Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, two of the most popularly recognised cities from
this ancient civilisation that sprang up around the rivers of Punjab and the
Indus, were the first cities in the world to have a sophisticated sewage system.
The mighty Indus became their highway, opening up the world to these cities.
But sewage is not the only way these cities were unique. In all of the cities of
the Indus Valley civilisation, of which Mohenjo-Daro is assumed to be the
largest, there are no remains of a grand palace or a special temple.
This has led several archaeologists and historians to hypothesise that these
societies were in a way much more "democratic" than some of the other
ancient cities with a palace or a fort at the centre of the town.
However, one has to pay heed to the use of the term democratic in this
context for its contemporary connotation. It is highly likely that much like
ancient Greece, this "democracy" was limited to a particular gender, class or
caste of people.
There is also a theory that instead of a king, these cities had a priest-king who,
while not a monarch, was more equal in this democratic system than others.
Historians and archaeologists also point out that the cities of the Indus Valley
civilisation were not governed by an overarching state but run as city-states
with localised governments.
The age of empires, at least in ancient India, had still not taken root.
pakistan-appreciation-of-the-indus-valley-civilisation-ties-in-with-attempts-to-erase-its-hindu-past
Rival histories
There is, therefore, much to appreciate in these ancient cities.
In recent years, with the rise of the mythological and historical fiction genres,
popular writers have crafted narratives about an ancient India that was "pure"
from the "corrupting" influences of Muslims.
This is imagined to be a time when India was technologically advanced with its
indigenously developed helicopters, surgeries and even bombs.
Thus, on both sides of the border, it seems children are educated with mirror
opposite images of each other.
The situation worsened in Pakistan in the 1970s under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. In
1971, Pakistan had lost East Pakistan, which before Partition had served as the
vanguard of the Pakistan Movement.
It was being asserted that the two-nation theory, Pakistan’s raison d’être, was
dead and dusted.
The new populist state emerging under Bhutto, instead of being reflective of
changing circumstances, adhered to a reactionary approach.
The course seemed to shout out loud that the two-nation theory was not dead
but rather, it had lived on for thousands of years and would live on forever.
As a new breed of leaders emerged after Bhutto, even those who defined
themselves in complete opposition to him continued promoting the historical
framework bequeathed to them.
Political tool
In this new order that emerged, the Indus Valley civilisation acquired a unique
significance, for this was not as "Hindu" as some of the other historical sites
and buildings in the country.
There is, in fact, a popular theory, rejected by several experts of the Indus
Valley civilisation, that its cities were destroyed by the Aryans of Central Asia,
who eventually laid the foundation of Brahminism.
Divorced from their Hindu influence, these cities became acceptable. Their
archaeological digging continued while the museum at these sites remained
open.
The most recent appropriation of this history was in 2014 when PPP chairman
Bilawal Bhutto-Zardari decided to use Mohenjo-Daro as the site of the Sindh
Festival, a cultural event.
This message can also be clearly seen in the Taxila region, where dozens of
ancient Buddhist sites are well-maintained and open to visitors.
What is, however, missing from the boards that contain the histories of these
sites is how they were once "Hindu" sites before they were appropriated.
Compare this to the Katas Raj, an ancient Hindu temple in the heart of
Chakwal in Punjab province, constructed around a sacred pond believed to
have been created from a tear drop of Shiva.
The sacred pond has dried up several times. In November, the Supreme Court
of Pakistan took suo moto action to inquire about the drying pond.
Would the state under its new prime minister become secure enough to
acknowledge its Hindu past and the Indus Valley civilisation without using it as
a political tool to separate from "Hindu" India?