Technological University of

Honduras.

Class Name:

English IV.

Teacher Name:

Lic. Madelin Mercedes Moreno Avila

Student Name:

Job Name:

Homework 2, Module 2.

Date:

February 09, 2022.

Introduction
Global Issues More than at any other time in history, the future of humanity is being
shaped by issues that are beyond any Nation's ability to resolve. Climate change, avian
flu, financial instability, terrorism, waves of migrants and refugees, water shortages,
disappearing fisheries, stark and seemingly intractable poverty - these are all examples
of world problems whose solution requires cooperation between nations. Each issue
seems at first to be loosely connected to the next; the problems seem to come in
different forms and from all directions. But if you reflect on these examples for a
moment, some common traits soon become apparent:

 Each issue affects large numbers of people on different sides of national borders.
 Each of the issues is of significant concern, directly or indirectly, to all or most of
the countries of the world, often as evidenced by a major United Nations
declaration holding a world conference on the issues.

 Each issue has an implication that requires a comprehensive regulatory

approach, no government has the power or authority to impose a solution, and
market forces alone will not solve the problem.

2
Theoretical framework (Research)

1. Lack of economic opportunities and unemployment

Unemployment is generated when there are more people willing to work, but the jobs for
them do not exist or are not available. The unemployment rate refers to the proportion
of employed people with respect to the population of working age, and to calculate it,
those people who, being of working age (between 16 and 65 years old) and actively
seeking, do not find a job, are taken. that is, what is known as the active population.

Having a high unemployment rate is a serious problem for a country as it directly affects
economic growth, in addition to the problem for people who are unemployed.

Thus, the effects of unemployment, on the one hand, can be economic, such as a
decrease in real production, a decrease in demand and an increase in the public deficit.
But it can also cause social effects such as psychological effects or discriminatory
effects.

And this situation has worsened as a result of the pandemic. According to data from the
International Labor Organization (ILO), he argued in a new report that although the
nations of the world "will come out" of the current health crisis, "five years of progress
towards eradicating working poverty have been undone."

The most affected regions in the first half of 2021 have been Latin America and the
Caribbean, Europe and Central Asia, all victims of an uneven recovery.

2. Insecurity

According to information from the UN, the growing violence and the feeling of insecurity
that people living in cities face on a daily basis is one of the main challenges in the
world. In some countries, crime and violence have increased due to the proliferation of
weapons, substance abuse and youth unemployment.

3
If analyzed in relation to gender, there is a clear trend: homicide victims in Latin America
are fundamentally male, since the number of men killed is about 10 times higher than
the number of women victims of homicide.

In turn, for women, the risk of being injured is associated with sexual violence.
Regarding young people, it is the group where the largest number of homicide victims is
concentrated, with young people becoming the main perpetrators and at the same time
victims of violence.

The relationship between socioeconomic distribution and violent crime is strong and
Latin American cities are among the most unequal, some of them leading the list
worldwide. Although there has been a general improvement in socioeconomic
distribution, urban inequities have increased and hardened in the last decade.

As a consequence of this situation, in highly unequal cities with problems of endemic

poverty, conflicts and urban fractures, political tension and insecurity are created.

3. Racism

Another of the biggest problems in the world is racism. Which is determined as the
hatred, rejection or exclusion of a person because of their race, skin color, ethnic origin
or their language, which prevents them from enjoying their human rights. This is caused
by an irrational feeling of superiority of one person over another.

Racism and intolerance can take many forms: from the denial of the basic principles of
equality of people to the instigation of ethnic hatred that can lead to genocide and
forced displacement, which destroy lives and divide communities.

This problem causes enormous suffering to millions of people around the world because
it prevents social mobility, generates slavery and inequality in areas such as economic,
educational and cultural ideology.

4. Migration

4
Migration is the change of residence that implies the transfer of some duly defined
geographical or administrative limit. If the boundary that is crossed is of an international
nature (border between countries), the migration is renamed “international migration”

If the border that is crossed corresponds to some type of duly recognized demarcation
within a country (between administrative divisions, between urban and rural areas, etc.),
the migration is called “internal migration”.

This transfer of people leads to serious problems such as family disintegration, abuse,
abandonment, emotional disorders, alcoholism, social problems such as delinquency,
drug addiction, physical, psychological and even sexual abuse.

In 2019 alone, the number of international migrants (people who reside in a country
other than their birth country) reached almost 272 million worldwide — 48% women —
compared to 258 million in 2017. Of these, 164 million are migrant workers.

5. Lack of education

Education is considered a fundamental element not only for the development of an

entire country, but for society in general. Therefore, the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) promotes human rights and the rule of
law in its spheres of competence, with special emphasis on the right to education.

Some indicators of education in Mexico, for example, show an improvement in absolute

terms, as in the case of the average level of schooling or illiteracy, but the challenges
facing the system are still significant.

Regarding the pressures to work, the lack of economic resources is the most important
reason why young people decide to abandon their studies. Additionally, the lack of
interest in studying in men, and pregnancy in women, is the second cause for them to
decide to withdraw from the system and look for other options that fit their
circumstances or their expectations.

This situation worsened after the health emergency, since, as of March 28, 2020, more
than 1.6 billion children and young people were not attending school in 161 countries

5
due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This represents about 80% of school-age students in
the world.

6. Food and nutrition security

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), since
the World Food Summit (WFS) in 1996, Food Security at the individual, household,
nation and global levels is achieved when all people, at all times, have physical and
economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and
preferences for an active and healthy life.

The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaimed that “Everyone has the
right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his
family, including food. And the basic elements to have Food and Nutrition Security are:

 Food availability at the local or national level.

 Stability refers to having control over the cyclical processes of crops, as well as
having silos and warehouses for contingencies in times of food deficit.
 Access and control over the means of production such as land, water, inputs,
technology, knowledge and food available in the market.
 Consumption and biological use, existence, food safety, dignity and hygienic
conditions, as well as the equitable distribution of these within households.

However, current estimates indicate that about 690 million people suffer from hunger,
that is, 8.9% of the world's population (an increase of about 10 million people in one
year and about 60 million in five years).

7. Inequality

Inequality is a socioeconomic circumstance in which a group or community is treated

differently by the other subjects or groups in its environment. And according to UN data,
this isn't just about wealth, net worth, or income.

6
It can also cover life expectancy, how easy it is for people to access health services,
quality education or public services. There are inequalities between genders and
between social groups.

In addition, inequality increases and persists because some groups have more
influence over the legislative process, which prevents other groups from making the
system responsive to their needs. This leads to policy distortions and undermines the
democratic process.

An Oxfam study indicates that 26 people have the same wealth as 3.8 billion people.
Meanwhile, more than a quarter of all working adults are poor, earning less than $3.10 a
day.

8. Gender violence

Violence against women and girls is one of the most pervasive violations of human
rights in the world. Many cases occur every day in all corners of the planet.

This type of violence has serious physical, economic and psychological consequences
on women and girls, both in the short and long term, by preventing them from
participating fully and equally in society. The magnitude of this impact, both in the lives
of individuals and families and in society as a whole, is immense.

The conditions created by the pandemic – lockdowns, mobility restrictions, increased

isolation, stress and economic uncertainty – have led to an alarming increase in
violence against women and girls in the private sphere and have further exposed
women and girls to other forms of violence, from child marriage to online sexual
harassment.

9. Corruption

Corruption is the abuse of power for personal gain. It can be classified into grand, petty
and political corruption, depending on the amount of funds lost and the sector in which it
occurs. For example, there is corruption on a grand scale, of minors and politics.

7
According to Transparency.org, in the recent year, the Corruption Perceptions Index
paints a bleak picture of the state of corruption around the world. Most of the countries
assessed have made no progress in fighting corruption in almost a decade, and more
than two-thirds score below 50.

The countries with the highest scores are Denmark and New Zealand, with 88 points,
followed by Finland, Singapore, Sweden and Switzerland with 85 each. The lowest
scores correspond to South Sudan and Somalia, with 12 points each, followed by Syria
(14), Yemen (15) and Venezuela (15).

Corruption limits economic and social development, affects investment, reduces the
effectiveness of social programs and increases inequality, and also has an approximate
cost of between 8% and 10% of GDP

10. Pollution

Atmospheric pollution is both a local and a global problem caused by the emission of
certain substances that, either by themselves or by those resulting from their chemical
reactions, cause harmful effects for the environment and health.

In relation to health, tropospheric ozone and particles (“fine dust”) are the most worrying
pollutants since exposure to them can have consequences ranging from mild effects on
the respiratory system to allergies or even premature mortality.

Ozone is not emitted directly, but is formed from the reaction of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the presence of sunlight.

Particles can be emitted directly into the atmosphere (so-called primary particles) or
formed there as "secondary particles" from gases such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen
oxides (NOx) and ammonia (NH3).

Ecosystems are also damaged by:

1) deposits of acidifying substances such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and

ammonia, which cause ecological changes and loss of biodiversity;

8
2) the excess of nitrogen nutrients in the form of ammonia and nitrogen oxides, which
can disturb plant communities and leak into freshwater, causing a phenomenon called
"Eutrophication" generated by an excess of nutrients that generates an alteration of
aquatic ecosystems, and a loss of their biodiversity;

3) tropospheric ozone, which causes physical damage to agricultural crops, forests and
plants, in addition to slowing their growth.

Atmospheric pollution also deteriorates materials with the consequent degradation of

buildings and monuments.

In addition, heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants affect the functioning of living
beings and their reproduction, tending to bioaccumulate and biomagnify as we move up
the food chain.

On the other hand, it is also important to mention the existence of a series of pollutants
that have a direct influence on global warming, since they have a very high Global
Warming Potential, as well as the existence of pollutants directly involved in the
destruction of stratospheric ozone. with the consequent reduction of the ozone layer.

9
Conclusions

We can observe that humanity faces great global challenges that have a transnational
character and a transinstitutional solution. Although the outlook may seem pessimistic,
humanity is moving forward. But these challenges cannot be addressed by a single
government or by an isolated entity, there must be a collaboration between
governments, international organizations, companies, NGOs and creative individuals.
Otherwise, the results can be catastrophic for humanity.

10
Bibliography

https://www.expoknews.com/15-problemas-mas-grandes-del-mundo-y-como-
solucionarlos/

https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/atmosfera-y-
calidad-del-aire/emisiones/prob-amb/#:~:text=La%20contaminaci%C3%B3n%20atmosf
%C3%A9rica%20es%20un,medio%20ambiente%20y%20la%20salud.

11
Annexes

1. Lack of economic opportunities and unemployment

2. Unsafety

3. Racism

12
4. Migration

5. Lack of education

6. Food and nutrition security

13
7. Inequality

8. Gender violence

14
9. Corruption

10. Pollution

15
16