SOM 354 CH 4

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1. According to Hofstede, in societies where which of the following was emphasized, ties B. collectivism
between individuals were tight.

A. individualism

B. collectivism

C. femininity

D. low uncertainty avoidance

E. low power distance

2. According to Max Weber, Protestantism encouraged capitalism's development by: E. emphasizing the importance of hard
work and wealth creation for the glory
A. believing that salvation occurred in the next world, rather than this world. of God and frugality.

B. encouraging the consumption of accumulated wealth by indulging in worldly

pleasures.

C. adhering to the hierarchical domination of religious and social life that characterized
the Catholic Church.

D. limiting an individual's religious freedom.

E. emphasizing the importance of hard work and wealth creation for the glory of God
and frugality.
3. Ceria Republic is a country that has achieved rapid economic growth and prosperity A. greater collectivism.
over the last couple of decades as a result of globalization. Hence, the country is most
likely to see a cultural shift away from:

A. greater collectivism.

B. greater economic freedom.

C. well-being values.

D. secular rational values.

E. cultural convergence.
4. China Innovation Inc. is a devout follower of Confucian ethics. Hence, it hires people who live D. The cost of doing business
by similar principles. Which of the following is most likely to be a characteristic of this will be low for those companies
company? that enter into a business with it.

A. The conflict between management and labor will be high.

B. The company's management will expect blind loyalty from the workers.

C. It will often indulge in violations of business agreements.

D. The cost of doing business will be low for those companies that enter into a business with it.

E. It will not have any relationship networks that are supported by reciprocal obligations.
5. Chinese is the mother tongue of the largest number of people, but English is the most widely A. many people speak English
spoken language in the world. This indicates that: as a second language.

A. many people speak English as a second language.

B. many native English speakers are learning Chinese.

C. the population of native English speakers exceeds that of China.

D. Chinese will soon overtake English as the most widely spoken language.

E. Chinese is increasingly becoming the language of international business.

6. A country characterized with low uncertainty avoidance and low masculinity will: C. be less resistant to change
and less distinguishing between
A. place a premium on job security and career progression for both men and women. men and women in the same
job.
B. support stringent managerial control and competition between men and women.

C. be less resistant to change and less distinguishing between men and women in the same job.

D. have a strong need for rules and exertion of power in the society and gender egalitarianism.

E. oppose risk-taking and gender egalitarianism.

7. A decade ago the government of Weinsland decided to liberalize the country's economy. As a B. As the country gets richer,
result, today the country is experiencing rapid economic advancement and societal changes there will be a shift in the
that are favorable for international business. Which of the following changes is most likely to society from "traditional" to
occur in Weinsland? "secular rational" values.

A. The country will exhibit more need for social and material support structures built on
collectives.

B. As the country gets richer, there will be a shift in the society from "traditional" to "secular
rational" values.

C. As the country gets richer, there will be a shift in the society from "well-being" to "survival"
values.

D. The people in the country will give more importance to collectivism than to individualism.

E. The country, to further facilitate globalization, will commit to authoritarian ideologies.

8. Dharma, karma, and nirvana are terms related to: B. Hinduism.

A. Confucianism.

B. Hinduism.

C. Judaism.

D. Islam.

E. Protestantism.
9. A difference in the attitudes of people toward time in different cultures is an example of which of the following A. Folkways
in individual cultures?

A. Folkways

B. Religious doctrines

C. Mores

D. Laws

E. Social structures
10. The distinctive culture of Wengiston has been losing its predominance among the citizens of the country. This is B. the
due to the fact that the people of Wengiston are extensively adopting certain universally accepted values and convergence
norms. This behavior of the people in Wengiston demonstrates: hypothesis.

A. ethnocentrism.

B. the convergence hypothesis.

C. egocentrism.

D. Confucian dynamism.

E. social mobility.
11. For more than 2,000 years until the 1949 communist revolution, which of the following, which teaches the C.
importance of attaining personal salvation through right action, was the official ethical system of China? Confucianism

A. Maoism

B. Feng Shui

C. Confucianism

D. Shintoism

E. Buddhism
12. Hindus see mobility between castes as something that can be C. spiritual progression and reincarnation.
achieved through:

A. appropriate schooling and occupation.

B. individual economic achievements over the course of one's

lifetime.

C. spiritual progression and reincarnation.

D. hard work that results in gradual upward mobility over

generations.

E. offering prayer five times a day, and by refraining from the

payment or receipt of interest.
13. Hofstede's fifth dimension of Confucian dynamism captures:
A. how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in
physical and intellectual capabilities.
D. attitudes toward time, persistence, ordering by status,
protection of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of
gifts and favors.

B. the relationship between an individual and his or her fellows

along with the degree to which individual achievement and freedom
are emphasized.

C. the extent to which different cultures socialized their members

into accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty.

D. attitudes toward time, persistence, ordering by status, protection

of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of gifts and favors.

E. the extent to which sex roles are differentiated and values such
as achievement and power are emphasized.
14. If a society emphasizes the group as the primary unit of social D. discourage employees from moving from company to
organization, it is most likely to: company.

A. encourage competition between the members of the group.

B. expose managers to different ways of doing business.

C. foster dynamism and entrepreneurship.

D. discourage employees from moving from company to company.

E. fail to facilitate self-managing work teams.

15. In 1904, who theorized that there was a relationship between Protestantism C. Max Weber
and the emergence of modern capitalism?

A. Karl Marx

B. Alfred Schmidt

C. Max Weber

D. Abraham Maslow

E. Adam Smith
16. In a Confucian culture, loyalty of the subordinates to their superiors should B. reciprocated by the superiors by bestowing
be: blessings on them.

A. blind in nature.

B. reciprocated by the superiors by bestowing blessings on them.

C. free of expectations of reward and personal gain.

D. aimed at attaining spiritual perfection.

E. based on the superiors' spiritual achievements.

17. In a social context, the term values is used to describe the: C. abstract ideas about what a group believes to
be good, right, and desirable.
A. economic benefits that are inherent to a culture.

B. collective wealth of the society.

C. abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and

desirable.

D. political ascendancy of a country.

E. social rules and guidelines about the appropriate behavior in public.

18. In a society, actions of people directed toward one another are governed by A. norms.
a set of social rules called:

A. norms.

B. manifestoes.

C. structures.

D. scriptures.

E. dialects.
19. In the context of social structure, American society is characterized by a low degree of: A. social stratification.

A. social stratification.

B. mobility between strata.

C. entrepreneurial activity.

D. managerial mobility.

E. dynamism and innovation.

20. In the country of Burnada, the citizens are restricted from moving out of the strata they are born B. caste system.
into. Also, individuals are allowed to engage only in the occupation associated with their particular
strata. The system of social stratification being practiced in Burnada can be identified as a:

A. cluster system.

B. caste system.

C. merit-based system.

D. class system.

E. bureaucracy-based system.
21. In the Republic of Cedia, people are extremely conscious about their social backgrounds. This in D. an antagonistic
turn regulates their relationships with members of other classes. As a result of the heightened class relationship will exist
consciousness: between management and
labor classes.
A. the mobility between the social classes of the Cedian society will increase.

B. the level of industrial disruption

and industrial disputes will be low.

C. most of the population will perceive itself to be middle class.

D. an antagonistic relationship will exist between management and labor classes.

E. successful individuals, irrespective of their origins, will be highly respected.

22. Janet believes that the cultural group she belongs to is superior and is hence highly intolerant C. ethnocentrism.
toward employees from the cultures of other countries. This behavior of Janet is known as:

A. cultural convergence.

B. Confucian dynamism.

C. ethnocentrism.

D. ethnic gloss.

E. class consciousness.
23. A major distinction between a conventional bank and an Islamic bank is that Islamic banks: C. cannot pay
or charge
A. are allowed to charge higher interest rates on loans. interest.

B. cannot accept private deposits.

C. cannot pay or charge interest.

D. are not subject to any form of law.

E. are supposed to refrain from making a profit through any source.

24. Managers at the Blue Dragon Inc., an international company with operations in China and the United States, A. vary its
are often heard complaining about the difficulties in achieving synergy and cooperation between the management
employees of both the countries. On extensive research it was concluded that the cultural differences processes and
between these countries, which resulted in different work-related values, caused the lack of cooperation. In practices to
order to effectively tackle this problem, Blue Dragon Inc. should: account for
these
A. vary its management processes and practices to account for these differences. differences.

B. adopt the host country's management processes and practices in both countries.

C. opt to exit one of the countries to avoid a conflict.

D. provide incentives to the employees based only on their individual performance.

E. adopt the home country's management processes and practices in both countries.
25. Many of which of the following believe that the way to achieve nirvana—a state of complete B. Hindus
spiritual perfection—is to lead a severe ascetic lifestyle of material and physical self-denial, devoting life to a
spiritual rather than material quest?

A. Christians

B. Hindus

C. Muslims

D. Protestants

E. Confucians
26. Max Weber argued that the ascetic principles embedded in which of the following do not B. Hinduism
encourage entrepreneurial activity in pursuit of wealth creation because it is perceived that
such activities make the attainment of nirvana more difficult?

A. Islam

B. Hinduism

C. Confucianism

D. Protestantism

E. Capitalism
27. Mountland Republic follows a system of social stratification that allows for flexibility in terms of social mobility. In B. Class
this system of open stratification the status of a person is solely determined by his or her own socioeconomic
achievements. Mountland Republic is most likely to be following what type of system of social stratification?

A. Caste

B. Class

C. Religious

D. Grade

E. Bureaucratic
28. Mr. X finds it hard to dine with his American colleagues as his religion prohibits the consumption of pork and alcohol. E. Islam.
He also quit his previous job in a bank because his religion considers the payment or receipt of interest as
exploitative and unjust. According to this information, Mr. X is a follower of:

A. Protestantism.

B. Hinduism.

C. Judaism.

D. Confucianism.

E. Islam.
29. Mr. X follows a religion that does not propagate the caste system. Also, his religion emphasizes right seeing, B.
thinking, speech, action, living, effort, mindfulness, and meditation as a route for spiritual transformation. According Buddhist.
to this information, Mr. X can be considered a:

A. Hindu.

B. Buddhist.

C. Confucian.

D. Sikh.

E. Muslim.
30. Ms. X is a follower of a religion that emphasizes that individuals should be judged solely by their spiritual A.
achievements. The caste she belongs to is of the highest order in her religion, and hence is highly respected. She Hinduism.
also firmly believes that she was born into the high caste as a result of her spiritual development in her previous
life. Ms. X follows:

A. Hinduism.

B. Buddhism.

C. Confucianism.

D. Islam.

E. Christianity.
31. Mudarabah and the murabaha are: A. Islamic banking
methods.
A. Islamic banking methods.

B. Arabic words for interest and profit, respectively.

C. banking practices that are prohibited by Islam.

D. laws governing international trade and commerce in Islamic countries.

E. laws limiting the right to private property.

32. Muslim countries are likely to be receptive to international businesses as long as those businesses: A. behave in a
manner that is
A. behave in a manner that is consistent with Islamic ethics. consistent with
Islamic ethics.
B. do not hold affiliations with supranational organizations like the WTO or IMF.

C. adopt western ideologies of doing business.

D. generate income in the form of interest on the loans.

E. do not undertake any charitable activities because Islam has very strict rules about the way these
activities should be conducted.
33. The natives of the Republic of Coastland are always prepared to take risks and they also demonstrate less C. low uncertainty
emotional resistance to change. Apart from these characteristics, the ties between people are loose, sex avoidance.
roles are less sharply distinguished, and inequalities of power and wealth are discouraged in the country.
According to this information, the Republic of Coastland most likely demonstrates:

A. collectivism.

B. masculinity.

C. low uncertainty avoidance.

D. high power distance.

E. class consciousness.
34. One of the downsides to the emphasis on individualism is that it: A. is difficult to
build teams within
A. is difficult to build teams within an organization to perform collective tasks. an organization to
perform collective
B. does not support entrepreneurship and innovation. tasks.

C. discourages managerial mobility.

D. fails to foster general managerial skills required to find solutions to current problems.

E. discourages competition among employees within a company.

35. A person seeking and receiving help through a guanxi network is: A. liable to a social sanction if he or she does not
reciprocate when called upon.
A. liable to a social sanction if he or she does not reciprocate when
called upon.

B. considered to be disloyal to his or her superiors.

C. free from reciprocal obligations.

D. not a follower of Confucian ethics.

E. hesitant to commit to cooperative ventures.

36. The recent trend to outsource information technology jobs to C. a good education system is a determinant of national
countries such as India indicates that: competitive advantage.

A. the availability of unskilled labor has increased in these countries.

B. these countries have benefited by moving toward communism.

C. a good education system is a determinant of national competitive

advantage.

D. the availability of a pool of unskilled labor has been reduced in

Western countries.

E. these countries are taking advantage of their latitudinal location.

37. The rise of Islamic fundamentalism is, in part, a response to the: B. movement in traditional Islamic societies toward
modernization.
A. denial of equal rights for women and other minorities.

B. movement in traditional Islamic societies toward modernization.

C. narrowing gap between the rich and the poor.

D. increasing standard of living in Islamic societies.

E. widening gap between the highly developed and the less

developed nations.
38. Survival values typically stress the importance of: B. economic and physical security.

A. diversity in the society.

B. economic and physical security.

C. self-expression.

D. participation in political
processes.

E. capitalism.
39. The United Republic emphasizes individual performance and achievements in every D. The employees in this country will
sphere of society. Which of the following statements is true about the society of this lack loyalty and commitment to a
country? company.

A. The country suffers from a low degree of dynamism and innovation.

B. The country has a low degree of managerial mobility.

C. There is a low degree of entrepreneurial activity in the country.

D. The employees in this country will lack loyalty and commitment to a company.

E. Managers in such a country have highly developed company-specific skills but they
lack general skills.
40. What is the common aspect of the teachings of Hinduism and Buddhism? A. Both stress the afterlife and spiritual
achievement rather than material
A. Both stress the afterlife and spiritual achievement rather than material progress. progress.

B. Both support the existence of a caste system.

C. Both advocate the same kind of extreme ascetic behavior.

D. Both propagate the Noble Eightfold Path as a route for transformation.

E. Both condemn the payment or the receipt of interest on loans and deposits.
41. What is the difference between folkways and mores? B. Violating mores tends to bring more
serious retribution than violating
A. Folkways are norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society, whereas folkways.
mores are the routine conventions of everyday life.

B. Violating mores tends to bring more serious retribution than violating folkways.

C. Folkways exclude rituals and symbolic behaviors included in mores.

D. Folkways have much greater significance than mores.

E. Mores cannot be enacted into laws, whereas folkways can.

42. When compared to American society, Japanese society lacks: E. dynamism and entrepreneurship.

A. commitment to lifetime employment.

B. emphasis on group memberships.

C. self-managing work teams.

D. close cooperation between

individuals.

E. dynamism and entrepreneurship.

43. When schools emphasize respect for others, obedience to authority, honesty, neatness, being on time, and use a C. indirectly
grading system, they are: teaching
cultural
A. teaching children to be noncompetitive. values and
norms.
B. impinging on fundamental freedoms and values.

C. indirectly teaching cultural values and norms.

D. indirectly creating a rigid caste system.

E. unnecessarily deviating from formal education.

44. When Shop Smart opened its first super market in China it was unable to generate any sales. After conducting a A. cross-
research, it was understood that the local sales personnel found it difficult to communicate with the American cultural
store managers. In addition, Chinese consumers found it difficult to shop in the American way. Shop Smart's literacy.
failure in China can be attributed to the lack of:

A. cross-cultural literacy.

B. class consciousness.

C. a first-mover advantage.

D. Confucian dynamism.

E. ethnocentrism.
45. Which of Hofstede's dimensions focused on how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical B. power
and intellectual capabilities? distance

A. individualism versus collectivism

B. power distance

C. uncertainty avoidance

D. masculinity versus femininity

E. Confucian dynamism
46. Which of the following are social conventions concerning things such as the appropriate dress code in a A. Folkways
particular situation, good social manners, eating with the correct utensils, neighborly behavior, and the like?

A. Folkways

B. Proscriptions

C. Reprobations

D. Fellowships

E. Taboos
47. Which of the following best exemplifies ethnocentrism? C. Bryan's belief in the superiority of his culture has
resulted in conflicts with his colleagues from different
A. Sarah believes that her opinions and interests are superior to that countries.
of her siblings.

B. Nicole is highly tolerant toward different cultures and is also keen

on learning different languages.

C. Bryan's belief in the superiority of his culture has resulted in

conflicts with his colleagues from different countries.

D. Emilio is in an ethical dilemma as he has been given the

responsibility of deciding whether or not to hire his under-qualified
cousin.

E. Galaxy Inc. has been accused of using legal but unethical ways to
gain access into the markets of less developed countries.
48. Which of the following best exemplifies violation of mores? B. Committing a financial fraud

A. Attending a business meeting in casual clothes

B. Committing a financial fraud

C. Failing to greet a person you know

D. Eating with the inappropriate cutlery in a social gathering

E. Keeping a good friend waiting at a coffee shop

49. Which of the following Confucian ethics is central to the Chinese D. Reciprocal obligations
concept of guanxi?

A. Holding all material possessions in trust for God

B. Renunciation of the material world

C. Devoting life to a spiritual quest

D. Reciprocal obligations

E. Individual progress
50. Which of the following exemplifies violation of folkways best? C. Failing to greet a person you know

A. Committing a financial fraud

B. Practicing cannibalism under the belief that it leads to

superpowers

C. Failing to greet a person you know

D. Stealing an author's or an
inventor's intellectual property

E. Murdering a business partner

51. Which of the following is a characteristic of high uncertainty avoidance cultures? B. They allow a manager to
tightly control subordinates'
A. They do not place importance on job security, career patterns, retirement benefits, and so on. initiatives.

B. They allow a manager to tightly control subordinates' initiatives.

C. They demonstrate less emotional resistance to change.

D. They are characterized by a greater readiness to take risks.

E. They oppose the use of rules and regulations to exercise control over individuals.
52. Which of the following is a closed system of stratification in which social position is determined A. Caste
by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position is usually not possible
during an individual's lifetime?

A. Caste

B. Merit

C. Class

D. Economic

E. Bureaucratic
53. Which of the following is a criticism of Hofstede's four cultural dimensions? D. Certain social classes
were excluded from
A. Hofstede has ignored the one-to- one correspondence between culture and the nation-state. Hofstede's work sample.

B. Most of Hofstede's findings are in direct conflict with standard Western stereotypes.

C. Hofstede assumes that most countries have more than one cultural dimension.

D. Certain social classes were excluded from Hofstede's work sample.

E. Hofstede's informants belonged to several different industries, companies, and countries

hence his research lacks standardization.
54. Which of the following is a dimension of social structure that is particularly important when D. The degree to which the
explaining differences between cultures? society is stratified into
classes or castes
A. The average income of the people who belong to a particular culture

B. The dominant race and the gender in the society

C. The extent to which work is viewed as more important than family

D. The degree to which the society is stratified into classes or castes

E. The degree to which a society supports multiple subcultures

55. Which of the following is an aspect of nonverbal communication? D. Personal space

A. Grammar

B. Punctuation

C. Speech tone

D. Personal space

E. Voice modulation
56. Which of the following is an ethical system that has influenced behavior and A. Confucianism
shaped culture in parts of Asia and is not considered as a religion?

A. Confucianism

B. Hinduism

C. Islam

D. Christianity

E. Buddhism
57. Which of the following is an implication of high degree of managerial C. Lack of company-specific experience,
mobility in societies that emphasize individualism? knowledge, and a network of contacts among
managers
A. Reduced costs of doing business

B. Increased managerial loyalty and commitment to an individual company

C. Lack of company-specific experience, knowledge, and a network of

contacts among managers

D. Lack of exposure among employees to different ways of doing business

E. Inability to apply good practices and techniques developed in one firm to

other firms
58. Which of the following is a nonreligious ethical system principally followed D. Confucianism
in China, Korea, and Japan?

A. Shinto

B. Buddhism

C. Judaism

D. Confucianism

E. Hinduism
59. Which of the following is a possible downside of emphasizing the primacy of group identification B. It leads to a lack of
over individualism? dynamism and
entrepreneurship.
A. It encourages managerial mobility between companies.

B. It leads to a lack of dynamism and entrepreneurship.

C. It hampers team building and cooperation.

D. It raises the costs of doing business due to its adverse impact on managerial stability.

E. It leads to the lack of company-specific skills and a network of contacts among managers.
60. Which of the following is a religion that prohibits the payment or receipt of interest, as it is E. Islam
considered to be usury?

A. Hinduism

B. Buddhism

C. Christianity

D. Confucianism

E. Islam
61. Which of the following is most likely to be the result of high degrees of class consciousness in D. Increase in the costs of
societies? production

A. High levels of social mobility

B. Healthy relationship between management and labor classes

C. Low levels of industrial disruption

D. Increase in the costs of production

E. Greater opportunities for businesses to establish competitive advantage

62. Which of the following is not concerned with the supernatural, has little to say about the concept of D. Confucianism
a supreme being or an afterlife, and believes that loyalty to one's superiors is an absolute
obligation?

A. Buddhism

B. Christianity

C. Hinduism

D. Confucianism

E. Islam
63. Which of the following is the most widely spoken language in the world, and is increasingly C. English
becoming the language of international business?

A. Chinese

B. French

C. English

D. Spanish

E. German
64. Which of the following is true about the Islamic banking method the mudarabah? A. A mudarabah contract is
similar to a profit-sharing
A. A mudarabah contract is similar to a profit-sharing scheme. scheme.

B. Under mudarabah, when an Islamic bank lends money to a business, it charges interest on the
loan.

C. It is the most widely used banking method among the world's Islamic banks, primarily because
it is the easiest to implement.

D. It has been proven that a mudarabah contract discourages both long-term savings and long-
term investment.

E. A mudarabah contract uses a price markup method to make profits.

65. Which of the following means an understanding of how cultural differences across and within B. Cross-cultural literacy
nations can affect the way business is practiced?

A. Ethnocentrism

B. Cross-cultural literacy

C. Pan-culture integration

D. Cultural lag

E. Cultural capitalism
66. Which of the following refers to a condition where people tend to perceive themselves in terms B. Class consciousness
of their class background, and this shapes their relationships with members of other classes?

A. Social mobility

B. Class consciousness

C. Cross-culture literacy

D. Social awareness

E. Class representativeness
67. Which of the following religions does not owe its founding to any one B. Hinduism
particular individual?

A. Buddhism

B. Hinduism

C. Christianity

D. Islam

E. Confucianism
68. Which of the following statements best defines personal space? D. It is the comfortable amount of distance
between you and someone you are talking with.
A. It is the amount of distance to be maintained from the audience in order
to be audible to them.

B. It is a psychological phase wherein a person has free flowing thoughts.

C. In ergonomics, it is the minimum amount of space required by an average

employee in order to work efficiently.

D. It is the comfortable amount of distance between you and someone you

are talking with.

E. It is the amount of space a country has per person and is arrived at by

dividing the country's total geographical area by its total population.
69. Which of the following statements is true about Buddhism? B. The emphasis on wealth creation that is
embedded in Protestantism is not found in
A. Buddhism was founded in the fifth century B.C. by K'ung-Fu- tzu, in China. Buddhism.

B. The emphasis on wealth creation that is embedded in Protestantism is not

found in Buddhism.

C. Buddhism advocates the kind of extreme ascetic behavior that is

encouraged by Hinduism.

D. Like Hinduism, Buddhism also supports the caste system.

E. Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism does not stress afterlife and spiritual

achievement.
70. Which of the following statements is true about culture? B. Multinational enterprises can themselves be
engines of cultural change.
A. Culture is static as it does not evolve.

B. Multinational enterprises can themselves be engines of cultural change.

C. The cost of doing business in a country or region is always independent

of its culture.

D. It is not possible for a country to support multiple cultures.

E. The values and norms of a culture emerge fully formed.

71. Which of the following statements is true about Hinduism? A. Hinduism supported India's caste system.

A. Hinduism supported India's caste system.

B. Hinduism allows mobility between castes within an individual's lifetime.

C. Max Weber argued that Hinduism encourages entrepreneurial activity.

D. Hindus do not believe in reincarnation, or rebirth into a different body,

after death.

E. Hinduism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, an Indian prince.

72. Which of the following statements is true about most Western societies? B. The value systems of many Western societies
emphasize individual achievement.
A. In Western societies social groups, rather than individuals, are the basic
building blocks of social organization.

B. The value systems of many Western societies emphasize individual

achievement.

C. In Western societies, the social standing of individuals is merely a

function of who they work for.

D. The emphasis on individuals in Western societies has led to a low level

of entrepreneurial activity.

E. It is easier to build and manage teams within organizations in Western

societies.
73. Which of the following statements is true about social stratification? B. Individuals are born into a particular social stratum.

A. The most rigid system of social stratification is a class system.

B. Individuals are born into a particular social stratum.

C. It is not possible for people to move between social strata.

D. Britain is an example of a society where the caste system is

predominant even today.

E. Individuals born into a stratum toward the bottom of the social

hierarchy tend to have better life chances.
74. Which of the following statements is true about the business implications D. There is a low degree of movement from company
of Japanese society? to company among managers and workers.

A. The determination of social status of an individual is independent of

the standing of the group to which he or she belongs.

B. It is difficult to find self-managing work teams within Japanese

organizations.

C. It is more successful at pioneering radically new products and new

ways of doing business than the United States.

D. There is a low degree of movement from company to company among

managers and workers.

E. The managers and workers lack company-specific knowledge,

experience, and a network of interpersonal business contacts.
75. Which of the following statements is true about the class system in the E. Successful individuals from humble origins are
United States when compared to the British class system? highly respected in American society.

A. The class system in the United States is more pronounced than in

Britain.

B. In the United States, upward social mobility cannot normally be

achieved in one generation.

C. Class membership in the United States is mainly determined by an

individual's background and schooling.

D. In American society, the extreme emphasis on individualism increases

the impact of class background on business operations.

E. Successful individuals from humble origins are highly respected in

American society.
76. Which of the following statements is true of Confucianism? E. In Confucian thought, loyalty to one's superiors is
regarded as a sacred duty.
A. Confucianism is a religion principally followed in India, Korea, and
Japan.

B. Confucianism preaches about the supernatural, the concept of a

supreme being, and an afterlife.

C. Confucian ethics raise the costs of doing business in China, Japan,

South Korea, and Taiwan.

D. Conflict between management and labor tends to be high in the

countries that follow Confucianism.

E. In Confucian thought, loyalty to one's superiors is regarded as a sacred

duty.
77. Which of the following statements is true of Geert Hofstede's work on B. His work fails to consider that many countries have
cultural dimensions? more than one culture.

A. His power distance dimension looked at the relationship between

gender and work roles.

B. His work fails to consider that many countries have more than one
culture.

C. According to him, high uncertainty avoidance cultures were less

emotionally resistant to change.

D. His findings are inconsistent with standard Western stereotypes

about cultural differences.

E. He and his associates argued that Confucianism is not good for

economic growth.
78. Which of the following statements is true of Islam? C. Islam forbids the consumption of pork and alcohol.

A. Islam has roots in Confucianism.

B. Islamic ethics support worldly gain and temporal power.

C. Islam forbids the consumption of pork and alcohol.

D. Islam makes a clear distinction between church and state.

E. Unlike Christianity and Judaism, Islam is not a monotheistic religion.

79. Which of the following statements is true of mores? E. Certain mores have been enacted into law.

A. Mores are actions of little moral significance.

B. Violation of mores is generally not a serious matter.

C. Social conventions regarding eating with the correct utensils is a

good example of mores.

D. Mores do not differ among cultures.

E. Certain mores have been enacted into law.

80. Which of the following statements is true with regard to Geert Hofstede's cultural C. Members of high uncertainty
dimensions? avoidance cultures had a strong need for
rules and regulations.
A. In societies where collectivism was emphasized, the ties between individuals were
loose.

B. Low power distance cultures were found in countries that let inequalities grow over
time into inequalities of power and wealth.

C. Members of high uncertainty avoidance cultures had a strong need for rules and
regulations.

D. In masculine cultures, little differentiation was made between men and women in
the same job.

E. Members of low uncertainty avoidance cultures placed a premium on job security,

career patterns, and retirement benefits.
81. Which of the following was founded in India in the sixth century B.C. by Siddhartha B. Buddhism
Gautama, an Indian prince who renounced his wealth to pursue an ascetic lifestyle
and spiritual perfection?

A. Hinduism

B. Buddhism

C. Confucianism

D. Islam

E. Judaism
82. Who initially isolated four dimensions—power distance, uncertainty avoidance, C. Geert Hofstede
individualism versus collectivism, and masculinity versus femininity—that he claimed
summarized different cultures?

A. Abraham Maslow

B. B. F. Skinner

C. Geert Hofstede

D. Michael Porter

E. Max Weber