12-3240 / P12-6579

Comparison of Hierarchical Network Design Shape Grammars Integrated Ant Colony and Genetic Algorithm (IACGA) Results Convergence behavior
Pheromone densities (left) and best intermediate
for Roads and Intersections Overview
The IACGA merges a standard Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and a
Shape grammars considered
Shape grammars A: Shape grammars B:
networks (right).

Genetic Algorithm (GA), taking advantages of both methods.

Basil J. Vitins, Nadine Schüssler, Kay W. Axhausen IVT, ETH Zurich
Advantages Necessary connection

- Learning ability.

Possible connection
A A

Motivation Network Design Shape Grammars - Population based approach, including recombination methods.
- Growing urban systems. - Accounting large search rooms.
B B
Definition - No genotype - phenotype translations. Iteration 20:
- Different standards for network design between coun- Shape Grammars describe in the form of rules how network elements
tries. of different types may be added to each other, e.g. if a four lane 1 Initial population
C C
5
- Missing evidence for standards in network design road can be crossed by an access road. The rules depict how an ex- Parent population
Pheromone
update A B C A B C
handbooks. isting planning state and geometry are extended to a more desir-
- Search space reduction for transport network design. able state. Individual 0 - 7
Shape grammars C: Shape grammars D:
Individual 8-15
Individual …
- Growing number of software solutions for urban simu- Individuals 0,1 Individuals 2,3 Individuals 4,5 Individuals 6,7 Necessary connection Necessary connection
lation and shape grammars, within urban design. Example set of shape grammars for joining network elements of dif- 2 Recombination: Link definition according to Iteration 50:
pij = f (Pheromone density ij, random term)

Possible connection
ferent hierarchical levals:

Possible connection
A A
3 no
Initial settings Network Destination network element New networks individuals, evaluation

Objective function f hierarchy A B C D B B

4 Best individual Parents of other individuals
O D

f =  ∑∑ demand od ⋅ traveltimeod  ⋅ γ +I + p ⋅ (I − B ) A
Origin network

C C
 o =1 d =1  B
element

Convergence
Offspring
reached A B C A B C
O: Origin demand generating node. 6 Iteration 200:
C yes
D: Destination demand generating node. Minor Arterial Roundabout T-junction
Access Road Link Types: Minor arterial Access road Local road 0 200m
γ: Weighting factor (value of time as a recoure) D Final network Local Road Signal control Crossing Intersection types: Roundabout Signal control Right of way control

I: Infrastructur costs as annuity Pseudo code

p: Penalty factor, p = 0 when I - B < 0 Differences of the shape grammars regarding the objective function f
Set of necessary connections, at least one for each row start
B: Budget (1) Initial population definition containing P random individuals. Initial setting 1 (n = 53) Initial setting 2 (n = 11)
Set of potential connections repeat
Search space
for i = 0, i < P, do Shape Average Relative Wilcoxon rank- Average Relative
Set of undesirable connections
Choose 4 pairs of individuals randomly. grammar score difference sum score difference
Set of prohibited connections for each pair do A -143'200 - -300'192 -
(2) Recombination for new network individual: Choose
Potential links,
network elements according to pij = f(pheromone den- B -147'132 2.75% 0.0087% -317'145 5.65%
connectors and Advantages
intersections sity on link i-j, random term) until budget B is depleted. C -144'798 - -297'301 -
- Application in planning processes.
(3) Implementation of the hierarchical shape grammars.
Demand - Robust and reliable implementation. D -157'690 8.90% 0.048% -466'909 57.05%
generating node endfor
- Easy implementation, compared to state-of-the-art transport net-
(4) The generated individual with highest score is selected
work optimization.
0 200m
- Low computational requirements without a costly bi-level net-
and proceeds to the offspring population. The remain- References
Infrastructure costs USA 2000 (1, 2) ing pairs and one random parent of the selected indi- 1. Litman, T. A. (2011) Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria.
work optimization approach
Network Links [Mio $/lane-km] Intersections [Mio $]
vidual return to the parent population. 2. Alam, M., D. Timothy and S. Sissel (2005) New capital cost table for highway investment economic anal-
- Inclusion of spatial planning and architecture shape grammars.
elements Built-up Outlying Built-up Outlying endfor ysis, Transportation Research Record, 1932, 33–42.
Disadvantages
area area area area (5) The pheromone density on each link is updated according 3. Kelly, G. A. and H. McCabe (2006) A survey of procedural techniques for city generation, ITB Journal, 14,
Freeway 1.6 1.3 9.3 6.2
- Unknown impact of shape grammars in urban systems.
to the scores of the new offspring population. A share of 87–130.
Highway 1.4 1.2 1.2 2.5 - Lack of a fundamental evidence base for shape grammars.
Interstate 1.3 0.8 - -
the density evaporates, as a learning strategy (like in ACO). 4. Marshall, S. (2005) Streets and Patterns, Spon Press, London.
Applications
Major arterial 1.3 1.1 0.3 0.1 until (6) convergence criterion is met. 5. Alexander, C., S. Ishikawa and M. Silverstein (1977) A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction,
- Transport, land use and urban planning (3, 4, 5).
Collector street 0.8 0.6 - - end Oxford University Press, Oxford.
IVT Phone: +41 44 633 27 02
Contact: Basil J. Vitins ETH Hönggerberg
CH - 8093 Zürich
E-mail:
Internet:
vitins@ivt.baug.ethz.ch
http://www.ivt.ethz.ch/people/bvitins/index_EN