7-Means to improve Steam Plant Units’ Efficiencies

Ex. 7 Steam Turbine Sizing

Ex. 8 Steam Turbine Sizing

Upstream Turbine SI
Steam Rate min kg/h 19500
Turbine Inlet Pressure Pin kPa 7000
o
Turbine Inlet Temperature Tin C 350
Turbine Inlet Enthalpy hin kj/kg 3013.57
Turnine Inlet Entropy Sin kj/kg.K 6.220
Turbine Outlet Pressure Pout kPa 5000
Turbine Outlet Enthalpy @Isentropic hout @ Sin & Pout kj/kg 2935.03
o
Turbine Outlet Temperature @Isentropic Tout @ Sin & Pout C 304
Enthalpy Difference (Ideal) ( hin -hisnt ) kj/kg 78.54
Turbine Efficiency ɳ 85%
η ( hin - hisnt ) kj/kg 66.76
Turbine Outlet Enthalpy (Actual) hout kj/kg 2946.81
o
Turbine Outlet Temperature Tout C 308
Turbine Outlet Entropy S-out kj/kg.K 6.241
What is Steam Trap

Steam Traps are

automatic valves
designed to remove
condensate and non
condensable gasses
from steam lines, at
the same time they
prevent steam to
pass through it
effectively
minimizing steam
loss.
Water hammer effect due to steam condensate

Steam has higher velocity than the condensate. So, when condensate is available
in steam pipes, steam velocity carries the condensate with it creating waves on the
surface of condensate. It also pushes it forward.

Slowly if there is increase in the level of condensate the waves will transform into a
mass of water often called slug. This slug’s move forward with steam and when
there is an obstacle like a bend or a valve it collides on it creating shock waves.
The shock waves are often destructive so care must be taken to prevent this.

https://youtu.be/Wvzpxcgw-XE
Water hammer effect due to steam condensate

Water hammer due to condensate colliding with obstacle

Water hammer effect due to steam condensate

Water hammer and noise due to formation & bursting of steam void
Steam Trap Types

1. Thermostatic (operated by changes in fluid temperature)

2. Mechanical (operated by changes in fluid density)

3. Thermodynamic (operated by changes in fluid dynamics)

Applications Where Steam Trap Is Used

Drip application: Steam trap at steam mains

Applications Where Steam Trap Is Used

Drip application: Steam trap at terminal ends of steam piping

Applications Where Steam Trap Is Used

Drip application: Steam trap at Pressure reducing station

Applications Where Steam Trap Is Used

Process application:
Applications Where Steam Trap Is Used

Process application:
Applications Where Steam Trap Is Used

Process application:
Applications Where Steam Trap Is Used

Tracing application: Steam trap on steam tracing lines

Applications Where Steam Trap Is Used

Tracing application: Steam trap on jacketed lines

Steam Trap Testing

https://youtu.be/2lpWiGCLUUI
Steam Header Warm Up Rate
Ex. 9-Steam Header Warm Up Rate

Operation/Design Parameter Unit Value

Steam Pressure PS kPa 400
o
Steam Temperature TS C 152
Enthalpy of Evaporation hg 2107.71
Pipe Diameter D Inch-Sch 40 8
Ib/ft 28.6
Pipe Weight/Length Ratio
kg/m 42.4
Pipe Length L m 100
Pipe Weight W kg 4664.4
o
Metal Specific Heat cm kj/kg. C 0.502
o
Initial Metel Temperature Ta C 20
Warm-up Time t hr 24
Condensation of steam in ms kg/hr 366.61