Performing a site survey

Increasing capacity in ultra-high density networks

RUCKUS WIRELESS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Goal of site survey?

oHow many APs do you need?

oWhat can you place APs?

 Preparing for a Site Survey

oGet a floor plan (as accurate as possible) and print it out

oDiscuss with customer the desired goals:
o What areas need to be covered
o What kind of devices will use the WLAN
o What applications will use the WLAN
o Minimum acceptable bandwidth
oMake sure the customer is prepared to shut off an existing APs that will not
be part of the final deployment
 The Site Survey (2)

oUse an RF spectrum analysis tool such as Metageek Wi-Spy/Channalyzer to

check for sources of interference
o Wireless (non-802.11) surveillance cameras
o Microwave PIR motion sensors / wireless alarms & access systems
o Bluetooth devices
oDo a Passive survey using a tool such as Metageek inSSIDer to gauge signal
strength
o Typical min. signal for casual internet access <-75dB
o Typical min. signal for VoIP & intensive Enterprise Apps <-60dBm
o Make an allowance for client with poorest RF capability!!
 What About Spectrum Interference?

Any good site survey takes into account other sources of RF

outside the customer’s deployment, these can include
o Neighboring wireless networks
o RF emitting machinery
o Cordless telephones/microwaves, etc.
o Other? Never know unless you check …
 Site Survey Tools

oRuckus Wireless NFR kit

o 1 ZoneDirector 1100
o 1 Ruckus AP
oLaptop with wireless card that supports all radios required (a/b/g/n)
oPower strip (squid)
oExtension cables
 Site Survey Tools

oOptional, but desirable

o Portable battery (12V DC or 120VAC)
o Single port, gigabit POE adapter or POE switch
o Client(s) with similar performance (radios) to customer devices
o Tripod/Speaker stand
 Site Survey Tools
▪ T-Bar on stand allows for both 7363 and 7962;
height allows for placement close to installation
location
▪ Outdoor APs can be mounted to post part of stand
▪ PoE and Ethernet cables allows for placement
without requirement of extension cords

oOptional, but desirable

o Client(s) with similar performance (radios) to customer devices, for
example WiFi phone set of customer
 Site Survey Tools
o Keep the AP in the correct orientation & height as
close as to where it will be deployed
o Use a 2-5M telescopic pole to raise it up to required
height (it will stand by itself if it reaches floor to ceiling)
o The example shows an AP mounted on a
‘decorators’ pole
o 200W portable power pack
(http://www.maplin.co.uk/200w-portable-power-pack-
225153) which will run an AP for several hours
o Make up a power lead with DC cigarette plug one end and DC jack
(2.1mm x 5.5mm) the other end – don’t use the AC inverter
6mm hole drilled through centre of AP lid
(with lid removed!)
6mm x 30mm bolt pushed through from the
inside and secured with epoxy glue after
screwing into the nut
6mm nut dropped into hollow centre of
pole mount and secured with epoxy glue
This section unscrews from the pole and
remains on the AP for ease of
transportation
Extending decorators pole from a
hardware store
 Site Survey Configuration

Access Point
192.168.0.3

ZoneDirector
192.168.0.2

Test laptop Power options for ZD and AP”

192.168.0.5 •AC adapter for AP & ZD to AC outlet
With SpeedFlex installed
•POE adapter for AP
 Site Survey Configuration Test

Make sure the following works before beginning the survey:

o Wireless network is configured for correct radios
o Laptop can connect to wireless network
o Laptop can ping AP and ZD
o Run SpeedFlex successfully
o http://192.168.0.2/perf
 Running SpeedFlex

oIf you try to run SpeedFlex the first time, you will get the following error:
 Running SpeedFlex

oClick the download link for your OS (Windows or Mac) to download the client
portion of the software
 Running SpeedFlex

oCopy the downloaded file to a safe place and then run, you will get a terminal
window with the following message:

SpeedFlex version 1.83, Copyright (C) 2004-2006 Ruckus Wireless, Inc. All
Rights Reserved.
Built Jul 11 2008 at 14:30:54

Entering infinite loop. Enjoy the ride

 Running SpeedFlex

Once the program is running, go back to the web page and click the
Start button to begin the test
 Running SpeedFlex

oImportant! To get a consistent reading, remain still while SpeedFlex is

running.

Progress indicator
 Running SpeedFlex

oWhen the test is complete, you will see the test results.
 Onsite Setup

oWhen onsite, begin at the edge of where coverage should begin,. Power up
the AP and ZD using one of the power options.
oMount the AP as it would normally be deployed (usually dome facing down).
oIf the AP will be on the ceiling, use a tripod to get it as close to the ceiling as
possible for most accurate results.
 Onsite Methodology

oBegin at the edge of the coverage area

oInstall the AP at a potential installation spot
oConnect laptop to wireless test SSID
oRun SpeedFlex, record results on floor plan
oWalk to a different spot (about 50’) and repeat until coverage has been
completely surveyed
 Site Survey Walkthrough Example
Client A is running SpeedFlex against AP (B). The shaded area is how far
Client A can get from the AP and still maintain 15-20Mbps as reported by
SpeedFlex.
 Site Survey Walkthrough Example

The next step is to move the AP to one of the points on the boundary and test
again.

New area
Boundary of
previously tested
area
Previously tested
area
Walkthrough Result
Final Survey Deliverable (Example)
 Summary – Steps to Success

oPre-survey preparation
o Understand what the customer wants to achieve
o Get floor plans
o Make sure the survey gear works before you go
oOn-site survey
o Be thorough - follow the walkthrough methodology!
o Check for spectrum interference
o Confirm construction materials
Instalación de APs
Fallas en la instalación

Instalación contra
muro de concreto o
contra puntos que
atenúen la señal
Instalación de APs
Fallas en la instalación

Instalación con techo

contra lluvia

ZF2741 o APs Indoor

Instalación de APs
Fallas en la instalación

Instalación vertical no contribuye

con la distribución horizontal de los
edificios.

Esta instalación se utiliza cuando

se requiere cobertura en
corredores o entre pisos .
Instalación de APs
Recomendaciones de instalación

Se recomienda utilizar mástil para que el AP esté por lo menos un metro

alejado de los muros
Instalación de APs
Recomendaciones de instalación

Para buscar mayor extensión es recomendado hacer una instalación con

un ángulo de tilt de 10 a 20 grados
Gracias!
 High Density Overview
Increasing capacity in ultra-high density networks

RUCKUS WIRELESS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 CSMA/CA
o Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) is a communications
method by which transmissions generally take place while a common bus or channel is
detected as idle, enabling multiple carriers to share a bus or channel equitably.

o CSMA/CA benefits Wi-Fi because client devices sharing a given access point commonly do
not see one another. Nor, necessarily, are access points aware of each other.
o This is due to differences in transmit powers, receive sensitivities, antennae patterns, distances, and
client locations with respect to the each other.

o These conditions can cause a Wi-Fi device to be unable to 'hear' another device’s broadcast, which
is commonly called the 'hidden node', or 'hidden station' problem.

33 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 CSMA/CA Cont’d
o By default, Wi-Fi devices listen for other broadcasts prior to transmitting. If a competing
transmission is detected, the Wi-Fi device executes a mechanism called 'exponential back-
off' Distributed Coordination Function, prior to attempting to send again.

o To augment CSMA/CA, the 802.11 standards allow for RTS / CTS (Request to Send / Clear
to Send) handshakes via Point Coordination Functions; although, not generally by default.
o RTS/CTS rely on the AP granting a station the exclusive right to transmit for a given period of time.

o A vendor specific component of Collision Avoidance, Airtime Fairness, is used to improve the
performance of the CSMA method by attempting to divide the channel among all transmitting
devices within the collision domain according to various priorities.

34 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Beyond Traditional 2.4 GHz Channel Plans
o Very high density deployments are not 2.4 GHz friendly due to frequent channel re-use and
minimal propagation containment.
o Traditional 3 or 4 channel plans are not good enough because 2.4 GHz is vulnerable to interference
from both Wi-Fi and other common RF sources.

o 5GHz integration and migration is a highly advisable alternative for current and future growth
(802.11N/802.11AC)

o Neighboring networks, particularly 2.4GHz networks, usually appear at very weak signal
strengths, making them seem unlikely to interfere…
o Keep in mind that when neighboring networks do appear, their devices frequently broadcast
minimum transmission rates (1 Mbps) common for beacon and management frames. Thus there can
be a constant and ubiquitous sea of low power, low speed traffic.

35 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Beyond Traditional 2.4 GHz Channel Plans Cont’d
o There is an intrinsic and problematic mechanism seen frequently in co-channel interference:
the preamble.
o A preamble is the first part of a frame transmitted by a Wi-Fi client telling the AP it’s about to transmit.
A preamble contains no useful data other than for frame interpretation but it is required by the
standards and consumes airtime.
o In the 2.4 GHz band there are legacy long preambles and newer short preambles. All 802.11g 2.4
GHz stations are required to support both.
o Not only do long preambles take longer to transmit, but also are always sent at the lowest possible
speed (1 Mbps).
o Preamble avoidance is channel specific and it may be avoided by assigning APs to different
channels within a given band.
o Traditional wireless networks can only solve co-channel interference by operating on
different non-overlapping channels; but with only 3-4 channels in the 2.4 GHz band, this
strategy is not realistic.

36 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Beyond Traditional 2.4 GHz Channel Plans Cont’d
o A better solution is to make use of the other channels in other bands (5 GHz).
o 5 GHz channels do not overlap with legacy bands and have the further benefit that clients on them
do not hear or avoid stations on 2.4GHz.

o For example, a client on channel 165 does not need to pay attention to a neighboring network
transmitting on channels 1, 6 or 11. It freely ignores 2.4 GHz entirely.

o Networks can also partially solve the preamble problem by disabling support of 802.11b
devices.
o Disabling 802.11b increases the performance of the wireless network, removing long preambles and
increasing the minimum data rate to 6Mbps.

37 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 ChannelFly
o Ruckus AP management software now has ChannelFly, a sophisticated channel hopping
feature that can auto select any possible channel within the 2.4GHz band (subject to domain)
rather than restricting itself to traditional non-overlapping channels.
o When enabled, the ChannelFly feature measures the available capacity in each channel before
selecting the best channel for its bidirectional communications, maximizing performance per AP.

o ChannelFly also takes the current noise into consideration (both 802.11 and non-802.11) and looks
at the potential capacity available on each channel as well.

38 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 ChannelFly Cont’d
o Co-channel interference is a glaring issue if the RF energy from other APs is heard at levels
higher than from clients within any given APs coverage zone.

o However, as the signal strength drops, the RF energy across all occupied sub-channels
drops as well.
o With enough attenuation, the energy on the non-center channels can drop below an acceptable noise
floor and can be used by another AP.

o Ruckus ChannelFly can now move APs to occupy an “overlapping” channel where it does not see as
much of other device’s transmissions due to the signal drop-off beyond the center frequencies.

o A test of ChannelFly usage is always recommended in very high-density environments.*

*(Refer to our case study in the last section)

39 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Omni vs. Directional Antenna Selection
o Because the density is very high in the main bowl area, omni-directional antennae are not a
good choice for APs covering this area. Instead, narrow beam directional AP models should
be preferred.

o A directional antenna has two major advantages:

o First, the narrow focused antennas produce less interference for other nearby devices.

o Second, directional models have a higher general signal gain that assists in bidirectional links. A
higher signal gain allows the AP to be positioned further from clients without reducing signal strength.

40 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Omni vs. Directional Antenna Selection
o Some Ruckus models feature highly directional antennas with signal gains of up to 11 dBi and a 3-dBm
beam width of only 30°, making them excellent choices for very high density designs.

o For enclosed spaces such as vomitoriums, offices, locker rooms, and suites, take advantage of Ruckus
APs with larger beam widths of 120° or omnidirectional antennas.
Omni-directional Antenna Directional Antenna

10

-5

-10

-15

-20

2G VP azimuth
2G VP elevation

41 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Channel Width
o Networks where only 802.11n devices are permitted are called Greenfield Deployments.

o Legacy 802.11 devices all use 20 MHz wide channels for transmission, which allows for a
maximum data rate of 54 Mbps.

o If legacy devices are allowed on the wireless network, only 20 MHz wide channels are
allowed for backwards compatibility.
o By default, Wi-Fi networks are configured to allow for backwards compatibility.

o Part of the performance gain of 802.11n devices is the optional use of 40 MHz wide channels
expanding throughput by offloading control signals to adjacent channels, and slightly
expanding the data channel capacity.
o Doubling the channel width effectively doubles the throughput of a 40Mhz bonded channel pair.

42 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Channel Width Cont’d
o The 802.11n standard allows 40 MHz wide channels for both 2.4 and 5 GHz.
o In practice, the 40Mhz wide channels are used only on 5 GHz.

o With the limited bandwidth available on 2.4 GHz; the maximum number of bonded 40 MHz wide
channels is only 1, which is generally not practical for any more than single AP deployments.

o In very high-density environments 40 MHz wide channels are generally recommended.

o Not all 802.11n devices support the wider channel size and most smartphones and tablets
use a maximum of 20 MHz channel widths.

43 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 AP Transmit Power
o Ruckus APs can choose the best possible power setting as well as their broadcast channel
according to best practice channel plans.

o As previously stated, ChannelFly can also be enabled for channel management.

o The APs can be configured to choose their own power settings or accept a manual setting.

o The default Tx power for APs is Auto. APs will then transmit at full power, generally resulting in the
highest signal strength to a client and fastest possible connection.

o It can be tempting as a means of controlling propagation to lower the transmit power to the
lowest possible setting in very high density environments.

44 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 AP Transmit Power
o Reducing the Tx power is not normally recommended by Ruckus. There are pros and cons to
reducing Tx power that should be known.

o Ruckus has implemented BeamFlex, a technology that works prior to transmission and
automatically to modulate antennae patterns, focusing coverage on specific clients.
o By focusing energy primarily in the direction of the client, BeamFlex effectively reduces Tx power in
directions away from other clients, reducing co-channel interference.

o The BeamFlex feature has a similar interference reduction effect as would turning down Tx power but
without the considerable downside of reducing SNR to the client.

45 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Common 802.11 Rates (Max.)
o The following table lists some common transmission rates.
o It is not intended to be a complete list of all possible PHY rates (Physical Layer Rates) but
rather an indication of highest and lowest scenarios.

Client Capability Channel Spatial Minimum PHY Maximum PHY

Width Streams Rate* Rate

Legacy 802.11b 20 MHz 1 1 Mbps 11 Mbps

Legacy 802.11g 20 MHz 1 1 Mbps 54 Mbps

Legacy 802.11a 20 MHz 1 1 Mbps 54 Mbps

802.11n 1 stream client 20 MHz 1 6.5 Mbps 72.2 Mbps

(1x1:1)

802.11n 1 stream client 40 MHz 1 13.5 Mbps 150 Mbps

(1x1:1)

802.11n 2 stream client (2x2:2)** 40 MHz 2 13 Mbps 300 Mbps

o * Minimum PHY rate does not include management frames, which are typically sent at 1 - 2 Mbps.
o ** Most client hand held devices are only single stream devices. The AP is multi-stream therefore permitting STC (space time coding) in the downlink and MRC (Maximal
Ration Combining), which permits higher throughputs.

46 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Modulation
o Connection rates are dependent largely on established modulation techniques for both the
primary RF signal and the sub modulation or chipping of carrier signals. Ongoing exchange
between the access point and client device negotiates modulation method, which directly
correlates to higher or lower aggregate performance.

o Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) rates and Direct-Sequence Spread

Spectrum (DSSS) modulations are well established as primary signal modulation schemes
for Wi-Fi technology of all generations. DSSS relies on a single carrier wave. OFDM
transmits multiple (64x) data carrier or subcarrier waves.
o 802.11b uses DSSS

o 802.11a, 802.11g, and 802.11n use OFDM

47 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Modulation Cont’d
o Less well known are the modulation schemes of sub carrier signals. Once established, the
type of sub carrier modulation has an impact on potential data rates. The stronger the signal
established, the better the digital modulation scheme.
o 802.11b, which doesn’t have subcarriers, uses Barker Code chipping for 1 and 2Mbps data rates and
CCK chipping for 5.5 and 11Mbps.

o 802.11a and 802.11g, with 64 sub carriers, use BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, or 64-QAM.

o Some of the carriers transmit redundant data as a means to ensure delivery, so neither the client nor
the access point need to receive all 64 carrier waves.

o Wi-Fi’s adaptive modulation technology further ensures data integrity, as modulations change
according to the strength of a given link.

48 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Modulation Cont’d
o 802.11n leverages the efficacy of OFDM by introducing multiple spatial streams or MIMO,
effectively doubling, tripling or quadrupling the throughput.
o Note that establishing consistent spatial streams compels the need to establish solid wave axis
orientation, ergo X-axis discrete from Y-axis discrete from Z-axis. Consequently, MIMO antennae
require multiple orientations or polarizations.

49 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Common 802.11 Rates (Max.)
120

Distance 100

Variations
80

60
2.4 Throughput
5Ghz Throughput

40

20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45
2.4 Throughput 48 48 48 48 48 36 36 36 36 36 24 24 24 18 18 12 9 9 6 6
5Ghz Throughput 96 96 96 96 96 72 72 72 72 72 48 48 48 36 36 24 18 18 12 12

50 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Signal Quality
o Maximum client throughput rate is influenced by the received signal strength—stronger
signals achieve higher data rates.
o Signal strength to the client should be strong compared to the background radio noise floor
to ensure a consistent data rate
o Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is the metric by which client signal strength is measured.
o A strong (high) SNR means higher data rates, less errors and fewer re-transmissions.
o If the signal strength is very low or if the noise is very high, the client will be unable to
distinguish the transmission well enough to decode it.
o A very high capacity design should target an average SNR of at least 20 dB or higher for all
the client devices.

51 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

52 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 802.11n Modulation Rates

o Less optimal modulation rates

o Optimal modulation rates

53 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL
 Why use OFDM only
o OFDM has better receive sensitivity as well as higher overall data rates and will provide
generally better performance.

o If there are devices present that use Barker Code or CCK, OFDM devices must go into
protection mode where RTS/CTS packets are required, consuming valuable airtime in very
high density networks.

o Better overall performance can be achieved if all Wi-Fi devices are restricted to OFDM only.

o Removing Barker Code and CCK rates will effectively prevent any 802.11b devices from
connecting to your Wi-Fi Network. Ruckus equipment can be configured to drop legacy Wi-Fi
support.

54 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Open vs. Encrypted WLANs
o Depending on the application, data encryption may or may not be required, usually driven by
client policy and security requirements.
o While encryption has effective uses, understand that it requires computing power and adds
overhead to any kind of network—PDU size is increased, as is CPU usage. The more
overhead required, the less airtime and processing power is available for application data.
o If the network designer has the option of deciding, an open network is preferable in a very
high density design; assuming that it does not obviate any client security requirements.
o The recommended rule of thumb is:
o An open network for the guest / spectator network and
o An encrypted network for internal and administrative usage.

55 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Limiting Broadcast Traffic
o All wireless devices send broadcast (non-unicast) traffic from time to time, such as ARP
requests, that are required for ordinary network functionality. Hence, APs and clients must
periodically spend time transmitting broadcasts instead of application data.
o Many broadcast packets from clients and their compulsory responses by the host network
are not necessary, so restricting unwanted broadcasts can greatly improve network
performance.
o If a given client cannot be prevented from broadcasting, it is still possible to limit the client
traffic at the AP. Access Control Lists (ACLs) are one method by which this goal can be
achieved.
o An ACL is a set of rules that specify what kind of network traffic is and is not permitted.
o ACLs can be constructed on the ZoneDirector and then applied on a per-SSID basis.
o Furthermore, unwanted network traffic can be blocked either summarily at the Ruckus AP or
via a network firewall.

56 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Client Isolation
o The Ruckus ZoneDirector has a client isolation mode that can be optionally applied on a per-
SSID basis.
o Client isolation blocks wireless-to-wireless traffic and can help reduce excessive broadcasts and
other unwanted network traffic.
o Note that the client isolation feature will block any wireless-to-wireless traffic so it may not be suitable
for some applications such as wireless printers, etc.
o Fortunately, and because client isolation can be configured on a per-SSID basis, guest/spectator
networks can be kept isolated while internal networks are not necessarily subject to client isolation.

57 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Meshing Backhaul
o Wireless mesh is a sufficient way to provide wireless coverage in areas where wired AP
connections are unfeasible.
o In many cases, wireless backhaul meets or exceeds expectations when deployed with care.
o AP meshing is very effective in stadium venue areas where coverage alone is the goal, such as
outdoors and around parking lots
o Using mesh, however, in very high density network designs, such as in a bowl area, is
strongly discouraged. Stadium or arena bowl areas require a unique approach that does not
lend itself well to meshing techniques.
o Mesh APs will be challenged to provide adequate capacity, as every hop will reduce the available
bandwidth at each meshed AP by half.
o Where efficacy is concerned a reduction in bandwidth equates to a reduction in device capacity,
which is the single most important resource for engineering a very high capacity network.

58 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Meshing Backhaul
o Given the investment in hardware, providing egress via wire to each AP in a given stadium or
arena bowl should not prove problematic.
o Stadiums and arenas are generally well prepared for invasive customization of infrastructure. Far
more so, in fact, than many other industries.

o Many stadiums have an optical fiber backbone and Telco closets somewhere on every level, thus
advancing their use as integration points for a planned Wi-Fi network.

59 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 The Impact of Client Devices
Client Capability

o All Wi-Fi devices are not the same. They have different supported modulations, throughput, radio types,
transmit power, etc.

o Understanding and planning for myriad devices is essential to determining coverage requirements.

o How quickly a device gets on and off the air has direct bearing on the number of clients that can be
supported by a given AP.

o In limited cases, APs with multiple concurrent radio bands can further increase the number of clients served.

o An 802.11n-capable device will transmit much faster than a legacy 802.11a/b/g device, an advantage
over older protocols that reduces latency and increases the amount of data that can be sent at any
given time.

60 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 The Impact of Client Devices Cont’d
o In general, it is safe to assume that 802.11n clients will perform about twice as well as legacy
clients.

o Current estimates suggest that approximately 60% of current consumer devices are 802.11n
capable but this number is climbing.

o Nearly all-new Wi-Fi devices are 802.11n, which implies that the number of 802.11G devices
will decline over time.

o All suggested estimates are based on Ruckus field tests and monitoring at large venues.

61 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 The Impact of Client Devices Cont’d
oSoftware on devices can impact the network
o In iOS 5.x Apple introduced iCloud (Automatically uploading your photos via Wi-Fi)
o Roaming is greatly improved from release to release on iPhone
o Software “issues” some devices rate shift incorrectly

iPhone iOS 5.11 iPhone iOS 6.1.1

DL Mbps UL Mbps DL Mbps UL Mbps

Avg 20 11.6 Avg 24.2 14.3
Min 10.3 2.3 Min 14.8 8.7
Max 28.9 24.8 Max 31.0 19.1
90% >= 10.4 5.2 90% >= 17.3 10.4

62 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Spectrum Analyzer
o A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of radio frequencies in accordance with the
spectrum that it is capable of receiving.
o Their primary use is to measure the power of known and unknown signals over time and is
not dependent on the technical use of the spectrum.
o By analyzing the spectra of radio signals:
o A dominant frequency, power, distortion, harmonics, bandwidth, and other spectral components of a
signal can be observed that are not easily detectable in time domain waveforms.
o These parameters are useful in the characterization of electronic devices, such as wireless
transmitters.
o The common display of a spectrum analyzer has frequency or channel on the horizontal axis
and with amplitude represented on the vertical axis.

63 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

 Signal Shapes
o Shapes: The shape denotes modulation types in the 2.4 GHz band.
o Curved Top:
o Rates 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 will be drawn with a curve.
o This represents the HRDSSS BPSK (High-Rate Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum).
o This is the pattern that a 802.11b signal will make in 2.4GHz spectrum.

o This image capture shows a HR-DSSS BPSK (802.11b) as a “hill shaped” area. Centered at
Channel 1.
64 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL
 Signal Shapes Cont’d
o Shapes: The shape denotes modulation types in the 2.4 GHz band.
o Flat Top:
o Any WLAN with a maximum rate of 12 or greater will be drawn with a flat top.
o This represent access points that can support ERP-OFDM.

o The above image shows ERP-OFDM (802.11g), recognizable by its “flat top” shape with a little bit
of a “v” in the center.

65 RUCKUS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL