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Cinética de Disolución de Malaquita en Amoníaco Carbonato de Amonio
Cinética de Disolución de Malaquita en Amoníaco Carbonato de Amonio
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Abstract
The leaching of oxide copper ore containing malachite, which is the unique copper mineral in the ore, by aqueous
ammonia solution has been studied. The effect of leaching time, ammonium hydroxide, and ammonium carbonate
concentration, pH, [NH3]/[NH4+] ratio, stirring speed, solid/liquid ratio, particle size, and temperature were investigated. The
main important parameters in ammonia leaching of malachite ore are determined as leaching time, ammonia/ammonium
concentration ratio, pH, solid/liquid ratio, leaching temperature, and particle size. Optimum leaching conditions from
malachite ore by ammonia/ammonium carbonate solution are found as ammonia/ammonium carbonate concentrations: 5 M
NH4OH+0.3 M (NH4)2CO3; solid/liquid ratio: 1:10 g/mL; leaching times: 120 min; stirring speed: 300 rpm; leaching
temperature: 25 8C; particle size finer than 450 Am. More than 98% of copper was effectively recovered. During the leaching,
copper dissolves as in the form of Cu(NH3)4+2 complex ion, whereas gangue minerals do not react with ammonia. It was
determined that interface transfer and diffusion across the product layer control the leaching process. The activation energy for
dissolution was found to be 15 kJ mol1.
D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
chite ore leaching in sulfuric acid and extraction of and only the intermediate remains that dissolves in
copper from raffinate by solvent extraction (SX) have Stage II. The rate equations were defined as
been investigated intensively (Habashi, 1983; Bingöl 1(1X)1/3=k 1t for Stage I, and 1(1X)1/2=k 2t
and Canbazoğlu, 2004; Hopkins, 1994; Amores et al., for Stage II (where X is the reacted fraction of the
1997; Navarro and Alguacil, 1999; Barlett, 1992; Ata solid, k 1 and k 2 are rate constant, and t is leaching
et al., 2001). time). The activation energies were 64 and 75 kJ
Sodium hydroxide, lime, and ammonia are the mol1 for Stage I and Stage II, respectively. A kinetic
most common alkaline reagents used. Ammonia study performed by Künkül et al. (1994) on leaching
leaching was first used at the Kennecott Plant, Alaska, of malachite in ammonia–ammonium carbonate sol-
because copper ore contains carbonates in limestone– utions shows that the leaching process was controlled
dolomite gangue which are acid soluble, consequently by diffusion through the ash layer, which is the
increasing the acid consumption (Habashi, 1970,1983; insoluble inert gangue material consisted of mainly
Alguacil, 1999). Being more selective, less corrosive SiO2, around the shrinking unreacted core, the integral
and lowering reagent consumption for calcareous rate equation was 13(1X)2/3+2(1X)=kt. Activa-
carbonate gangue are the main advantages of the tion energy for the leaching process was found to be
alkaline leaching over acid leaching. As it is applied 22 kJ mol1. A recent study by Ekmekyapar and Oya
by the Arbiter process, the raffinate is treated with (2003), investigating the ammonium chloride leaching
lime to regenerate ammonia and to produce disposable of malachite, shows that the dissolution rate was
Gypsum (CaSO4d 2H2O) (Kuhn et al., 1974). controlled by mixture kinetics. The mathematical
A large number of leaching systems in which model was proposed to represent the reaction kinetics
complex ions are formed between the metal cation is 12(1X)1/3+(1X)2/3=kt. The activation energy
and complexing species in solutions are extensively for the dissolution reaction of malachite was calcu-
utilized. Ammonium hydroxide is commonly used in lated as 71 kJ mol1.
cobalt, nickel, and copper industries due to the The aim of this study is to investigate and discuss
formation of stable metal amine complexes. Com- the leaching kinetics and dissolution parameters of
plexing ligand includes ammonia and attaches to malachite in ammonia/ammonium carbonate solutions.
metal ion through reactive nitrogen-containing group,
leading to higher solubility in most cases (Forward
and Peters, 1985). 2. Experimentals
Malachite dissolves in NH4OH/(NH4)2CO3 solu-
tions by forming a stable copper (II) tetra ammine 2.1. Materials
complex. The ammonia leaching reaction for mala-
chite is defined as: Oxidized copper ore was used for leaching experi-
ments. Mineralogical analyses, performed using
Cu2 ðOHÞ2 CO3 þ 6NH4 OH þ ðNH4 Þ2 CO3 Rigaku DMAX IIIC model X-ray diffractometer using
Y2CuðNH3 Þ4 CO3 þ 8H2 O ð1Þ CuKa radiation at 35 kV and 15 mA indicated that
malachite, pyroxene group minerals, quartz, goethite,
A study performed by Oudenne and Olson (1983) and magnetite are the major mineral phase. Typical
on leaching kinetics of malachite in ammonium chemical analysis of the sample is presented in Table
carbonate solution reveals that two stages of reaction 1. Copper, iron, nickel, cobalt, and chromium content
are found. In Stage I, the initial dissolution of of the ore sample were determined by Atomic
malachite proceeds rapidly, but after about 10% of
reaction is reached, the rate decreases by surface
blockage due to the presence of a needle-structured Table 1
Typical chemical analysis of the copper oxide ore
intermediate phase, most likely Cu(OH)2. Subse-
quently, malachite and the intermediate phase dissolve Component (%)
simultaneously. In Stage II, after 90% of reaction is Cu Fe Ni Co Cr S C SiO2
completed, essentially all of the malachite dissolves, 28.4 15.7 0.044 0.010 0.019 0.10 2.72 15.3
D. Bingöl et al. / Hydrometallurgy 76 (2005) 55–62 57
Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Sulfur and trations, the effects of NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 on the
carbon content were determined by LECO-444 SC dissolution of malachite were investigated separately.
analyzer. Quartz content was determined by classical The graphs giving the results for the copper recovery
digestion with HF method. It is worth pointing out and also the pH of ammonia and ammonium carbonate
that carbon content originates only from malachite solutions are given in Figs. 1 and 2. The copper
carbonate and sulfur originates from base metal recovery increases either with ammonia or ammonium
sulfides present in the ore. carbonate concentration increases. The increase is fast
The ore was crushed, ground, and then sieved up to 5 M NH4OH, then dissolution rate decreases.
using standard test sieves to obtain desired particle However, the increase attends at investigated intervals
size fractions for the leaching experiments. The for (NH4)2CO3. For example, the malachite dissolution
experiments in which the effects of ammonia/ammo- was 72% at 13.4 M NH4OH, while it was 7% at 1 M
nium carbonate concentration and solid/liquid ratio NH4OH (Fig. 1). On the other hand, the copper
were investigated were carried out with the ore sample recovery reaches to 36% for 2 M (NH4)2CO3 while it
whose 80% is finer than 650 Am. The experiments in is 2% in 0.1 M (NH4)2CO3 (Fig. 2).
which the effects of temperature was investigated pH of leaching solution increases with increase in
were performed using 450+250 Am size ore. pH NH 4OH concentration, while it decreases with
measurements were performed using HANNA 8521 increasing (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 concentration. The pH
pH-meter in the solutions obtained before and after increases from 11.8 to 12.5, depending on the increase
the leaching experiments. of NH4OH concentration from 1 to 13.4 M, while by
increasing (NH4)2CO3 concentration from 0.1 to 2 M,
2.2. Method pH decreases from 9 to 8.5.
Copper recoveries for 5, 30, 120, and 140 min of
A Pyrex beaker (600 mL) was used as a leaching leaching by NH4OH+(NH4)2CO3 solution are given in
reactor. It was closed by a rubber cover. On the cover, Fig. 3. These results indicate that the copper recoveries
there are three holes for taking samples from leach increase with increasing leaching times for each
solution, mechanical Teflon stirrer, and pH electrode. ammonia/ammonium concentrations [that is, for 5 M
The temperature of the leach solution in the reactor NH4OH+0.3 M (NH4)2CO3 leaching conditions, the
was provided by a thermostatically controlled water
bath. Required amount of ore was added into the
agitated NH4OH/(NH4)2CO3 solution of given con-
centration at the given temperature. After a specific
time, about 5 mL of leaching solution sample was
withdrawn from the reactor, and fresh 5 mL of
NH4OH/(NH4)2CO3 solution was immediately added
to leaching reactor. The sample solution was analyzed
for copper by AAS. Filtration was made after each
leaching experiment. The weight loss in the solid
phase occurred after leaching was calculated accord-
ing to difference between the weight of solids before
and after the leaching.
3. Results
3.1. Effect of ammonia concentration Fig. 1. Effect of NH4OH concentration on the recovery of copper
from the malachite ore and the change in the pH during the leaching
(temperature, 25 8C; particle size, 80% 650 Am; weight of ore,
Prior to the experiments investigating the effect of 20 g; solid to liquid ratio, 1/5 g/mL; stirring speed, 250 rpm; time,
NH4OH together with (NH4)2CO3 at different concen- 180 min).
58 D. Bingöl et al. / Hydrometallurgy 76 (2005) 55–62
copper recovery is 49% at the end of 5 min of leaching, The effect of solid/liquid ratio on the dissolution of
and it reaches to 80% at the end of 240 min]. The malachite was investigated in the range of 1:1–1:10.
copper recovery increases with increasing NH4OH The results with the weight loss are presented in Fig. 5.
concentration until 5 M NH4OH+0.3 M (NH4)2CO3 Liquid volume was kept constant, and the amount of
concentration with increase in NH4OH concentration. solid was changed to obtain the desired ratio during the
This increase reaches to 80% at the end of 240 min,
Fig. 3. Effect of NH4OH+(NH4)2CO3 on the recovery of copper Fig. 4. Effect of leaching time on the recovery of copper from the
from the malachite ore (temperature, 25 8C; particle size, 80% malachite ore (ammonia concentration: 5 M NH4OH + 0.3 M
650 Am; weight of ore, 20 g; solid to liquid ratio, 1/5 g/mL; (NH4)2CO3; temperature, 25 8C; particle size, 80% 650 Am; weight
stirring speed, 250 rpm). of ore, 20 g; solid to liquid ratio, 1/5 g/mL; stirring speed, 250 rpm).
D. Bingöl et al. / Hydrometallurgy 76 (2005) 55–62 59
Table 2
Effect of particle size on recovery of copper and the weight loss
from malachite ore (ammonia concentration: 5 M NH4OH+0.3 M
(NH4)2CO3; temperature, 25 8C; weight of ore, 20 g; solid to liquid
ratio, 1:5; stirring speed, 250 rpm; time, 180 min)
Particle size (mm) Copper recovery (%) Weight loss (%)
+4.760 37.0 18.6
4.760+2.830 54.7 27.6
2.830+2.000 68.1 33.6
2.000+0.841 70.2 34.6
0.841+0.212 75.0 37.1
0.212+0.150 81.0 40.0
0.150+0.100 90.0 44.4
0.100+0.075 95.0 46.9
0.075+0.045 98.5 48.5
0.045 98.9 48.8
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgement Forward, F.A., Peters, A., 1985. Leaching vol.2. SME Mineral
Processing Handbook, New York, pp. 13.12 – 13.6.
Galitis, N., Clement, N., Hammami, R., 1978. Undersuchungen zur
Authors are thankful to Prof. Dr. Hqseyin YalçVn ammoniakalischen Laugung von Kupferschiefer-Roherz und
for evaluation of mineralogical analyses and Assoc. Flotations Kozentrat. Metal, 1116 – 1119.
Prof. Dr. Ünal Akdemir for discussion of results. Habashi, F., 1970. Principles of Extractive Metallurgy vol. 1.
Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York.
Habashi, F., 1983. Trends in the hydrometallurgical treatment of
copper oxides ores. Arab Mining Journal 4 (3), 46 – 52.
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