
Syconastes marginatus, ocellus 7: 108 posterior slope neuropil 25: 193– 195
Symbionts 1: 145, 157, 158 Synaptic physiology, eicosanoids 24: 198
Synaptic potentials, motor and 2n rule and mitotic

neurons 7: 364– 369 programming 11: 249– 251
Synaptic transmission 5: 1– 64 asynchrony, nurse cell
ganglia development 11: 265, 266
acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase end of 11: 263, 264
content 5: 7 – 9 physiology of 11: 266– 8
acetylcholine and activity 5: 23, 24 Synchronous flashing, firefly 6: 90
adrenaline and noradrenaline 5: 26 Syncytium
anticholinesterases 5: 24, 25 and neuroendocrine cells 20: 107
carbon dioxide 5: 23 differentiation 20: 103
curare and atropine 5: 25, 26 Synephrine, and luminescence 6: 76 – 79
DDT 5: 27 Synthesis
dopamine 5: 26 adipokinetic hormone 17: 156, 157
electrical phenomena, description 5: nucleic acid 17: 9, 10, 20, 21, 36, 37
11 – 18 of neurosecretory products 17: 208–210
general considerations of protein 17: 8 – 12, 33, 36 – 38, 101, 102,
organisation 5: 9 – 11 180, 269
K+ and Ca2+ 5: 21 – 23 Synthetase, chitin 4: 343, 344
nicotine 5: 27, 28 glycogen 4: 305, 330, 331
rhythm modification 5: 18 – 21 trehalose 4: 307– 339, 337
Synthetic polymers, microfibril formation
structure of synaptic regions
4: 214
5: 2 – 7
Syrbilla fuscovittata, coloration 8: 179
properties
Syrbula admirabilis 29: 247
after-discharge 5: 35, 36
Syrbula fuscovittata 26: 48; 29: 247
general characteristics 5: 28 – 33
Syrbula fuscovittata, male sexual
inhibitory processes 5: 52 – 54 behaviour 10: 320
mechanism 5: 38 – 52 Syringaldazine 27: 256
refractory period 5: 33 – 35 Syromastes marginatus, see Coreus
repetitive stimulation 5: 36 – 38 marginatus
synaptic delay 5: 33 Syrphidae 26: 319
Synaptic transmission by nonspiking Syrphidae, flight reflexes 5: 211
interneurons 18: 260–275 Syrphidae, lipid content 4: 80
chemical 18: 260– 262, 261 Syrphus pyrastri, ommochromes 10: 157,
graded nature of 18: 262– 265 160
time course of postsynaptic Syrphus spp., metabolic rate 13: 146
effects 18: 265– 269 mass, wing-loading wingbeat frequency
Synaptic transmission, and cyclic AMP and and 13: 140
Calcium pre-flight warm-up 13: 189
post-synaptic 9: 35, 36 Syrphus, ocellus 7: 110
pre-synaptic 9: 34, 35 Systematics 24: 8, 11
Synaptic transmission, catecholamine 6: 172 Systematics, and lipid content 4: 89
Synaptic transmission, functional aspects of SzA in Drosophila 28: 21 – 23
the organization 1: 442– 477
Synaptogenesis in insect nervous T oocytes 19: 66, 69, 70, 72, 73
systems 28: 95 – 98 TAAG motif 25: 11, 12
Synaptosomes, brain, sodium uptake and Tabanid sp., haemolymph 1: 212
deltamethrin 20: 178, 179 Tabanidae 26: 319
synaptotagmin 29: 35 Tabanids, ocellus 7: 101
Synchronization of spiracle Tabanus 19: 115, 116
activity 3: 311– 317 Tabanus affinis, flight speed, metabolic rate
Synchronous division, oo¨genesis and 13: 145
metabolic rate, mass, wing-loading, Tanning, quinone 21: 190– 205

wingbeat frequency and 13: 140 carboxyl groups 21: 196, 197
oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 135 differential mechanisms 21: 217– 221
Tabanus septentrionalis, metabolic rate, hydroxyl groups 21: 198
mass, wing-loading, wingbeat –lysine adducts 21: 195, 199
frequency and 13: 140 peroxidase participation 21: 204, 205
oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 135 Tanyderidae, spiracular gills 5: 75, 86, 92,
Tabanus sp., ommochromes 10: 157 99, 105, 122, 123
Tabanus sulcifrons, flight reflexes 5: 211 Tanytarsus lewisi, lipid composition 1: 137
Tabanus, protocerebral neurosecretory Tanytarsus lewisi, lipid content 4: 80
cells 12: 82 Tardigrades, septate junction in 15: 66
Tachinidae, polytene chromosomes 7: 9 Target organs, male factors 19: 91
Tachycines 25: 201 Target proteins 26: 87
Tachycines asynamonus, embryonic pattern Tarsal claws, prehardening of cuticle 2: 177
specification, Tarsal receptors, and feeding regulation
activation centre 12: 201 and meal size 11: 50– 53, 57, 58, 76
longitudinal pattern 12: 161, 162, 205, and non-locomotor pre-ingestion
206 behaviour 11: 21 –27
transverse pattern 12: 209, 211 stimulation with water 11: 33, 34
type of development 12: 134 Tarsi
Tachycines, flicker fusion frequency 7: 166 chemoreceptors on 16: 252
Tachycines, transients in eye 3: 25 electrophysiological studies 16: 252
Tachykinins 28: 287 Tartaroglyllus bucharicus, calling songs 13:
Tachysphex pectinipes, ocellus 7: 102 311
Tachytes europaea, ocellus 7: 102 song patterns 13: 238
Taenidia, see circulation and tracheal evolution 13: 333
ventilation ‘tanning’ 26: 162, 164 Tartarogryllus burdigalensis, song
Taenidial filament in tracheoles 17: 91, 93, patterns 13: 238
94 Tartarogryllus tartarus, calling songs 13:
Taeniopoda auricornis, lipid composition 311
1: 137 song patterns 13: 237
Taeniorhynchus (Mansonia) fuscopennlata, Taste receptors, and DDT 8: 67
feeding rhythm 10: 8 Taurine 23: 100, 101, 104; 28: 212
Tangential drag 23: 204 Taurine transporters 29: 124, 125
Tangential flow 23: 189 [35S]TBPS see
Tannic acid in intercellular junction t-Butylbicyclophosphorothionate
study 15: 39 binding studies
Tanning (see also Sclerotization) TEA, and potentials 9: 278, 283, 284, 286
auto 17: 51, 57, 58 Techniques
neurohormones and 17: 269 autoradiography (see Autoradiography)
quinone 17: 59, 60, 71 chitin purification 1: 259, 260, 262
Tanning chromatography (see Chromatography)
and tyrosine 3: 59 – 61, 73, 95, 96 electron microscopy
cuticle, in ecdysis 15: 541 chitin orientation in cuticle studies
enzymes 4: 223, 229, 236, 239, 246, 264,
puparium formation in Calliphora 265
3: 165 (see also Electron microscopy)
tyrosinase in ebony mutants3: 165, 166 electron microscopy chitin/protein
in ecdysis 15: 528 complexes 1: 304– 306
Tanning of cuticle, regulation 10: 299 electrophoresis (see Electrophoresis)
Tanning, of cuticle 2: 58, 59, 62, 183, 184, extraction
186, 200, 204 glycogen 4: 326
lipid 4: 71 – 73 testing applicability of resting potential

extraction of acetylcholine 1: 10, 11 equation 4: 2, 3, 4
for carbohydrate analysis treatment with EDTA of muscle
anthrone reaction 4: 289, 294, 300, contraction 4: 25
323 use of microelectrodes in muscle 4: 10,
chromatography 4: 289, 294– 296, 304, 12, 15, 19, 20
307 X-ray
enzymatic assays 4: 289, 294, 296, 307, chitin/protein complexes 1: 287– 301
332 304, 305
histochemistry (see Histochemistry) structure of chitin 1: 262– 275
implantation experiments X-ray diffraction, in chitin studies
in cuticle lamellogenesis studies 4: 217, 223, 266, 267, 271
4: 257– "260 Tectum
in blood sugar regulation studies 4: 299, fish, acetylcholine receptors 15: 277
300 toad, acetylcholine receptors 15: 277
in chitin metabolism studies 4: 342– 345 Tegmen, distribution of sound level over 10:
in glycogen phosphorylase activity 260, 262
studies 4: 333, 334 Tegminal resonators, vibrational
in glycogen synthetase demonstration properties 10: 258
4: 330, 331 Telamona, sperm axoneme 9: 342
in insect biochemistry, general Telea pernyi, see Antherea pernyi
discussion 4: 288, 289 Telea polyphemus
in nervous system study brain
evaluation of results 1: 431– 433 acetylcholinesterase and electrical
micro-electrode 1: 179– 183 activity 1: 19, 20
in study of acetylcholine cholinergic elements in 1: 5
in central nervous tissue 1: 22 fat body
in sugar absorption studies 4: 297, 298 purine 1: 152
in trehalase studies 4: 312, 313, 315, 316 haemolymph potassium 6: 215
infra-red spectrometry ions in muscle systems 6: 220, 221
cuticular wax studies 4: 153 resting membrane potential 6: 242
in lipid studies 4: 186, 187 trehalose in blood of 1: 117,
of chitin orientation 4: 217 118
lipase assay 4: 111, 112, 113, 115 Telea polyphemus, haemolymph, ionic
manometry composition 14: 201
in lipid metabolism studies 4: 111– 113, muscles, ionic composition 14: 204
115, 148 plasma membrane permeability, to
mass spectrometry ammonium 14: 212
in isoprenoid studies 4: 168, 181 to hydrogen ions 14: 216
optical studies postsynaptic potential 14: 227
chitin/protein complexes 1: 302– 304 vitellogenesis in male milieu in 14: 87
purification vitellogenin and vitellin in 14: 52
of hormones 4: 177, 180 Telea, spiracular muscles 4: 6
xanthine dehydrogenase 4: 56 Teleogryllus 19: 96
radioisotopes (see Radioisotopes) adult ecdysis 15: 513
spectrophotometry commodus
in demonstrating glycogen biosynthesis 24: 141, 142, 143, 144,
synthetase 4: 331 145
in lipase study 4: 111 eicosanoids 24: 134, 134, 172, 198
staining glutamate receptors 24: 314, 316, 329,
chitosan-iodide and exocuticle 4: 235, 331, 332
238 juvenile hormones 24: 216
reproduction 24: 147– 153, 154, 155, microtubules 11: 302, 305
158, 159 RNA transport 11: 279
cuticle inflation in ecdysis 15: 525 yolk deposition 11: 300
ecdysis, behavioural switching in yolk synthesis 11: 292
15: 516 Temperature 26: 2, 4, 16, 258, 259, 265, 276
escape from cuticle 15: 524 and elasticity of resilin 2: 25 – 28
oceanicus 24: 241 and excitation of muscle 4: 6, 7, 9
Teleogryllus commodus 19: 64, 85, 89; and flight 5: 318– 322
25: 175, 176; 27: 25, 37, 38; and grasshopper coloration 8: 164, 174,
29: 207, 213 175
stridulation rhythm 10: 45 and hormone activity 2: 253, 255, 273,
tympanal vibrations 10: 283 276–280
Teleogryllus commodus, amplitude and lipid metabolism 4: 89, 93, 96,
modulation, innate releasing 209
mechanism and 13: 273 and Malpighian tubules 8: 260
female, phonotaxis 13: 278 and rhythm in ganglia 5: 18 – 20
flight metabolism, development 13: 200 and sound attenuation 10: 270, 271
innate releasing mechanism, effect on circadian rhythms 10: 5,
postembryonic development 13: 72 – 74
319 effect on feeding 16: 94
nymphs, sound production 13: 316, 317 effect on grease orientation 2: 93, 94
song patterns, genetics 13: 321 effects on chitin orientation 4: 239; 241,
stridulation development 13: 318 242, 244, 245, 255
Teleogryllus commodus, ecdysis, singing in desert soil 16: 5
and 15: 518 in insect cuticles 15: 1 – 33
Teleogryllus oceanicus 25: 50; 29: 185, 199, dynamic experiments 15: 13 – 16
200, 201, 203, 213, 218, 223, measurement 15: 29
231, 233, 236, 239, 240, 251, 252, permeability to water and 15: 2
335 insect water loss and 15: 9 – 20
adult ecdysis 15: 507 Temperature and fluid absorption in
dorsal midline neurones, octopamine tracheoles 17: 172, 125, 126, 135
and 15: 365 Temperature coefficient, circadian clock
DUMDL cells 15: 371 4: 239, 244, 245
ecdysis 15: 487 Temperature coefficient, insecticides
behaviour 15: 488 DDT 8: 56 – 61
motor programmes 15: 490, 491, 492 pyrethroids 8: 61 – 65
nervous system plasticity 28: 88, 92, 93, Temperature see Frost resistance
115 Temperature, and sperm motility 9: 381
timing, environment and 15: 478 Temperature, effect on feeding 11: 103
unpaired median neurons in 28: 190 Temperature, flight motor and 13: 181– 184
Teleogryllus oceanicus, flight metabolism, flight muscle, metabolic rate and 13:
development 13: 198, 200 180– 197
song patterns, genetics 13: 321 in flight, metabolic rate and 13: 137– 139
Teleogryllus, sound production, central thoracic, stabilization during flight 13:
nervous system and 13: 263 190, 191
Telmatogeton, secondary invasion of wingbeat frequency and 13: 183
freshwater 5: 155 Temperature, Hyalophora cecropia
Telotrophic ovaries 11: 229, 230, 305, 307 development and 14: 174
classes of RNA 11: 288 relative humidities of sodium chloride
end of synchrony 11: 264 solutions and 14: 6
germarium 11: 255– 260 water absorption thresholds and 14:
germinal vesicle 11: 283 20 – 24
Temporal patterning of ingestion 11: stimulation of oviduct muscles

98 – 102 2: 240
Tendon tracheal air filling in ecdysis 15: 546
elastic transpiration through cuticle 1: 380,
resilin in 2: 1, 2, 7 – 12, 14 –16, 20, 21, 381
25 – 32, 37, 50 – 52 xanthine dehydrogenase 4: 39
Tendons, parallel chitin 4: 220 Tenebrio ADFa (Tenmo-ADFa) 29: 337
Tenebrio (larva), haemolymph protein Tenebrio molitor
3: 85 choline metabolism
Tenebrio (pupa) lipids containing choline 9: 72
amino acids 3: 90 nutritional requirements 9: 55, 56, 59,
RNA: DNA ratio 3: 92 60, 63
Tenebrio 19: 43, 63, 74, 86, 97, 102, 211, phosphatidylcholine 9: 78, 81
239, 270, 343; 21: 7, 103, 119; sperm
24: 43, 50 – 52 accessory flagellar bodies 9: 364, 365
amino acids in embryo 3: 59 acrosomal complex 9: 324, 325
comb desmosome, thin section axoneme 9: 337, 343, 348
appearance 15: 44 cell surface 9: 323
corpora allata and proteinase 3: 100 centriolar region 9: 336
ecdysis, blood volume and 15: 554 mitochondria 9: 358, 361, 362
failures 15: 570 motility 9: 377, 378
metabolism and 15: 560 Tenebrio molitor 19: 34, 37, 229, 233; 26:
effect of corpus cardiacum 2: 237 28, 53, 81, 82, 101, 176, 304, 305;
29: 63, 288, 294, 299, 300, 304,
effect of LSD 2: 237
308– 310, 337, 341
epidermal cells, gap junction 15: 102
absence of glutarate pathway 10: 133
evaporation rate 2: 74
atmospheric water uptake 2: 72, 73
extraction and assay of juvenile
carbohydrate in haemolymph 4: 294
hormone 2: 292, 294– 296
carnitine requirement 1: 61, 75
fat body tissue respiration 1: 131
cholinergic elements in 1: 6, 25
gap junction permeability 15: 108 corpus cardiacum extract 1: 35
calcium and 15: 106 cuticle structure 4: 226
juvenile hormone extract 4: 180 darkening factor activity 2: 207
lipids diadic membranes 6: 210
content 4: 74 ecdysis, bursicon and 15: 542
fatty acids 4: 145 X-irradiation and 15: 578
metabolism 4: 117, 163, 209 electrically excitable responses 6: 269
metabolic water 2: 74 embryonic pattern specification
molitor fat body
eicosanoids 24: 134, 135, 142, 146, glycogen 1: 114
159, 172 purines 1: 151, 153, 156
homologous structures 24: 36, 40, 41, feeding regulation
42, 45, 47, 49, 49, 52 –54, 55, 56, water satiation 11: 22
56, 57 water vapour and activity 11: 18
juvenile hormone 24: 230 FRMFamide peptides in 28: 295, 304,
muscle membrane 310, 316
effect of carbon dioxide 4: 6 gene activity
potentials 4: 4 adult protein synthesis 11: 370
protyrosinase in larva 2: 193 female proteins 11: 366
respiratory enzymes during haemolymph protein 11: 347
metamorphosis 3: 93 imaginal cuticle proteins 11: 365
ring gland 2: 259 ribosome, protein composition 11: 342
vitellogenin synthesis 11: 366 resting membrane potential 14: 222

glycogen and development 4: 327 transverse tubular system 14: 191
haemocytes vitellogenin and vitellin in 14: 53
behaviour 11: 155, 156 water exchange allometry 14: 26
blood clotting 11: 159 water exchange variables 14: 22
diversity 11: 137, 138 water vapour absorption in 14: 10
filopodia 11: 153 Tenebrio molitor, feeding
pro-phenolases 11: 190 carbohydrate and lipid 5: 276
vacuoles 11: 125, 129 conversion of digested food 5: 251
haemolymph potassium 6: 215 dry matter 5: 257
hormones nitrogen 5: 273, 274
adipokinetic 12: 284 nutritive ratio 5: 278
bursicon 12: 291 uric acid in faeces 5: 235
CA and respiration 12: 296 use of groups 5: 238
JH, transaminase activity 12: 291 utilization of energy 5: 281, 282
insecticide susceptibility rhythm 10: 27 Tenebrio molitor, water-uptake 8: 308,
ionic and osmotic regulation, excretory 310– 319, 323, 324
system 1: 360– 362, 369 Tenebrio monitor 27: 276, 307
ions in muscle systems 6: 220, 221 Tenebrio spp., antennae, antennal lobes
longitudinal pattern 12: 174, 182, 202 and 14: 305
type of development 12: 129, 134 atmospheric water absorption
membrane potential 6: 237 mechanisms 14: 26 – 30
N-acetyldopamine in 2: 184 pore canal diameter in 14: 7
nervous system development central vitellogenesis in male milieu in
body 6: 121 14: 88
embryonic 6: 103, 104 vitellogenin biosynthesis, genetic
olfactory centre 6: 119 control 14: 86
optic lobe 6: 113 Tenebrionid beetles, carnitine 9: 52
nervous system plasticity 28: 99, 102 Tenodera aridifolia 27: 295
neuromuscular junctions 1: 467, Tenodera sinensis 28: 108
469– 471, 474 Tenodora 19: 267, 280
nitrogen metabolism 4: 51 Tenodora sinensis 19: 266
nurse cells, RNA 11: 279 Tent caterpillar, eastern,
ommochromes 10: 159 thermoregulation 20: 138– 140
oxygen consumption rhythm 10: 24 Tent moth pre-flight warm-up
pterines 6: 154 and head temperature 20: 132, 133
unpaired median neurons in 28: 190, 224 and wing morphology 20: 128, 129
water loss, measurement 15: 10 Tentbredinidae, lipid content 4: 81
wax crystal structure 15: 27 Tenthredinid wasp, proteinaceous
Tenebrio molitor, alkanes in 13: 2 spheres 11: 353
blood lipids 13: 175 Tenthredinid, haemolymph 1: 213
Tenebrio molitor, amino acids in embryo 3: 61 TEPP (tetraethylpyrophosphate) and
Tenebrio molitor, atmospheric water acetylcholine 9: 99, 100
absorption in 14: 18 TEPP, affect on heart rate 2: 222
basal lamina 14: 187 TEPP, effect on cholinergic system 1: 19,
larvae, atmospheric water absorption 24 – 29
in 14: 2, 11 Terminal abdominal ganglia,
muscles, ionic composition 14: 204 cockroaches 19: 354
neuromuscular junctions 14: 196, Terminal abdominal ganglion, octopamine
197 and 15: 387
postsynaptic potential 14: 228 Terminal bar See Zonula adhaerens; Zonula
postsynaptic vesicles 14: 199 occludens
Terminal ganglion 19: 117 and flight motor system of flies 20: 160,
Terminal velocity 23: 204, 205, 207 162
Terminology of colour vision 2: 135– 137 and sodium channel modification 20: 171,
Termite 172
chitinase activity 4: 345 and sodium current in squid 20: 166– 168
isoprenoid content 4: 169 glutamate response block 20: 162
Termite, caste formation 10: 303 tetrodotoxin antagonism 20: 164, 165
Termites 23: 127 Tetramethylammonium, glutamate
lower 23: 3, 4 receptors 24: 323
Termites, scalariform junctions in 15: 168 Tetramethylammonium, interneurone
Termites, sperm 9: 354, 371 synaptic transmission and 15: 253
Termites; See Isoptera Tetranecura ulmi, polymorphism 3: 216,
Termopsidae, sperm 9: 371 219, 237
Terpenes Tetranychus urticae, circadian rhythms
and juvenile hormone 4: 180 insecticide susceptibility 10: 26
in insects 4: 169, 176, 209 narcotic sensitivity 10: 24, 25
in nutrition 4: 157, 160, 209 oviposition 10: 12
Terrestrial insects, haemolymph 6: 218 Tetraopes tetraophthalmus, fatty acid
Terrestrial insects, ionic and osmotic content 4: 94
regulation Tetrapods 23: 174
haemolymph and diet 1: 352– 359 Tetraviridae 25: 43, 45, 48 – 50
role of excretory system 1: 359– 378, biological control 25: 50
391 classification 25: 48
water relations 1: 378 –382 host range 25: 48
Tertiapin 13: 115 isolation 25: 48
Tessaratoma aethiops, scent gland molecular studies 25: 49, 50
functions 14: 362 replication 25: 49, 50
Tessaratoma papillosa, scent glands virion structure 25: 49
morphology 14: 368 Tetrix undulata 19: 61
Test genotypes 23: 121 Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and DDT 8: 15, 41 – 43
Testes 24: 135, 149, 152, 158, 160 Tetrodotoxin
gap junction in 15: 95 and crayfish stretch receptor 20: 163, 164
insect, tight junctions 15: 136, 137 sodium channel blocking 20: 159
septate junctions in 15: 63, 68 Tetrodotoxin, and action potential 9: 278
occurrence in 15: 67 Tetrodotoxin, effect on locomotor
tight junctions in 15: 132 rhythm 10: 81, 82
Testes coiling 19: 45 Tettidoniidae 27: 37
Testes fusion 19: 45 Tettigia, protocerebral neurosecretory
Testes, juvenile hormone 26: 34 – 36 cells 12: 80
Testis Tettigidea parvipennis, coloration 8: 151
satellite DNA 11: 274 Tettigonia cantans 29: 166, 183, 213,
transplantations of 11: 178 235, 245
Testis, ommochromes 10: 160, 161, 169 Tettigonia viridissima 27: 37, 112; 29: 172,
Tetanic tension 4: 20 173, 186, 196– 198, 200, 201, 203,
Tetrachloroisoquinoline 24: 327 206, 207, 211, 213, 225, 235, 236,
Tetra-ethyl ammonium ions 244
and potassium current 8: 15 Tettigonia viridissima, chitin orientation
Malpighian tubules 8: 25, 261, 262 4: 234
Tetraethylammonium (TEA) 28: 221 lipid content 4: 79
Tetrahymena 29: 15 Tettigonia viridissima, tympanal organs 13:
Tetram, receptor actions 15: 291, 292 296
Tetramethrin 27: 156 Tettigonia, development of eye 6: 112
Tettigonia, pigments 8: 184 Theophylline, and cyclic AMP 9: 14, 15, 18,
Tettigonia, tympanal organ 13: 288 27, 31, 34, 38, 39
Tettigonids, scalariform junctions in 15: 168 Theophylline, firefly light organ stimulation
Tettigoniid ear 29: 171–176 by 15: 400
Tettigoniida 24: 30, 31, 33 Therioaphis maculata, wing dimorphism
Tettigoniidae 23: 8 3: 250
Tettigoniidae, amplitude modulation, innate Thermal balance, microclimate
releasing mechanism and 13: 273, and 16: 16 – 26
274 Thermobia 19: 343, 344; 26: 7, 8
non-resonant sound emissions 13: 233 hindgut, excretion 8: 287
Tettigoniidae, coloration 8: 153 water uptake 8: 323, 324
Tettigoniidae, sound communication Thermobia domestica (Lepismodes
conduction, non-tympanal route 10: 277 inquilinus), water
emission, biophysics of 10: 263, 264 absorption 8: 307– 310, 311
stridulation, mechanism 10: 254 Thermobia domestica 19: 58; 24: 188
Tettigoniids singing 20: 135 Thermobia domestica, and sterol
Tettigonioid Orthoptera, sperm 9: 326 biosynthesis 4: 167
Tettigonioidea, auditory mechanism, Thermobia domestica, atmospheric water
evolution 13: 338 absorption in 14: 18
auditory neurons 13: 306 water exchange variables 14: 22, 24
innate releasing mechanism, water loss 14: 13
postembryonic development water vapour absorption in 14: 10
13: 319 Thermobia spp., pore canal diameter in 14: 7
pump threshold 14: 39
song patterns 13: 237– 239
water absorption mechanisms in 14: 33,
sound patterns, stridulatory movements
34
and 13: 236
Thermobia, atmospheric water uptake 2: 73
stridulatory mechanisms 13: 231
Thermobia, ventral nerve cord 6: 101
tympanal organs 13: 285, 288– 291, 294,
Thermobiology, eicosanoids
296
cicadas 24: 175, 176
Tettigonioidea, coloration 8: 153, 167 mediation of behavioural
Tettrigidae, coloration 8: 152 fevers 24: 174, 175
TGL (see Triglyceride) Thermogenesis 23: 104
TH see Tyrosine hydroxylase Thermogenesis, shivering and,
Thanatosis 23: 103 nonshivering 13: 191– 195
Thapsigargin 28: 46 – 48 Thermophilum hexmaculatum 26: 320, 321,
Thasus acutangulus, aggregation 324
pheromone 14: 404 Thermoregulation and heat exchange
Thaumalea verralli, fat body pigment 1: 163 20: 119– 146
Thaumalea, fat body 1: 114 avenues of 20: 120– 125
Thaumetopoae pityocampa, vitellogenin and ectothermy/endothermy 20: 120, 121
vitellin in 14: 53 environmental temperature
Thaumetopoea pityocampa 26: 280 evaluation 20: 122
Thaumetopoea pityocampa, lipid content heat budget analysis 20: 124, 125
4: 78 lumped/distributed parameter
Thawing and freezing, effect on trehalase analyses 20: 123, 124
activity 4: 314, 316, 319 Newtonian cooling model 20: 121, 122
Thelmatoscopus albipunctatus, non- operative environmental
flagellate sperm 9: 372 temperature 20: 123
Themonocoris spp., abdominal scent physical factors in 20: 120
glands 14: 378 ectothermy 20: 136– 140
ventral scent glands 14: 377 butterfly 20: 136– 138
caterpillars 20: 138–140 metabolic and cytological

endothermy and non-flight activity effects 2: 263– 267
20: 135, 136 Thoracic nerves, Arthropoda 24: 17– 24, 21,
in flight 20: 126– 135 22, 44, 45, 69
and environmental temperature Thorax 24: 135
20: 126 heat loss from 20: 129– 131
and mechanical efficiency 20: 127 ligation
and metabolic rate 20: 126, 127 effect on carbohydrate metabolism
and morphology 20: 128, 129 4: 338
and performance 20: 133 –135 muscle
head temperature 20: 132, 133 flight and carbohydrate levels 4: 318,
heat transfer/loss 20: 129– 132 329
oxygen consumption and muscle glycogen phosphorylase activity 4: 334
frequency 20: 128 properties of trehalase 4: 314, 316
wingstroke frequency, minimum 20: temperature
127, 128 and wingstroke frequency 20: 127, 128
physiological performance and non-flight 20: 135, 136
temperature 20: 125, 126 Thorax tissues, choline 9: 75
Thermoregulatory capacity 23: 175 Thorax, resilin in cuticle of 2: 1, 2, 17, 22, 23
Therobia leonidei 27: 16; 29: 225, 232, 241 Thorndike’s law of effect in
Thin-layer chromatography 24: 117, 130, conditioning 20: 60
139, 144, 187, 190, 194, 196 Thosea asigna 25: 50
ecological significance 24: 182 Thosea B virus 25: 45
immunity 24: 168 Thr6-bradykinin 13: 118
reproduction 24: 149 Threonine in resilin 2: 34
thermobiology 24: 176 Threonine, aphid saliva 9: 218
Thioacetamide, and chromosome Threonine, haemolymph 11: 200
puffing 7: 48 Threshold function 23: 152, 153, 155
Thionophosphoryl insecticide 19: 10 Thrips validus 27: 59
Thio-organo-phosphate, circadian response Thrips, sperm 9: 370
to 10: 28 Thrombin, role in clotting 11: 163, 164
Thiourea, effect on blood clotting 11: 164 Thrombocytoids 11: 166; 21: 88
THIP (Pyridinols) Thromboxane 24: 117, 119, 121, 124, 154,
IC50 values 22: 25 154, 183, 184
structure 22: 4 Thyanoptera 19: 344
Thomasiniellula populicola, salivary Thymidine 21: 70
pectinase 9: 213 Thymidine kinase 26: 84, 85, 89
Thoracic gland Thymidine, tritiated, and nervous system
maintenance by juvenile development 6: 107, 114, 121
hormone 2: 283, 284 Thyridopteryx sp., lipid content 4: 76
role in hardening and darkening of Thyroglobulin 26: 28
cuticle 2: 262, 263 Thyroid hormone 24: 219, 220, 253
Thoracic gland system Thyroid stimulating hormone, and cyclic
chemical nature of 2: 270, 271 AMP 9: 37
mitosis, growth and differentiation Thyroid-binding globulin (TUB) 26: 62
2: 261, 262, 264– 270, 310 Thyronine 26: 112; 26: 111, 112
activation and function 2: 254– 256, Thyroxine, gap junction permeability
259– 264, 271, 272, 275, 293, 303 and 15: 109
anatomy and histology 2: 258– 260 Thysanoptera 27: 13, 187
moulting hormone saliva 9: 189, 191, 192, 217
thoracic gland hormone sperm 9: 327, 338, 351, 355, 369
Thysanoptera, antennae, sensilla on vertebrate, comparison with insect

16: 290 15: 138– 141
Thysanoptera, ocellus 7: 99, 100 “Tight” junctions, perineurial 9: 95, 285,
Thysanura 19: 192; 24: 39, 141; 26: 8, 21 287, 290, 291, 300, 302, 304
hormonal regulation of Timarchia tenebriosa, haemolymph
reproduction 2: 299 1: 354
lipids containing choline 9: 71, 74 Timarchia tenebriosa, ionic composition of
sperm haemolymph 9: 275, 276
accessory flagellar bodies 9: 363, 364 Time course of sclerotization 17: 6 – 9, 33,
acrosomal complex 9: 324, 327 45
axoneme 9: 349, 351 protein synthesis 17: 10, 36, 37
mitochondria 9: 354 Time-dependent properties of postsynaptic
nucleus 9: 328 potentials in muscle 4: 14
paired sperm 9: 367– 369 Timing, in optic lobe development
ventral glands 2: 258 14: 298
Thysanura (silverfish) 23: 172, 174 neural development 14: 334
Thysanura, Johnston’s organ in 27: 13 retina development and 14: 288
Thysanura, neurosecretory cells 12: 79, 86 Tinarcha tenebricosa, hatching,
Thysanura, ocellus 7: 99 developmental readiness 15: 480
Thysanura, scalariform junctions, thin Tinarcha violacea-nigra, hatching
section appearance 15: 159 developmental readiness 15: 480
Tiagibine 29: 88 Tineola biseliella, embryonic pattern
Tibia, cuticular structure 4: 240 specification 12: 188, 189, 211
Tibiae, chemoreceptors on 16: 252 Tineola biselliella 27: 39, 51
Tibicen 24: 176 Tineola bisselliela, amino acid
dealbatus 24: 135 excretion 3: 77
Tineola bisselliella, choline in
Tibicen linnei, neuromuscular junctions
development 9: 57
1: 467, 471
Tineola bisselliella, feeding
Tick, feeding rhythm 10: 9
and sex 5: 271
Ticks 24: 178
and temperature 5: 266
Ticks, septate junction in 15: 66
fresh matter 5: 261
Tight junctions 15: 120– 151
uric acid in faeces 5: 235
Calpodes 15: 88 Tineola bisselliella, nitrogenous
coexistence with other junctional excretion 4: 56
types 15: 138 Tingidae, feeding 9: 191– 193, 203 and
degradation 15: 149, 150 phytopathogenicity 9: 217
development and 15: 146– 149 Tipula
evolutionary position 15: 150, 151 cuticle 1: 297
freeze-fractured replicas 15: 129, 130 extra-chromosomal DNA body 11: 252,
functional significance 15: 141– 145 253, 273
heterocellular 15: 138 germarium 11: 261, 262
homocellular 15: 138 germinal vesicle 11: 284
in arthropods, distribution and haemolymph protein 11: 347
localization 15: 132– 138 RNA cistrons 11: 331
models 15: 131, 132 water balance 1: 348
negative stained appearance 15: 126– 129 Tipula IV type 1(TW) 25: 38
phylogenesis 15: 150, 151 Tipula oleracea, haemolymph 1: 212
ridge morphology, functional Tipula oleracea, ommochromes 10: 157, 158
implications 15: 145 Tipula paludosa, haemolymph 1: 212, 355
thin section appearance 15: 126 Tipula paludosa, Malpighian tubules 8: 234,
tracers and 15: 126– 129 238, 266
Tipula paludosa, nitrogen metabolism Torpedo, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

4: 52 from 15: 270
Tipula sp., water loss, measurement 15: 11 Torridincola rhodesica, spiracular gills
Tipula, protocerebral neurosecretory 5: 92, 120– 122, 147, 156, 157
cells 12: 82 Torridincolidae, spiracular gills 5: 74, 86,
Tipula, spiracular gills 5: 74 105, 120– 122, 156– 158
Tipulid leatherjacket 24: 284 Toxins, bloodsuckers 19: 27
Tipulidae 26: 319 Toxins, carnivore midgut 19: 270
Tipulidae, endopolyploidy 7: 7 Toxins, cockroach gut 19: 214
Tipulidae, spiracular gills 5: 73, 75, 77, 79, Toxins, dipteran larvae 19: 220
84, 90 – 93, 97, 99, 100, 105, 113, Toxins, lepidopteran larvae 19: 239
123– 133, 152 Toxins, nectar feeders 19: 295
Tischeria, germarium, intercellular Toxins, orthoptera midgut 19: 256
bridges 11: 243 Toxins, receptor actions of 15: 288– 293
Tissue culture of haemocytes 11: 155, 156 Toxins, sapfeeder midgut 19: 289
Tissue culture, circadian rhythms in 10: Toxoptera aurantii, B vitamins in
39 – 40 development 9: 58
Tissues Toxoptera aurantii, wing dimorphism 3: 251
amylase activity 4: 334, 335 Trachael taenidia, chitin orientation 4: 222
chitinolytic activity 4: 345 Trachea
glycogen phosphorylase activity air filling, in ecdysis 15: 546– 549
4: 332– 334 cell polarity 7: 208
glycogen synthetase activity 4: 330, 331 development 6: 109
polytene chromosomes 7: 7
interrelation of in carbohydrate
regeneration 6: 129
metabolism 4: 321
tight junctions in 15: 137
sugar levels 4: 296, 297
Trachea, and thoracic glands 2: 259
trehalase activity 4: 310– 312, 316, 318,
Tracheae
319, 321, 322, 328
in ecdysis 17: 89 –91
urea in 4: 41
respiratory function and 17: 98, 99
Tissues, insect, intercellular junctions 15: restoration of 17: 115, 116
35 – 213 staining 17: 95 – 97
Titin 27: 183 tracheoles originating in 17: 86, 88, 94
TLC see Thin-layer chromatography Tracheae, modifications for
Tobacco hornworm see Manduca sexta flight 3: 321– 343
Tobacco hornworm, see Manduca sexta gas movement by diffusion 3: 338– 340
Tobacco, cycloalkanes in 13: 3 gas movement by ventilation 3: 334– 338
Tocopherol in vertebrate photoreceptor morphology in pterothorax 3: 322, 334
membranes 13: 54 oxygen and resting flight muscles 3: 342,
TOCP, as an anticholinesterase 1: 25 343
Tolazoline 27: 156 spiracle behaviour 3: 340– 342
Tomato foliage, intake of 11: 96 Tracheal cells, and luminescence 6: 55 – 59,
Tomocerus minor 19: 163, 172, 197, 210 66, 73, 86 – 89
Tongue-lashing 23: 95 Tracheal cylinder, as neuroeffector 6: 86, 89
Topaquinone 27: 245 Tracheal gills 17: 102– 104
Tormogen cells 14: 117 Tracheal system
Tormogen cells, polytene chromosomes active transport of water 2: 87, 88
7: 8, 58 atmospheric water uptake 2: 74, 75, 78,
Torpedo 26: 28 82
Torpedo electric organ nicotinic composition of tracheal cuticle 2: 79, 80,
receptor 20: 184, 185 82
Torpedo electroplax 19: 358 internal water condensation 2: 81, 82
internal wax layer 2: 80, 82 chromosome structure and

monolayer inversion 2: 107 function 11: 332– 337
movement of water vapour 2: 82 differential replication of specific
R.H. in lumen 2: 82, 83 loci 11: 329– 332
site of oxygen transfer 2: 80 modification of cell cycle 11: 326– 329
water exchange 2: 82 nucleolar structure and
Tracheal system, water vapour absorption function 11: 337– 342
by 14: 2 Transdetermination 16: 201
Tracheal, see circulation and tracheal Transduction cascade in photoreceptors
ventilation 20: 7, 8
Tracheata 24: 57, 58, 71, 81, 83; 28: 242 Transduction in FMRFamide-related
Tracheoblasts 17: 86 – 89, 94, 105, peptides 28: 309, 310
110– 113; 24: 241 Transduction in insect visual pigments
in photogenic organs 17: 135, 136 13: 57 – 60
Tracheo-glial junctions 15: 157 Transductive membrane, see
Tracheolar system Phototransductive membranes
septate junctions in 15: 63 Transepitheial transport 26: 177, 178
tight junctions in 15: 137 Transepithelial 42K+ conductance 19: 371
Tracheole Transepithelial 42K+ fluxes 19: 371
active transport of water 2: 87, 88 Transepithelial absorption, calcium 19: 160
capillary force 2: 83, 84, 87, 88 Transepithelial chloride transport 19: 355
concentration of fluid 2: 83, 87, 88 Transepithelial electrical potential
diameters 2: 82, 83, 86, 87 difference 19: 207, 208, 211, 220,
effect of annular corrugation 2: 83 – 85 266, 293, 294
fluid movement in 2: 78 Transepithelial sodium fluxes, short
internal surface properties 2: 80 circuit conditions 19: 377
mechanism of fluid movement 2: 86 – 88 Transfer mechanisms, rectal pads
microstructure 2: 83 – 85 Transfer, pathways of 23: 92
permeability of wall 2: 82, 85, 86 Transferase 26: 236
Tracheoles 17: 85 Transferrin 26: 29, 89
adaptive responses 17: 110– 115 Transiens 23: 4
air in 17: 119– 123 Transients in eye
definition and format 17: 86 – 91 absence of 3: 25
fluid in 17: 123– 134 in retinula cells 3: 24 – 26
histology and histochemistry 17: 91 – 95 off-transients 3: 24, 25, 27 – 31, 38
intracellular 17: 104 –110 on-transients 3: 23, 24, 27 – 31, 38
permeability and 17: 137– 139 Translocation, grafts, neural development
respiratory functions 17: 98 – 104 and 14: 333
restoration of 17: 115– 119 Transmembrane a-helical domains
to firefly photogenic organs 17:134 –136 (TMDs) 29: 63
visualization 17: 95 – 98 Transmission, CPV 26: 266– 268
Transaminase activity, effect of JH 12: 290, Transmission, neuromuscular
291 (see Neuromuscular transmission)
Transamination, in ammonia formation Transmitted effects 23: 26
4: 43 Transmitter substance
Transcellular absorption, calcium 19: 160 acetylcholine
Transcellular calcium transport effect on postsynaptic potential in
Calliphora 19: 165 muscle 4: 9, 10, 15
Transcriptase 26: 236, 242, 248, 260 effect on excitatory responses of muscle
Transcription and replication, nature of 4: 11 –14
Holometabola 11: 326– 342 inhibitory and GABA, 19, 20
quantal release in neuromuscular Transport, nectar feeder midguts 19: 293

transmission 4: 15 – 17 Transport, of product of neurosecretory
quantal nature of postsynaptic cells 2: 250, 251, 254, 310, 317
potential 4: 17 Transport, orthoptera midguts 19: 262
spontaneous miniature postsynaptic Transport, sapfeeder midguts 19: 288
potentials 4: 15, 17 Transporting epithelia, hormone
Transmitter substances, giant fibres 8: 129, regulation 9: 39 – 41
138, 139 Transporting epithelial cells, scalariform
Transmitter, cardiac system 19: 14 junction in 15: 168, 169
Transmitter, proctolin 19: 14 Transverse bilateral pattern,
Transmitter, skeletal motoneurons 19: 17 embryogenesis 12: 208– 216
Transmitter, visceral system 19: 14 Transverse nerve 20: 87 – 117
Transpermethrin 27: 156 anastomoses, peripheral nerve,
Transpiration formation 20: 111
critical temperature, monolayer axon pathways and neuronal growth
hypothesis 15: 25 20: 110, 111
cuticles 15: 1 –33 differentiation 20: 102, 103
biophysics 15: 3 – 8 functional domains 20: 102, 103
lipids and 15: 20 – 29 tracheoblasts 20: 103
Transpiration, role of cuticular lipid 4: formation
152– 154 bridge cells 20: 94, 98, 99
Transpiration, through cuticle 1: 379– 381 molecular analysis, prospects for 20:
Transplantation of ganglia, cockroach 9: 150 113, 114
Transplantations of testes and brain 11: 178 motoneurons 20: 100
Transport neuroendocrine cells, central 20:
active 100– 102
of sugars 4: 298, 322 neuroendocrine cells, peripheral 20: 100
lipid 4: 97 – 99, 102– 110, 116, 126, 127, neuron arrival 20: 98 – 100
141, 184 strap cells 20: 93 –97
of neurosecretory granules 17: 238, 239 monoclonal antibodies 20: 93
of respiratory fuels 17: 150, 151, for staining 20: 113, 114
162– 175, 186– 190, 193, 194 neuroendocrine cell 20: 88
Transport organ, salivary gland as 7: 66, 67 peripheral, differentiation 20: 103– 110
Transport physiology 19: 303 stereotyped development 20: 111, 112
Transport proteins targets 20: 112, 113
iron-binding proteins 22: 364 neurons in 20: 91, 92
juvenile hormone-binding protein Transverse tabular system, lumen, 206– 208
(JHBP) 22: 362, 363 morphology 14: 189, 191– 195
Transport system, proton couples 14: 224, Transverse tubular system (TTS) 6: 209,
225 210, 214
Transport, acid-base equivalents 19: 398 and KCI efflux 6: 227
Transport, bloodsucker midguts 19: 276 and membrane potential 6: 235, 236
Transport, carnivore midguts 19: 269 Transversely orientated tubular system
Transport, cellulose digesters 19: 299 14: 186
Transport, cockroach midgut 19: 210 Trechus, pterines 6: 148
Transport, dipteran larvae 19: 218, 263 Trehala 4: 290
Transport, intercellular, oocyte-nurse cell Trehalase 22: 345, 346; 26: 40
syncytium 11: 307 activity in tissues 4: 310– 312, 316, 318,
protein transport and electrical 319, 321, 322, 328
polarity 11: 294– 300 and moulting 4: 312, 322, 323
structural basis of polarity 11: 300– 305 and trehalose physiology (see Trehalose)
Transport, lepidopteran larvae 19: 230 characteristics of 4: 313– 317
flight muscle 7: 296– 300 Trehalose, circadian variation in 10: 31

in trehalose cleavage and use 4: 309– 316 Trehalose, flight muscle 7: 296– 300
non-insect 4: 315 biosynthesis 7: 300– 303
precise location of 4: 315, 316 Trehalose, in haemolymph 6: 218
salivary gland 7: 62 Tremorgenic agents 22: 81 – 83
Trehalose 23: 92, 99; 26: 167, 168 Trephocyte 11: 136
and adipokinetic hormone release 17: 159 Triacetin, hydrolysis of 4: 111, 112, 115
and chitin metabolism 4: 261, 343 Triacylglycerol as energy reserve 17: 150,
and trehalase physiology 162
haemolymph 4: 322– 324, 321 Triacylglycerols 24: 133
intestine 4: 319– 322 Trial-and-error learning 9: 113– 115,
muscle 4: 317– 319, 321, 329 157– 162, 164
biosynthesis of Triatoma 19: 61, 68, 99, 117
enzymes of 4: 305– 309 Triatoma brasiliensis, eggs, non-specific
synthesis in vivo 4: 298, 304– 306, 321 proteins in 14: 90
synthesis of tissues and homogenates Triatoma infestans 24: 159, 159; 19: 82;
4: 306, 307 28: 54
characteristics of 4: 289, 290, 325 Triatoma infestans, eggs, non-specific
cleavage and use of 4: 309– 316, 321 proteins in 14: 90
dormancy and properties of 4: 324, 325 vitellogenin and vitellin in 14: 52
hydrolysis 4: 305, 309– 316, 318, 321 Triatoma infestens, haemolymph and diet
in fat body metabolism 1: 117–123 1: 356
in haemolymph 17: 151, 152, 175 Triatoma megista, haemolymph and diet
levels
1: 212, 354, 356
effect of hormones 4: 336– 340
Triatoma phyllosoma, scent gland secretion
in haemolymph 4: 292– 297
components 14: 398
in tissues 4: 296, 297
scent surfaces 14: 384
in whole insects 4: 295, 296
Triatoma proctracta 19: 51; 26: 12
regulation in blood 4: 297–301, 309,
Triatoma protracta, saliva 9: 205
329, 337
neurohormones and 17: 268, 269 Triatoma protracta, vitellin,
occurrence 4: 289– 291, 324 characteristics 14: 66
use in water absorption studies 1: 371, 373 vitellogenin, identification of and vitellin
utilization of 17: 152, 153, 176–181 in 14: 52
Trehalose from glycogen, hormones 9: 32 biosynthesis control, juvenile hormone
Trehalose in haemolymph, and tarsal and 14: 71
threshold to sugars 11: 29 identification by immunology 14: 58
Trehalose metabolism, endocrine synthesis rate 14: 61
control 12: 301 Triatoma spp., ovariectomy, vitellogenin
diapause hormone 12: 254– 256 biosynthesis and 14: 85
hyperglycaemic hormone 12: 246, 259, vitellin identification in 14: 57
260, 264 vitellogenesis in male milieu in 14: 89
juvenile hormone 12: 253 Triatoma, glycolysis 7: 304
moulting hormone 12: 248, 249 Tribolium 24: 8
Trehalose, availability, wingbeat frequency castaneum (red flour beetle) 24: 183
and 13: 179 Tribolium castaneum 25: 124; 27: 295, 307
as flight fuel 13: 164 Tribolium castaneum, choline
mobilization 13: 169 substitutes 9: 59
in Calliphora hemolymph 13: 177 Tribolium castaneum, food consumption
in flight muscle 13: 164 5: 246
synthesis, control by hyperglycaemic Tribolium castaneum, T. confusum, humidity
hormone 13: 104 and feeding activity 11: 19
Tribolium confusum, alkanes in, GABA transporter 29: 86

function 13: 24 glutamate in 29: 91
alkenes 13: 3 octopamine in 29: 107
biological activity of alkanes and alkenes orphan transporters in 29: 113
in 13: 22 serotonin transporter in 29: 96
Tribolium confusum, and lipid taurine transporter in 29: 125
metabolism 4: 117, 162, 173 Trichoplusia ni, circadian response to
Tribolium confusum, choline metabolism pheromones 10: 10, 11
enzymes 9: 89, 90 Trichoplusia ni, fatty acids in diet 4: 146
lipid-soluble metabolites 9: 72, 78, 83 Trichoplusia, haemocyte tissue
nutritional requirements 9: 56, 59, 60 culture 11: 156
Tribolium confusum, crowding 3: 247 Trichoplusia, sperm capacitation 9: 381
Tribolium confusum, feeding Trichoptera
and water 5: 266 corpora pedunculata, biogenic amine
dry matter 5: 257 distribution in 15: 333
fresh matter 5: 260 deutocerebrum, biogenic amine cell
indices, dry and fresh weight 5: 251 localization in 15: 342
uric acid in faeces 5: 235 protocerebral bridge, biogenic amine cell
Tribolium, salt toleration 1: 74 localization 15: 338
Tributyrin, hydrolysis of 4: 111, 112, 115, Trichoptera
116 ocellus 7: 99
Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, in spinning gland nuclei 7: 5
haemolymph 6: 218 Trichoptera, cocoon escape 2: 177
Tricarboxylic acid cycle, in fat body tissue
Trichoptera, fatty acid content 4: 94
respiration 1: 129– 132
Trichoptera, haemolymph 6: 216, 217
Tricellular junctions 15: 42
Trichoptera, ovary, synchronous
Trichiocampus populi, prepupa, frost
division 11: 263
resistance 6: 9, 10, 15 – 17, 23, 24,
Trichoptera, protocerebral neurosecretory
34, 35, 42
cells 12: 80
Trichiocampus populi, sugar levels and
overwintering 4: 296 Trichoptera, pupa 5: 69
Trichoblatta sericia, oviposition Trichoptera, sperm
behaviour 10: 328 acrosomal complex 9: 327, 328
Trichocladius vitripennis, salivary axoneme 9: 338, 339, 342, 343, 346– 348
gland 7: 29 mitochondria 9: 355
Trichogen cells 14: 117 spermatids 9: 370
nucleolus 11: 340, 341 Trichosia, chromosome puffing 7: 52
nucleus 11: 328, 334, 336 Trichromatic theory of colour vision 2: 162
Trichogen cells, polytene chromosomes 7: 8, Tricoptera, methylalkanes in 13: 10
58 Tridecane in scent gland secretions 14: 357,
Trichogramma evanescens, alkanes in, 361, 398
function 13: 24 functions 14: 397
Trichoplusia 25: 201 Trifolium, effect on meal size 11: 60, 63
Trichoplusia B virus 25: 45 Triglyceride (TGL)
Trichoplusia ni 19: 191; 24: 129, 142, 158, content in insects 4: 89, 90, 92, 118, 178
159, 237, 238; 25: 5, 9, 14, 19, 21, digestion and absorption 4: 97 – 99, 102,
22, 28, 41, 45, 53, 158, 159, 165, 111, 113, 116
174, 175, 180, 181, 202, 228; 26: metabolism and function 4: 118,
96, 97, 187, 219, 254, 280 139– 144, 175, 178, 184, 185, 209
DAT in 29: 103 release and transport 4: 103– 108, 110,
dopamine in 29: 102 184
EAAT (trnEEAT1) 29: 64, 71 synthesis 4: 133– 137, 148
Triglycerides in insect cuticular lipids Tritocerebrum, Arthropoda 24: 43, 45, 45, 56
15: 23 Tritocerebrum, biogenic amine cell
Triglycerides, and cyclic AMP 9: 38 localization in 15: 343– 345
Trigonini Tritocerebrum, neurosecretory cells 12: 72
caste development, trophogenic Trityrosine 21: 188
factors 16: 190– 192 Trityrosine, in resilin orientation 4: 234
caste elimination, mechanism 16: 196 Trochanteral hairplate-to-motoneurone Ds
Trigonometric expressions 23: 186, 187 reflex 15: 264, 265
Trigonophora meticulosa, nitrogenous Trogoderma granarium, choline
excretion 4: 55 metabolism 9: 56, 71, 72, 78
10,11,12-Trihydroxy-5,8,14,17- Trogoderma granarium, food
eicosatetraenoic acid 24: 161 consumption 5: 246
2,4,6-Trihydroxyacetophenone 24: 183 Trogoderma, proteinaceous spheres 11: 351,
2,5,6-Trihydroxybenzofuran 27: 239, 307 353
Tri-iodothryonine (T3) 26: 112 Troides 26: 309
Trilling, Gryllidae, amplitude Troides rhadamantus 26: 303, 304
modulation 13: 268 Troilus luridus, scent glands, biological
Trilobites, eye 3: 2, 3 function 14: 397
Trilophidium, coloration 8: 150 Tropaea luna, haemolymph 1: 213
“Trimedlure”, effect on pre-ingestion Trophocytes 19: 46
activity 11: 18 Trophogenic factors in caste
Trimetaphan, glutamate receptors 24: 324, development 16: 185– 195
325, 327 Tropomyosin 27: 183
Trimethylsilyl ethers, ecdysones 12: 40 – 43
Tropomyosins
Trimethylsilyl heptafluoroborates,
larval and adult, similarity 11: 371
ecdysones 12: 43 – 45
synthesis, pharate adult 11: 369
Triolein, hydrolysis 4: 100, 101, 113–115
TRP (transient receptor potential) 29: 32
Trioxabicyclo-octanes 22: 72 – 74
TRP-like channels 29: 32
Trioxilin 24: 117, 122, 123, 127
Truxalinae
Triphaena pronuba, light and preingestion
activity 11: 21 acoustical signals 8: 149
Triphaena pronuba, oxygen consumption, coloration 8: 149, 153
flight and 13: 135 Truxalinae, song patterns, evolution 13: 333
Triphena pronuba 25: 45 stridulatory mechanisms 13: 232
Tripula abdominalis 19: 218, 221 Truxalis, coloration 8: 149, 153
Trirhabda virgata, fatty acid content 4: 94 Trypanosome rangeli, defence reactions
Tris ions, and potential changes 9: 283– 285 against 11: 188
Trisaccharide raffinose 24: 293 Trypanosomes, desmosomes in 15: 82
Trisaccharides, absorption from gut 4: 299, Trypetidae, polyterne chromosomes 7: 7
320 Trypsin 26: 194– 197, 205, 206, 208
Triticum aestivum, methylalkanes in 13: 7, 11 Trypsin, effect on chromosome
Triticum seedling, effect on meal size 11: 60, histones 7: 20, 21
63, 66, 68 Trypsinogen 26: 205
Tritium Tryptamine 5-hydroxy, and
incorporation into chitin 4: 265 tetrahydrobiopterin 6: 172
incorporation into resilin 4: 234 Tryptamine derivatives, effect on
Tritium release, time-course 21: 215 neuromuscular transmission 1: 30,
Tritium, incorporation into resilin 2: 55, 56 31
Tritneptis, temperature and diapause Tryptamine, 5-hydroxy-application to
2: 280 salivary glands 15: 408
Tritocerebral commissure giant biosynthesis 15: 354
interneuron 24: 35, 36 conjugation with sulphates 15: 363
distribution in Periplaneta americana 15: as screening pigments 10: 166–169

324 as waste products 10: 176– 179
function in corpora cardiaca 15: 433 binding to proteins 10: 164, 165
in central nervous system 15: 320 biosynthesis 10: 193– 197
in corpora cardiaca 15: 427 change 10: 173– 176
in heart 15: 417 deposition 10: 162– 164
in nervous system 15: 318, 321 distribution and localization 10:
inactivation 15: 357 150– 162
myogenic rhythm and 15: 379 in morphological colour
Tryptamine, blocking effect of on excitatory isolation 10: 135 –138
responses of muscle 4: 11, 12, 21 nomenclature 10: 134, 135
Tryptamine, effect on heart rate 2: 223 properties 10: 138– 150
Tryptamine, salivary gland stimulation 9: 7 tryptophan metabolites, fluorescent
Tryptophan excretion 28: 30 10: 120– 132
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) 29: 59 anthranilic acids 10: 131, 132
Tryptophan oxygenase in xanthommatin formyl kynurenine 10: 125
biosynthetic pathway 16: 130, 131 kynurenine 10: 125, 126
Tryptophan, accumulation, mutants methodology 10: 120– 122
and 16: 153 quinoline derivatives 10: 130, 131
Tryptophan, and chromosome puffing 7: 48 tryptophan 10: 33, 122– 125
Tryptophan, in resilin 2: 3 3-hydroxy kynurenine 10: 126– 130
Tryptophane turnover of ommochromes 10: 197
Hemipteran saliva 9: 221, 223, 224 Tsetse flies. See Glossina
hydroxylation, co-factors 6: 172 Tsetse fly, circadian rhythms
metabolism 6: 190 activity rhythm 10: 7, 55, 93
salivary gland stimulation 9: 7 eclosion 10: 19
tryptophan ! ommochrome pathway larviposition 10: 12
Tryptophan ! ommochrome pathway 10: visual response 10: 13 – 15
117– 246 Tsetse fly, flight muscle metabolism 7: 271,
absence of glutarate pathway 10: 133; 311
132– 134 Tsetse fly, haematin excretion 4: 44
detrimental effects 10: 220– 223 (see also Glossina)
during development 10: 197– 220 TSH, sensitivity of lipase 4: 184
egg and embryo 10: 197– 199 T-shaping auditory neurons 13: 302– 314
larva: hemimetabola 10: 199– 201 TTS, see Transversely orientated tubular
metamorphosis: holometabola 10: system
201– 212 Tube building, Chironomidae 7: 60
ontogeny of enzyme activities 10: Tuberolachnus salignum
212– 218 fatty acid content 4: 94
tryptophan balance 10: 218– 220 nitrogenous excretion 4: 49
in larva 10: 200 Tubifera pendula, ommochromes 10: 157
kynurenine 10: 125 Tubocurarine, effect on muscle excitatory
kynurenine pathway, enzymes 10: response 4: 12
179– 193 Tubocurarine, glutamate receptors
kynureninase 10: 193 24: 324
kynureninc transaminase 10: 193 Tubule system of flight muscles
kynurenine formamidase 10: 189 tracheoles in 17: 105 –112
kynurenine-3-hydroxylase 10: Tubules see Microtubules
189– 193 a-tubulin 27: 183
tryptophan oxygenase 10: 180– 189 Tubulin, sperm 9: 341, 343, 349
ommochromes Tumour growth, eicosanoids 24: 122
as pattern pigments 10: 169– 713 Tumour induction
rhythmic hormone secretion 10: 42, 43 Tyramine hydroxylase in cuticle synthesis

tryptophan 10: 221 and degradation 14: 128
Tunicates Tyramine, and luminescence 6: 74, 77
cellulose microfibrils 4: 214 Tyramine, effect on heart rate 2: 223
gap junction in 15: 97 Tyramine, proctolin antagonist 19: 10
macromolecular orientation 4: 214, 223 Tyramine-b-hydroxylase 28: 240
microfibril orientation 4: 223– 225, 227, Tyrosinase 21: 197; 26: 167, 273
229 activation 2: 191– 193
septate junction in 15: 66 activity 2: 187–189
Tunicin concentration of activating agents 2: 192
comparison with cellulose and chitin effect on proteins 2: 188
4: 213, 214, 227 enzyme kinetics 2: 195, 196
parabolic lamellar structure 4: 223 in tissues 2: 187, 188, 190
Turtles, septate junction occurrence in inactive protyrosinase 2: 191
15: 67 inhibition and activation 2: 188– 198
Twinnia hydroides, spiracular gills 5: 133 monophenolase activity 2: 186, 187
Twinnia tatrensis, spiracular gills 5: 136 of plants 2: 187
Twitch tension, in muscle 4: 9, 20, 24, 26 properties of 2: 187
Tylotropidius, coloration 8: 159 stability towards substrates 2: 188
Tylotropidus speciosus, ommochromes structural separation 2: 191, 197
10: 152 Tyrosinase pro-enzyme, Melanoplus
Tymbal action in cicadas 5: 330 egg 11: 190
Tymbal muscle, nervous control 2: 241 Tyrosinase, see Tyrosine peroxidase
Tymbal, cicada, mechanism 10: 257 Tyrosine 24: 223, 235; 26: 162, 167
Tympanal nerve fibres, central and frost resistance 6: 15
projections 13: 296– 300 calliphorin 11: 347
Tympanal organ, sound-receiving properties concentration in crystal cells 2: 191
forces acting on ears 10: 274, 275 decarboxylation of 2: 199
influence from surroundings 10: 275– 279 hydroxylation of 2: 199
parameters of sound 10: 271– 273 hydroxylation, and pterines 6: 171, 173,
tympal vibrations 10: 279– 285 181
Tympanal organs, sound reception and 13: in haemolymph 2: 188
285– 296 in resilin 2: 34, 42, 47 – 49, 55 – 59
Tympani, Arthropoda 24: 30, 31, 33, 34 metabolism of, and haemocytes 11: 189,
Tympanophyllum arcufolium 29: 240 192, 193
Tynnidae, pterines 6: 149 oxidation 2: 186
Type I viroplasm 25: 33 precursor of tanning agent 2: 184
Type II learning 9: 113– 115, 157– 162, 164 role in tanning 2: 58, 176
Type II viroplasm 25: 33 transamination of 2: 199
Type III granules 16: 127 Tyrosine aminotransferase in cuticle
Type R learning 9: 113– 115, 157– 162, 164 synthesis and degradation 14: 128
Type, organism 24: 10 Tyrosine decarboxylase in cuticle synthesis
Typhlocybidae, salivary glands 9: 230 and degradation 14: 128
Tyramine (TA) 29: 78, 91 Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) 29: 58
Tyramine 28: 223 Tyrosine hydroxylase 15: 352; 28: 211, 243
effect on salivary gland stimulation by Tyrosine hydroxylase in cuticle synthesis
biogenic amines 15: 411 and degradation 14: 127, 128
stimulation of Photuris pyralis light Tyrosine hydroxylase, Drosophila
organs 15: 397 melanogaster, molecular
Tyramine b-hydroxylase (TbH) 29: 58 biology 22: 160– 162
Tyramine hydrochloride, inactivation of Tyrosine metabolism endocrine
tyrosinase 2: 188 control 12: 286– 288
bursicon 12: 291– 293 ‘Umbrella model’, Bacillus thuriensis

Tyrosine, and tanning 3: 59 – 61, 73, 95, 96, 24: 297, 298
165, 166 Uncouplers, and glyceride synthesis 4: 108
Tyrosine, aphid saliva 9: 218 uncoupling agents 3: 152– 154
Tyrosine, during colour change 10: 176 Uncoupling agents, and metabolic
Tyrosine, hydroxylation, bursicon and 15: regulation 3: 152– 154
543 “Under-asparagine”, aphid saliva 9: 218
Tyrosine-O-phosphate in Drosophila 13: 74 Undertakers see corpse removal
Tyrosine-O-phosphate, haemolymph 11: 349 Unicellular secretory units, morphology
14: 390– 392
Unipolar midgut formation 19: 194
Ubiquitin 26: 46 Unique identifiable neuron
Ubiquitin-conjugated proteins 26: 86, 87 concept 12: 63 – 123, see
UDP (see Uridine diphosphate) Neurosecretory system
Uganda kilimanjarica, coloration 8: 150 Uniramia 28: 242
Ultradian rhythms 22: 227 Unpaired median neurons 28: 185– 246
Ultrasonic frequencies and cell body position 28: 187, 188
detection, hawkmoth 10: 289, 299 development in other insects 28: 193,
in insect sounds 10: 257, 263, 270 194
Ultrasonic waves, effect on blood distribution of 28: 188, 189
clotting 11: 165 dorsal see dorsal unpaired median (DUM)
Ultraspiracle protein 24: 221 neurons
Ultrastructure, bloodsucker midguts 19: 273 embryonic development 28: 189– 193
Ultrastructure, carnivore midguts 19: 267 immunocytochemistry 28: 210–212
Ultrastructure, cellulose digester in other organisms 28: 242, 243
midguts 19: 298 innervating organs 28: 2, 13 – 19
Ultrastructure, circadian rhythmicity in circulatory 28: 215, 216
neurohaemal 28: 214, 215
10: 37
reproductive system 28: 2, 17 – 19
Ultrastructure, cockroach guts 19: 208
retrocerebral glandular
Ultrastructure, dipteran larvae 19: 217
complex 28: 213
Ultrastructure, dipteran larvae
salivary gland 28: 216
midguts 19: 262
sex pheromone glands 28: 2, 16, 17
Ultrastructure, guts 19: 189
mechanoreceptors, modulation
Ultrastructure, lepidopteran larvae 19: 226 of 28: 226– 228
Ultrastructure, nectar feeder midguts 19: 291 morphology of 28: 194– 210
Ultrastructure, orthoptera midguts 19: 247 GABAergic cells 28: 204– 206
Ultrastructure, papillate recta 19: 343 H-cells 28: 208, 209
Ultrastructure, sapfeeder midguts 19: 285 large intersegmental
Ultra-violet chromatography, in lipid cells 28: 206 –208
studies 4: 172 in locusts 28: 195–199
Ultraviolet detector, ecdysone in other insects 28: 199, 200
chromatography 12: 50, 51, 56 central unpaired median
Ultraviolet light neurons 28: 204– 209
elastin under 2: 35, 36 general features 28: 194, 195
resilin under 2: 3, 6, 7, 16, 41, 49, 55, 56, intersegmental efferent
60, 61 neurons 28: 202– 204
sensitivity 2: 137, 148, 150, 154–156, peripheral branching patterns 28: 201,
161– 163 202
Ultraviolet light, effect on pterines 6: 144, segmental efferent DUM
145, 150 segmental octopaminergic cells in
Ultraviolet sensitivity, insects 13: 53, 54 abdominal ganglia 28: 200, 201
ultrastructure 28: 209, 210 Diptera 4: 52 – 54

neuromuscular transmission, modulation Hemiptera 4: 48 – 50
of 28: 224–226 Heteroptera 4: 48, 49
octopamine in see octopamine Homoptera 4: 49, 50
physiological properties 28: 2, 19 – 24 Hymenoptera 4: 51, 52
electrical 28: 2, 19 – 22 Lepidoptera 4: 54 –56
octopamine receptors 28: 222–224 mechanisms 4: 33, 34, 40
octopamine, uptake Neuroptera 4: 50, 51
mechanisms 28: 224 Odonta 4: 46 – 48
postembryonic development 28: 194 Orthoptera 4: 46, 47
ventral see ventral unpaired median fat body deposits 4: 47, 51
(VUM) neurons in accessory sex glands 4: 47
Unstimulated short-circuited condition, in extracellular fluid 6: 218
locust rectum 19: 349 in fat body 6: 189
Unusual modes of reproduction 19: 123 in metamorphosis 6: 179
Uranyl acetate, intercellular junctions in uricolytic pathway 4: 35, 36, 38
and 15: 37, 38 in uricotelic pathway 4: 40, 41
Urate cells 26: 6 nitrogen reserve 4: 47
Urate oxidase 28: 33 – 35 precursors of 4: 40, 41
Urates 26: 169 uricase, effect on 4: 37, 38
Urea Uric acid and digestibility 5: 234, 235, 273,
biosynthesis 4: 39, 41, 42, 49 274
enzymic decomposition 4: 39 Uric acid excretion 28: 22, 33, 34
excretion Uric acid, circadian variations in 10: 30
in various orders 4: 46, 48, 49, 52, 53 Uric acid, CPV 26: 270
pathways 4: 34, 35, 38, 41 Uric acid, excretion 8: 201, 203, 204, 206,
role 4: 56, 57 211, 289, 319
in extracellular fluid 6: 218 Uric acid, regulation by JH 12: 290
in Pieris brassicae 6: 188 Uricase
origin 4: 57 Collembola 4: 45
role in uric acid synthesis 4: 40, 41 distribution in insects 4: 37, 38, 47
soluble end product 4: 34 Hemiptera 4: 48
Urea and digestibility 5: 235 in uricolytic pathway 4: 37 – 40, 45
Urea, and Malpighian tubules 8: 279, localization in insects 4: 39 – 40
280 Uricolytic enzymes
Urease adenase 4: 36, 37
in uricolytic pathway 4: 38, 39 adenosine deaminase 4: 35, 37
Urechis caupo, ommochromes 10: 165 allantoicase 4: 38, 39, 45
Ureotelic insects, excretory terminology allantoinase 4: 38 – 40, 45
4: 59 during life history 4: 54
Urethane and synapse blocking 5: 41, 51 guanase 4: 36, 37
Uric acid guanosine deaminase 4: 36, 37
and copulation 4: 47 in Coleoptera 4: 50, 51
and frost resistance 6: 10, 11 in Collembola 4: 45
biosynthesis 4: 36, 37, 40, 41, 57 in Hemiptera 4: 48
degradation 4: 37 –39 in Homoptera 4: 50
end product in Hymenoptera 4: 52
protein metabolism 4: 30, 40, 53, 57, 58 in Lepidoptera 4: 56
purine metabolism 4: 48 in Orthoptera 4: 37, 46, 47
excretion methods of study 4: 56
Coleoptera 4: 50, 51 non-excretory functions 4: 59
Dermaptera 4: 46, 48 purine nucleotidase 4: 36
urease 4: 38, 39 UTP (see Uridine triphosphate)

uricase 4: 37 – 40, 45 UTPase, sperm axoneme 9: 346, 349, 351,
xanthine dehydrogenase 4: 36, 37, 39, 56 352, 365, 367
xanthine oxidase 4: 37 Utriculi majores, uric acid storage 4: 47
Uricolytic pathway
components 4: 35, 36, 38 Vacuoles, haemocytes 11: 123– 131, 135,
definition 4: 34 162
discussion 4: 36 –40 Valanga irregularis, coloration 8: 154
enzymes (see Uricolytic enzymes) Valanga nigricornis 25: 159
nucleoside deamination 4: 36 Valeric acid, effect on pre-ingestion
Uricotelic detoxication, metabolic cost activity 11: 17
4: 53, 58 Valine in resilin 2: 34, 52
Uricotelic pathway Valine, and Malpighian tubules 8: 279, 280
definition 4: 34 Valine, Hemipteran saliva 9: 218, 221
discussion 4: 40, 41 Van der Waal’s forces in chitin structure
enzymes 4: 40, 41 4: 217, 218
Uricotelic pathway, components 4: 35 Van Scoy strain 23: 139, 140
Uricotelism Vanessa atalanta, nitrogenous excretion
adaptation to terrestrial life 4: 33 4: 55
definition 4: 60 Vanessa io, pterines 6: 147, 149, 155,
development in insects 4: 59 188– 190
generalization 4: 57 Vanessa io, r.q. in flight 3: 148
Uriculi majores 8: 204, 206, 211 Vanessa sp., ommochromes 10: 160, 170
Uridine 5-bromo-20 -deoxy-, PTF induced V. (Pyrameis) atalanta 10: 155
tanning and 15: 545 V. (Pyrameis) cardui 10: 155
Uridine diphosphate (UDP), in chitin V. urticae 10: 160, 176
synthesis 4: 261 Vanessa spp., antenna 14: 301
Uridine incorporation, oocyte-nurse cell Vanessa urticae, haemolymph 1: 213
syncytium 11: 273, 278, Vanessa urticae, leg development 7: 234
281– 284 Vanessa urticae, lipid content 4: 76
Uridine triphosphate (UTP), in chitin Vanessa, fat body uric acid 1: 150
synthesis 4: 261 Vanessa, protocerebral neurosecretory
Uridine, tritiated, and nervous system cells 12: 81
regeneration 6: 126 Vanessaio, oxygen consumption, flight
Urine 24: 169 and 13: 135
Urine and digestibility measurement5: Vapourization See Evaporation
233– 235, 273, 278 Vascular endothelium, septate junction
Urine, hypertonic to blood 2: 76 occurrence in 15: 67
Urocanylcholine, effect on electrophysiology Vasoactive intestinal protein 19: 355
of the sixth abdominal ganglion of Vasodilation, eicosanoids 24: 162
Periplaneta 15: 251 Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein
Urocerus 26: 325 (VASP) 29: 30
Uroleon nostras, introgenous excretion Vasopressin (ADH), and cyclic AMP 9: 39,
4: 50, 51 40
Uronic acid 4: 341 Vasopressin-like peptide 22: 353
Uropetala carovei 19: 381 Vasotocin, and cyclic AMP 9: 39
Uterus, and cyclic AMP 9: 35 V-ATPase
Utilization in lepidopteran larvae 28: 170
glucose 4: 301, 302 transport, in malpighian
monosaccharides, other than glucose tubules 28: 20 – 23, 45
4: 302– 304 V-ATPase, gut 24: 284, 292, 294, 295
trehalose 4: 309– 316 Vegetation, dead, microclimates in 16: 12
Vegetation, sound attenuation by 10: 269, compared to supraoesophageal

270 ganglion 24: 43, 44, 45
Velia currens, phototaxis rhythm 10: 13 immunoreactivity 24: 49, 50, 52, 54,
Velocity gradient 23: 178 55, 54, 57
Venom, resistance to 11: 171, 172 Myriapoda 24: 59, 61
scorpion 11: 172 Ventral nerve cord, biogenic amine cell
spider 11: 172 localization in 15: 345
Venom, snake, effect on trehalase activity Ventral nerve cord, neurohormone
4: 316 production 19: 110
Venoms, insects, peptides in 13: 105– 118 Ventral nerve cord, ocellar units 7: 173– 182,
Ventilation, control of associated 190
endogenous activities 3: 286– 291 Ventral nerve cord, role in circadian
co-ordination in CNS 3: 291, 294 rhythms 10: 60 – 63
cuticular elasticity 3: 298– 300 Ventral nervous system condensation
definition 3: 280 defective (vnd) 25: 82
during flight 3: 334– 338 Ventral neuroectoderm (VNE) 25: 75 – 84
effects of carbon dioxide and Ventral unpaired median (VUM)
hypoxia 3: 294– 297 neurons 28: 187, 188
proprioceptive input 3: 294 development of 28: 193– 195
rhythm 3: 282– 286 techniques revealing 28: 190
stimulation of CNS, 297, 298 Ventral unpaired median neuron 24: 18
Ventral cord auditory neurons 13: 300– 314 Ventriculus, sugar absorption 4: 297
Ventral diaphragm 2: 231, 232 Verapamil 28: 49
Veratrole 23: 52
Ventral external oblique muscle
Veriform cell 11: 134
(VEO) 24: 240, 241
Verlusia rhombea, nitrogenous excretion
Ventral glands see VG
4: 48
Ventral glands, role in moulting 2: 254, 258,
Vermiform larvae, digging behaviour
260– 262, 268, 269, 285
15: 486
Ventral median (VM) neurons 28: 240
Veronal buffer, effect on blood
Ventral nerve cord 19: 64, 110 clotting 11: 165
and luminescence 6: 55, 68, 71 Verson’s glands 26: 168; 15: 557
development 6: 101, 105– 107, 109 Vertebrata 24: 14, 309, 310
regeneration 6: 126 Vertebrate hormones
Ventral nerve cord ganglia effect on lipid metabolism 4: 184– 186
immunochemistry in 17: 222– 258 in insects 4: 210
and neurohaemal areas 17: 252 Vertebrate muscle
and perisympathetic organs contraction 4: 23 – 25
17: 244– 249 miniature postsynaptic potentials 4: 15
regulation of 17: 263, 265 resting potential 4: 6
neurohormones in 17: 273, 274 Vertebrate neuromuscular physiola
neurosecretory cells in 17: 210, 211, 213, comparison with insects 1:
215, 216, 218– 220, 256, 257 466– 477
Ventral nerve cord, and meal size Vertebrate syndrome 23: 82
regulation 11: 53, 63 Vertebrate, potentials in ear 3: 27
Ventral nerve cord, and vision, electrical Vertebrates 19: 7, 173
activity 3: 5, 8, 9, 32, 33 –36 biogenic amines in 15: 320
Ventral nerve cord, Arthropoda 24: 2, 6, 7, blood sugar levels 4: 291
81 central nervous system, acetylcholine
Insecta 24: 17, 33 – 40, 38, 41 receptors 15: 276– 279
compared to suboesophageal biogenic amines as hormones and 15:
ganglion 24: 42 392
desmosomes in 15: 75 wingbeat frequency temperature and

gap junction, arthropods and 15: 13: 139
98 – 100 Vespa vulgaris, colour vision 2: 138
formation 15: 114 Vespa, embryonic pattern specification
glycogen phosphorylases 4: 332, 333 12: 185
macromolecular orientation 4: 214 Vespa, flight
Maculae adhaerentes, freeze-fracture differentiation of flight muscles 5: 219,
appearance 15: 78, 79 220
thin section appearance 15: 76 reflexes 5: 199
scalariform junctions 15: 169 Vespa, germarium, intercellular
septate junctions 15: 43 bridges 11: 245
occurrence in 15: 67 –69 Vespa, oxygen supply 7: 270
skeletal neuromuscular junctions, Vespidae, pterines 6: 160
biogenic amines and 15: 389, 390 Vespine wasps, social, caste functioning in,
Vertebrates, compared with dominance and 16: 198, 199
invertebrates 2: 131, 134, 137, Vespoidea, caste development in
147, 148, 155, 158, 159, 160– 163, 16: 169
166, 168, 169 Vespoidea, flight reflexes 5: 204
Vertebrates, in proteoglycan Vespula carolina, neuromuscular
molecules 22: 271, 272 junctions 1: 467, 471
Verticillium lecanii 26: 208 Vespula diabolique
Vesiculae seminales, polytene electrically excitable membranes 6: 262
chromosomes 7: 9 resting membrane potential 6: 234
Vesicular acetylcholine transporters Vespula germanica, haemolymph 1: 213
(vAChT) 29: 60 Vespula maculifrons, kinins from 13: 117
Vesicular excitatory amino acid transporters Vespula vulgaris 27: 364
(vEAATs) 29: 60 Vespula, flight muscle 4: 6
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporters Vespulakinin 1 13: 118
(vIAATs) 29: 60 Vespulakinin 2 13: 118
Vesicular monoamine transporters VG 23: 18
(vMATs) 29: 60 acridids 23: 45, 46
Vespa 25: 201; 26: 196 and CA 23: 46, 48
Vespa carolina, neuromuscular behaviour/activity 23: 34
junctions 14: 195 CC 23: 48, 49
Vespa cincta, lipid content 4: 81 colouration 23: 18
Vespa crabo, bradykinin-like peptides endocrine organs and hormones 23: 45 – 49
13: 117 Locusta 23: 45 – 49
oxygen consumption, flight and 13: 136 morphology/morphometrics/anatomy 23:
Vespa crabro, corpora pedunculata, biogenic 10, 11
amine distribution in 15: 332 Schistocerca 23: 46 – 48
Vespa crabro, embryonic nervous Vibration reaction 23: 50
system 6: 104 Vibrations, in sound communication 10:
Vespa crabro, ocellus 7: 103 248– 251
Vespa crabro, oxygen and flight 3: 321 isolated locust ear 10: 279– 285
Vespa crabro, venom 1: 7, 12, 31, 37
Vespa crabro, venom, acetylcholine 9: 66, 92 Vicia faba, saliva 9: 189
Vespa germanica 3: 338 Vinblastine sulphate, effect on blood
Vespa germanica, colour vision 2: 138 clotting 11: 166, 168
Vespa rufa, colour vision 2: 138 Viropexis 26: 247
Vespa spp., pterines 6: 148, 176, 190 Virulence, CPV 26: 262, 263
Vespa vulgaris, bradykinin-like peptides Virus transmission, and saliva 9: 242,
13: 117 244, 250
Virus, effect on chromosome puffing 7: 51 Visual plasticity in adult insect nervous

Viruses, haemocyte phagocytosis of 11: 186, systems 28: 105– 115
188 behavioural changes 28: 105 –109
entompox 11: 188 depth perception 28: 106– 109
nuclear polyhedrosis 11: 188 movement detection 28: 109
Rickettsia 11: 188 pattern and contrast 28: 105, 106
wound tumour 11: 188 spectral sensitivity 28: 106
Viruses, targeting Drosophila 28: 55 critical periods 28: 135, 136
Visceral ganglia, vertebrates, acetylcholine electrophysiological changes 28: 110,
receptors 15: 277 111
Visceral muscles, glutamate receptors electroretinogram 28: 109, 110
24: 330, 331 single-unit responses 28: 110, 111
Visceral muscles, hormone regulation structural changes 28: 111–115
9: 32 neuropile volumes 28: 113– 115
Visceral musculature, control of 2: 219– 242 synapses 28: 111– 113
Visceral system, transmitters 19: 14 time scales 28: 131, 132
Visceral tissues Visual processing, in ocellar
FMRFamide-related peptides system 25: 239– 244
on 28: 296– 302 Visual stimuli from food, and
digestive system 28: 298– 302 activity 11: 15 – 20
reproductive system 28: 296– 298 Visual systems
unpaired median neurons on 28: 225, 226 see also Neural circuits
Viscosity of food, and meal size 11: 46, 49, colour-contrast detectors 25: 250– 252
54, 55
dimming detectors 25: 249
Viscosity, and sperm motility 9: 381
evolution of 25: 244– 252
Viscosity, continuation of feeding and 16: 75
local temporal contrast detector 25: 249,
Viscous force 23: 178, 179, 182
250
Viscous realm 23: 197
movement detectors 25: 249, 250
Vision (see Compound eye and Eye)
neural mechanisms for motion
Vision
acuity of 2: 145, 157, 166 detection 25: 247
and phase characteristics 1: 89 neural mechanisms for segregating ON
colour blindness 2: 131– 133, 136, 150, and OFF signals 25: 245– 247
164, 169 spatial contrast detectors 25: 250
colour discrimination (see Colour Visual systems, Arthropoda 24: 76, 77
discrimination and Colour vision) Visual thresholds, effect of food deprivation
in locating food plants 1: 49, 50, 53 on 11: 42
role of resilin 2: 18 Vitamin A, gap junction permeability
Vision and flight and 15: 109
and reflexes 5: 199 Vitamin A, in visual pigments 6: 186
and velocity control 5: 206– 208 Vitamin D, precursor 4: 172
and wingbeat phase 5: 304 Vitamin D-dependent calcium binding
and yawing 5: 214, 217 protein 19: 164
in dragonflies 5: 309 Vitamin deficiency 5: 235
Vision, and carotenoid synthesis 4: 164 Vitamin E 24: 117
Visual cells, ocelli, electrical Vitellin 14: 50
response 7: 152– 161, 189 amino acids, composition 14: 68
Visual ganglia 24: 76 characterization 14: 62 – 69
Visual pigment 25: 204, 205 identification 14: 51 – 62
Visual pigments 13: 35 – 67 titres, vitellogenin and 14: 59 –61
insect, extraction and measurement Vitellin 26: 29, 30
13: 38 – 40 Vitellogenesis 19: 47
Vitellogenesis regulation, insects and lipid binding property 27: 373

crustaceans 19: 79 possible evolutionary scenarios 27: 378
Vitellogenesis stimulating hormone 19: 79 receptors 27: 373– 377
Vitellogenesis, Aedes 19: 55 terminology 27: 380
Vitellogenesis, control 19: 49 Vitellogenins, synthesis 11: 366, 367, 375,
Vitellogenesis, Drosophila 19: 56 377
Vitellogenesis, effect of mature eggs 19: 66 Vitellophages 19: 192
Vitellogenesis, endocrine control 14: 97, Viteus vitifolii, saliva
98 and phytopathogenicity 9: 217, 220, 221
in male milieu 14: 87 – 89 composition 9: 216
vitellogenin in 14: 49 – 108 glands 9: 228, 229
Vitellogenesis, juvenile hormone 24: 216, metabolites 9: 218, 219
218, 221, 246 origin 9: 245
Vitellogenesis, Locusta 19: 62 VNC ganglia, neurosecretory cells 12: 72,
Vitellogenesis, silkmoth 12: 9, 10 73, 87 – 94
Vitellogenesis, without corpora allata 19: 53 VNC see Ventral nerve cord
Vitellogenin (Vg) 26: 6, 7 – 20, 29 – 34, Volatile fatty acids, hindgut 19: 395
69 – 73, 75, 80 – 86, 88, 90 – 107, Volatile fatty acids, nutrients,
109 midgut 19: 213
Vitellogenin 22: 322–328; 23: 24 Volatile stimuli, and probing
microvitellogenin 22: 329, 330 responses 11: 39, 40
Vitellogenin synthesis, endocrine control Voltage clamp analysis of sodium
farnesyl methyl ether 12: 278 channels 20: 164, 166– 71
glucoside synthesis 12: 290 and deltamethrin 20: 164, 166
JH 12: 243, 275, 276 and fenvalerate 20: 169
Vitellogenin, amino acids, composition 14: and tetramethrin 20: 166– 168
68 gating kinetics 20: 164, 166
biosynthesis 14: 49 – 108 tail current amplitude 20: 168
control 14: 69 –87
Voltage clamp experiments 8: 11 – 16
characterization 14: 62 – 69
allethrin 8: 50, 75, 76
identification 14: 49 – 108
DDT 8: 38 – 45
in vitro synthesis 14: 83, 84
Voltage clamp experiments, Bacillus
mode of entry 14: 91 – 93
thuringiensis 24: 292
synthesis, endocrine control 14: 97, 98
Volume, neurosecretory cells 12: 105, 106
rates 14: 61, 62
uptake, control mechanisms for 14: Voluntary cessation of activity
95 – 97 23: 103, 104
specificity 14: 93 – 95 Von Karman wake 23: 182, 189
Vitellogenins 19: 47; 27: 335–337 Voria ruralis, sarcophagine in 13: 73
common evolutionary origin 27: 337– 363 VUM (Ventral unpaired median
adjusted quality determination among neuron) 24: 18
vitellogenins 27: 356–359
conserved region 27: 354 Wachtliella, karyosphere 11: 283
gene duplications 27: 360– 363 W-agatoxin 28: 221
lipid binding proteins and Waggle dance in bees 3: 10
vitellogenins 27: 359–360 Waggle dance in bees, sounds
multiple sequence 5: 327, 328
alignment 27: 338– 354 Walking behavior
phylogenetic analysis of vitellogenins amputation effect on 18: 95, 96
plus lipid binding proteins 27: 360 connective cutting effects 18: 93 – 95, 94
common origin of cyclorrhaphan yolk deafferentation 18: 96 – 99
proteins and 27: 377 histogram of mesothoracic bursts 18: 98
protractor and retractor motor neuron artificial substrates 18: 57 – 59

activity 18: 99, 100 backward 18: 66, 67
free 18: 57 – 72 downhill 18: 64 – 66, 66
body stabilization 18: 56, 57 leg movement interruption 18: 67 – 70,
force measurements 18: 52 –54, 53 68, 69
gaits 18: 47 – 49, 48, 49 loading effects 18: 59 – 63, 60 –62
in systematic absence mode 18: 46 loading information transfer 18: 63, 64
leg coordination 18: 33 recovery movements,
leg recovery pattern 18: 39 – 42 targeting 18: 70 – 72, 71, 72
on horizontal surfaces 18: 32 – 57 Walking reflexes in insects 28: 125, 126
on inclined surfaces 18: 54, 55 Walking stick, defensive secretion 4: 209
over obstacles 18: 55, 56 Walking, role in cessation of feeding 11: 53
parameters of 18: 38, 39 ‘Wandering’ or ‘commitment peak’ 21: 8
phase relationship between legs Wandering phagocytic cells, in defence
18: 34 reactions 11: 174
six-legged gaits 18: 36, 37 Wasp (Polistes) 23: 142
starting 18: 51, 52 Wasp
step frequency 18: 42 – 47, 43, 44 digger, behaviour 7: 350
step patterns 18: 33, 40, 41, 54 electrically excitable membranes 6: 262
stopping 18: 51, 52 frost resistance 6: 26, 34, 35
trajectory of the taursus 18: 45 oxygen supply 7: 270
turning 18: 49 – 51 proteinaceous spheres 11: 353
leg control system 18: 118 resting membrane potential 6: 234
leg sense organs 18: 99 – 113 rosette formation, germarium 11: 238
afference modification 18: 106– 109 Wasp venom, bradykinin-like peptides
campaniform sensilla 18: 106 from 13: 116
chordotonal 18: 105, 106 Wasp, parasitic
hair fields 18: 103, 104 diapause induction 10: 22
imposed leg movement 18: 109– 111 ommochromes 10: 162
phase curve response 18: 111– 113 quinoline derivatives 10: 131
leg structure and function 18: 72 – 76, 73 Wasps 26: 54, 55
load effects 18: 83, 84 caste development, trophogenic
models of 18: 113– 122, 115, 116, 121 factors 16: 188, 189
motor output coordination 18: 84, 85 – 92, environmental physiology 16: 39
86 hunting, vision 3: 8, 9, 45
extracellular muscle activity 18: 88 queen pheromone, effect on worker
on light wheel 18: 91 behaviour 16: 184
on oil-lubricated glass surface 18: 89, tracheal modifications for flight
90 3: 338
motor output patterns during Wasps, corpora pedunculata, biogenic amine
18: 72 – 92 distribution in 15: 332
isometric tension in extensor Wasps, kinins from 13: 116– 118
tibiae 18: 78 Wasps, oceliar tract of 25: 193
reciprocal activity of muscles 18: 79, Waste products, ommochromes as
80 10: 176– 179
spike activity in motor neurons 18: 77 Water
spike interval phase histogram 18: 81 sclerotization and 17: 5, 39, 40, 42, 43,
nervous control of 18: 92 – 99 68, 69
prosthesis effect on 18: 95, 96 absorption, rectum 8: 322
rhythmic movements, control system Calliphora 8: 295, 296
of 18: 119 mechanism 8: 296– 303
under controlled conditions Schistocerca 8: 291– 295
absorption, unsaturated contractile structures 2: 117, 118

atmospheres 8: 323 electret ion-pump 2: 118, 120
Tenebrio 8: 310– 319 electro-osmosis 2: 117, 118
Thermobia 8: 307– 310 experimental methods 2: 123
active transport hydrostatic pressure 2: 117, 118
and passive movement 2: 67 – 125 in electrical field 2: 118, 119
basic premises 2: 69 – 72 membrane valves 2: 110, 111, 120
conclusive argument 2: 91, 92 methods 2: 117, 118
effect of pore size 2: 78 osmosis 2: 117, 118
in gut 2: 76 – 78 pump in cuticle 2: 122
in terrestrial insects 2: 71, 72 through asymmetrical
in tracheal system 2: 79 – 88 membrane 2: 107– 110
metabolic feasibility 2: 78 through lipid monolayers 2: 105, 118
osmotic and hydrostatic pressures through membrane pores 2: 116, 117
2: 77, 78 transfer by ions 2: 117, 118
through living cuticle 2: 89, 90 movement by active solute transport
active transport in gut 4: 298 1: 319, 320, 351
active transport of 1: 319, 371, 372, 3 movements, Malpighian
active uptake by eggs 2: 72 tubules 8: 247– 263, 270– 275
active uptake from air passage through cuticle
inhibition with anaesthesia 2: 75 effect of carbon dioxide 2: 122, 123
metabolic energy supply 2: 75 permeability of insect cuticle to,
relative humidity equilibrium 2: 73 vapourization and 15: 4
role of alimentary canal 2: 75 rate of loss in dry air for aquatic species
role of integument 2: 75 1: 348
role of tracheal system 2: 74, 75, 82 regulation, neurohormones in 17: 270,
adsorption of chitin 2: 96 271
adsorption to cuticular protein 2: 96 relations in terrestrial insects 1: 378– 38
and frost resistance 6: 7, 25, 26, 37 relations to living cuticle 2: 88 – 90
and lipid content 4: 85, 86, 116 relative permeability 2: 78, 79
and probing response 11: 40, 41 satiation, feeding behaviour 11: 22
and pterine excretion 6: 189 -sensitive receptors 11: 70
as phagostimulant, in continuation of storage 8: 202– 203
feeding 16: 71 tarsal stimulation with 11: 22, 33, 34, 57
asymmetrical movement 2: 107– 111 vapour, effect on pre-ingestion
balance in osmoregulation of aqua activity 11: 18
insects 1: 329, 341– 352, Water absorption and chitin orientation
387, 388, 3 in cuticle 4: 277
contact angles with surfaces 2: 92, 93 Water absorption, atmospheric, in
droplet behaviour on grease 2: 93 arthropods 14: 1 – 48
effect on chitin tensile strength 4: 218 mechanisms 14: 26– 25
effect on ingestion rate 11: 86, 87 site 14: 2 – 11
effect on meal size 11: 70 – 75, 79 – 82 hygroscopic theory of 14: 9
electrical properties of 2: 116 in arthropods, basic elements 14:
in tracheal system 2: 79 – 88 35 – 41
mass transfer 15: 3 –6 localized sites 14: 10, 11
mechanism of transport 2: 71 Water and arousal syndrome, extended
microclimate over 16: 8 23: 94 – 98
molecular behaviour 2: 116 Water balance 23: 83
movement controlling factors 16: 29 – 32
activated diffusion through lipid 2: 122 environmental physiology and
anomolous osmosis 2: 117, 118 16: 26 – 32
physiological controls 16: 31 Wax canals, scent substances, self-protection

Water balance, regulation 10: 299 and 14: 404
Water beetle, cortisone in 4: 210 Wax moth (Galleria mellonella) 21: 13, 21,
Water boatman, phototaxis rhythm 10: 13, 89, 95, 97, 104, 110, 113, 119, 120, 138,
15 147, 150
Water bugs, giant, tracheal modifications Wax moth (see Galleria)
for flight 3: 323– 325, 334, 342 Wax moth, see Galleria mellonella
Water bugs, spiracles 3: 300 Wax secretion, endocrine control 12: 242
Water exchange, allometry 14: 25, 26 Wax, cuticular, in trachea 2: 80, 82
Water loss Waxes, insect epicuticular, water loss
from insects, dynamic experiments and 15: 22
15: 12, 13 Waxmoth, mitochondrial metabolism 7: 336
measurements 15: 9 – 12 Waxmoths 24: 136, 137, 146
temperature and 15: 9 – 20 W-conotoxin 28: 221
insect cuticular lipids and 15: 21, 22 Weevil, circadian rhythms
Water loss, effect on feeding 16: 94 boll
Water loss, mealworms 14: 12 activity of AChE 10: 31, 32
Water loss, role of waxes and response to parathion 10: 26
hydrocarbons 4: 152– 154, 156 grain
Water movement, locust alimentary in constant light 10: 79
canal 19: 259 locomotor activity 10: 7
Water reabsorption, endocrine control Weevil, olfaction and location of food
12: 301 1: 49
Weevil, spiracular gills 5: 66
Water shortage, effect on excretion 4: 57
Weight, arthropods, water exchange and
Water transport 24: 168, 197
14: 25
Water transport in Drosophila 28: 28
Weight, gut function 19: 302
Water transport, epithelial 14: 2
Weismann’s ring, role in pupation 2: 204
Water transport, midguts 19: 189
Wetted area 23: 180
Water transport, toad bladder 9: 39, 40
Wheat. See Triticum aestivum
Water vapour, condensation, arthropods Wheatgerm lectin, glutamate
14: 37 – 40 receptors 24: 322
Water vapour, movement in trachea 2: 82 Wiegand-Snyder equation 2: 27
Water, effect on spiracular Wiener kernel analysis 27: 98, 99
activity 3: 309 Wild-type flies, central projection of the
Water, scent gland secretions and 14: 396 wing 14: 309– 311
Waterproofing, alkanes and 13: 25 ‘wild-type’ workers 23: 140
Waterproofing, scent substances and 14: 404 Wind speed, insect water loss and 15: 9
Watery saliva, composition and Wing (Lepidoptera)
function 9: 208– 217 basic cell patterns 18: 241
Wavelength color pattern morphology 18: 196– 205
-dependent adaptation 2: 132, 133, 143, development 18: 182– 189
148, 150, 155 early stages of 18: 183
discrimination 2: 159– 164 imaginal disks 18: 182– 186
-selective adaptation 2: 147, 148, 150 light micrograph of scale-forming
Wax 26: 3, 55, 158– 160 cells 18: 188
composition of 4: 93 scales 18: 186– 189
cuticular 4: 93, 152– 155 venation 18: 182– 186
effect of hormones on production 4: 155 pattern formation 18: 205– 231
extra-cuticular 4: 155–157 pigment distribution 18: 198, 199
in diet 4: 100, 101, 140, 141 veins, role in pattern
in lipid classification 4: 72 determination 18: 213
Wing Wing stretch receptor, sound production

and ocelli, correlation 7: 99 – 101 and 13: 255, 256
development Wing veins, parallel chitin 4: 220
effect of farnesol 2: 295 Wing, chitin synthesis in 4: 343, 344
effect of hormones 2: 285, 286 Wing, pterines 6: 147– 149, 156, 157, 160,
discs, and moulting hormone 2: 269 176, 178, 182, 183, 188–190
distribution of sound level over 10: 260, Wingbeat frequency, ambient temperature
262 and 13: 139
expansion 2: 181 metabolic rate and 13: 140
extension 2: 201 neural control 13: 154
imaginal disc 7: 252 power output and 13: 153
ommochromes thoracic temperature and 13: 183
as pattern pigments 10: 170 trehalose concentration and 13: 179
deposition 10: 162 Wingless genes, Arthropoda 24: 8, 9, 43
distribution 10: 154– 156, 160, 161 Wingless grasshoppers, coloration 8: 150,
rhodommatin 10: 136 151
resilin in cuticle of Winglets 23: 207
elastic tendon 2: 1, 2, 7 – 12, 20, 21, aerodynamic function 23: 200– 206
25 – 32, 37, 50 – 52 enlarged 23: 207, 208
hinge-ligaments 2: 1, 2, 4– 8, 23, 54, 55 first flights 23: 176
prealar arm 2: 12, 13, 15, 22 – 24, 38, glide speed reduction 23: 204, 205
54 – 56 protopterygotes 23: 174, 175
sound production by, Drosophila stability/control 23: 198, 199
10: 264, 265 Wing-loading, bodymass and 13: 139– 143
Wing beat frequency, and trehalose levels metabolic rate and 13: 140
4: 317– 319 Wings
Wing dimorphism in aphids, control and Coleopteran flight 5: 166– 169
crowding 3: 239– 249 and sound production 5: 322– 331
developmental pathways 3: 255– 257 folding 5: 204, 205
effect of ants 3: 252, 253 kinematics of motion 5: 179– 190
endocrine control 3: 257– 265 Apis mellifera 5: 186– 190
host plant 3: 251, 252 Diptera 5: 179–186
intrinsic factors 3: 253, 254 sensory input from 5: 303
photoperiod 3: 253 wingbeat frequency
temperature 3: 253 and size 5: 294– 296
Wing discs, imaginal; enhanced cell and sound production 5: 322 –331
death 11: 375 and temperature 5: 318– 322
Wing expansion in locust 5: 302
failure in ecdysis and 15: 573 in small Diptera 5: 175
in adult eclosion 15: 501 inhibition 5: 304
in ecdysis 15: 526 Wings, juvenile hormone 24: 234
in Manduca eclosion 15: 512 Wings, Pieris, nitrogenous wastes
Wing hinge ligament, cuticular structure 8: 210
4: 253, 254 Wing-twisting, flight control mechanism
Wing hypodermis, cell 13: 148
fragmentation 11: 167 power output and 13: 153
Wing malformations, essential fatty Wiseana 25: 38
acids 24: 128 Wiseana cervinata 25: 38
Wing rotation, power output, neural Wiseana granulosis 25: 38
control 13: 155 Wiseana signata 25: 38
Wing stretch receptor 24: 16, 19, 30, 31 Wiseana umbraculata 25: 38
Woodlouse, drugs and locomotor degradation reactions 10: 150

rhythm 10: 42 deposition 10: 162, 164
Woodroach, trehalose breakdown 1: 123 distribution 10: 136, 137, 150– 158,
Wool wax, cycloalkanes in 13: 3 160– 162
methylalkanes in 13: 10, 12 early elucidation 10: 120
trimethylalkanes in 13: 17 in egg 10: 198
Worker jelly, pantothenic acid in 16: 194 in larva 10: 200
Workers, function, endocrine and in metamorphosis 10: 203, 204, 206,
pheromonal impact 16: 224– 227 208
World Health Organization 24: 278 in morphological colour change 10:
Worm (Ascaris lumbricoides) 21: 189 173– 176
Wound in tryptophan balance 10: 219
factors 21: 127, 130– 137 redox properties 10: 142
nature of 21: 132, 133 reduction 10: 165, 166
haemocyte recognition or solubility and aggregation 10: 138,
response 21: 127– 130 139
Wound healing, haemocytes in 11: 178– 181 spectral data 10: 143, 145
Wound repair in spiracular gills 5: 93 – 95, synthesis in Diptera, evolution
101, 102 and 16: 135– 137
Wound-healing, haemocyte involvement uptake and storage, eye colour mutants
21: 125– 130, 137, 138 and 16: 154
and encapsulation 21: 148 Xanthommatine, and grasshopper
requirements 21: 125– 127 coloration 8: 186, 187
Wounding 21: 119– 221 Xanthurenic acids 10: 130, 131
and nodule formation 21: 136, 137 Xenobiotics, conjugation with glutathione
Wyeomyia smithii, embryonic pattern S-aryltransferase 13: 81
specification 12: 191, 218 Xenophyes cascus, salivary glands
9: 231
Xanthine Xenopsylla
enzymic oxidation 4: 37 atmospheric water uptake 2: 73
excretion 4: 52, 56 Xenopsylla brasiliensis, atmospheric water
in fatbody 6: 189 absorption in 14: 15
in metamorphosis 6: 179 Xenopsylla brasiliensis, water balance
in protein metabolism 4: 41, 58 1: 382
in uricolytic pathway 4: 35, 36 Xenopsylla cheopis, atmospheric water
in uricotelic pathway 4: 41 absorption in 14: 15, 19
oxidase, and pterines 6: 165– 168, 183, 184 water exchange allometry 14: 26
Xanthine dehydrogenase 4: 36, 37, 39, 56 water exchange variables 14: 22
Xanthine dehydrogenase, tissues involved Xenopsylla spp., larvae, water loss in 14: 17
in 16: 150 pump thresholds 14: 39
Xanthine oxidase 4: 37, 41 water exchange allometry 14: 26
Xanthocanace nigrifrons, spiracle 5: 156 Xenopus 24: 313, 333; 26: 91
Xanthommatin laevis 24: 332
as patten pigment 10: 170, 171 oocytes 29: 72, 98
as screening pigment 10: 166– 168 orphan transporters in 29: 112, 114
as waste product 10: 178 spinal neurons 29: 36
binding to proteins 10: 165 Xenopus laevis 27: 336, 362, 376; 28: 176,
biosynthesis 10: 194– 197; 16: 128 177; 29: 327
biosynthetic pathway 16: 143– 147 Xenopus, gap junction permeability, calcium
formation 16: 133– 135 and 15: 105
interaction with pteridine Xenylla welchii, allantoicase activity 4: 39
chromatography 10: 140 Xestoptera cornea 29: 228
Xiphosura 24: 71, 72 protein uptake, and coated

X-irradiation vesides 11: 181
effect on blood clotting 11: 164 synthesis, gene activity 11: 366, 370, 371,
sub-lethal doses 11: 151 376
X-irradiation, ecdysis failure and utilization 3: 55, 61, 66
15: 577– 579 Zea mays, intake of 11: 96
X-ray analysis Zonulae adherens, zonulae occludens, in
in cuticle structure 17: 46, 47 wounding 11: 180
in protein structure 17: 16, 19 Yolk cells 19: 192
X-ray crystal structure, Bacillus Yolk lipids, juvenile hormone 19: 52
thuringiensis 24: 276, 279– 281, Yolk polypeptides 26: 20 – 24
296 Yolk proteins 26: 20 – 24, 30 – 32, 80,
X-ray diffraction, in chitin studies 4: 217, 89, 101
223, 266, 267, 271 Yolk proteins, non-specific proteins in 14:
X-ray microanalysis, midguts 19: 189 89, 90
X-ray sensitivity, rhythmicity 10: 29, 71, 95 Young’s modulus, of cuticle 4: 215
Xyela, differentiation of flight muscles
5: 219, 221 ZAPA ([Z]-3-[(Aminoiminomethyl)-thio]-2-
Xylamine 29: 105 propionic acid hydrochloride) 22:
Xyleborus ferrugineus 19: 59 63 – 65
Xyleborus ferrugineus, stimulants and food Zaprinast 29: 42
intake 11: 98 Zavrelia, salivary gland 7: 29
Xylocopa capitata (Carpenter bee) 23: 94 Zeiraphera diniana 19: 85
Xylocopa violacea, cholinergic elements in Zeitgeber, definition 10: 4
brain of 1: 7 Zeugloptera, cocoon escape 2: 177
Xylose Zeugodugus depressus, brain hormone
from plasma glycoprotein 4: 341 secretion 2: 253
utilization 4: 303 Zinc deficiency in Euglena 3: 188
Xylotrupes dichotomus, electrically excited Zinc, steroid hormones 24: 219, 220
responses 14: 229 Zonaptera, protocerebral neurosecretory
muscle fibre membrane electrochemistry cells 12: 77
14: 250 Zonula occludens See Tight junctions
Zonulae adhaerentes 15: 75
cockroach epidermis 15: 77
Yaw stability 23: 199 freeze-fracture appearance 15: 79
Y-chromosome, loci 11: 326 in vertebrates, thin section
Yeast appearance 15: 76
trehalases 4: 315 Zootermopsis angusti 27: 47
trehalose metabolism 4: 290 Zootermopsis angusticollis 24: 140, 141;
Yeast cells, as weakly coupled 27: 194
oscillators 10: 89 Zootermopsis nevadensis 19: 297; 29: 294,
Yeast, and fatty acid synthesis 4: 129 300, 301
Yellow fever mosquito 24: 134, 169, 170, Zootermopsis spp., caste development,
172 inhibitory effects 16: 179
Yohimbine 27: 156 Zophobas 24: 26
Yohimbine, and luminescence 6: 74, 75 morio 24: 40
Yolk Zophobas morio 28: 90
and blood proteins 3: 62, 101, 102 Zorotypus hubbardi, antennae, sensilla
and larval haemolymph proteins 11: 367 on 16: 286
formation 3: 96, 101, 102 Zwitterionic leucine 28: 176
formation, oocyte-nurse cell Zwitterionic lysine 28: 174
syncytium 11: 291, 292 Zygaena, ocellus 7: 103, 108, 131
Zygentoma 24: 26 and DDT 5: 27

Zygoptera, antennae, sensilla on and eserine 5: 25
16: 276 and mechanism of transmission 5: 38, 39,
Zymogen 26: 190– 193, 199, 203, 205, 206, 42, 43, 49, 55 –57
214, 215 and rhythm modification 5: 23, 24
Zymogen organule formation 12: 6 – 9 and temperature 5: 20
Zymosterol in cholesterol biosynthesis 4: 165
and acetylcholinesterase 5: 8, 9 in ganglia 5: 7, 8
and carbon dioxide 5: 23 structure 4: 159
and curare and atropine 5: 25, 26
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUMES 1 –29
M. Adams Division of Toxicology and Physiology, Department of Entomology,
University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA 19: 1
D. J. Aidley Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, England 4: 1
Svend Olav Andersen Zoophysiological Laboratory B, Copenhagen University,
Denmark 2: 1
E. Asahina The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, Japan 6: 1
M. Ashburner Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, England 7: 1
A. E. Atkinson School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes
University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK 25: 1
Athula B. Attygalle Department of Chemistry, University of Keele, Stafford-
shire ST5 5BG, England 18: 1
B. Baccetti Institute of Zoology, University of Siena, Italy 9: 315
D. J. Beadle School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brooks
J. W. L. Beament Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge,
England 2: 67
J. Beetsma Department of Entomology, Agricultural University, Binnenhaven 7,
Wageningen, The Netherlands 16: 167
S. Belloncik Centre de Recherche en Virologie, Unité de Recherches sur les
Entomopathogènes (UREP), Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des
Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada, H7N 4Z3 26: 233
W. G. Bendena Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-
1324, USA 25: 267
W. G. Bendena Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario,
Canada 28: 267
E. A. Bernays The Centre for Overseas Pest Research, College House, Wrights
Lane, London W8 5SJ, UK 16: 59
M. J. Berridge Agricultural Research Council Unit of Invertebrate Chemistry and
Physiology, Department of Zoology of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge,
England 9: 1
A. D. Blest Developmental Neurobiology Groups, Research School of Biological
Sciences, Australian National University, PO Box 475, Canberra City, ACT
2601, Australia 20: 1
Robert P. Bodnaryk Canada Agriculture, Research Station, 195 Dafoe Road,
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2M9, Canada 13: 69
J. Boistel Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences de Rennes,
France 5: 1
John Brady Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology, Imperial College of
Science and Technology, London, England 10: 1
P. Bräunig Institut für Biologie II, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule
Aachen, Kopernikusstrasse 16, D-52074 Aachen, Germany 28: 185
370 CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUMES 1–29
O. Breidbach Institut für Angewandte Zoologie, Universität Bonn, 53121 Bonn,

Germany 24: 1
R. G. Bridges Agricultural Research Council Unit of Invertebrate Chemistry and
Physiology, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street,
Cambridge, England 9: 51
L. Barton Browne Division of Entomology, CSIRO, Canberra City,
Australia 11: 1
Dietrich Burkhardt Zoological Institute, University of Munich, Germany 2: 131
E. Bursell Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhodesia and
Nyasaland, Salisbury, Rhodesia 4: 33
E. T. Burtt Department of Zoology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne,
England 3: 1
J. A. Campos-Ortega Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Universität zu Köln,
D-50931 Köln, Germany 25: 75
A. D. Carlson Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at
Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A. 6: 51
J. N. Carr Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University
School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
20: 87
T. M. Casey Department of Entomologv and Economic Zoology, New Jersey
Agricultural Experiment Station, Cook College, Rutgers University, New
Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA 20: 119
M. Castagna Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard
Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 28: 168
W. T. Catton Department of Physiology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne,
England 3: 1
S. Caveney Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, London,
Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada 29: 55
M. Chamberlin Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A9, Canada 19: 329
R. F. Chapman The Centre for Overseas Pest Research, College House, Wrights
Lane, London W8 5SJ, UK 16: 247
P. S. Chen Institute of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, University of Zurich,
Switzerland 3: 53
G. M. Coast Department of Biology, Birkbeck (University of London), Malet Street,
London WC1E 7HX, UK 29: 279
E. H. Colhoun Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, University
Sub-Post Office, London, Ontario, Canada 1: 1
S. A. Corbet Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ,
UK 23: 81
C. B. Cottrell Department of Zoology, University College of Rhodesia and
Nyasaland, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia 2: 175
A. Clive Crossley School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney,
Australia 11: 117
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUMES 1–29 371
R. H. Dadd Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of

California, Agricultural Experimental Station, Berkeley, California,
U.S.A. 1: 47
D. Dagan Department of Zoology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel 8: 95
K. G. Davey Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 2: 219
K. G. Davey Department of Biology, York University, North York, Ontario M3J
1P3, Canada 26: 1
S. A. Davies IBLS Division of Molecular Genetics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
G11 6NU, UK 28: 1
B. C. Donly Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T3 29: 55
J. A. T. Dow IBLS Division of Molecular Genetics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
G11 6NU, UK 19: 187; 28: 1
John S. Edwards Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, U.S.A. 6: 97
E. M. Eisenstein Department of Biophysics, 128 Chemistry Building, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, U.S.A. 9: 111
C. P. Ellington Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ,
UK 23: 171
Norbert Elsner Zoologisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, 5 Köln-Lindenthal,
Weyertal 119, Köln, Germany 13: 229
J. E. Engel Biological Sciences Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
52242 and Section of Neurobiology and Behaviour, Seeley Mudd Hall, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 27: 385
Franz Engelmann Department of Biology, 405 Hilgard Avenue, University of
California, Los Angeles, California 90024, California, USA 14: 49
Peter D. Evans Agricultural Research Council, Unit of Invertebrate Chemistry and
Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK 15: 317
L. H. Field Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, PB 4800,
Christchurch, New Zealand 27: 1
L. I. Gilbert Department of Biological Sciences, Northwestern University,
Evanston, Illinois, U.S.A. 4: 69
A. R. Gilby Division of Entomology, C.S.I.R.O., P.O. Box 1700, Canberra City,
ACT 2601, Australia 15: 1
G. J. Goldsworthy Department of Zoology, University of Hull, England 17: 149
L. J. Goodman Department of Zoology, Queen Mary College, University of London,
England 7: 97
J. L. Gould Department of Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544,
USA 20: 55
D. Graham Facultät Biologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Federal
Republic of Germany 18: 31
H. H. Hagedorn Department of Entomology and Center for Insect Science, 410
Forbes Building, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA 27: 335
J. C. Hall Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts

02254, USA 22: 221
M. J. Hall Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton
Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK 29: 151
J. Hanrahan Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
BC, V6T 2A9, Canada 19: 329
Rudolf Harmsen Biology Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
6: 139
W. R. Harvey Zoology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst,
Massachusetts, U.S.A. 3: 133
J. A. Haskell Zoology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst,
Massachusetts, U.S.A. 3: 133
M. A. Hediger Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard
Bernd Heinrich Division of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720, USA 13: 133
W. Henzel Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Boston, Dorche-
ster, Mass, USA 17: 1
M. C. Van Heusden Department of Biochemistry and Center for Insect Science,
University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA 22: 299
H. E. Hinton Department of Zoology, University of Bristol, England 5: 65
A. J. Howells Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Australian
National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia 16: 119
E. A. Howes AFRC Unit of Insect Neurophysiology and Pharmacology, Department
of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3ET,
UK 21: 35
G. Hoyle Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, U.S.A.
7: 351
M. L. Hudson Department of Biological Structure and Function, 611, SW Campus
Drive, SD, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201,
USA 29: 1
D. S. Hughes School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes
K. A. Joyce School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes
Arthur M. Jungreis Department of Zoology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
Tennessee 37916, USA 14: 109
Fotis C. Kafatos The Biological Laboratories Harvard University, 16 Divinity
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, and Department of Biology,
University of Athens, Panepistemiopolis, Kouponia, Athens (621), Greece 12: 1
Ann E. Kammer Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
66506, USA 13: 133
M. R. Kanost Department of Biochemistry and Center for Insect Science,
J. K. Kawooya Department of Biochemistry and Center for Insect Science,

John A. Kiger, Jr. Department of Genetics, University of California, Davis,
B. A. Kilby Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds, England 1: 111
L. A. King School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes
B. H. Knowles Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street,
W. Kutsch Facultät für Biologie, Universität Konstanz, 78434 Konstanz,
Germany 24: 1
C. P. Kyriacou Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1
7RH, UK 22: 221
A. M. Lackie Department of Zoology, The University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland,
UK 21: 85
Nancy J. Lane Agricultural Research Council, Unit of Invertebrate Chemistry and
A. B. Lange Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada 28: 267
J. H. Law Department of Biochemistry and Center for Insect Science, University of
Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA 22: 299
P. A. Lawrence Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, England
7: 197
A. M. Lawrie School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes
A. D. Lees Agricultural Research Council Unit of Insect Physiology, Zoological
Department, University of Cambridge, England 3: 207
Bernt Linzen Zoological Institute, University of Munich, Germany 10: 117
H. Lipke Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Boston, Dorchester,
Mass, USA 17: 1
John Machin Department of Zoology, 25 Hardbord Street, University of Toronto,
Toronto M55 1A1, Ontario, Canada 14: 1
D. R. Maddison Department of Entomology and Center for Insect Science, 410
Forbes Building, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA 27: 335
S. H. P. Maddrell Agricultural Research Unit of Invertebrate Chemistry and
Physiology, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, England 8: 199
S. A. Marlow School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes
T. Matheson Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street,
Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK 27: 1
I. A. Meinertzhagen Neuroscience Institute, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie
University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1 28: 84
Axel Michelsen Biological Institute, University of Odense, Denmark 10: 247
P. W. Miles School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 2379,

Lusaka, Zambia 9: 183
D. P. Miller School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes
P. L. Miller Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, England 3: 279
M. Mizunami Laboratory of Neuro-Cybernetics, Research Institute for Electronic
Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan 25: 151
E. David Morgan Department of Chemistry, University of Keele, Keele,
Staffordshire ST5 5BG, England 12: 17; 18: 1
R. F. A. Moritz Institut für Biologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Franklinstr
28/29, 10587 Berlin, Germany 25: 105
D. B. Morton Department of Biological Structure and Function, 611, SW Campus
Drive, SD, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201,
USA 29: 1
Toshio Narahashi Department of Physiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois, U.S.A. and Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture,
University of Tokyo, Japan 1: 175
Toshio Narahashi Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Duke University
Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA 8: 1
Dennis R. Nelson Metabolism and Radiation Research Laboratory, Agricultural
Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fargo, North Dakota 58102,
USA 13: 1
A. C. Neville Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, England 4: 213
H. Frederik Nijhout Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North
Carolina 27706, USA 18: 181
K. Djie Njio Pharmacological Laboratory, Polderweg 104, University of
Amsterdam, Amsterdam 6, The Netherlands 14: 185
Harald Nocke Zoological Institute, University of Cologne, Germany 10: 247
I. Orchard University of Toronto, Department of Zoology, 25 Harbor Street,
Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada 28: 267; 29: 279
M. O’Shea Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Departement de Biologie Animale,
Université de Genève, 20 Boulevard d’Yvoy, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
19: 1
R. E. Page, Jr Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA
95616, USA 23: 117
John Palka Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
98195, USA 14: 251
C. P. Palmer School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes
I. Parnas Department of Zoology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel 8: 95
M. P. Pener Department of Zoology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904
Jerusalem, Israel 23: 1
H.-J. Pflüger Institut für Biologie, Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin,
Königin-Luise-Strasse 28-30, D-14195 Berlin, Germany 28: 185
J. E. Phillips University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver,

British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada 19: 329; 29: 279
Y. Pichon Institut de Neurophysiologie, C.N.R.S., Gif-sur-Yvette 92, France 9: 257
J. M. Pickering School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes
Tom Piek Pharmacological Laboratory, Polderweg 104, University of Amsterdam,
Amsterdam 6, The Netherlands 14: 185
Colin F. Poole Department of Chemistry, University of Keele, Keele, Staffordshire
ST5 5BG, England 12: 17
Andrej V. Popov Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry,
Leningrad, USSR 13: 229
R. D. Possee NERC Institute of Virology & Environmental Microbiology, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, UK 25: 1
W. T. Prince Agricultural Research Council Unit of Invertebrate Chemistry and
Cambridge, England 9: 1
J. W. S. Pringle Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, England 5: 163
N. A. Pyliotis Anatomical Pathology Department, Prince Henry’s Hospital,
Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia 16: 119
M. Raabe Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie des Insectes, Université P. et M.
Curie, CNRS, Paris, France 17: 205; 19: 29
J. J. Renger Biological Sciences Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
52242, USA 27: 385
L. L. Restifo Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachu-
setts 02254, USA 22: 115
S. E. Reynolds School of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK 15: 475; 26: 157
L. M. Riddiford Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington 98195, USA 10: 297; 24: 213
D. J. Robinson Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton
Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK 29: 151
G. E. Robinson Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
61801, USA 23: 117
C. H. Fraser Rowell Department of Zoology, University of California at Berkeley,
Berkeley, California 8: 145
Hugh Fraser Rowell Department of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley,
K. M. Rudall Astbury Department of Biophysics, The University of Leeds,
England 1: 257
R. O. Ryan Lipid and Lipoprotein Research Group and Department of
Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2,
Canada 22: 299
V. F. Sacchi Istituto di Fisiologia Generale e di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di
Farmacia, Università di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milano, Italy 28: 168
B. Sacktor Gerontology Research Center, National Institutes of Child Health and

Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland,
USA 7: 267
Helen K. Salz Department of Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New
Jersey 08544, USA 18: 141
R. I. Samuels Universidade Estuadal do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Laboratorio
de Controle Biológico –CCTA, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000 –Campos, RJ 28015 –
620, Brazil 26: 157
Klaus Sander Biologisches Institut I (Zoologie), Der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität,
Katharinenstrasse 20, 7800 Freiburg im Breisgau, Federal Republic of
Germany 12: 125
D. B. Sattelle AFRC Unit of Insect Neurophysiology and Pharmacology,
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge
CB2 3EJ, UK 15: 215; 20: 147; 22: 1
D. A. Schooley Department of Biochemistry (330), University of Nevada, NV
89557-0014, USA 29: 279
J. Shaw Department of Zoology, King’s College, University of Durham, Newcastle
upon Tyne, England 1: 315
C. Shayakul Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard
Melody V. S. Siegler Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England 18: 249
S. J. Simpson The Centre for Overseas Pest Research, College House, Wrights Lane,
London W8 5SJ, UK 16: 59
Helen leB, Skaer Agricultural Research Council, Unit of Invertebrate Chemistry
and Physiology, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing
Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK 15: 35
D. S. Smith Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, England 1: 401
P. J. S. Smith AFRC Unit of Insect Neurophysiology and Pharmacology,
CB2 3ET, UK 21: 35
Brian W. Staddon Zoology Department, University College Cardiff, PO Box 78,
Cardiff CFI 1XL, Wales, UK 14: 351
D. W. Stanley-Samuelson Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln NE 68583 –0816, USA 24: 115
Barbara Stay Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242,
USA 18: 305; 25: 267
J. E. Steele Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, London 72,
Ontario, Canada 12: 239
R. H. Stobbart Department of Zoology, King’s College, University of Durham,
Newcastle upon Tyne, England 1: 315
M. Sugumaran Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts at
Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA 17: 1; 21: 179;
27: 229
K. M. Summers Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of

Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK 16: 119
P. H. Taghert Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington Univer-
sity School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
20: 87
C. W. Taylor Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street,
Cambridge, UK 19: 155
William H. Telfer Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 11: 223
B. Thomson Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
BC, V6T 2A9, Canada 19: 329
John A. Thomson Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Parkville,
Victoria, Australia 11: 321
Stephen S. Tobe Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada M5S 1A1 18: 305; 25: 267
W. F. Towne Department of Biology, Kutztown University, Kutztown, PA 19530,
USA 20: 55
J. E. Treherne AFRC Unit of Insect Neurophysiology and Pharmacology,
CB2 3ET, UK 1: 401; 9: 257; 21: 35
D. Trotti Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical
School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 28: 168
J. W. Truman Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington 98195, USA 10: 297; 21: 1
Z. Tu Department of Entomology and Center for Insect Science, 410 Forbes
Building, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA 27: 335
P. N. R. Usherwood Department of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham,
Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK 24: 309
P. N. R. Usherwood Department of Zoology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow,
Scotland 6: 203
G. P. Waldbauer Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana,
Illinois, USA. 5: 229
J. B. Wall Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University
School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA 20: 87
L. T. Wasserthal Institut für Zoologie 1, Universität, Staudstr 5, 91058 Erlangen,
Germany 26: 297
Torkel Weis-Fogh Zoophysiological Laboratory B, Copenhagen University,
Denmark 2: 1
K. White Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
02254, USA 22: 115
Richard H. White Biology Department, University of Massachusetts at Boston,
Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA 13: 35
V. B. Wigglesworth Department of Zoology University of Cambridge, England
2: 248; 17: 85
J. de Wilde Department of Entomology, Agricultural University, Binnenhaven 7,

Wageningen, The Netherlands 16: 167
P. G. Willmer Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street,
Donald M. Wilson Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University,
Stanford, California, USA 5: 289
C.-F. Wu Biological Sciences Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,
USA 27: 385
G. R. Wyatt Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada 26: 1
G. R. Wyatt Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut,
U.S.A. 4: 287
D. Yamamoto Neuroscience Division, Mitsubishi-Kasei Institute of Life Sciences,
11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194, Japan 20: 147
R. Ziegler Department of Biochemistry and Center for Insect Science, University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA 22: 299
Irmgard Ziegler Botanical Institute, Darmstadt Institute of Technology,
Darmstadt, Germany 6: 139

Contents of Volumes 1-29

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CONTENTS

The Physiological Significance of Acetylcholine in Insects and Observations

Feeding Behaviour and Nutrition in Grasshoppers and Locusts ..................... 47

The Biochemistry of the Insect Fat Body.......................................................... 111

The Properties of Insect Axons......................................................................... 175

The Chitin/Protein Complexes of Insect Cuticles ............................................. 257

Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Insects .......................................................... 315

Resilin. A Rubberlike Protein in Arthropod Cuticle ........................................... 1

The Active Transport and Passive Movement of Water in Insects.................. 67

Colour Discrimination in Insects........................................................................ 131

The Hormonal Regulation of Growth and Reproduction in Insects ................. 247

Image Formation and Sensory Transmission in the Compound Eye .............. 1

Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in Insect Development ........................... 53

Metabolic Control Mechanisms in Insects ........................................................ 133

The Control of Polymorphism in Aphids ........................................................... 207

The Regulation of Breathing in Insects............................................................. 279

The Excitation of Insect Skeletal Muscles ........................................................ 1

The Excretion of Nitrogen in Insects................................................................. 33

Lipid Metabolism and Function in Insects......................................................... 69

Chitin Orientation in Cuticle and Its Control...................................................... 213

The Biochemistry of Sugars and Polysaccharides in Insects .......................... 287

The Synaptic Transmission and Related Phenomena in Insects .................... 1

Comparative Physiology of the Flight Motor..................................................... 163

The Consumption and Utilization of Food by Insects....................................... 229

The Nervous Control of Insect Flight and Related Behaviour.......................... 289

Frost Resistance in Insects ............................................................................... 1

Neural Control of Firefly Luminescence............................................................ 51

Postembryonic Development and Regeneration

The Biology of Pteridines in Insects.................................................................. 139

Electrochemistry of Insect Muscle .................................................................... 205

Function and Structure of Polytene Chromosomes

The Structure and Function of the Insect Dorsal Ocellus ................................ 97

Polarity and Patterns in the Postembryonic Development of Insects.............. 197

Regulation of Intermediary Metabolism, with Special

Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Behavior –Neuroethology ............................ 349

Effects of Insecticides on Excitable Tissues..................................................... 1

Functional Organizations of Giant Axons in the

The Variable Coloration of the Acridoid Grasshoppers.................................... 145

The Mechanisms of Insect Excretory Systems ................................................ 199

The Role of Cyclic AMP and Calcium in Hormone Action ............................... 1

Choline Metabolism in Insects .......................................................................... 51

Learning and Memory in Isolated Insect Ganglia ............................................. 111

The Saliva of Hemiptera.................................................................................... 183

The Insect Blood-Brain Barrier.......................................................................... 257

Insect Sperm Cells ............................................................................................ 315

The Physiology of Insect Circadian Rhythms ................................................... 1

The Tryptophan ! Ommochrome Pathway in Insects .................................. 117

Biophysical Aspects of Sound Communication in Insects ............................... 247

Hormonal Mechanisms Underlying Insect Behaviour....................................... 297

Regulatory Mechanisms in Insect Feeding....................................................... 1

The Cytophysiology of Insect Blood ................................................................. 117

Development and Physiology of the Oöcyte-Nurse

Major Patterns of Gene Activity During Development

Sequential Cell Polymorphism: A Fundamental Concept

The Extraction and Determination of Ecdysones in Arthropods ...................... 17

The Cells of the Insect Neurosecretory System: Constancy,

Specification of the Basic Body Pattern in Insect Embryogenesis .................. 125

Hormonal Control of Metabolism in Insects...................................................... 239

Long-Chain Methyl-Branched Hydrocarbons: Occurrence,

Insect Visual Pigments ...................................................................................... 35

Structure and Function of Insect Peptides........................................................ 69

Insect Flight Metabolism.................................................................................... 133