Water Resources

Resource
a supply of something
that a country, has
and can use,
especially to increase
their wealth
Water as Resource

Agriculture Industry Domestic Use Power

• Without water, • Textile industry, • drinking, Generation
we can’t imagine food processing cooking, • Whether HEP or
agriculture industry, steel cleaning, Thermal, etc.
• Maintain fertility industry, washing, etc. would need
of soil by Pharmaceutical water to produce
depositing ,etc. electricity for
Alluvium and industries
organic material
 Rivers of
Pakistan
Eastern Western Rivers of
Tributaries Tributaries Baluchistan
 Shaduf

Charsa

Persian
Wheel

Karez

Inundation
Canals

Tank
Conventional

irrigation

Tube wells

Tankers

Sprinkler
Irrigation Methods
Modern

Perennial
Canals
Conventional Methods
Shaduf Charsa
Persian Wheel

Turns With Water

Worked Using Which is
horizontal buckets / goes into
by animal wooden attached
wheel / a cups to trough /
or man shaft / to vertical
wheel raise pipe /
power pole / log wheel
rotates water channel
Inundation Canal Tank Irrigation
Karez
A horizontal
underground canal is
dug to bring
underground water to
the surface

Several Vertical shafts

are also dug down to
the canal for repair
and maintenance
purpose

This system is dug by

a group of people
who share the water
for their crops.
Modern Irrigation Methods

Tube Well Perennial Canals

Tankers Sprinkler
Indus Water Treaty 1960
Flow of water through
Indus Water Treaty has The partition of the the canals and rivers
its origins in the subcontinent cut was controlled at a
partition of Punjab in across many rivers and series of ‘headworks’
1947 canals. most of which now lay
within Indian Punjab

Shorty, India diverted

The Indian Govt. the supply as it claimed
promised not to that presence of
interfere with the ‘headworks’ in India
supply of water gave them complete
right and Control
 West Pakistan was a Pakistan suggested the A temporary agreement
fertile country: it needed matter to be resolved by was reached in 1948
water as its economy International Court of about the uninterrupted
depended on it Justice; India refused flow of water

Pakistan was expected to

Pakistan was asked to try
The World Bank resolved build 2 dams, 5 barrages,
to find alternative water
the matter in Sep 1960 1 gated syphon and 8 link
supplies
canals till 1973
 Importance Indus Water Treaty
to Pakistan
Pakistan has
It Ensures that India Ensures a
exclusive rights to Maintains
does not restrict dependable
waters of the rivers agricultural
Pakistan’s water irrigation system in
Indus, Jhelum, and production
supply the Indus Plain
Chenab

Barrages / syphons / Enabled

It led to the
link canals were built construction cost of
construction of
to distribute water in works to be shared
Tarbela and Mangla
areas along River Ravi with Western
dams to store water
and Sutluj countries and India
Major Dams of Pakistan
Warsak Dam Terbala Dam
Irrigation Network
Water Control and supply
When that barrage is
Flows along the R closed the water is
Jhelum to the Rasul diverted into the link
Barrage. canal taking it to the
River Chenab.

The closure of the

The closure of the
BallokiBarrage
Qadirabad Barrage
diverts it along the
then diverts it to the
3rd link canal to the R
R Ravi.
Sutlej.
Siltation
Siltation is the
accumulation of
silt (fine particles
of sand, mud, and
other materials) in
the reservoir
 • Deforestation
• Soil erosion
Causes • Erosion due to water movement

• Weakens the dams foundation

• Reduces storage capacity of dams
Effects • Flow of flood water is hampered
due to mounds of silt
• Chocking of canals
Measures to reduce Siltation
Large scale afforestation on the foothills of Mountain ranges

Cemented embankment of canals to make cleaning easy

Installation of Silt traps before water flow to dam.

Raising Height of the dam to increase the capacity of reservoir

Waterlogging & Salinity
Soil in which the
watertable reaches the
root zone of plants, not
always the surface of the
soil
Water table (previously)
Reclaiming Waterlogged Soil
Govt. Launched SCARP (Salinity Control and Reclamation Project) in 1959

WAPDA was given responsibility to carry out the projects.

Lining of Canals to control seepage

Canal Closures to prevent over-irrigation

Installing tube well to lower Water Table

Planting eucalyptus tress as these consume more water

Surface drain to divert surface water to nearby river

Water Pollution
Causes
Domestic waste: because no
sanitation
Industrial waste, dumping chemicals
in rivers, hot water from power
stations
Oil spills from accidents, cleaning
Agricultural runoff e.g. because of
use of chemicals / fertilizers and
Insecticides
Problems
1. Not suitable for drinking / poisonous /
contaminates groundwater
2. Causes disease risk of cholera, typhoid,
diarrhea, hepatitis, dysentery etc.
3. risk of malaria from stagnant water
4. Not good for food processing (e.g. fish
canning)
5. Smells
6. Reduces fish catch, kills fish
7. Can damage machinery if used untreated
8. Blocks ditches / canals / causes flooding
9. Cost of treatment
 Internal Water Conflicts
drainage in the surroundings of Mardan, Pabbi and Swabi
plains would be hindered by the reservoir and thus create
waterlogging and salinity,

KPK the operation of the Mardan SCARP project would be

affected,

fertile cultivable land would be flooded from time to time

Kalabagh Dam would receive even less water from the River Indus than at
present; may reduce agricultural output,

an increase in the intrusion of sea water into the delta

increasing soil salinity,
Sindh
mangroves would be affected even more than at present,

fish production & drinking water supplies below the Kotri

Barrage would be reduced even further
 External Conflicts
These projects will not
India violated the Indus
Pakistan opposed only reduce the water
Water Treaty by
Kishanganga project, supply flowing into
constructing several
Baglihar Dam, Neelum- Pakistan but also
dams on Western
Jhelum Power project. reduce power
Tributaries of Indus
generation capity

India also has the

control of indus water,
Pakistan challenged the Unfortunately india was
if during flooding
construction of these allowed to construct
season they divert
dams at international the dams with some
water towards Pakistan
forums conditions
, the damage will be
huge.
 Is there enough water supply for all users?
Problem of tail-
Less river water /
enders / canal
restrictions by
Shortage of rainfall Evaporation system does not
India / more dams
reach all those who
on rivers
need it

Wastage by users /
Siltation in Seepage / leakage
some use more Water pollution
reservoirs / canals from canals
than they need

High demand / Population

Theft of water Lack of investment
variety of uses increase