Tricalcium silicate (C3S) 50%.

Hydrates and hardens rapidly and is largely responsible for initial set and early strength.
Portland cements with higher percentages of C3S will exhibit higher early strength.
Dicalcium silicate (C2S ) 25%.Hydrates slowly and is largely responsible for strength increases beyond one week.
Tricalcium aluminate (C3A) 12%. Hydrates and hardens the quickest. Liberates a large amount of heat almost
immediately and contributes somewhat to early strength. Gypsum is added to Portland cement to retard hydration.
Tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF) 8% .Hydrates rapidly but contributes very little to strength.Its use allowslower kiln
temperatures in portland cementmanufacturing.Most portland cement coloreffects are due to C4AF.
NSCP –National Structural Code of the Philippines
ASTM –American Society of Testing and Materials
AISC –American Institute of Steel Construction
ACI –American Concrete Institute
AREA –American Railway Engineering Association
AASHTO –American Association of State High way and Transportation Officials
AWS –American Welded Society
ASEP –Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines
Type I -Ordinary PortlandCement-General-purpose cement, suitable for mostpurposes.
Type II -Moderate Heat Cement / Moderate Sulfate Resistance
-The cement possesses moderate resistance to sulfate attack because of certain limitations on composition.
Type III -High Early Strength Portland Cement
Used when high early strength is needed. It is often produced by grinding Type I clinker finer or by altering the chemical
composition of cement. Strength gain is double that of Type I cement in the first 24hours.
Type IV -Low Heat Portland Cement / Moderate Sulfate Resistance
-Used when hydration heat must be minimized in large volume applications such as gravity dams.
Type V -High Sulfate Resistance
-Used as a precaution against severe sulfate action -principally where soils or groundwater’s have high sulfate content.
It gains strength at a slower rate than Type I cement.
Air-Entraining Admixtures -These create numerous microscopic air spaces within concrete to protect it from
degradation due to repeated freezing and thawing
CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES- generally serve as water reducers, accelerators, set retarders, or a combination.
Mineral Admixtures - Fly ashes, pozzolans, and microsilicates(silica fume) are included in the mineral admixture
classification. Natural cement is sometimes used as an admixture.
ASTM C494‘‘Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
ASTM C260-The ‘‘Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete,’’ covers materials for use of air-
entraining admixtures to be added to concrete
TypeProperty
•A Water reducer
•B Set retarder
•C Set accelerator
•D Water reducer and set retarder
•E Water reducer and set accelerator
•F High-range water reducer
•G High-range water reducer and set retarder
Superplasticizers -are high-range water-reducing admixtures that meet the requirements of ASTM C494 Type F or G.
They are often used to achieve high strength concrete by use of a low water-cement ratio with good workability
Set-Accelerating Admixtures-used to decrease the time from the start of addition of water to cement to initial set and
to increase the rate of strength gain of concrete.
Retarding Admixtures- All normal water-reducing admixtures retard the initial set of concrete.
Type B or D admixture will allow transport of concrete for a longer time before initial set occurs.
COARSE AGGREGATES –retained sieve no 4 (4.75mm)
FINE AGGREGATES –passing sieve no 4 (4.75mm)
SLUMP-Measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets.
collapse slump- the concrete collapses completely.
shear slump-the top portion of the concrete shears off and slips sideways.
true slump- the concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape.
BEAMS AND COLUMNS 3in
SLABS,WALLS, PARAPETS AND TOPS 2in
SIDE WALLS AND ARCHES 4in
HEAVY MASS OF CONCRETE 2in
•CLASS AAA 1:1:2
•CLASS AA1:1.5:3
•CLASS A1:2:4
•CLASS B1:2.5:5
•CLASS C1:3:6
•CLASS D1:3.5:7
MANUAL –flat surface with shovels and buggy
Small Power –a manual mixing rotating drum
Bagger Mixer -equipped with diesel engine and pump operated mechanical mixing drum,rotating mixing drum backtruck
Ready mixed -concrete fully mixed at the batch plant for delivery by an agitator to construction site
Shrink Mixed -concrete partially mixed at the batch plant then mixed completely in a truck mixed then route to construc
Transit Mixed-concrete dry batch at a batch plant and mixed at truck mixer then route to construction site
Shotcrete –for lightweight construction where concrete mix is pumped through a hose and sprayed at high velocity over
reinforcement until desired thickness is reached.
Cast-in-place –Concrete deposited, formed and cured and finished in its final position as a part of the structure
Slip Form –a form that can be moved slowly and continuously as concrete is being placed during construction/ the
concrete is poured into a continouslymoving form.
Lift –Slab Construction–structural members are sequentially lifted into final position-casting the floor slab on top of the
previous slab and then raising the slab up with hydraulic jacks.
Tilt-Up Construction–structural members are custom precastedon site then hoisted into final position.-involves site-
casting the concrete wall of a building on its floor slab or on a separate casting bed and then tilting and lifting them into
Pre stressing -methods are pretensioningand post tensioning
Curing Blanket –built covering made of sack, matting, burlap, wet earth, sawdust, straw and plastic
Scaffolding -a temporary platform structure or wooden poles and planks providing platform for working men to stand
while erecting or repairing buildings and provide access to work areas above ground
Formwork -temporary construction to obtain wet concrete in the required shape while it is cast and set.
Segregation -separation of coarse aggregates causing excessive horizontal movement making a free fall mix
Stratification -separation wetting into horizontal layers where lighter material migrates towards the top.
Splitting tensile strength is used to evaluate the shear resistance provided by concrete in reinforced lightweight
Flexural Strength-It is a measure of an unreinforced concrete beam or slab to resist failure in bending.
Plastic Shrinkage.-This is the shrinkage that the freshly placed concrete undergoes till it sets completely.
Drying Shrinkage :-As the concrete has completely set and hardens, some further shrinkage may result because of
contraction of gel-structure due to further loss of moisture, or
Thermal Shrinkage.-This may be due to fall in temperature of concrete from the time it is laid till it sets completely.
Thermal Expansion:In massive concrete works, when the upper layers are laid before the lower layers have completely
set, there can arise a phenomenon of thermal expansion in the lower layers.
Moisture-to ensure hydration process continues
Temperature-to ensure that the chemical reaction continues

Time-to ensure that the durability properties fully develop. Curing needs to be initiated as soon as the finishing
operations are complete and the surface will not be damaged by the curing operation.

Curing Compounds -Form a membrane over the top surface of the concrete preventing moisture loss
Plastic Sheeting-Ensure that the plastic sheeting covers 100% of the concrete surface and that it is adequately sealed at
the edges to prevent moisture loss
Leaving Formwork In Place-This system is most effective for vertical elements (walls, columns, beams, etc).
Water Ponding-Flooding of the concrete surface to provide both moisture and a uniform curing temperature
Water Sprinkling- Spraying water over the concrete surface.
Wet Burlap- Pre-soaked burlap is applied to the concrete surface and is covered with plastic to prevent moisture loss or
water is reapplied as necessary to prevent the material from drying out
Wet Sand- Wet loose material such as sand can be used to cure concrete slabs and footings