INTEGRALS

AKIII
June 28, 2021

Contents
1 PREFACE 2

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

3 About the Author 3

4 Some unfamiliar Theorems for JEE 4

4.1 Generalized integration by parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1.1 Gamma function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2 Beta Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2.1 Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2.2 Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3 Integration through Matrix representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4 The Feyman Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.4.1 Elementary Calculus Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.4.2 Measure Theory Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.4.3 Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.5 Frullani’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5 SYNOPSIS OF INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 12

6 SYNOPSIS OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL 20

7 UNFAMILIAR PRACTICE QUESTIONS 23

8 Answer keys 35
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

â1 PREFACE
Greetings!
The goal of this document is to provide exposure to some unconventional ideas which are
used in solving integration problems but are generally not taught in Indian high schools.
Also, this document would be specifically geared towards JEE (Joint Entrance Exam)
Advance preparation.
The motivation for writing this document comes from the fact that there exist quite
a few theorems and techniques that can trivialize otherwise difficult problems (it is
specifically useful for an exam like JEE where time is a deciding factor) but still, most
students are unaware of them.
The handout has been divided into 4 Parts. First, we start with some unconventional
theorems which can help to solve integrals much easier. We have included a few examples
which would help the reader better understand the applications of these theorems. Moving
forward, Section 2 and 3 comprises the synopsis and certain standard results of indefinite
and definite integrals. Last but not least in Section 4, we have included roughly 100 fun
integrals to practice. Note that these problems are not arranged in any order of difficulty.
Although, I tried my best to shed light on some of these techniques still there might
be ambiguities present at various places due to lack of experience, I apologize for that.
Hopefully, you would have fun and learn something new while going through this.
Happy learning! Thanks,
Note:

1. This document is meant for students who are already familiar with or have exposure
to calculus at the high school level. Complete novice to the topic might find it hard
going.

2. For suggestion, solutions, and reporting errors mail me at akiiiceoak1310@gmail.com

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AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

â2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
None of this would have been possible without the support of [ILM] and [MATHETIL-
LICA], I am especially thankful to them for proposing some problems.

A bundle of thanks to [CHAHEL] for Proof-Reading, finding errors,and correcting

them.
A very special thanks to ARPAN[a2048] and NJOY for helping me in Latex without
which this document wouldn’t look presentable.

A special call-out to Faraz for helping latex one of my favourite question named "The
flying Integral"(Q100).

I’m very thankful to CaptainLevi16 for his editorial help, keen insight, and ongoing
support.

Last but not least, I’m eternally grateful to [Dylan Yu] for allowing me to use his STY
without which this document wouldn’t look this beautiful.

â3 About the Author

[AKIII] is a rising High-School Senior from India who has a keen interest in mathematics
and physics. He also qualified with several Regional and National levels exams such as
RMO and NSEs, He aspires to pursue his career in the research area in the future after
graduating from an IIT.

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AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

â4 Some unfamiliar Theorems for JEE

â4.1 Generalized integration by parts
Theorem 4.1
As an example of something that might be obscure, the formula for "general integration
by parts " for n functions
Z n n n Z n
f10 (x) fj (x)dx = fi (x) − fi0 (x) fj (x)
Y Y X Y

j=2 i=1 i=2 j=1,j6=i

which is not necessarily useful nor difficult to derive, but is interesting nonetheless.So
I’m keeping proof part for readers.

â4.1.1 Gamma function

Example 4.2
The Gamma function is defined by the integral Γ(z) =
0∞ tz−1 e−t dt.
R

If we choose x = e−t and u = tz /z (so that du = tz−1 dt . Hence we have

z ∞
Z ∞ z
−t t t 
−t
Γ(z) = e  − −e dt
z 0 z
Z ∞0 
1 
= tz −e−t dt
z 0
1
= Γ(z + 1)
z
or Γ(z + 1) = zΓ(z).
Since we can easily determine that Γ(1) = 1, we conclude that, when n is a positive
integer, Γ(n + 1) = n · (n − 1) · · · · 2 · 1 = n! Hence, the Gamma function is the
generalization of the factorial function.
Notes
The integration by parts formula may be re-applied.
For example, if fn stands for the n -th derivative of f and gn stands for the n -th
integral of g then
Z b
f gdx = f g1 |ba − f1 g2 |ba + f2 g3 |ba − f3 g4 |ba + · · ·
a

â4.2 Beta Function

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AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

Theorem 4.3
Z 1
B(u, v) = tu−1 (1 − t)v−1 dt, Re u > 0, Re v > 0
0
This integral is called the beta integral. we easily obtain the symmetry

B(u, v) = B(v, u),

since we have by using the substitution t = 1 − s

R 1 u−1
B(u, v) = (1 − t)v−1 dt = − 10 (1 − s)u−1 sv−1 ds = 01 sv−1 (1 − s)u−1 ds
R R
0 t
= B(v, u)

The connection between the beta function and the gamma function is given by the
following theorem:

â4.2.1 Theorems
Theorem 4.4

Γ(u)Γ(v)
B(u, v) = , Re u > 0, Re v > 0
Γ(u + v)
In order to prove this theorem we use the definition to obtain
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞Z ∞
−t u−1 −s v−1
Γ(u)Γ(v) = e t dt e s ds = e−(t+s) tu−1 sv−1 dtds
0 0 0 0

Now we apply the change of variables t = xy and s = x(1 − y) to this double

integral. Note that t + s = x and that 0 < t < ∞ and 0 < s < ∞ imply that
0 < x < ∞ and 0 < y < 1. The Jacobian of this transformation is
 
∂(t, s)  y x 
=  = −xy − x + xy = −x
 
∂(x, y)  1 − y −x 
 
∂(t,s)
Since x > 0 we conclude that dtds =  ∂(x,y)  dxdy = xdxdy. Hence we have
 

Z 1Z ∞
Γ(u)Γ(v) = e−x xu−1 y u−1 xv−1 (1 − y)v−1 xdxdy
0 0
Z ∞ Z 1
= e−x xu+v−1 dx y u−1 (1 − y)v−1 dy = Γ(u + v)B(u, v).
0 0

This proves it. There exist many useful forms of the beta integral which can be
obtained by an appropriate change of variables. For instance, if we set t = s/(s + 1)
and obtain
Z 1 Z ∞
B(u, v) = tu−1 (1 − t)v−1 dt = su−1 (s + 1)−u+1 (s + 1)−v+1 (s + 1)−2 ds
0 0
su−1
Z ∞
= ds, Re u > 0, Re v > 0
0 (s + 1)u+v

This proves it.

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AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

â4.2.2 Theorem
Theorem 4.5

su−1
Z ∞
B(u, v) = ds, Re u > 0, Re v > 0
0 (s + 1)u+v
If we set t = cos2 ϕ , we find that
Z 1 Z 0
B(u, v) = tu−1 (1 − t)v−1 dt = −2 (cos ϕ)2u−2 (sin ϕ)2v−2 cos ϕ sin ϕdϕ
0 π/2
Z π/2
=2 (cos ϕ)2u−1 (sin ϕ)2v−1 dϕ, Re u > 0, Re v > 0
0

Theorem 4.6
Z π/2
B(u, v) = 2 (cos ϕ)2u−1 (sin ϕ)2v−1 dϕ, Re u > 0, Re v > 0
0

Finally, the substitution t = (s − a)/(b − a) in first form leads to

Z 1
B(u, v) = tu−1 (1 − t)v−1 dt
0
Z b
= (s − a)u−1 (b − a)−u+1 (b − s)v−1 (b − a)−v+1 (b − a)−1 ds
a
Z b
= (b − a)−u−v+1 (s − a)u−1 (b − s)v−1 ds, Re u > 0, Re v > 0
a

R π/2 Γ(3)Γ(4)
Example 4.7 1. 0 (cos ϕ)5 (sin ϕ)7 dϕ = 1
2 · B(3, 4) = 1
2 · Γ(7) = 1
2 · 2!3!
6! =
2 · 4·5·6 = 120 ,
1 2 1

R π/2 Γ(4)Γ(5/2)
2. 0 (cos ϕ)7 (sin ϕ)4 dϕ = 1
2 · B(4, 5/2) = 1
2 · Γ(13/2) = 1
2 · 3!
5 7 9 11
· · ·
= 1
2 ·
2 2 2 2
6·24
5·7·9·11 = 16
1155

1 1 Γ(5/2)Γ(7/2)
Z π/2
( cos ϕ)4 (sin ϕ)6 dϕ = · B(5/2, 7/2) = ·
0 2 2 Γ(6)
3.
1 3
· 1
· Γ(1/2) · 2 · 2 · 2 · Γ(1/2)
5 3 1
5 · 32 · π 3π 3π
= · 2 2
= 6 = 9 =
2 5! 2 ·2·3·4·5 2 512

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AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

â4.3 Integration through Matrix representation

Theorem 4.8
Integration can be done by inverting the matrix representation of the differentiation
operator with respect to a clever choice of a basis and then apply the inverse of
the operator to function we wish to integrate. For example, consider the basis
B = (eax cos bx, eax sin bx).

dx e cos bx = ae cos bx − be sin bx

d ax ax ax

dx e sin bx = ae sin bx + be cos bx

d ax ax ax

and the matrix representation of the linear operator is

" #
a b
T =
−b a
To then solve something like e cos bxdx, this is equivalent to calculating
R ax

1
" # " #
−1 1 a
T = 2
0 a + b2 b
B B

So,
a b
Z
eax cos bxdx = eax cos bx + 2 eax sin bx
a2 +b2 a + b2

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AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

â4.4 The Feyman Technique

Theorem 4.9
The technique of "Feynman Integration" is a simple application of a theorem attributed
to Leibniz. In this section we state the theorem in its most basic form, and end by
stating a more general version that allows for even weaker hypotheses. In both cases,
we address situations where the following equation (which we would love to be true)
holds:
d ∂
Z Z
f (x, y)dy = f (x, y)dy
dx Y Y ∂x
Before stating these theorems, recall that differentiation is simply a particular example
of a limit insofar as we define
d f (x + h) − f (x)
f (x) :=: f 0 (x) := lim
dx h→0 h
with a true definition on the far right. Thus, we see that (2) will hold whenever we
may make the following statement,
Z Z
lim f (x, y)dy = lim f (x, y)dy
x→a Y Y x→a

â4.4.1 Elementary Calculus Version

• Let f : [a, b] × Y → R be a function, with [a, b] being a closed interval, and
Y being a compact subset of Rn . Suppose that both fR(x, y) and ∂f (x, y)/∂x
are continuous in the variables x and y jointly. Then Y f (x, y)dy exists as a
continuously differentiable function of x on [a, b], with derivative

d ∂
Z Z
f (x, y)dy = f (x, y)dy
dx Y Y ∂x
As mentioned above, the veracity of it is completely dependent upon if we can
exchange the operations of limiting and integration. If we were to prove the
above theorem, our argument would make full use of the compactness of Y ,
which of course implies uniform continuity. From this fact, we could show that it
is justified to switch change the order of limits and integration, thus proving it.
However, in many cases the restriction of compactness can be too severe. Often
times we would like Y to be (−∞, a), (a, ∞), (−∞, ∞),etc... In these situations,
the following measure theoretic version of the above comes to our rescue:

â4.4.2 Measure Theory Version

• Let X be an open subset of R, and Ω be a measure space. Suppose f : X ×Ω → R
satisfies the following conditions: (1) f (x, ω) is a Lebesgue-integrable function
of ω for each x ∈ X. (2) For almost all ω ∈ Ω, the derivative ∂f (x, ω)/∂x
exists for all x ∈ X. (3) There is an integrable function Θ : Ω → R such that
|∂f (x, ω)/∂x| ≤ Θ(ω) for all x ∈ X. Then for all x ∈ X,

d ∂
Z Z
f (x, ω)dω = f (x, ω)dω
dx Ω Ω ∂x

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AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

â4.4.3 Illustrations

Example 4.10
Compute the definite integral,
x −1
Z 1 2
dx
0 log x
In order to apply our theorems, we obviously need to be dealing with an integrand in
two variables. In this example, we "generalize" by introducing a parameter b in the
exponent of our x term. In particular, we could choose to define the following function:

x −1
Z 1 b
I(b) = dx
0 log x
As long as b > −1, all conditions of ’Theorem 1.3.1 are satisfied and we may differentiate
under the integral sign:

x −1 ∂ xb − 1
Z 1 b Z 1 " #
0 d
I (b) = dx = dx
db 0 log x 0 ∂b log x
1
xb+1 
Z 1
= x =
b
b + 1 0

0
1
=
b+1
whereupon integration yields

I(b) = log(b + 1) + C

In order to find out constant of integration, we let b = 0 so that our integrand is 0 ,

implying that C = 0. Letting b = 2 will of course solve our original problem:

x −1
Z 1 2
dx = I(2) = log(3)
0 log x

Example 4.11
Compute the improper definite integral,
Z π/2
x cot(x)dx
0

This particular example is tricky because it is not immediately obvious where to intro-
duce the extra parameter. However, it turns out that the following is an appropriate
choice:
tan−1 (b tan(x))
Z π/2
I(b) = dx
0 tan(x)
so that we will have the answer to our original integral upon setting b = 1. After briefly

9
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

verifying that the conditions of Theorem 1.3.1 are satisfied, we proceed as follows

tan−1 (b tan(x)) ∂ tan−1 (b tan(x))

Z π/2 Z π/2 " #
0 d
I (b) = dx = dx
dx 0 tan(x) 0 ∂b tan(x)
Z π/2
dx
=
0 (b tan(x))2 + 1
π
=
2(b + 1)

Integrating w.r.t. b (and noting that our constant of integration will vanish) gives us
π
I(b) = log(b + 1)
2
So that our original integral is obtained via
Z π/2
π
x cot(x)dx = I(1) = log(2)
0 2
We conclude this example by performing integration by parts on our original integral.
This yields the integral of another relatively famous integral often dealt with in
introductory complex analysis courses:
Z π/2 Z π/2
π
log(sin(x))dx = − x cot(x)dx = − log(2)
0 0 2

Example 4.12
As our final example, we compute the following definite integral,
Z π
ecos(x) cos(sin(x))dx.
0

We introduce the parameter b as follows:

Z π
I(b) = eb cos(x) cos(b sin(x))dx
0

and note that all of our conditions in Theorem 1.3.1 are satisfied. However, before we
compute as we did in the previous problems, we transform our integrand slightly so
that we are working with complex exponentials:
1
Z π Z π
I(b) = e b cos(x)
cos(b sin(x))dx = eb cos(x) cos(b sin(x))dx
0 2 −π
1
Z 2π
= eb cos(x) cos(b sin(x))dx
2 0
1
 Z 2π 
ix
=< ebe dx
2 0

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AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

With the problem posed in this fashion, now we proceed as before:

1 d 2π beixπ 1 2π ∂ h beix i
Z Z
0
I (b) = e dx = e dx
2 dx 0 2 0 ∂b
1 2π beix ix 1 ix 2π
Z 
= ibe e dx = ebe 
2 0 2 0
=0

since our derivative is 0,we know that I(b) is constant wrt b. so we conclude:

I(a) = I(0) = π

â4.5 Frullani’s Theorem

Theorem 4.13
Let f : [0, +∞) → R be a function such that (f (ax) − f (bx))/x is integrable on
[0, +∞) for every pair of positive real numbers a, b. Then there exists a constant
A ∈ R such that

f (ax) − f (bx)
Z ∞
a
dx = A log
0 x b
for every a, b > 0

f (ax) − f (bx) f (xt) t=a

Z ∞ Z ∞ 
dx = dx
0 x 0 x t=b
Z ∞Z a
= f 0 (xt)dtdx
0 b
Z aZ ∞
= f 0 (xt)dxdt
b 0
f (xt) x→∞
Z a 
= dt
b t x=0
f (∞) − f (0)
Z a
= dt
b t
= (f (∞) − f (0))(ln(a) − ln(b))
a
 
= (f (∞) − f (0)) ln
b

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AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

â5 SYNOPSIS OF INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

Example 5.1
Some standard formulae:
(ax+b)n+1
1. (ax + b)n dx = + C, n 6= −1
R
a(n+1)

2. dx
= a1 ln|ax + b| + C
R
ax+b

3. e dx = a1 eax+b + C
R ax+b

p×+q
4. a dx = ap`na + C; a > 0
R p+q

5. sin(ax + b)dx = − a1 cos(ax + b) + C

R

6. cos(ax + b)dx = 1
sin(ax + b) + C
R
a

7. tan(ax + b)dx = 1
ln | sec(ax + b)| + C
R
a

8. cot(ax + b)dx = 1
ln | sin(ax + b)| + C
R
a

9. sec2 (ax + b)dx = 1

tan(ax + b) + C
R
a

10. cosec2 (ax + b)dx = − a1 cot(ax + b) + C

R

11. sec(ax + b) · tan(ax + b)dx = 1

sec(ax + b) + C
R
a

12. cosec(ax + b) · cot(ax + b)dx = − a1 cosec(ax + b) + C

R

13. sec xdx = (ln | sec x + tan x| + C) . (or) ln tan π

+ x +C
R 

4 2

14. cosec xdx = `n| cosec x − cot x| + C (or) ln tan x2  + C (or) −`n| cosecx + cot x|
R  

+C

15. √ dx = sin−1 x
+C
R
a2 −x2 a

16. dx
= 1
tan−1 x
+C
R
a2 +x2 a a

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AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

17. √ dx = 1
sec−1 x
+C
R
x x2 −a2 a a

 √ 
18. √ dx = ln x + x 2 + a2  + C (or) sinh−1 x
+C
R  
x2 +a2 a

 √ 
19. √ dx = ln x + x 2 − a2  + C (or) cosh−1 x
+C
R  
x2 −a2 a

 
20. dx
= 1
ln  a−x
a+x
+C
R  
a2 −x2 2a

 
21. dx
= 1
+C
R  x−a 
x2 −a2 2a `n  x+a 

R√ √ a2
Example 5.2 1. a2 − x2 dx = x
2 a2 − x2 + 2 sin−1 x
a +C

R√ √ a2
 √ 
2. x2 + a2 dx = x
x2 + a2 + ln x + x2 + a2  + C
 
2 2

R√ √ a2
 √ 
3. x2 − a2 dx = x
x2 − a2 − ln x + x2 − a2  + C
 
2 2

ax
4. e · sin bxdx = a2e+b2 (a sin bx − b cos bx) + C
R ax

ax
5. e · cos bxdx = a2e+b2 (a cos bx + b sin bx) + C
R ax

6. Cf (x)dx = C f (x) · dx
R R

7. (f(x) ± g(x))dx = f(x)dx ± g(x)dX

R R R

g(ax+b)
8. f(x)dx = g(x) + C1 ⇒ f(ax + b)dx = + C2
R R
a

(f (x))n+1
9. (f (x))n f 0 (x)dx = + c, n 6= 1
R
n+1

R f 0 (x) (f (x))−n+1
10. (f (x))n dx = −n+1 + c where n 6= 1

R f 0 (x)
11. f (x) dx = loge (|f (x)|) + c

R f (x)g0 (x)−g(x)f 0 (x) 

g(x)

12. f (x)g(x) dx = ln f (x) +c
x2
for ex: i)
R
(x cos x−sin x)(x sin x+cos x) dx

e2x −et +1
ii)
R
(ex sin x+cos x)(e0 cos x−sin x)

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AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

13. Examples:
R √5+x10  3
1) x16
dx Is equal to −1
75 1 + 5
x10
2
+c
R 5x4 +4x5 x5
2) (x+1+x5 )2
dx =, . . . · x+1+x5 + c

(
x2 −1 )
q
3) = 1
2− 2
+ 1
+c
R
√
x3 2x4 −2x2 +1
dx 2 x2 x4
R 2x12 +5x9 x10
4) 5 3 3 dx = . . . . ·
(x +x +1) 2(x5 +x3 +1)2
+c

1
5) x7m + x2m + xm 2x6m + 7xm + 14
R

m dx

m+1
= 1
14(m+1) 2x7m + 7x2m + 14x m m

1
11
6) x2 + x x−8 + 2x−9 dx = 5
x2 + 2x +C
R


10 10
11

L1 (x)
Example 5.3 1. Integration of Type: L dx where L1 (x) and L2 (x) are linear
R
2 (x)
functions in x To evaluate such integrals write L1 (x) in terms of L2 (x) (i.e.
L1 (x) = A · L2 (x) + B) then L
R 1 (x) R AL2 (x)+B
L2 (x) dx = L2 (x) dx = Ax + B L2 (x) dx OR
R 1

divide and proceed

R L1 (x)
2. Integration of Type: √ dx where L1 (x) and L2 (x) are linear functions in x
L2 (x)
To evaluate such integrals write L1 (x) in terms of L2 (x) (i.e. L1 (x) = A · L2 (x) + B
R L (x)
) then √ ↓ dx = A·L √2 (x)+B dx = A · L2 (x)dx + B √ 1 dx OR take
R Rp R
L2 (x) L2 (x) L2 (x)
t2 = L2 (x) and proceed

3. Integration of Type: To evaluate such integrals write L1 (x) in terms of L2 (x) (i.e.
3
L1 (x) = A · L2 (x) + B ) then L1 (x) L2 (x)dx = A. (L2 (x)) 2 + B L2 (x)dx
R p R p

OR take t2 = L2 (x) and proceed

r
L1 (x)
4. Integration of Type: where L1 (x) and L2 (x) are linear functions in
R
L2 (x) dx
x take t2 = L2 (x) and proceed

R√
5. Integration of Type: Quadratic dx or
1 1
dx or Q uadratic dx Ex-
R R
√
Quadratic
R√
amples: dx dx
ax2 + bx + cdx Express ax2 + bx + c in the
R R
ax2 +bx+c
, √ax2 +bx+c ,
form of perfect square & then apply the suitable formula In case of Quadratic
1
,
R

Quadratic equation can be factorized, then partial fraction will integrate.

√
6. Integration of type: linear
dx or √ linear dx or linear quadratic dx
R R R
quadratic quadratic
px+q
√
dx, √axpx+q dx, (px
+ q) ax2 + bx + cdx
R R R
ax2 +bx+c 2 +bx+c

Express px + q = A (differential co - efficient of denominator) +B and find the

14
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

values of A and B and proceed. In case of quadratic dx, Quadratic equation

linear R

can be factorized, then partial fraction that will to integrate.

7. √ dx ( Let : x = α cos2 θ + β sin2 θ

R

(x−α) (x−α)(β−x)

8. √ dx
(Let : x = α sec2 θ − β tan2 θ
R

(x−α)(x−β)

Example 5.4 1. Integration of the type

1
or 1
1 dx or
1
R R R
x(x00 +1) dx n n
n−1 dx
x (x +1) n  x2(xn +1) n
Take x common and let t = 1 + xn & proceed.
1

Examples:
  19
1. dx
= − 19
1
1+ 1 20
+C
R
1 x20
x20 (1+x20 ) 20
 
x7 −6
2. dx
= A log u6 + 9u2 − 2u3 − 18u + c A = 1
=
R 
x22 (x7 −6) 54432 , u x7

xm
2. Integration of the type I = (ax+b)n dx where m, n are inatural numbers Put
R

(t−b)m R x2
t = ax + b then I = 1
tn dt [example:
R
am−1 (x+2)3
dx

3. Integration of the type dx

where m, n are natural numbers Put t =
R
xmi(ax+b)n
ax+b
[example: dx
R
x x3 (ax+b)2

4. Integration of the type:

√ OR take Linear = t2 and proceed
R dx R dx √
L1 L2 Quadratic Linear
Example:
dx
OR (ax2 +bx+c)
dx √
R R
√
(ax+b) px+q px+q

Put px + q = t2 . And proceed

5. Integration of the type:

√dx , take L = 1/t and proceed Example: √dx
R R
Linear Quadratic
,
(ax+b) px2 +qx+r
put ax + b = 1t ;

Integration of the type: dx dx

√
R R
√
Q1 Q2
,
(ax2 +bx+c) px2 +qx+r

15
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

6. Case −1
Breaking in linear factors of Quadratic
So we would prefer to proceed in this manner which helps us to evaluate it
RA 
1√
= + B √1 = √ dx +
R R 1 R 1
L1 L2 Q
dx L1 L2 Q L1 Q
√ dx
L2 Q

7. Case - II
If ax2 + bx + c is a perfect square say (lx + m)2 the put lx + m = 1/t

Example 5.5
Case −III
If b = 0; q = 0eg · dx
√ then put x = 1
or the trigonometric substitution
R
(ax2 +b) px2 +r t
are also helpful.
2 +qx+r
Case IV If factors of ax2 +bx+c is not possible. Then put px ax2 +bx+c
= t2 11)Integration
of the type:
(i) a±bdx 2 x OR
dx
2 x OR
dx
R R R
sin a±b cos a sin2 x±b sin x cos x±cRcos2 x
OR a±bdx dx 1 1
R R R
sin 2x OR a±b cos 2x a cos2 x±b sin2 x
dx ∗OR (a cos x±b sin x)2
dx
OR 1
R
a sin2 x±b cos2 x±c
dx

(Denominator is the expression in terms of sin 2x or cos 2x or sin2 x or cos2 x or sin4 x

or cos x .
4

Multiply Numerator and Denominator by sec2 x and hence convert the question in
the form of f (tan x), sec2 x& put tan x = t or Multiply Numerator & Denominator by
cosec2 x and hence convert the question in the Rform of f (cot x), cos ec2 x& put cotx = t
12) Integration of the type: a±b sin x OR
dx
a±b cos x OR
dx
a±b sin x±c cos x Convert
dx
R R

sines & cosines into their respective tangents of half the angles and then, put
tan x2 = t, 12 sec2 xdx = dt and proceed

a tan( x2 )+b
  




√ 2
a2 −b2
tan −1 √
a2 −b2
+ c, if, a2 > b2
 √
dx b− b −a +a tan( )
  x

2 2
Z 
= √ 1 loge b+√b2 −a2 +a tan x2 if a2 < b2
a + b sin x  b2 −a2 (2)
a (tan x − sec x) + c, if b = a

  1

a (tan x + sec x) + c, if b = −a

 1

13)Integration
R a·cos x+b·sin x
of the type: R a+b cot x R tan x
R 1 R 1 R 1
`·cos x+m·sin x dx. a+b tan x dx, a+b cot x dx, c+d cot x dx, a+b tan x dx a sin x+b cos x dx
Express Numerator = A(Denominator) +B dx d
(Denominator), And find the value of
the constants A and B by comparing the coefficients of cos x and sin x and proceed i.e.

N A · (D) + Bd(D)
Z Z
dx = dx = Ax + B ln |D| + c
D D
Examples:
R 4e4 +6e−1
1) 9e 2) 3)
R 3 sin x+2 cos x R 1
x −4e−x dx 2 sin x+3 cos xdx 2+3 tan x dx

16
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

1. Integration of the type:

R a·cos x+b·sin x+c
Example 5.6 `·cos x+m·sin x+n dx.

2. Express Numerator = A(Denominator) +B dx d

(Denominator) +K and find the
values of A, Band K by comparing the coefficients of cos x and sin x and proceed.
R A.(D)+Bd(D)+K R 1
(i.e. D dx = dx = Ax + B ln |D| + K D
R N
D

3. Integration of the type 1

or 1
R R
a sin x+b cos x dx (a cos x±b sin x)2
dx
√ √
4. convert a sin x+b cos x as a single term = a2 + b2 (sin(A+x)) OR a2 + b2 (cos(x−
A)) and proceed.

5. Integration of the type cos mx·cos nxdx, sin mx·sin nx·dx, cos mx·sin nxdx
R R R

and Write the integrant as a sum of two terms and proceed

6. tan(a + b)x · tan ax · tan bx · dx = (tan(a + b)x − tan αx − tan bx)dx

R R

R cos((x−b)−(x−a))
7. 1
= 1
R
sin(x−a) sin(x−b) dx cos(a−b) sin(x−a) sin(x−b) dx
R sin(x+a) R sin((x+b)+(a−b))
8. sin(x+b) dx = sin(x+b) dx

9. Integration of type sinm x · cosn xdx

R

Case: i If atleast one of m or n is odd natural number, say m is odd put cos x = t
and vice versa.
Case: ii When m + n is a negative even integer (say k ), multiply and divide
by cos2 x hence convert the question in the form of f (tan x), sec2 x then put
tan x = t to evaluate the integration.
Case: iii If m and n are even natural number then converts higher power into
higher angles.
Examples:
R  sin2 x  13
10. cos14 x
dx
√
11. tan x
R
sin x cos x dx

cos4 x
12.
R
3 xdx
sin3 x(sin5 x+cos5 x) 5

Rβ q
, αβ
Rβ
13. Integrals of the form √ dx x−α
(x − α)(β − x)dx can also
R p
α (x−α)(β−x) β−x dx, α
be solved by using the substitution x = α cos2 θ + β sin2 θ , or, x = α sec2 θ −
β tan2 θ

Example 5.7 1. Integration by parts: Product of two functions

17
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

f(x) and g(x) can be integrated, using formula:

Rd 
(f(x)g(x))dx = f(x) (g(x))dx − (f(x)) (g(x))dx dx or
R R R
dx

u(x).d(v(x)) = u(x).v(x) − v(x)d(u(x))

R R

(i) When you find g(x)dx then it will not contain arbitrary constant.
R

(ii) g(x)dx should be taken as same at both places.

R

(iii) The choice of f(x) and g(x) can be decided by ILATE guideline. The function
will come later is taken an integral function
(g(x)). [ I → Inverse function, L → Logarithmic function A → Algebraic function
function E → Exponential function.

2. Examples:
i). e2x 2x3 + 3x2 − 8x + 1 dx
R

ii). 3x2 + x − 2 sin2 (3x + 1)dx

R

18
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

Example 5.8
Some standard Reduction formula:
− sinn−1 x·cos x
1. In = sinn xdx = + n−1
R
n n In−2

cosn−1 x·sin x
2. In = cosn xdx = + n−1
R
n n In−2

tann−1 x
3. In = tann xdx = − In−2 , n ≥ 2
R
n−1

n−1
4. In = cot n xdx = − cotn−1 x − In−2 , n ≥ 2
R

tan x secn−2 x
5. In = secn xdx = + n−2
R
n−1 n−1 In−2

cot x cos ecn−3 x

6. Ih = cosecn xdx = + n−1 In−2 .
n−2
R
−(n−1)

xm+1
7. If I(m,n) = xm (loge x)n dx, then l(m,n) = m+1 (ln x)
n n
R
− m+1 I(m,n−1)

8. If ln = dx
, then ln = x
+ 2n−3
R
(a2 +x2 )n a2 (2n−2)(a2 +x2 )n−1
I
2n−2a2 m−1

9. If In = dx
, then In = x
+ 2n−3
R
(1+x2 )11 (2n−2)(1+x2 )n−1 2n−2 In−1

R sinm x m−1 x
10. Let I( m,n) = cosn x dx(n =
6 1) then I(m,n) = (n−1)
1
· sin
cosn−1 x
+ m−1
n−1 I( m−2,n−2)

xn
11. If In = then (n + 1)aIn+1 + (2n + 1)bIn + ncIn−1 =
R
√
ax2 +2bx+c
dx

√
xn ax2 + 2bx + c
2 cos(n−1)x
12. If In = cos nx · cos ecxdx then In − In−2 =
R
n−1

xm+1 (1−x)n−1
13. If Im,n = xm (1 − x)n−1 dx then Im,n − n−1
=
R
m+n Im,n−1) m+n

14. If In = e (sin x)n dx, then II13 is equal to . . . 3/5

R x

√
15. Let n be a non-negative integer and, Let In = xn a2 − x2 dx(a > 0) In =
R

xn−1 (a2 −x2 )

3/2
− A + a2 BIn−2 where A and B are constants. A = n + 2 and
B = n−1
n+2

16. In = (sin x + cos x)n dx = (sin x + cos x)n−1 (sin x − cos x) + 2(n − 1)In−2
R

19
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

â6 SYNOPSIS OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Example 6.1
Properties of Definite Integral:

Rb
1. f(x)dx = ab f(t)dt
R
a
i.e.
Rb
definite integral
Ra
is independent of variable of integration.
a f (x)dx = − b f (x)dx

Rb R −a
2. a f (x)dx = −b f (−x)dx
Rb
3. f (x)dx = ac f (x)dx + cb f (x)dx
R R
a
where c may lie inside or outside the interval [a, b].

4.
Z a Z a
f (x)dx = f (x) + f (−x)dx
−a 0
( Ra
2 f (x)dx, if f (−x) = f (x) ie.f (x) is even
= 0
0, if f (−x) = −f (x) ie.f (x) is odd
R 2014 f 0 (x)+f 1 (−x)
[example: The value of −2014 (2014)x +1 dx equals to f (2014) − f (−2014)]

b
1 Rb
5. f (kx)dx = k a f (x)dx ( Expansion and contraction property)
R k
a
k

Rb
6. If f (x) ≥ 0 for all a ≤ x ≤ b then a f (x)dx ≥ 0
Ra Ra
7. 0 f(x)dx = 0 f(a − x)dx, (Shift property)
Rb Rb
8. a f (x)dx = a f (a + b − x)dx
Rb
9. f (x)dx = (b − a) 01 f (a + (b − a)x)dx
R
a
example:
R −5 R −1
−4 sin x − 3 dx + −2 sin x + 12x + 33 dx = 0
2 2 2 2

Theorem 6.2
Let dx
d
(F (x)) = f (x)∀x ∈ (a, b). Then ab f (x)dx = limx→a− F (x) − limx→b− F (x)
R

Rb
a. If F(x) is continuous at a and b, then a f(x)dx = F(b) − F(a).
R h(x) dF (x)
b. Leibnitz Theorem: If F (x) = f (x) f (t)dt, then dx = h0 (x)f (h(x)) − g 0 (x)f (g(x))

c. If the functions are defined

 on [a, b] anddifferentiable on (a, b) and the function
d R n(x) R n(x) ∂
f (x, t) is continuous then dx m(x) f (x, t)dt = m(x) ∂x f (x, t)dt + d(m(x))
dx f (x, m(x))-
d(n(x))
dx f (x, n(x))

20
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

Example 6.3
Integral of an inverse function

1. If f(x) is invertible function and f(x) is continuous then a definite integral of can
R f (b)
be expressed in terms of f(x) i.e. ab f (x)dx = bf (b) − af (a) − f (a) f −1 (y)dy
R
Rb R d −1
or a f (x)dx + c f (y)dy = bd − ac

2. Examples:
2 R 4√
i) If the value of π2 ex dx is k, then the value of ee ln xdx is 2e4 − e − k
R
1
ii) 02 sin xdx + 01 sin−1 xdx = π2
R R
R √ R √
iii) 01 3 1 − x7 dx − 01 7 1 − x3 dx = 0

3. Reduction formula:
i. Im,n = 01 xm (1 − x)n dx = m! n!
R
(m+n+1)!
π π
ii. In = 0 sinn xdx = 0 cosn xdx
R 2
R 2

According asn is even


or odd. I = π,I = 1
 0 2 1  
 n−1 n−3 n−5 1 π
n   n−2   n−4  · · · · · · 2 · 2 , if n is even
Hence In =   
3 · 1, if n is odd
n−1 n−3 n−5 2

n n−2 n−4 ······
π
(m−1)(m−3)(m−5)....(n−1)(n−3)(n−5)..... π
iii. If Im,n = 0 sinm x · cosn xdx = 2 when
R 2
(m+n)(m+n−2)(m+n−4)........
both m, n are even.
= (m−1)(m−3)(m−5).....(n−1)(n−3)(n−5).....
(m+n)(m+n−2)(m+n−4).......... , otherwise

 π

4. Examples: sin6 x cos8 xdx = 5.3.1.7.5.3.1 π
R 2
0 14.12.10.8.6.4.2 2

5. Reduction formula - some examples:

π
6. In = sin nx
= π2 , for all positive odd positive integers n.
R 2
0 sin x dx
R π sin(2n+1)x
7. In = 0 sin x dx = π, for all natural number n.
R π sin2 nx
8. In = 0 sin2 x dx = nπ, for all natural numbers n
x
sin2 nx
9. In = sin x dx =1+ 1
+ 1
+ ... + 1
for all natural numbers n
R 2
0 3 5 2n−1
n−1
10. If In = tann xdx, then In + In−2 = tann−1 x , n ≥ 2
R
tann x
I0 + I1 + 2 (I2 + . . . . . . .. + 18 ) + I9 + I10 , is equal to 9n=1
P
n
π
11. If In = 04 tann xdx then
R

i. In + In−2 = n−1 1
, for all n = 2, 3, 4, . . . . . ..
ii. I2 +I4 , I3 +I5 , I4 +16 , . . . are in A.P
1 1 1

iii.In+1 + In−1 = n1
iv. n+1
1
< 2In < n−1 1
for all natural numbers greater than one.

Example 6.4

21
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

Maximum and Minimum Inequality:

1. If m ≤ f (x) ≤ M for a ≤ x ≤ b, then m(b − a) ≤ f (x)dx ≤ M (b − a), where m

R

and M are absolute minimum and maximum values of the function f(x) in [a, b]

2. Further if f(x) is monotonically decreasing in (a, b),

then f(b)(b − a) < ab f(x)dx < f(a)(b − a)
R

and if f (x) is monotonically increasing in (a, b), then

f (a)(b − a) < ab f (x)dx < f (b)(b − a)
R

Examples:
π o
3. 1 < sin x π
{because f(x) decreases and f π
= π2 &f 0+ = 1
R 3



0 x dx < 2 2
√ π √ √ √ o
4. 3 sin x 2
[because f(x) decreases and f π
= 2π &f
3 3 π
= 2 2
R 3



8 < π
x dx < 6 3 4 π
3

R  
5. 1 < 02 9−x5−x
2 dx < 56 { absolute maximum and minimum values of f (x) in [0, 2]
are f (2) and f(1)}

6. Schwartz inequality:
For any two integrable
q functions f(x) and g(x) on the interval (a, b), then
R 
 b Rb Rb
 a f (x)g(x)dx ≤ f 2 (x)dx · g 2 (x)dx

a a

R1p q
7. Example: The maximum value of 0 (1 + x) (1 + x3 )dx is 15
8

8. Other inequalities:
If the function f (x) increases and has aconcave  up graph in the interval [a, b]
Rb f (a)+f (b)
then (b − a)f (a) < 0 f (x)dx < (b − a) 2
[(b − a)f
 (a) equals
 to area of the rectangle whose sides are f(a) and b − a&
f (a)+f (b)
(b − a) 2 equals to area of the trapezium whose parallel sides has a
length f(a) and f (b), distance between the parallel sides is [b − a]

22
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

â7 UNFAMILIAR PRACTICE QUESTIONS

It is not death that a man should fear, but he should fear never beginning to live.

" Problems are not arranged according to increasing difficulty.

“Do share your views on each problem via

akiiiceoak1310@gmail.com or mail for solution
of any particular problem mentioning Subject
as Solution of Integral handout”
AK-AKIII

Problem 1.
If
∞ √
2n n
Z 0.25 X !
A
k dk = ,
−0.25 n=0 n A
find A.

Problem 2. 2
R π/4 etan θ sin θdθ
Let I1 = 01 dx
and I2 = , then eI1
is equal to
R
ex (1+x) 0 (2−tan2 θ) cos3 θ I2

Problem 3.
If the integral
Z ∞
dx
 √ 
0 x2/3 1 + 2x + x2
√
πa b
evaluates to c for positive integers a, b, c with b square-free, then find a + b + c.

Problem 4.
Let f : [0, 1] → R be continuously differentiable function and

 f (0) + f (1)
 Z 1 
f (x)dx ≤ α max f 0 (x) , then α =?
  
 −
 2 0 x∈[0,1]

Problem 5.
If f (0) = 0, &f 0 (x) ∈ (0, 1], then

R1 0
f (x)dx
R 01
0 f 3 (x)dx

is always greater than the least integer k.Find value of k.

Problem 6.
Evaluate
Z π/2
√
lim n(1 − n
cos x)dx
n→∞ 0
23
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

Problem 7.
Evaluate
Z 1
(xlnx)2021 dx
0
Problem 8.
Find the maximum value of
Z yq
x4 + (y(3 − y))2 dx,
0

where 0 ≤ y ≤ 3.
Problem 9.
R π  8 sin2 x 
0 g(x) − 1 (g(x))2 dx = 6π; where g(x) is a continuous function, then find the
maximum value of the function g(x) in [0, π] .

Problem 10. q
If √ dx
=K 1+x
+ C. Then K is equal to?
R 3
3
(x+1) (x−1)4
2 1−x

Problem 11.

xn
Z 1
In = dx
0 x +a
2 2

Define the integral In as above for positive real variable a independent of x and natural
number n. Evaluate the limit below.
√ 1
  
lim n nIn −
n→∞ a +1
2

ProblemR 12.
If I = 0π ln 1 − 2a cos x + a2 dx where I = λ ln a, then λ is?

Problem 13.
p2 +2
< K, ∀N ≥ 4,If the sum does not exceed the integer value k for any value
PN
p=4 (p−2)4

of N,Find the value of k.

Problem 14.
Suppose f is a function on the interval [1, 3] such that −1 ≤ f (x) ≤ 1 for all x and
R3 R 3 f (x)
f (x)dx = 0 If maximum value of dx is ln a
(where a, b are coprime numbers),


1 1 x b
then a + b is equal to??

Problem 15.  1 
R −10 x2 −x
2
x2 −x
2 R 11  2 2
evaluate −100 + + x −x
R 11 10
3
x −3x+1
dx 1 3
x −3x+1
dx 101 3
x −3x+1
dx
100 100

If the final is in the form − P (x)|10

−100 then answer P(1)

24
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

Problem 16.
nxn−1 dx
For large n, find [ 01 ] where [ ] denotes greatest integer function.
R
1+x2

Problem 17.
√3 √3+1

√ 2
√ 2
 
R1 R1
I1 = 0 1− 1− x3 x2 dx and I2 = 0 1− 1− x3 · x2 dx, then
√
I1
− 3−1
√ +0.2
I2 2 2
10 is equal to?

Problem 18.
√
5+1
x2 + 1 1
Z  
2
· ln x − + 1 dx
1 x −x +1
4 2 x

Problem
R π/2
19. √
2x
If 0 sinsin
x+cos x dx =
1
√
2 a
ln(b + c 2).
Find a+b+c.

Problem
Rπ 20. Rπ
2 θ100 sin θdθ π 2 θ100 cos θdθ
= α and θ99 sin θdθ + = β. Then find the value of αβ.
0
R 2 0
π 0
R 100
2 θ99 cos θdθ
0

Problem 21.
Consider the integrals I1 = 01 ex sin xdx; I2 = 01 e−x cosec xdx and I3 = e (x +log sin x)dx .
R 2
R 2 R 2

 
The value (I1 − I3 ) I3 − I−1
2 belongs to [a, ∞). Find the least integral value of a.

ProblemR22.
π/2 R π/2
If I1 = 0 cos θf cos2 θ + sin θ dθ and I2 = 0 sin 2θf sin θ + cos2 θ dθ then I1
is



I2
?

Problem 23.
Suppose f is continuous on [a, b]&f (a) = f (b) = 0& ab f 2 (x)dx = 1 then the minimum
R

(f 0 (x))2 dx
Rb Rb 2 2
value of a a x f (x)dx is ?

Problem 24.
If
3π
xdx π π
Z  
5
Ω= = − log tan ,
π
5
sin 2x a b
find a + b.
Problem 25.
If cos(2016x) · sin2014 x dx = f (x) + C, f (0) = 0 then
R

R 2π
1. π f(x)dx = a

25
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS
Rπ
2. 0 f(x)dx = b
2015f (x)
3. limx→0 x2015
=c

Find a+b+c.

Problem 26. 2
R 
f: R → R is a continuous function satisfying 01 f (x) dx = 2 01 f (x)dx − 13 , then
R
x
 
256f 1
8 is equal to?

Problem 27. √
R0 1+x2011 − 1+x4022
−9 2x 2011 dx

ProblemR 28.
When 01 f (x)dx = 0 and −1 ≤ f (x) ≤ 1, the maximum value of

Z 1
(f (x))3 dx
0

is X. Find [100X].

Problem 29.
b x2 c
Evaluate the following integral. 813
R
bx2 c+bx2 −42x+441c
dx
,Where [ ] denotes floor function.

Problem 30.
1 Rπ sin(cos x) (x)dx
10 0 x cosec

Problem 31.
Rπ 2x(1+sin x)
−π 1+cos2 x dx

Problem 32.
π/2 4 cos x
= aπ
R
0 3+12 sin2 x−2 cos 2x+12 sin2 x cos 2x+3 cos 4x
dx
Find the value of a.

Problem 33.
Let,
Z3
I1 = (x2 + x + 3) · f (x3 − 2x2 − 5x + 2020)dx
1

Z3
I2 = (4x2 − 3x − 2) · f (x3 − 2x2 − 5x + 2020)dx.
1

26
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

Now, if, 2I1

3I2 = pq , where p and q are co-prime. Now, if,

x−1
Z
√ √ q√ dx = 4 arctan [g(x)] + C,
(x + x x + x) ( x(x + 1))

where C is an arbitrary constant of Integration. Find g 2 (q − p).

Problem 34.  
f : (0, ∞) → R, f is continuous, f (x) − log3 x = 4 − f 5log3 x , ∀x > 0. Find:
R3
Ω= 2 (f (x) − 2) · logx 15dx

Problem 35.
Evaluate 2022I,if
I= !
20212
20212
k
(−1)k
X
!
k=0 2021 + k
k

Problem 36.  √
R 3 x log xdx R √3 x log xdx 
 
Find a closed form: Ω = √1 3 x log xdx
R
√
3x4 3 x4 +1 1 x4 +3
3 3

Problem 37.
R ∞ tx  q 
1 R∞
If −∞ e f (x)dx = sin−1 t − 12 , then √
2 2 −∞
xf (x)dx is

Problem 38.
Z e
lim n x2 (ln(x))n dx.
n→∞ 1
For integer n, let L denote the value of the limit above. Find the value of ln(L)

Problem 39.
Consider an Integral
Z π/2
I= | cos x − kx|dx
0
If for some positive Real value of k this integral can be minimized. if that value of k is
expressed as √ 
a π
 
cos √
π a
Then Find a2 ??

Problem 40.
Find: 0∞ (1+x4x)(1+x) dx
R

27
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

Problem 41. If the following limit

Z nπ
lim e−x | sin(x)|dx
n→∞ 0
 β

can be expressed as α 1+e1−eλ
where α, β, λ are real numbers, α ≥ 0 and β, λ ≤ 0 and n
is an integer, find the value of 2(α+ β − λ)

Problem 42. R
x7 +2
Let f (x) = (x2 +x+1)2
dx subject to f (0) = π
√
3 3
. Find |f (−1)|

Problem 43.
If
Z 1 7 9
x 2 (1 − x) 2
I1 = dx
0 30
and
Z 1 7 9
x 2 (1 − x) 2
I2 = dx
0 (x + 5)10
√
and I1
I2 = 5a3 a, where a ∈ N, find a.

Problem 44.
There exist a Function f (x) = ax2 + bx + c for a > 0, which has positive roots. It is
found that for some real values α and β.
Rα R φ1 Rβ R φ2
0 f (x) · dx = 0 and 0 f (x) · dx + φ2 f (x) · dx =| φ1 f (x) · dx|.

where φ1 , φ2 are roots of f (x), and φ1 , φ2 belong to reals.Also, α + β = 5.

Find the value of x for which f (x) is minimum.

Problem 45.
R  
x2
Find: 0∞ (1−x2 +x 4 )(1+x) dx

Problem 46.
F ind: I = 0∞ ln x
R
102 +x2
dx

Problem 47.
R π/4 R π/4 csc2 x
Let A = π/5 cot3 x ln sin xdx. B = π/5 tan x ln2 sin xdx.
Let C = A − B ; Find b−10000Cc.

Problem 48.

2018 2018
·· ··
4· 5·
Z 2018π
23 34
(cos x) (sin x) dx
0

28
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

Problem 49.

xn
Z 1
In = dx
0 ax + b
Define the integral In as above for positive real variables a and b independent of x and
natural number n.
1
lim nIn =
n→∞ λa + µb
If λ and µ are constants that satisfy the limit above, evaluate λ + µ.

Problem 50.
√
r
(f 0 (x)·g(x)−g 0 (x)·f (x)]dx f (x)−g(x)
Given √ = h tan−1 kg(x) + C. Calculate the value of
[f (x)+g(x)] f (x)·g(x)−g 2 (x)

h + k + 1 where (h, k ∈ N ) and ’c’ denotes integral constant and (g(x) > 0).
 2 

Problem 51.
A function f satisfies f (x) = f (c/x) for some real number c(> 1) and all positive
R √c Rc
number x. if 1 f (x)/x dx = 3 then 1 f (x)/x dx equals?

Problem 52.
when α2 < 1, and
(
Rπ a,
ln 1 − 2α cos(x) + α2 dx =

0
b ln α2 when α2 > 1


Find value of a + b.

Problem 53.
Evaluate the following:
x − sin3 x
Z ∞ 3
dx
0 x5
aπ b
If the result can be expressed as c where a and c are coprime. Find a+ b + c.

Problem 54.

ln(x)
Z 4
√ dx
0 4x − x2

Problem 55.

ln(x)
Z 16
I= √ dx
1 x(x + 4)
 
If I can be expressed as A ln(A) tan−1 B
C where A, B, C are positive integers with
gcd(B, C) = 1 and A is a prime number. Then find the value of A + B + C

Problem 56.
R∞ (x−1) (ab +bc +ca )
0
√
2x −1 ln(2x −1)
dx· = π
a·(ln b)c whene a, b, c are Natural no. then find (a+b+c)
29
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

Problem 57.
Evaluate the following integrals
R π/2
1. 0 ln{2 sin(x)}dx .
R π/2
2. 0 ln{2 cos(x)}dx

Problem 58.
R∞ sin( 2n+1 ·x)
limn→∞ −∞ 2
sin( x2 )(x2 +1)
dx = π (e+a)
(e+b) . Find (a + b)

Problem 59.
Let Ia = 01 xa (ln x)3 dx. Calculate ∞
R P
n=0 In .

Problem 60.

∞
X 2n+1
n=0 (2n + 1)
2n

n

If the summation above can be represented as A · π B , where A, B are positive integers,

then find the value of (A + B)3 ?

Problem 61.
Evaluate
Z ∞
dxe
 
2020 · log2021 dx,
0 x
where d·e denotes ceiling function and b·c denotes the floor function.

Problem 62.
Let f satisfy x = f (x)ef (x) . Calculate 0e f (x)dx
R

Problem 63.

Z 1
n
lim x2018x+1 dx
n→∞ 0

Problem 64.

2x sin(x)
Z π
dx
0 3 + cos(2x)

Problem 65.
s r
Z q √
3 4 5
x x x x . . .dx

Problem 66.
Z
2016x +6048x
ee dx

30
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

Problem 67.

1
Z ∞  
arctan dx
−∞ 2x2
Problem 68.
Ω = 01 ({log(1 + x)} · log{1 + x})dx
R

{x} = x − [x], [∗]− great integer function

Problem 69.

lim ln ,
n→∞

where Z 1 Z 1
dx dx
l1 = √ , l2 =
0 1+ x 0 1 + 1+1√x

Problem 70.

π ∞
x
Z
4
cos ( )dx
Y
x
0 k=1
2k
Problem 71.

xn
Z 1
lim n dx = a
n→∞ 0 2014 + xn
find 107 a
, where [.] - greatest integer function
 

Problem 72.
Z ∞ 
xe1−x − bxce1−bxc dx
0
Problem 73.

Z R ··· √1
0 x
dx 1
√ dx
0 x
Problem 74.

x8 − 4x6 + 9x4 − 5x2 + 1

Z ∞
dx =?
0 x12 − 10x10 + 37x8 − 42x6 + 26x4 − 8x2 + 1
Problem 75.

Z 1
lim x2019 {nx}dx
n→∞ 0

Problem 76.

cos5 (x) + 1
Z 2021π
dx, a∈N
−2021π ex + 1
31
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

Problem 77.

x + 1 ln(1 + x)
Z 1 2

dx
0 x4 − x2 + 1
Problem 78.

π
cos x
Z
2
dx
(1 + sin(2x))2
p
0

Problem 79.

R1
0 g(x) − f (x)dx
√
f (x) = 1 and g(x) = 2 − x2
. Problem 80.

Z 1 
1 − x3 + x5 − x8 + x10 − x13 + . . . dx
0
Problem 81.

R 2π x
0 φ−cos2 (x)
dx
φ : Golden ratio
Problem 82.
s r
Z 1 q √
3 4 5
x x x x x . . .dx
0

Problem 83.

sin 21x
Z π
2
x dx
0 sin 2
Problem 84.

1
Z 1r
lim + n2 x2n dx
n→∞ 0 x
Problem 85.

Z 1r
x x
 
ln dx
0 1−x 1−x
Problem 86.

ln x
Z ∞
dx
0 1 + x2
Problem 87.

32
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS
Z π
2
tan2021 (x)dx
0
Problem 88.

(1 − x)1−x
!
xx
Z 1
− dx
0 (1 − x)1−x xx

Problem 89.
solve for a + b
cos 3x
Z ∞
π
dx =
−∞ x2 +4 aeb
Problem 90.

log(x)
Z ∞
√ dx
0 x(x + 1)2
Problem 91.

Z π/4 √ √
tan x 1 − tan xdx
0

Problem 92.
Z ∞
ne−x dx
 
0
Problem 93.

x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 − x5
Z 3Z 3Z 3Z 3Z 3
dx1 dx2 dx3 dx4 dx5
1 1 1 1 1 x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
Problem 94.

R1R1 R 1 x505 505 505

1 +x2 +...+xn
limn→∞ 0 0 ··· 0 x2020 +x2020 +...+x2020
dx1 dx2 . . . dxn
1 2 n

Problem 95.
If
 
xk
Px
d
R limx→∞ e−x k=0 k!
Z
dx 0 πdt dr =θ
 


0 1 + 8 sin (tan r) 
2

(cos(θ) sin(θ))2
then, Find 2

Problem 96. Evaluate

.
..
x )(xx )
Z 1
x (xx )(x
(x ) dx
0
Problem 97. I f
33
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS
Z 1
e
 
b x1 c
(−1) dx = ln
0 k
then find k (b•c = floor)
Problem 98. C onsider the integral
Z e
I1 = (1 + x)(x + `nx)100 dx
1

Z π/2
I2 = (1 + e sin x + `n(sin x))101 cos xdx
sin+ (1/e)

101
−k
also, I1 + 101
e
I2 = e(1+e)
101
then ”K” is greater than or equal to?
Problem 99. Evaluate
√
1 − cos(x e − 1)
Z ∞
dx
0 xex
Problem 100.

R 4
4 xdx
R 3
4 xdx
R 3
Z R 11 xdx Z 24 xdx
u1 = R 12 xdx, u2 = R 24 xdx
2 xdx 4 xdx
0 R 14
xdx
R1
4 xdx
0

i=0 is a sequence of real numbers. The first few terms are as above. If
{ui }∞
2021
1
P =
Y

n=0
4un

,find [log2 log2 P ],where [ ] denotes greatest integer function.

Details and assumptions:- h i
- The limits in u0 when read from bottom to top are 200 , 210 .
h i
- The limits in u1 when read from bottom to top are 0
1,
1
21
, 1
21
, 2
21
.
h2 i
- The limits in u2 when read from bottom to top are 0
22
, 1
,
22 h
1
22
, 2 2 3 3 4
2 , 2
2 2 2 2 2
, 2 , 2 , 2
i
2n −1 2n −1
- In general, the limits in un when read from bottom to top are 0
2n ,
1 1 2 2
2n , 2n , 2n , 2n , . . . , 2n , 2n .

34
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

â8 Answer keys
1. 02

2. 02

3. 10

4. 0.25

5. 01

6. 1.0887

7. 2021!
20222022

8. 09

9. 04

10. -1.5

11. 0

12. 2π

13. 05

14. 07

15. 00

16. 00

17. 0.12

18. π
8 ln 2

19. 07
π 100
20.


2

21. 00

22. 01

23. 0.50

24. 13

25. 01

26. 04

27. 8.5

28. 25

29. 2.5

35
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

30. 0.399

31. π 2

32. 0.25

33. 02

34. 01

35. 01

36. 00

37. 0.50

38. 03

39. 64

40. π
8

41. 01

42. 2.187

43. 30

44. 08

45. π
√
3 3

46. π ln 10
20

47. 2074

48. 0

49. 02

50. 07

51. 06

52. π

53. 46

54. 0

55. 09

56. 02

57. 0

58. 0

59. −6.493

36
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

60. 08

61. 01

62. (e − 1)

63. 0.5

64. π 2 /4

65. (xe − 1)/(e − 1)

66.
1 e2016x  4032x 
e e − 2e2016x + 2
2016
67. π

68. e
√
69. φ = 2 ,
5+1
aka Golden Ratio
√
70. 1 − 2
2

71. 4964
 2
72. e − e
e−1

73. 04

74. π/2

75. 1/4040

76. 2021π
√
77. π
6 ln(2 + 3)

78. 1/3

79. π
4 − 1
2
q
80. π
2 1+ √2
5

81. 2π 2

82. 1/e

83. π

84. 03

85. π

86. 0

87. π
2 sec(2021π/2)

88. 0
37
AKIII (June 28, 2021) INTEGRALS

89. 08

90. −π
√ √ 
1+ 2
91. π 2 −1
 
nn
92. ln n!

93. 96/5

94. 2021/506

95. 0.1

96. π 2 /12

97. 04

98. 01

99. 1/2

100. 2027

38