ASSIGNMENT OF

PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
On
Incidence and prevalence of common
disease in India

SUBMITTEDTO: DR.TARUN

SUBMITTED BY: MANISHA SAINI

PHARM D 5TH YEAR
1416810
 1.Stroke
Stroke also called CVA, cerebrovascular accident, occurs
when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or
reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and
nutrients resulting in cell death.

Risk factors for Stroke:

 High blood pressure.
 Diabetes
 Heart diseases
 Age and gender
  Personal or family history of stroke or TIA.
 Overweight and Obesity.

Every year 1.8 million people suffer stroke in India and there
are only 2000 neurologists in India

Prevalence:  
 Stroke is the 3rd leading cause of death and the 1st cause of
severe morbidity worldwide
 10% of strokes are fatal.
 The estimated adjusted prevalence rate of stroke range, 84-
262/100,000 in rural and 334-424/ 100,000 in urban areas.
 For all age groups except for people aged 50-69 years, women
had a higher prevalence rate than did men.
 Incidence:
 The incidence rate is 119-145/100,000 based on the recent
population based studies.

2. GERD.
GERD stands for gastro esophageal reflux disease
characterized by reflux of stomach contents back into the
esophagus.
The Indian gastroenterology association regulates GERD in
India.
Prevalence:
In India the prevalence range for GERD in Indian population
 Child:
 Babies between 0-1 month: 50%
 4-6 months: 67%
 7-9 months: 21%
 10-12 months: 5%
 Premature infants: >85%
 Pregnant women: 80%
 Adults : 20%
 Geriatrics: 45%
 Incidence rate:
In India, 18.7% of the older adult population suffers from
GERD. Among pregnant women, 9.5% women suffer in first
trimester, 43.1% women suffer in second trimester and 54.1%
women in third trimester.

3. Oral cancer:
Oral cancer is part of a cancer group called Head and Neck
Cancers, and is defined as an uncontrollable growth of
cancerous cells that invades the mouth (called oral cavity) and
the part of the throat behind the mouth (called oropharynx).
Oral cavity cancer - the cancer that starts in the mouth, which
includes the tongue, lining of the cheeks, gums and teeth,
upper or lower jaw, the hard palate (the mouth’s roof), the
mouth’s floor (the area beneath the tongue), and salivary
glands.
 Over 5 people in India die every hour everyday because
of oral cancer and the same number of people die.
 The international agency for research on cancer has
predicted that India's incidence of cancer will increase to
1.7 million in 2035.
Incidence rate:
 India regarded as the global epicenter of oral cancer.
 With an annual incidence rate of 64,460 in India, it is
estimated that among the 400 million individuals aged 15
years and over, 47% use tobacco in one form or the other.
 More than 90% of OC cases report using tobacco products.
 A prospective study in India has found that alcohol
consumption increases the incidence by 49% among current
users and 90% in past drinker.
 In one study, more than 85% of oral cancer patients had poor
oral hygiene. Poor oral hygiene related attributable risk is
around 32% for men and 64% for women in India.
 The overall incidence as high as 19 per 100,000 per annum

Prevalence
 In 2012 study was conducted, Maharashtra and found that the
prevalence was of oral cancer 1.12%.
 In India, 20 per 100000 population are affected by oral cancer
which accounts for about 30% of all types of cancer.
 Mostly Oral cancer affects the people from the lower
socioeconomic status of society and people in rural area due to
a higher exposure to risk factors such as the use of tobacco.

4. Anemia:
 Anemia is a condition in which hemoglobin concentration
and/or red blood cell (RBC) numbers are lower than normal
and insufficient to meet an individual’s physiological needs.
Prevalence:
 Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age (%
of women ages 15-49) in India was 51.40 as of 2016.
Its highest value over the past 26 years was 55.40 in 1990,
while its lowest value was 51.10 in 2014.
 Children: Prevalence of anemia among children (% of children
under 5) in India was 57.30 as of 2016.
Its highest value over the past 26 years was 77.10 in 1990.

 Non- Pregnant women: Prevalence of anemia among non-

pregnant women (% of women ages 15-49) in India was 51.50
as of 2016.
Its highest value over the past 26 years was 55.60 in 1990,
while its lowest value was 51.20 in 2013.
 Pregnant women: The value for Prevalence of anemia among
pregnant women (%) in India was 50.10 as of 2016.
It's maximum value of 53.60 in 1994 and a minimum
value of 50.10 in 2018.