TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE it. Intellect . Purpose @yreniy of E Batangas Contract oF ExoweeniNe THERMODYNAMICS 1 a, Elona A, Cerag, ME Thermodynamics 1 The zeroth = law oof thermodynamics: If two bodies are in _ thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth law can be restated as “two bodies are in thermal — equilibrium if both have the even if they are not in contact.”Celsius Fatwenheit Thermodynamics 1 tore alg'F All temperature scales are based on some easily reproducible states such as the freezing and boiling points of water: the ice point and the steam t point t F * Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in iam with air ‘saturated with vapor at 1 atm pressure. + Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and water vapor (with no ai) in . . ‘equilibrium at 1 aim pressure ( oc 92°F + Celsius scale: in SI unit system pete a8 Tac T+ @+73= + Fahrenheit salen English unt syaem ¥ AT(K) = AT( ) ee a3 The BC Te D t2B=3a3k ) = ATCC) 1(K) =T(°C) + 2845 Pe SE aRe V AT(R) = AT(’F) T(R) = TC) + oe ATER) 820-8 = DK Rankine oer —_& ee Thermodynamics 1 Sample Problem: Derive the relation between degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Centigrade. Glsivs Fahrenheit Wor paar te-0 | t.-92 ko Wwo-0 ~ ala-ga Ot. tn . te, te-32 te te Neer Lt. +3a=te t= Baew [t= Dtet 9 oc 92°F i= 5 y-20)Thermodynamics 1 ‘Sample Probl ° Gsis E ple Problem: ae oe Show that the specific heat of a substance in Btu/lb-deg F is T= or Ty 22 . numerically equal to callg-deg C TeloC 8 Th=alaF eu \ _———— ee lleaees Te-t,=0C OTF jt ahaa ASP ATr | WWE Jer ey 4g VC Ate 10 a eae ea = WoF gc Bie | gece heat ATe= 18S Thermodynamics 1 Pressure: A snormalitmforce, exerted by a fluid perunitvarea; it is caused by the collisions of the molecules of the substance with the boundaries of the system. 1 Pa = 1 N/m? Lpesen| (00 000 0 ee L bar = 10° Pa Latm = 101,325 Pa = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bars 807 10'N/m? = 9.807 x 10° Pa 1 kgf/em? = 9.807 Nfem’ 9307 bar = 0.9679 atm Vato = 14.7 pS = 4.99 in Hy = 76 mm Py = 160 torresThermodynamics 1 Absolute pressure: The actual pressure (relative to absolute vacuum) Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. + Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero in the = Voqyum atmosphere, and so they indicate gage pressure, Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure. [— “mesPlresic Proge = Pay — Pain) P= Form + 8 a Lownie gauge Pvac = Pam — Pas P= Pam — Py (vacuum or Thermodynamics 1 megahve a gauge Atmospheric pressure V=EAh w AZ ‘ measured by a device called a barometer; thus, the atmospheric pressure is often referred to as the barometric pressure. standard atmosphere: Pressure produced by a column of mercury 760 mm in height at 0°C (pyg= 13,595 kgm?) under standard seorms - ee P= pgh Thermodynamics 1 y> SD) Sample Problem: Pom = (4.7 Convert the following if the barometric pressure is 14.7 psi: + 20 psig to kPa + 40 in Hg to oF + 321.12 kPa to bar + 1000 mm Hg abs to MPa a p& , 10325 fo _ wx wa ini torr ra o1\ klswage we Wi Jeo tors . ih A arpe * [S16 tors Salta KH x 16" _ |e aia toy are o.lol325 MG 00 yy otras MG _ 9.1333 ta To wt P= Patm + = P— Pam = 0.1939 MPa — 0.101395 TRA Pg = 0.038 MPa Thermodynamics 1 Measuring Pressure by Using Manometers manometer with only one side open to the atmosphere is an ideal device for measuring gauge pressures. o o Faure; Anopentubemananetr?arorsidecpnto he amore. (@)Flad dp mast ‘on both S665, oF the Pressure each side exes a the oom wa be mnaqualandiqudwilfow a the deoper sie ps >= hog tarsited fo one sto of the manometor can supprt acorn ‘of fuidor eighth gauge prossurep, by an amount hag. The “a's iat provents atmospharcpressureffom being vansmitedto te peanutThermodynamics 1 Sample Problem: inf} A vertical column of water will be supported to what height,by standard atmospheric pressure? a Paty = Ha £8 \ w vw =4a & = (4H in fy: aaa oe Thermodynamics 1 ‘Sample Problem: The U-tube manometer shown in the figure below has two fluids, — SQp = & Pe = Go 2 Pw water and oil (sg = 0.80). Find the height difference between the free water surface and the free oil surface with no applied pressure difference. vi Pa pogto— pun he “oho = Dab + te" pogo = “Rete VHS “e Ts = hy ~hw Cox(pafhe e) = g = [oan — Jom Sdot = hw ~ a Bh= gon ©. won) = hw hw = SemThermodynamics 1 Sample Problem: In the figure, pipe A contains gasoline (sg=0.7), pipe B contains oil (sg=0.9), and the manometer fluid is mercury. Determine the difference in pressure. SQm = 13.6 (mereunh) Fat Poly ~ Pa Thy ~ Pagho™ Pe “Pa Pe = Paghot Pegha — footy = (BD Pud hot pmgha -G99(P») aly Pro Pe = Oa) (iOOFIG.\Z)oum) kg = N + (Re BY Qe Z)(0.3 m) \ x = (0:4)( tog $8) 4. %)(0-9m°) mom Py-Py = 496.3 7 Pr (58)(Su)ho + (sa) (Su) hm — C5qg (Sw hg ) EN Lan x q NL B10 asThermodynamics 1 Conservation of Mass The law of conservation of mass states that massiis The quantity of fluid passing thegh a siven section is given by the formula — yplume. Aya rare Applying the law of conservation of mass, ADP: = Ard2p2 Thermodynamics 1 Sample Problem: Two gaseous streams enter a combining tube and leave asa \k_— veloaty single mixture. These data apply at the entrance section: For one gas, A,=75 in2, 8, = 500 fps, v,=10 ft'llb 7 VW - Speuke volume For the other gas, A,=50 in?, rit, = 16.67 [b/s, py = 0.2% At exit, J; = 350 fps, vs=7 fi*llb, - Find (a) the speed #,at section 2, and (b) the flow and area at Vv — Wl. flow vate the exit section. 0, = 2 V- wlume oy aye? o Agel @) ay AP \e- ot = =| 40d. 08 ff Ue hh om * eyi)( ir 2 (0.12 %) | PS (ry =H Fm y= AB PE 1 Jo As, a ee Rade’, wp )(© (01 2) 7 a6-oyr7 teNEN wong OO ST! Be) mo a6.oy7 Me ths =(Ac.om + CT) ZA rae bb A, = 42200 a y= 42.97 le ew F As= 103-0001 in? Thermodynamics 1 Sample Problem: A 10-ft diameter by 15-ft height vertical tank is receiving water (p= 621) and at the rate of 300 gpm and is discharging through a 6-in ID line with a constant speed of 5 fps. At a given instant, the tank is half-full. Find the water level and the mass change in the tank 15 min later. Water level = 3.q\ Ft ———l Final angwer A, = "e3 \,= ee a Us nt x ane ip