Digital Routing

Part I: Network Routing: Basics and Foundations

Chapter 1

Networking and Network Routing: An

Introduction
Thái Truyển Đại Chấn
Introduction
• Network routing: the ability of an electronic communication network to send a unit of
information from point A to point B by determining a path through the network efficiently
and quickly.

• Postal address ↔ network address

1.1 Addressing and Internet Service: An Overview
• Internet Protocol (IP) addressing: netid and hostid
• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
• The sending host first sends a beacon to the destination to see if it is reachable, and waits for
an ACK before sending the actual message
1.2 Network Routing: An Overview
• Cross-points in the Internet are known as routers
• Factors affecting the efficient delivery of packets
• Routers with a reasonable amount of buffer space,
• Links with adequate bandwidth,
• Actual transmission with minimal error
• The routers’ efficiency in switching a packet to the appropriate outgoing link
• IP address numbering is not geographic
1.2 Network Routing: An Overview
• Routing table: to determine the next hop.
• Routing protocol: how the information is exchanged to update the routing table.
• Routing algorithm: to determine the best possible next hop.
• Forwarding table/Forwarding Information Base (FIB): is derived from the routing table that
identifies the outgoing link interfaces.
• Traffic engineering
• Network architecture.
1.7 Router Architecture
• 3 primary functions:
Packet Forwarding
- Receives a packet
- Checks if it is error free
- Inspects the destination
address
- Table lookup to determine
the appropriate outgoing
link.
Routing Protocol Message
Processing
- Handles routing protocol
packets
- Determines if any changes are
needed in the routing table by
invoking a routing algorithm.
Specialized Services:
- Handles specialized services in
monitoring and managing a
network.
1.7 Router Architecture
• Router architecture: a functional
view
1.8 Network Topology Architecture
• Topology: e.g., a star, ring, Manhattan-street network, or a fully mesh topology, or a
combination of them
• Considering factors in economic issues, technological capabilities, volume of expected traffic
and types of traffic, operational environment and operational experience.
• Network architecture can refer to
• Network topology architecture
• Protocol architecture
1.9 Network Management Architecture
• Functions in network management architecture are divided into 3 different planes:
• Management plane
• Control plane
• Data plane
• Management plane: router configuration and various statistics (e.g., link throughput)
• Control plane: control information btw routers for management (e.g., setting up a virtual
link)
• At the IP layer, there is no distinction between these functional planes.
1.9 Network Management Architecture
1.10 Public Switched Telephone Network
• The service model of blocked-calls-cleared mode using circuit switching
• The call request is blocked and cleared from the system (not queued)
• A dedicated circuit with 4 kHz in an analog circuit and 64 kbps in a wireline digital circuit
1.10 Public Switched Telephone Network
• An information unit in the PSTN is a call
• Nodes are called switches connected by intermachine trunks (IMTs) (trunkgroups)
• E.164 is an ITU-T recommendation defining a numbering plan for the worldwide PSTN and
other data networks
• An end device is a telephone or customer premise equipment (CPE)
• Using the OSI reference model, PSTN: application layer, network layer, and physical layer