Table of Contents

1.1 Different web technologies.......................................................................................................2

communication protocols..................................................................................................................2

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)..........................................................................................2

HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure)............................................................................2

FTP (File Transfer Protocol).........................................................................................................2

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)........................................................................................2

Web server Software.........................................................................................................................3

server hardware................................................................................................................................4

Tower servers................................................................................................................................4

Rack servers..................................................................................................................................4

Blade servers.................................................................................................................................4

Hyper-converged infrastructure (HCI............................................................................................4

Mainframes...................................................................................................................................4

1.2 Types of DNS and the uses of it, with clarifications on how domain names are structured............5

What is DNS.....................................................................................................................................5

Main DNS server types.....................................................................................................................5

Effect of search engines on website performance............................................................................7

2.1 relationships between front-end and back-end website technology...............................................15

Front-end development...................................................................................................................15

back end development.....................................................................................................................15

The presentation layer.....................................................................................................................16

The application layer.......................................................................................................................16

2.2 Online website creation tools and custom-built web sites.............................................................17

Comparing different text editors.....................................................................................................19

Sample Website..............................................................................................................................23

Log in form and Registration form to enter to view and do changes..............................................23

Room availibility..............................................................................................................................24
 Invoice or patient information selection.........................................................................................24

Admin log in invoice........................................................................................................................25

Patient invoice................................................................................................................................25

Patient information.........................................................................................................................26

Codes..................................................................................................................................................33

Webpages.......................................................................................................................................33

Home...........................................................................................................................................33

News...........................................................................................................................................34

Gallery.........................................................................................................................................34

On click admin.............................................................................................................................35

Create invoice – action.php.........................................................................................................35

Create_invoice.php.....................................................................................................................36

Edit_invoice.php..........................................................................................................................37

Invoice.php..................................................................................................................................38
....................................................................................................................................................38

Invoice list.php............................................................................................................................39

Menu.php....................................................................................................................................39

Print_invoice.php........................................................................................................................40

Critically evaluate the web design and development process against your design document and
analyze any technical challenges you faced in development..........................................................40

Evaluate the Quality Assurance (QA) process and review how it was implemented during your design
and development stages.....................................................................................................................42

QA process......................................................................................................................................43

Review of requirements..............................................................................................................44

Test planning...............................................................................................................................44

Unit Testing.................................................................................................................................44

System Testing............................................................................................................................44

String Testing...............................................................................................................................45

4.2Critically evaluate the results of your Test Plan and include a review of the overall success of your
multipage website...............................................................................................................................46
 Recommendations for areas that require improvement and not achived......................................48

References..........................................................................................................................................50
1.1 Different web technologies

Web technologies are the various tools and techniques that are utilized in the process of communication
between different types of devices over the internet. Since computers can’t communicate with each other
the way people do, they require codes instead. Web technologies are the markup languages and
multimedia packages computers use to communicate. There are protocols which are used in both the front
and back end website technology. Web technology have a wide variety in following areas.
Web browsers and some web app development fundamentals
Programming languages and frameworks
Databases that are used at the backend
Protocols, that is, rules for communicating on the web
Graphic, audiovisual, and other multimedia elements

communication protocols
A communication protocol is a system of rules that allows two or more entities of a communications
system to transmit information via any kind of variation of a physical quantity. The protocol defines the
rules, syntax, semantics and synchronization of communication and possible error recovery methods.
They are used in both analog and digital communications and can be used for important processes, like
transferring files between devices to accessing the internet. Following are some of them.

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

This is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems that allows
users to communicate data on the World Wide Web. Defines how resources are transferred through the
and used to deliver data on the internet and runs on top level of the TCP/IP. The default port is TCP 80. It
provides a standardized way for computers to communicate with each other.

HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure)

This is a secure protocol that encrypts the data that is being sent over the website that it is on. It encrypts
the data by exchanging keys with the customer and the website, this encrypts the data so that then if it is
intercepted and stolen it cannot be decrypted unless they have the keys from the owner and customer.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) –

This is a process that involves the transfer of files between computers over a network when one party
allows another to send or receive files over the internet. It is commonly used to store files in the cloud,
which is usually a secure location that is held remotely. It uses a client-server architecture. When creating
a website, you will use the FTP protocol to upload your created and completed web pages to the web
server, this is normally done through the FTP protocol using a program such as FileZilla. The port
numbers used by this are 20 for data and 21 for control. (Mitchell, 2020)
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) –
SMTP is an application that is used to send, receive, and relay outgoing emails between senders and
receivers. When an email is sent, it's transferred over the internet from one server to another using SMTP.
To receive the emails, then the POP3 protocol is used to collect the mail from the receiver. This protocol
works with the Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) protocol to send your communication to the correct computer
and email inbox. The port number used by SMTP is 25.

Web server Software

1. WP Farm
WP Farm is a most advanced web server on the market which offer a range of pre-installed templates
through elementor, 24/7 support, and AMP installation for any WordPress website. These web hosting
services include cyber security, site speed, and website repair in one.
2. Apache servers by Apache Software Foundation
This is a free source and the most popular server software available. Majority of WordPress websites and
blogs use this type of server to send and receive responses and requests. It is also an open source code that
is available for developers to use and adjust, optimize, and fix errors. Apache has another advantage. It
suits all needs, which means that it is perfect for any scale websites. This server is excellent for both static
and dynamic content making it ideal for web hosting services.
3. Internet Information Services (IIS) by Microsoft
Mostly used by IT networking consulting services who are looking to work primarily with Microsoft.
Even this server can be run on Linux and Macs using Mono the best way to utilize it to full capacity is to
use it on Microsoft. Microsoft IIS provides have a graphical user interface or GUI that allows user to
manage websites and associated users. It also gives IT networking services administrators the powers to
modify website options such as logging, performance optimization, and effort pages.
4. Google Web Server (GWS) by Google
Google uses it as its primary web infrastructure, which means that they use it as the central ecosystem for
web hosting. It’s the fourth most popular server powering around 13% of the active websites on the
internet. It’s a custom Linux based web servers. The engineers at Google have said that they built this
server from the ground up and did not base it’s making on any other servers such as the open source
Apache server.
6. Lightspeed server by Lightspeed Technologies
Lightspeed used the same configurations as Apache and runs at an extremely high speed. This server
allows an IT networking services company to handle thousands of customers at the same time while using
minimal memory and CPU. It has zero downtime and completely eliminates the use of 3rd party caching
layers. It has less compromises on security and have high compatibility, convenience, and performance.
server hardware
Most companies will use severs to host their websites on, it is not essential but is recommended as servers
are needed to run all day every day of the year. A server needs to be reliable more reliable than
workstations in a business as they are always on. The main job of a web server is to deliver the content of
a hosted websites on the internet to the client. All computers that host websites must have web server
programs. Any computer as long as it is connected to the internet can be used as a web server as long as it
has the appropriate software installed.
The key components of server hardware include the motherboard, processor, random access memory
(RAM) and storage. The motherboard is the heart of server. The processor, or central processing unit
(CPU), resides on the motherboard. CPU components include the arithmetic logic unit, floating point unit,
registers and cache memory. A server might also contain a graphics processing unit (GPU), which can
support applications such as machine learning and simulations. RAM microchips also plug into the
motherboard, serving as a system's main memory. RAM holds the OS, applications and in-use data for
fast access by the processor. As for storage, a server might use a hard disk drive, a solid-state drive (SSD)
or a mix of both.
For this hospital Management system, the system requirements, system resources and server operations
must consider before implementing. Server memory is critical for getting the maximum performance out
of a system. Server's storage requirements will depend on the intended applications and workloads. In
connectivity speed of Ethernet connectors, type of USB ports and support for storage systems must
consider. Keeping server temperature and humidity within recommended ranges contributes to high
availability save on data center energy and electrical costs.

Tower servers. These servers provide the benefit of easier cooling and are also comparatively
inexpensive. It is a good option for smaller businesses on a limited budget. But they need more space than
other server types.

Rack servers. A rack server designed to be mounted on a server rack in a data center. Rack servers often
play an all-around computing role in the data center, supporting a multitude of workloads. These servers
take up less space than a tower server.

Blade servers. A blade server is a compact device that houses multiple thin, modular circuit boards
called server blades. Since blade servers tend to be dedicated, admins have greater control regarding how
they are accessed, how data is transferred among devices and simpler to repair.

Hyper-converged infrastructure (HCI). HCI systems pack compute power, storage and hypervisor
technology in an integrated system.

Mainframes. Mainframes offer the ability to support large volumes of simultaneous transactions and
heavy I/O loads without taking a performance hit. It cost more and large in size.
.
1.2 Types of DNS and the uses of it, with clarifications on how domain
names are structured

What is DNS
The Domain Name System is a directory of names that matches with numbers called IP addresses which
computers use to communicate with each other. The DNS is a protocol and use TCP/IP protocol set which
helps to convert URLs into IP addresses that computers use to identify each other on a network. A DNS
holds a large database of domain names and translates them to IP addresses. For an example when
Arogya hospital website is searched as www.Arogyahospitalltd.lk, the internet service provider will
request the DNS linked with the domain name. Then it translates it into an IP address that a computer
understands and will direct the searcher to the correct website. The computer will first check the cache to
see whether the website is previously visited, if not it will do a DNS query to find the website.

Main DNS server types

 Resolver-

Resolver is the first stop in a DNS query, and acts as the middle link between the client and a
DNS name server. Once a DNS query has been sent from the client a recursive resolver will bring
back cached data if it is found in the cache, or it will send a request to a root name server. Then
another request goes to a Top Level Domain name server and then a last request to a respected
name server. When recursive resolver does not have the website that is requested in its cache,
then it will go through the process of getting the IP address of the website wanted and return it. It
will then store this IP address in its memory for a period time. The period of time that it is stored
in the memory is chosen by the owner of the domain by using a setting called time to live2, in
which how long the website stays in the cache’s memory for.

 Iterative-

When a DNS Client asks the DNS server for name resolution, the DNS Server offers the best
answer it has. If the DNS Server doesn't know the reply to the DNS Query from Client, the
answer can be a reference to another lower level DNS Server also. Once the DNS Client get the
referral from higher level DNS Server, it can then send a DNS Query to the lower level DNS
server, got as referral. (omnisecu.com, 2021)

 Root servers
 A root name server is a name server for the root zone of the Domain Name System of the
Internet. It has a big role in the translating of a domain name into an IP address for a computer,
they answer requests made in the root zone of the DNS. The root name The servers can answer
queries records which are cached in the root zone. They can also divert other requests made onto
the TLD server.

 TLD nameserver

This refers to the last part of a domain name, the part after the dot. There are 2 types namely
country TLD and industries TLD. The TLD is the highest level of domain names in the root zone
of the DNS for the internet. For the other domains in lower levels, it is the last section of the
domain name

 Authoritative nameserver

Authoritative nameserver provides answers to an original DNS query and does not provide
answers of websites from the cached memory. It offers responses to the recursive DNS
nameserver with IP mapping of the website searched for and holds the records for domain names,
these can be either CNAME, MX, NS, SOA or TXT records.

 URLs

URL is the short form of Uniform Resource Locator and is the address to a resource on the Internet. It is
unique and cannot be shared for different websites. A URL has two main components namely Protocol
identifier and Resource name: For the URL http://Arogyahospitalltd.lk, the protocol identifier is ‘http’
and resource name is ‘example.com’. In here the protocol identifier and the resource name are
separated by a colon and two forward slashes. The protocol identifier indicates the name of the protocol
to be used to fetch the resource. The format of the resource name depends entirely on the protocol
used, but for many protocols, including HTTP, the resource name contains host Name, filename and port
Number. The HTTPS is the protocol that is used to send data over the browser and the website you want
to connect to.

Effect of search engines on website performance

Search engines is a software that allow users to search the internet for content using keywords. There are
number of search engines in internet and Google, Yahoo, MSN, Bing are some popular search enines
among them. When we search something in a search engine we enter a query and search. Then a search
engine results page is returned and rank the founded pages in order of their importance. Search engines
often change their algorithms to improve the user experience gives user the best answer to their query.

The search engines work according to the three steps namely crawling, indexing and ranking. In crawling
each engine use programs called crawlers to scour the internet every few days. It the content is not
updated or haven’t used recently the search engines mark them as out of date. As web developers they can
make content is indexed for the right keywords and prompt search engines to crawl new content. Then
content can rank highly on the SERP. In indexing the search engine will understand and categories the
content on a web page through 'keywords' according their algorithms and. Following correct process
when making the website and use correct keywords helps search engine understand the content and it will
be ranked in the right search queries. In page structure, as webpages are written HTML code impact a
search engine’s ability to evaluate a page. Including relevant keywords in the title, URL, and headers of
the page and making sure that a site is crawlable.

These algorithms have developed to be extremely complex, and take into account hundreds or even
thousands of different ranking factors to determine the rankings. Links, content and the page structure
evaluate to determine the quality of a site and how it should rank. Links play a key role in defining the
ranking of a site. Sites that acquire links from many other authoritative sites gain high authority of search
engines. Internal links are also important and making sure key pages are being linked to and that relevant
anchor text is being used in those links to help improve a page's relevance for specific terms. Search
engines like Google identify the website is to be extremely full of that information related to keywords, it
gets even more rankings.

Structured data is used in website to help search engines recognize and show specific types of content. In
here a code added to the HTML markup and information such as review ratings, images, addresses and
phone numbers can appear on the search engine results page. Having several types of content on the
website which are different from each other could impact on the chances of appearing on results pages
and how highly you are ranked. - for example in this hospital management system website making several
services may help to get more reaches. Semantic markup which is used to describe the meaning behind
the content on a page can help with getting rich snippets displayed in the search results page and resulting
in an increase in organic traffic.
There are some tools that can be used to improve the ratings of a website in a search engine. Some are
free and some are free. Google Search is a free standard tool which provides rankings and traffic reports
for top keywords and pages, and can help identify and fix on-site technical issues. Google Ads Keyword
Planner is also a free tool as part of Google Ads product. It provides keyword suggestions and keyword
search volume, which can be helpful when doing keyword research. Social media sites are good tool for
networking with other webmasters and building relationships that can lead to link building and guest
posting opportunities. Backlink analysis tools like AHREFs and Majestic allow users to analyze which
websites are linking to their own website, or the websites of competitors, and can be used to find new
links during link building.

1.3
Web Technology

Web Technology is the various tools and techniques that are applied in the progression of communication
using markup languages and multimedia software packages between different types of devices over the
internet. A web browser is used to access webpages. The things like languages and frameworks, data
storage mechanisms, services and products which allow developers to create platforms and applications
for the web is considered here. The processes involved in web technology are complex and diverse, which
is why major businesses employ whole departments to deal with the issue. Web technology has
revolutionized communication methods and has made operations far more efficient.

Web technology is not limited to the developers. Web browsers which are in the category of web
technology allows a user to access the web. FTP may also be considered a web technology as it is
designed to send files over the Internet. Web browsers can be defined as programs that display text, data,
pictures, animation, and video on the Internet. Hyperlinked resources on the World Wide Web can be
accessed using software interfaces provided by Web browsers.

ASP.NET framework for web development that allows a developer to use languages like C# and VB.NET
to build websites and web applications. Using web frameworks for Java, Python developers can use a
whole array of technologies. These server-side technologies live and runs on a server somewhere. Client-
side web technologies, which include things like HTML, CSS, JavaScript execute run from the web page
that a user loads, but actually run on the users computer.

The main advantage of web technology is that it offers convenience and a high speed of communication.
It allows messages to be sent around a system. It is clear to see how web technology reduces costs and
makes a company more efficient, raising business potential. When considering Arogya Hospital website it
can be used for several objectives including online channeling, bookings, patient personal information
and medical history, staff information, room and ward scheduling, staff scheduling, operating theater
scheduling and various facilities waiting lists. It reduces cost of manual and bookkeeping process and it’s
easy to analyze and find relevant information easily.

There may be few problems occur as web technology can be very complicated, and it would be difficult
to operate without relevant experience. A professional web developer is needed for deal with web
technology and relevant security measures on information and systems must be taken strictly. Else may
be attack on the computer system and loose data. Weaknesses in a network could be exploited and
important information could be stolen or destroyed and malware could infect the various network systems

Some of the web technologies used in present are mentioned bellow.

 World Wide Web (WWW) which is based on several different technologies: Web browsers,
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The web have
worldwide connection of documents or web pages. Each page may contain links to other pages
anywhere in the world. The pages can be retrieved and viewed by using browsers. Internet
explorer, Netscape Navigator, Google, Chrome, etc. are some examples. The browser fetches the
page requested interprets the text and formatting commands on it, and displays the page, properly
formatted, on the screen. (geeksforgeeks.org, 2021)

 The web browser is an application software to search World Wide Web. It offers an interface
between the server and the client and requests to the server for web services and helps us find
information anywhere on the internet. It is installed on the client computer and requests
information from the webserver such a type of working model is called a client-server model. The
 browser receives information through HTTP protocol. When the browser received data from the
server, it is rendered by HTML to user-readable form and, information displayed on the device
screen.

 Web server is a program which processes the network requests of the users using Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and serves them with files that create web pages.

 A webpage is a digital document that is linked to the World Wide Web and viewable by anyone
connected to the internet has a web browser.

 Web development is building, creating, and maintaining of websites. It includes aspects such as
web design, web publishing, web programming, and database management. Web Development
can be classified into two ways namely frontend Development and backend Development

 Frontend Languages: The front end portion is built by using some languages which are discussed
below:

 Hypertext Markup Language and it is used to design the front-end portion of web pages using a
markup language. Hypertext defines the link between the web pages. The markup language is
used to define the text documentation within the tag which defines the structure of web pages.

 Cascading Style Sheets is a simply designed language intended to simplify the process of making
web pages presentable. CSS allows developer to apply styles to web pages independent of the
HTML that makes up each web page. There are three types of CSS namely Inline CSS, Internal
or Embedded CSS and External CSS.
 JavaScript is a famous scripting language used to create magic on the sites to make the site
interactive for the user. It is used to enhancing the functionality of a website to running cool
games and web-based software.

 PHP is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for web development and it can be
easily embedded in HTML files and HTML codes can also be written in a PHP file. PHP is
different from a client-side language like HTML because PHP codes are executed on the server
whereas HTML codes are directly rendered on the browser. It can be integrated with many
databases such as Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Sybase, Informix. PHP
is powerful to hold a content management system like WordPress and can be used to control user
access and it supports main protocols like HTTP Basic, HTTP Digest, IMAP, FTP, and others.
PHP can receive data from forms, generate dynamic page content, can work with databases,
create sessions, send and receive cookies, send emails etc. There are also many hash functions
available in PHP to encrypt user’s data that makes PHP secure and reliable to be used as a server-
side scripting language. (geeksforgeeks.org, 2021)

There are some advantages of Using PHP Frameworks in this hospital management system
website. Speed up custom web application development because the tools, features, and code
snippets provided by PHP frameworks help developers to accelerate custom web application
development. PHP frameworks simplify web application development and maintenance by
supporting model-view-controller architecture which help to keep the application’s user interface
and business logic layers separated. The PHP frameworks reduce coding time significantly by
providing code generation feature which enable programmers to keep the source code of web
application clean and maintainable. PHP frameworks allow programmers to work with a number
of widely used relational databases. Some frameworks further simplify database operations by
providing object relational mapping systems. Even PHP is an unsecured programming languages
by taking proper measures PHP web developers can easily prevent common security threats like
SQL injections, cross-site request forgery, and data tampering. As an open source server-side
programming language, PHP helps users to curtail web development cost significantly. The
developers also have option to choose from several open source web frameworks for PHP. They
can even avail the features and tools provided by these open source PHP frameworks speed up
custom web application development without increasing project overheads.

There are some disadvantages of Using PHP Frameworks as well. Even PHP frameworks enable
programmers to add functionality to a web application without writing additional code, the
programmers have to put some time and effort to learn the PHP framework. Some PHP
 frameworks lack prompt and adequate support. In addition to proving a basic structure for web
application development, the PHP frameworks further accelerate custom web application
development. But the developers still lack any option to make changes to the core behavior of
these frameworks. Even most PHP frameworks come with robust features and tools to accelerate
development of large and complex websites which are not need while building small or simple
web applications. Those additional features impact on the performance and speed of websites
adversely. (geeksforgeeks.org, 2021)

 Node.js is an open-source and cross-platform runtime environment for executing JavaScript code
outside a browser. Node.js use for building back-end services like APIs like Web App or Mobile
App.

 Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly and integrate systems more
efficiently.

 Java is one of the most popular and widely used programming languages and platforms. It is
highly scalable. Java components are easily available.

 Database Management System is used to manage database is called (DBMS).

 Data Format is used by web applications to communicate with each other. It is light weight text
based data interchange format which means, it is simpler to read and write. Extensible Markup
Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a
format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. JavaScript Object Notation is a format
for structuring data. (geeksforgeeks.org, 2021)

 API is an abbreviation for Application Programming Interface which is a collection of

communication protocols and subroutines used by various programs to communicate between
them.
 Web protocols are set of rules followed by everyone communicating over the web. Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is designed to enable communications between clients and servers and
works as a request-response protocol between a client and server. A web browser may be the
client, and an application on a computer that hosts a web site may be the server. TCP/IP Model,
UDP, FTP, SMTP and SOAP are some other web protocols.

 Graphical elements which can be used to convey important points better than text does and
beautify the webpage are important in any webpage. The HTML “canvas” element is used to
draw graphics via JavaScript. SVG stands for Scalable Vector Graphics and basically defines
vector-based graphics in XML format. (geeksforgeeks.org, 2021)